Added unit format options and updated the CI.

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -36,6 +36,34 @@ jobs:
     - name: Clang-Tidy
       run: clang-tidy -checks='bugprone-*,-bugprone-easily-swappable-parameters,cert-*,clang-analyzer-*,misc-const-correctness,misc-redundant-expression,misc-unused-*,modernize-*,-modernize-use-trailing-return-type,performance-*,portability-*,readability-const-return-type,readability-container-*,readability-duplicate-include,readability-else-after-return,readability-non-const-parameter,readability-redundant-*,readability-simplify-*,readability-string-compare,readability-use-anyofallof' -header-filter='.*' *.cpp -- -Wall -O3 -std=c++17
 
+  Pylint:
+    name: Pylint
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: |
+        python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
+        python3 -m pip install pylint
+    - name: Script
+      run: pylint -f colorized --py-version 3.7 -d design,C0103,W0311,C0301,C0302,C0209 --load-plugins pylint.extensions.code_style,pylint.extensions.emptystring,pylint.extensions.comparetozero,pylint.extensions.comparison_placement,pylint.extensions.for_any_all,pylint.extensions.consider_refactoring_into_while_condition,pylint.extensions.consider_ternary_expression,pylint.extensions.dict_init_mutate,pylint.extensions.docstyle,pylint.extensions.check_elif,pylint.extensions.set_membership,pylint.extensions.typing -e R6104 -r y python/*.py
+      continue-on-error: true
+
+  Ruff:
+    name: Ruff
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: |
+        python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
+        python3 -m pip install ruff
+    - name: Script
+      run: ruff --format=github --target-version py37 --select F,E,W,I,D,UP,YTT,S,BLE,B,A,C4,T10,EM,EXE,ISC,ICN,G,PIE,PYI,Q,RSE,RET,SLF,SIM,TID,TCH,ARG,PGH,PL,RUF --ignore E101,E501,W191,D211,D213,D401,PLR09,PLR2004,RUF003 .
+      continue-on-error: true
+
   Python:
     name: Linux Python
 

README.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.com/tdulcet/Tables-and-Graphs.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.com/tdulcet/Tables-and-Graphs)
 [![Actions Status](https://github.com/tdulcet/Table-and-Graph-Libs/workflows/CI/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://github.com/tdulcet/Table-and-Graph-Libs/actions)
 
-# Tables and Graphs
+# Table and Graph Libraries
 
 Console Table and Graph/Plot Libraries
 
@@ -759,19 +759,42 @@ Default value: `true`
 
 Requires `axis` to be `true`.
 
-#### Axis ticks
+#### Axis tick marks
 
 Option: `axistick`\
 Default value: `true`
 
-Requires `axis` and `axislabel` to be `true`.
+Requires `axis` to be `true`.
 
 #### Axis units labels
 
 Option: `axisunitslabel`\
 Default value: `true`
 
-Requires `axis`, `axislabel` and `axistick` to be `true`.
+Requires `axis` and `axistick` to be `true`.
+
+#### X-axis units format
+
+Option: `xunits`\
+Values:
+
+1. `units_number`: Locale number format
+2. `units_scale_none`: Locale number format with full precision
+3. `units_scale_SI`: Auto-scale to the SI standard
+4. `units_scale_IEC`: Auto-scale to the IEC standard
+5. `units_scale_IEC_I`: Auto-scale to the IEC standard
+6. `units_fracts`: Locale number format, but convert fractions and mathematical constants to Unicode characters (default)
+6. `units_percent`: Percentage format
+7. `units_date`: Locale date format
+8. `units_time`: Locale time format
+9. `units_monetary`: Locale monetary/currency format
+
+Formats 2-5 are similar to the respective `--to` options with the [numfmt](https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/numfmt-invocation.html) command from GNU Coreutils, but with [more precision](https://github.com/tdulcet/Numbers-Tool#comparison-of---to-option).
+
+#### Y-axis units format
+
+Option: `yunits`\
+Values: Same as above.
 
 #### Title
 

graphs.hpp

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include <iterator>
 #include <numeric>
 #include <functional>
+#include <chrono>
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
@@ -81,6 +82,24 @@ namespace graphs
 	const char *const constants[] = {"π", "e"};
 	const long double constantvalues[] = {M_PI, M_E};
 
+	enum units_type
+	{
+		units_number,
+		units_scale_none,
+		units_scale_SI,
+		units_scale_IEC,
+		units_scale_IEC_I,
+		units_fracts,
+		units_percent,
+		units_date,
+		units_time,
+		units_monetary
+	};
+
+	enum units_type const units_types[] = {units_number, units_scale_SI, units_scale_IEC, units_scale_IEC_I, units_fracts, units_percent, units_date, units_time, units_monetary};
+
+	const char *const suffix_power_char[] = {"", "K", "M", "G", "T", "P", "E", "Z", "Y", "R", "Q"};
+
 	const long double max_bit = scalbn(1.0L, LDBL_MANT_DIG - 1);
 	const long double MAX = max_bit + (max_bit - 1);
 
@@ -91,6 +110,8 @@ namespace graphs
 		bool axislabel = true;
 		bool axistick = true;
 		bool axisunitslabel = true;
+		units_type xunits = units_fracts;
+		units_type yunits = units_fracts;
 		const char *title = nullptr;
 		style_type style = style_light;
 		color_type color = color_red;
@@ -114,7 +135,7 @@ namespace graphs
 			if (iscntrl(str[i]))
 			{
 				cerr << "\nError! Control character in string.\n";
-				cout << "Control character: " << (int)str[i] << "\n";
+				cout << "Control character: " << (int)str[i] << '\n';
 			}
 
 		length = mbstowcs(nullptr, str, 0);
@@ -200,8 +221,90 @@ namespace graphs
 		return wrapped;
 	}
 
+	// Auto-scale number to unit
+	// Adapted from: https://github.com/coreutils/coreutils/blob/master/src/numfmt.c
+	void outputunit(long double number, const units_type scale, ostringstream &strm)
+	{
+		unsigned int x = 0;
+		long double val = number;
+		if (val >= -LDBL_MAX and val <= LDBL_MAX)
+		{
+			while (abs(val) >= 10)
+			{
+				++x;
+				val /= 10;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (scale == units_scale_none)
+		{
+			if (x > LDBL_DIG)
+				return;
+
+			strm << setprecision(LDBL_DIG) << number;
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if (x > 33 - 1)
+			return;
+
+		double scale_base;
+
+		switch (scale)
+		{
+		case units_scale_IEC:
+		case units_scale_IEC_I:
+			scale_base = 1024;
+			break;
+		case units_scale_none:
+		case units_scale_SI:
+		default:
+			scale_base = 1000;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		unsigned int power = 0;
+		if (number >= -LDBL_MAX and number <= LDBL_MAX)
+		{
+			while (abs(number) >= scale_base)
+			{
+				++power;
+				number /= scale_base;
+			}
+		}
+
+		long double anumber = abs(number);
+		anumber += anumber < 10 ? 0.0005 : anumber < 100 ? 0.005
+									   : anumber < 1000	 ? 0.05
+														 : 0.5;
+
+		if (number != 0 and anumber < 1000 and power > 0)
+		{
+			strm << setprecision(LDBL_DIG) << number;
+			string str = strm.str();
+
+			const unsigned int length = 5 + (number < 0 ? 1 : 0);
+			if (str.length() > length)
+			{
+				const int prec = anumber < 10 ? 3 : anumber < 100 ? 2
+																  : 1;
+				strm.str("");
+				strm << setprecision(prec) << fixed << number;
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			strm << setprecision(0) << fixed << number;
+		}
+
+		strm << (power < graphs::size(suffix_power_char) ? suffix_power_char[power] : "(error)");
+
+		if (scale == units_scale_IEC_I and power > 0)
+			strm << "i";
+	}
+
 	// Convert fractions and constants to Unicode characters
-	size_t outputfraction(const long double number, ostringstream &strm)
+	void outputfraction(const long double number, ostringstream &strm)
 	{
 		bool output = false;
 
@@ -249,6 +352,49 @@ namespace graphs
 
 		if (!output)
 			strm << number;
+	}
+
+	size_t outputlabel(const long double label, const units_type units, ostringstream &strm)
+	{
+		strm.imbue(locale(""));
+
+		switch (units)
+		{
+		case units_number:
+			strm << label;
+			break;
+		case units_scale_none:
+		case units_scale_SI:
+		case units_scale_IEC:
+		case units_scale_IEC_I:
+			outputunit(label, units, strm);
+			break;
+		case units_fracts:
+			outputfraction(label, strm);
+			break;
+		case units_percent:
+			strm << label * 100 << '%';
+			break;
+		case units_date:
+		{
+			// const time_t t = chrono::system_clock::to_time_t(chrono::sys_seconds(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::seconds>(chrono::duration<double>(label))));
+			const time_t t = chrono::system_clock::to_time_t(chrono::system_clock::time_point(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::seconds>(chrono::duration<long double>(label))));
+			const tm atm = *localtime(&t);
+			strm << put_time(&atm, "%x");
+			break;
+		}
+		case units_time:
+		{
+			// const time_t t = chrono::system_clock::to_time_t(chrono::sys_seconds(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::seconds>(chrono::duration<double>(label))));
+			const time_t t = chrono::system_clock::to_time_t(chrono::system_clock::time_point(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::seconds>(chrono::duration<long double>(label))));
+			const tm atm = *localtime(&t);
+			strm << put_time(&atm, "%X");
+			break;
+		}
+		case units_monetary:
+			strm << showbase << put_money(label);
+			break;
+		}
 
 		size_t length = strcol(strm.str().c_str());
 
@@ -320,7 +466,7 @@ namespace graphs
 		setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
 
 		if (title and title[0] != '\0')
-			cout << wrap(title, awidth) << "\n";
+			cout << wrap(title, awidth) << '\n';
 
 		if (border)
 		{
@@ -329,7 +475,7 @@ namespace graphs
 			for (size_t k = 0; k < awidth; ++k)
 				cout << styles[style][0];
 
-			cout << styles[style][4] << "\n";
+			cout << styles[style][4] << '\n';
 		}
 
 		for (size_t i = 0; i < height; i += 4)
@@ -340,7 +486,7 @@ namespace graphs
 			ostringstream ylabelstrm;
 			size_t ylabellength = 0;
 
-			if (axis and axislabel and axistick and axisunitslabel and yaxis >= 0 and yaxis <= height)
+			if (axis and axistick and axisunitslabel and yaxis >= 0 and yaxis <= height)
 			{
 				bool output = false;
 				long double label = 0;
@@ -358,7 +504,7 @@ namespace graphs
 
 				if (output)
 				{
-					ylabellength = outputfraction(label, ylabelstrm);
+					ylabellength = outputlabel(label, aoptions.yunits, ylabelstrm);
 					ylabellength *= 2;
 				}
 			}
@@ -392,7 +538,7 @@ namespace graphs
 							cout << styles[style][10];
 							output = true;
 						}
-						else if (axislabel and axistick)
+						else if (axistick)
 						{
 							int adivisor = i < yaxis ? -ydivisor : ydivisor;
 
@@ -423,7 +569,7 @@ namespace graphs
 							cout << styles[style][4];
 							output = true;
 						}
-						else if (axislabel and axistick)
+						else if (axistick)
 						{
 							int adivisor = j < xaxis ? -xdivisor : xdivisor;
 
@@ -442,7 +588,7 @@ namespace graphs
 							output = true;
 						}
 					}
-					else if (yaxislabel and xaxislabel and axislabel and axistick and axisunitslabel and ymin <= 0 and ymax >= 0 and xmin <= 0 and xmax >= 0)
+					else if (yaxislabel and xaxislabel and axistick and axisunitslabel and ymin <= 0 and ymax >= 0 and xmin <= 0 and xmax >= 0)
 					{
 						cout << "0";
 						output = true;
@@ -452,7 +598,7 @@ namespace graphs
 						cout << "x";
 						output = true;
 					}
-					else if (yaxislabel and axislabel and axistick and axisunitslabel)
+					else if (yaxislabel and axistick and axisunitslabel)
 					{
 						long double label = 0;
 						int adivisor = j < xaxis ? -xdivisor : xdivisor;
@@ -477,7 +623,7 @@ namespace graphs
 							output = false;
 
 							ostringstream strm;
-							size_t length = outputfraction(label, strm);
+							size_t length = outputlabel(label, aoptions.xunits, strm);
 							length *= 2;
 							if ((j >= xaxis or (j + length) < (ymin <= 0 and ymax >= 0 and xmin <= 0 and xmax >= 0 ? xaxis - 4 : xaxis)) and (j + length) < (width - 2) and (xaxis <= (width - 2) or j > 2))
 							{
@@ -498,7 +644,7 @@ namespace graphs
 						cout << "y";
 						output = true;
 					}
-					else if (ylabellength and (xaxis < 2 ? xaxislabel : j < (xaxis - ylabellength) and (j + 2) >= (xaxis - ylabellength)) and (yaxis >= 4 or i < (height - 4)) and axislabel and axistick and axisunitslabel)
+					else if (ylabellength and (xaxis < 2 ? xaxislabel : j < (xaxis - ylabellength) and (j + 2) >= (xaxis - ylabellength)) and (yaxis >= 4 or i < (height - 4)) and axistick and axisunitslabel)
 					{
 						cout << ylabelstrm.str();
 						output = true;
@@ -546,7 +692,7 @@ namespace graphs
 				cout << styles[style][1];
 
 			if (i < (height - 4) or border)
-				cout << "\n";
+				cout << '\n';
 		}
 
 		if (border)

python/README.md

@@ -10,7 +10,13 @@
 
 ### Usage
 
-Requires Python 3.6 or greater and the [wcwidth library](https://pypi.org/project/wcwidth/), which users can install with: `pip3 install wcwidth`. See the [tables.py](tables.py) file for full usage information.
+Requires Python 3.6 or greater and the [wcwidth library](https://pypi.org/project/wcwidth/), which users can install with:
+```bash
+pip3 install wcwidth
+# or
+python3 -m pip install wcwidth
+```
+See the [tables.py](tables.py) file for full usage information.
 
 Complete versions of all of the examples below and more can be found in the [test.py](test.py) file.
 
@@ -231,7 +237,13 @@ Check that the width of the table is not greater then the width of the terminal.
 
 ### Usage
 
-Requires Python 3.6 or greater and the [wcwidth library](https://pypi.org/project/wcwidth/), which users can install with: `pip3 install wcwidth`. See the [graphs.py](graphs.py) file for full usage information.
+Requires Python 3.6 or greater and the [wcwidth library](https://pypi.org/project/wcwidth/), which users can install with:
+```bash
+pip3 install wcwidth
+# or
+python3 -m pip install wcwidth
+```
+See the [graphs.py](graphs.py) file for full usage information.
 
 Complete versions of all of the examples below and more can be found in the [test.py](test.py) file.
 
@@ -371,19 +383,42 @@ Default value: `True`
 
 Requires `axis` to be `True`.
 
-#### Axis ticks
+#### Axis tick marks
 
 Option: `axistick`\
 Default value: `True`
 
-Requires `axis` and `axislabel` to be `True`.
+Requires `axis` to be `True`.
 
 #### Axis units labels
 
 Option: `axisunitslabel`\
 Default value: `True`
 
-Requires `axis`, `axislabel` and `axistick` to be `True`.
+Requires `axis` and `axistick` to be `True`.
+
+#### X-axis units format
+
+Option: `xunits`\
+Values:
+
+1. `units_types.number`: Locale number format
+2. `units_types.scale_none`: Locale number format with full precision
+3. `units_types.scale_SI`: Auto-scale to the SI standard
+4. `units_types.scale_IEC`: Auto-scale to the IEC standard
+5. `units_types.scale_IEC_I`: Auto-scale to the IEC standard
+6. `units_types.fracts`: Locale number format, but convert fractions and mathematical constants to Unicode characters (default)
+7. `units_types.percent`: Percentage format
+8. `units_types.date`: Locale date format
+9. `units_types.time`: Locale time format
+10. `units_types.monetary`: Locale monetary/currency format
+
+Formats 2-5 are similar to the respective `--to` options with the [numfmt](https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/numfmt-invocation.html) command from GNU Coreutils, but with [more precision](https://github.com/tdulcet/Numbers-Tool#comparison-of---to-option).
+
+#### Y-axis units format
+
+Option: `yunits`\
+Values: Same as above.
 
 #### Title
 

python/graphs.py

@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 
 # Teal Dulcet, CS546
 
-from __future__ import division, print_function, unicode_literals
+import locale
-import sys
 import math
 import shutil
-from fractions import Fraction
+import sys
 import textwrap
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from enum import Enum, IntEnum, auto
-from wcwidth import wcswidth
+from fractions import Fraction
-from typing import List, Tuple, Optional, Sequence, Callable
+from typing import Callable, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple
-import locale
 
-locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, '')
+from wcwidth import wcswidth
+
+locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, "")
 
 
 class style_types(IntEnum):
@@ -112,6 +112,22 @@ constants = {
 	"e": math.e
 }
 
+
+class units_types(Enum):
+	number = auto()
+	scale_none = auto()
+	scale_SI = auto()
+	scale_IEC = auto()
+	scale_IEC_I = auto()
+	fracts = auto()
+	percent = auto()
+	date = auto()
+	time = auto()
+	monetary = auto()
+
+
+suffix_power_char = ["", "K", "M", "G", "T", "P", "E", "Z", "Y", "R", "Q"]
+
 MAX = sys.float_info.radix ** sys.float_info.mant_dig - 1
 
 
@@ -127,8 +143,60 @@ def strcol(astr: str) -> int:
 	# return len(astr)
 
 
-def outputfraction(number: float) -> Tuple[int, str]:
+def outputunit(number: float, scale: units_types) -> str:
-	"""Convert fractions and constants to Unicode characters"""
+	x = 0
+	val = number
+	if -sys.float_info.max <= val <= sys.float_info.max:
+		while abs(val) >= 10:
+			x += 1
+			val /= 10
+
+	if scale == units_types.scale_none:
+		if x > sys.float_info.dig:
+			return ""
+
+		return f"{number:.{sys.float_info.dig}n}"
+
+	if x > 33 - 1:
+		return ""
+
+	if scale in {units_types.scale_IEC, units_types.scale_IEC_I}:
+		scale_base = 1024
+	elif scale == units_types.scale_SI:
+		scale_base = 1000
+
+	power = 0
+	if -sys.float_info.max <= number <= sys.float_info.max:
+		while abs(number) >= scale_base:
+			power += 1
+			number /= scale_base
+
+	anumber = abs(number)
+	anumber += 0.0005 if anumber < 10 else 0.005 if anumber < 100 else 0.05 if anumber < 1000 else 0.5
+
+	strm = ""
+
+	if number != 0 and anumber < 1000 and power > 0:
+		strm = f"{number:.{sys.float_info.dig}n}"
+
+		length = 5 + (number < 0)
+		if len(strm) > length:
+			prec = 3 if anumber < 10 else 2 if anumber < 100 else 1
+			strm = locale.format_string(f"%.{prec}f", number, grouping=True)
+	else:
+		strm = locale.format_string("%.0f", number, grouping=True)
+
+	strm += suffix_power_char[power] if power < len(
+		suffix_power_char) else "(error)"
+
+	if scale == units_types.scale_IEC_I and power > 0:
+		strm += "i"
+
+	return strm
+
+
+def outputfraction(number: float) -> str:
+	"""Convert fractions and constants to Unicode characters."""
 	output = False
 
 	strm = ""
@@ -145,7 +213,7 @@ def outputfraction(number: float) -> Tuple[int, str]:
 				if intpart == 0 and number < 0:
 					strm += "-"
 				elif intpart != 0:
-					strm += "{0:n}".format(intpart)
+					strm += f"{intpart:n}"
 
 				strm += fraction
 
@@ -160,8 +228,7 @@ def outputfraction(number: float) -> Tuple[int, str]:
 					if intpart == -1:
 						strm += "-"
 					elif intpart != 1:
-						strm += "{0:.{prec}n}".format(intpart,
+						strm += f"{intpart:.{sys.float_info.dig}n}"
-													  prec=sys.float_info.dig)
 
 					strm += constant
 
@@ -169,7 +236,27 @@ def outputfraction(number: float) -> Tuple[int, str]:
 					break
 
 	if not output:
-		strm += "{0:n}".format(number)
+		strm += f"{number:n}"
+
+	return strm
+
+
+def outputlabel(label: float, units: units_types) -> Tuple[int, str]:
+	"""Outputs a label in a nice, human readable format."""
+	if units == units_types.number:
+		strm = f"{label:n}"
+	elif units in {units_types.scale_none, units_types.scale_SI, units_types.scale_IEC, units_types.scale_IEC_I}:
+		strm = outputunit(label, units)
+	elif units == units_types.fracts:
+		strm = outputfraction(label)
+	elif units == units_types.percent:
+		strm = f"{label:%}"
+	elif units == units_types.date:
+		strm = datetime.fromtimestamp(label, timezone.utc).strftime("%x")
+	elif units == units_types.time:
+		strm = datetime.fromtimestamp(label, timezone.utc).strftime("%X")
+	elif units == units_types.monetary:
+		strm = locale.currency(label, grouping=True)
 
 	length = strcol(strm)
 
@@ -177,8 +264,8 @@ def outputfraction(number: float) -> Tuple[int, str]:
 
 
 def graph(height: int, width: int, xmin: float, xmax: float, ymin: float, ymax: float, array: List[List[int]], border: bool = False, axis: bool = True, axislabel: bool = True, axistick: bool = True,
-		  axisunitslabel: bool = True, style: style_types = style_types.light, title: Optional[str] = None, check: bool = True) -> int:
+		  axisunitslabel: bool = True, xunits: units_types = units_types.fracts, yunits: units_types = units_types.fracts, style: style_types = style_types.light, title: Optional[str] = None, check: bool = True) -> int:
-	"""Output graph"""
+	"""Output graph."""
 	if not array:
 		return 1
 
@@ -195,13 +282,13 @@ def graph(height: int, width: int, xmin: float, xmax: float, ymin: float, ymax:
 
 	if check:
 		if aheight > w.lines:
-			print("The height of the graph ({0}) is greater then the height of the terminal ({1}).".format(
+			print(
-				aheight, w.lines), file=sys.stderr)
+				f"The height of the graph ({aheight}) is greater then the height of the terminal ({w.lines}).", file=sys.stderr)
 			return 1
 
 		if awidth > w.columns:
-			print("The width of the graph ({0}) is greater then the width of the terminal ({1}).".format(
+			print(
-				awidth, w.columns), file=sys.stderr)
+				f"The width of the graph ({awidth}) is greater then the width of the terminal ({w.columns}).", file=sys.stderr)
 			return 1
 
 	if xmin >= xmax:
@@ -233,29 +320,27 @@ def graph(height: int, width: int, xmin: float, xmax: float, ymin: float, ymax:
 
 	i = 0
 	while i < height:
-		ayaxis = i <= yaxis and i + 4 > yaxis if yaxis <= height - \
+		ayaxis = i <= yaxis < i + 4 if yaxis <= height - 4 else i < yaxis <= i + 4
-			4 else i < yaxis and i + 4 >= yaxis
+		yaxislabel = i <= yaxis + 4 < i + 4 if yaxis <= height - 4 else i < yaxis - 4 <= i + 4
-		yaxislabel = i <= yaxis + 4 and i + 4 > yaxis + \
-			4 if yaxis <= height - 4 else i < yaxis - 4 and i + 4 >= yaxis
 
 		ylabelstrm = ""
 		ylabellength = 0
 
-		if axis and axislabel and axistick and axisunitslabel and yaxis >= 0 and yaxis <= height:
+		if axis and axistick and axisunitslabel and 0 <= yaxis <= height:
 			output = False
 			label = 0.0
 			adivisor = -ydivisor if i < yaxis else ydivisor
 
 			k = yaxis + adivisor
 			while (k >= i if i < yaxis else k < i + 4) and i >= 4 and not output:
-				if i <= k and i + 4 > k:
+				if i <= k < i + 4:
 					label = ymax - (height if k > height else k) * ystep
 
 					output = True
 				k += adivisor
 
 			if output:
-				ylabellength, ylabelstrm = outputfraction(label)
+				ylabellength, ylabelstrm = outputlabel(label, yunits)
 				ylabellength *= 2
 
 		if border:
@@ -263,9 +348,8 @@ def graph(height: int, width: int, xmin: float, xmax: float, ymin: float, ymax:
 
 		j = 0
 		while j < width:
-			axaxis = j < xaxis and j + 2 >= xaxis if xaxis >= 2 else j <= xaxis and j + 2 > xaxis
+			axaxis = j < xaxis <= j + 2 if xaxis >= 2 else j <= xaxis < j + 2
-			xaxislabel = j < xaxis - 2 and j + 2 >= xaxis - \
+			xaxislabel = j < xaxis - 2 <= j + 2 if xaxis >= 2 else j <= xaxis + 2 < j + 2
-				2 if xaxis >= 2 else j <= xaxis + 2 and j + 2 > xaxis + 2
 
 			output = False
 
@@ -280,12 +364,12 @@ def graph(height: int, width: int, xmin: float, xmax: float, ymin: float, ymax:
 					elif i >= height - 4:
 						strm += styles[style][10]
 						output = True
-					elif axislabel and axistick:
+					elif axistick:
 						adivisor = -ydivisor if i < yaxis else ydivisor
 
 						k = yaxis + adivisor
 						while (k >= i if i < yaxis else k < i + 4) and i >= 4 and not output:
-							if i <= k and i + 4 > k:
+							if i <= k < i + 4:
 								strm += styles[style][7 if xaxis >= 2 else 5]
 								output = True
 							k += adivisor
@@ -299,12 +383,12 @@ def graph(height: int, width: int, xmin: float, xmax: float, ymin: float, ymax:
 					elif j >= width - 2:
 						strm += styles[style][4]
 						output = True
-					elif axislabel and axistick:
+					elif axistick:
 						adivisor = -xdivisor if j < xaxis else xdivisor
 
 						k = xaxis + adivisor
 						while (k >= j if j < xaxis else k < j + 2) and j < width - 4 and not output:
-							if j <= k and j + 2 > k:
+							if j <= k < j + 2:
 								strm += styles[style][3 if yaxis <=
 													  height - 4 else 9]
 								output = True
@@ -312,13 +396,13 @@ def graph(height: int, width: int, xmin: float, xmax: float, ymin: float, ymax:
 					if not output:
 						strm += styles[style][0]
 						output = True
-				elif yaxislabel and xaxislabel and axislabel and axistick and axisunitslabel and ymin <= 0 and ymax >= 0 and xmin <= 0 and xmax >= 0:
+				elif yaxislabel and xaxislabel and axistick and axisunitslabel and ymin <= 0 <= ymax and xmin <= 0 <= xmax:
 					strm += "0"
 					output = True
 				elif (j >= width - 2 if xaxis <= width - 2 else j == 0) and yaxislabel and axislabel:
 					strm += "x"
 					output = True
-				elif yaxislabel and axislabel and axistick and axisunitslabel:
+				elif yaxislabel and axistick and axisunitslabel:
 					label = 0.0
 					adivisor = -xdivisor if j < xaxis else xdivisor
 					if j < xaxis:
@@ -326,7 +410,7 @@ def graph(height: int, width: int, xmin: float, xmax: float, ymin: float, ymax:
 
 					k = xaxis + adivisor
 					while (k >= j if j < xaxis else k < j + 2) and j < width - 2 and not output:
-						if j <= k and j + 2 > k:
+						if j <= k < j + 2:
 							label = (width if k > width else k) * xstep + xmin
 
 							output = True
@@ -338,7 +422,7 @@ def graph(height: int, width: int, xmin: float, xmax: float, ymin: float, ymax:
 					if output:
 						output = False
 
-						length, astrm = outputfraction(label)
+						length, astrm = outputlabel(label, xunits)
 						length *= 2
 						if (j >= xaxis or j + length < xaxis - 4) and j + length < width - 2:
 							strm += astrm
@@ -353,7 +437,7 @@ def graph(height: int, width: int, xmin: float, xmax: float, ymin: float, ymax:
 				elif (i == 0 if yaxis >= 4 else i >= height - 4) and xaxislabel and axislabel:
 					strm += "y"
 					output = True
-				elif ylabellength and (xaxislabel if xaxis < 2 else j < xaxis - ylabellength and j + 2 >= xaxis - ylabellength) and (yaxis >= 4 or i < height - 4) and axislabel and axistick and axisunitslabel:
+				elif ylabellength and (xaxislabel if xaxis < 2 else j < xaxis - ylabellength and j + 2 >= xaxis - ylabellength) and (yaxis >= 4 or i < height - 4) and axistick and axisunitslabel:
 					strm += ylabelstrm
 					output = True
 					if ylabellength > 2:
@@ -405,8 +489,8 @@ def graph(height: int, width: int, xmin: float, xmax: float, ymin: float, ymax:
 
 
 def arrays(height: int, width: int, xmin: float, xmax: float, ymin: float, ymax: float, aarrays: Sequence[Sequence[Sequence[float]]], border: bool = False, axis: bool = True, axislabel: bool = True, axistick: bool = True, axisunitslabel: bool = True,
-		   style: style_types = style_types.light, color: color_types = color_types.red, title: Optional[str] = None, check: bool = True) -> int:
+		   xunits: units_types = units_types.fracts, yunits: units_types = units_types.fracts, style: style_types = style_types.light, color: color_types = color_types.red, title: Optional[str] = None, check: bool = True) -> int:
-	"""Convert one or more arrays to graph and output"""
+	"""Convert one or more arrays to graph and output."""
 	if not aarrays:
 		return 1
 
@@ -427,13 +511,13 @@ def arrays(height: int, width: int, xmin: float, xmax: float, ymin: float, ymax:
 		awidth = width // 2
 
 		if aheight > w.lines:
-			print("The height of the graph ({0}) is greater then the height of the terminal ({1}).".format(
+			print(
-				aheight, w.lines), file=sys.stderr)
+				f"The height of the graph ({aheight}) is greater then the height of the terminal ({w.lines}).", file=sys.stderr)
 			return 1
 
 		if awidth > w.columns:
-			print("The width of the graph ({0}) is greater then the width of the terminal ({1}).".format(
+			print(
-				awidth, w.columns), file=sys.stderr)
+				f"The width of the graph ({awidth}) is greater then the width of the terminal ({w.columns}).", file=sys.stderr)
 			return 1
 
 	if xmin == 0 and xmax == 0:
@@ -474,19 +558,19 @@ def arrays(height: int, width: int, xmin: float, xmax: float, ymin: float, ymax:
 					aaarray[x][y] = acolor
 
 	return graph(height, width, xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, aaarray, border=border, axis=axis, axislabel=axislabel,
-				 axistick=axistick, axisunitslabel=axisunitslabel, style=style, title=title)
+				 axistick=axistick, axisunitslabel=axisunitslabel, xunits=xunits, yunits=yunits, style=style, title=title)
 
 
 def array(height: int, width: int, xmin: float, xmax: float, ymin: float, ymax: float, aarray: Sequence[Sequence[float]], border: bool = False, axis: bool = True, axislabel: bool = True, axistick: bool = True,
-		  axisunitslabel: bool = True, style: style_types = style_types.light, color: color_types = color_types.red, title: Optional[str] = None) -> int:
+		  axisunitslabel: bool = True, xunits: units_types = units_types.fracts, yunits: units_types = units_types.fracts, style: style_types = style_types.light, color: color_types = color_types.red, title: Optional[str] = None) -> int:
-	"""Convert single array to graph and output"""
+	"""Convert single array to graph and output."""
 	return arrays(height, width, xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, [aarray], border=border, axis=axis, axislabel=axislabel,
-				  axistick=axistick, axisunitslabel=axisunitslabel, style=style, color=color, title=title)
+				  axistick=axistick, axisunitslabel=axisunitslabel, xunits=xunits, yunits=yunits, style=style, color=color, title=title)
 
 
 def functions(height: int, width: int, xmin: float, xmax: float, ymin: float, ymax: float, afunctions: Sequence[Callable[[float], float]], border: bool = False, axis: bool = True, axislabel: bool = True, axistick: bool = True,
-			  axisunitslabel: bool = True, style: style_types = style_types.light, color: color_types = color_types.red, title: Optional[str] = None, check: bool = True) -> int:
+			  axisunitslabel: bool = True, xunits: units_types = units_types.fracts, yunits: units_types = units_types.fracts, style: style_types = style_types.light, color: color_types = color_types.red, title: Optional[str] = None, check: bool = True) -> int:
-	"""Convert one or more functions to graph and output"""
+	"""Convert one or more functions to graph and output."""
 	if not afunctions:
 		return 1
 
@@ -503,13 +587,13 @@ def functions(height: int, width: int, xmin: float, xmax: float, ymin: float, ym
 		awidth = width // 2
 
 		if aheight > w.lines:
-			print("The height of the graph ({0}) is greater then the height of the terminal ({1}).".format(
+			print(
-				aheight, w.lines), file=sys.stderr)
+				f"The height of the graph ({aheight}) is greater then the height of the terminal ({w.lines}).", file=sys.stderr)
 			return 1
 
 		if awidth > w.columns:
-			print("The width of the graph ({0}) is greater then the width of the terminal ({1}).".format(
+			print(
-				awidth, w.columns), file=sys.stderr)
+				f"The width of the graph ({awidth}) is greater then the width of the terminal ({w.columns}).", file=sys.stderr)
 			return 1
 
 	if xmin >= xmax:
@@ -538,7 +622,7 @@ def functions(height: int, width: int, xmin: float, xmax: float, ymin: float, ym
 			x = i * xstep + xmin
 			y = function(x)
 
-			if x >= xmin and x < xmax and y >= ymin and y < ymax:
+			if xmin <= x < xmax and ymin <= y < ymax:
 				ax = int(x / xstep + xaxis)
 				ay = int(yaxis - y / ystep - 1)
 
@@ -549,11 +633,11 @@ def functions(height: int, width: int, xmin: float, xmax: float, ymin: float, ym
 					array[ax][ay] = acolor
 
 	return graph(height, width, xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, array, border=border, axis=axis, axislabel=axislabel,
-				 axistick=axistick, axisunitslabel=axisunitslabel, style=style, title=title)
+				 axistick=axistick, axisunitslabel=axisunitslabel, xunits=xunits, yunits=yunits, style=style, title=title)
 
 
-def function(height, width, xmin: float, xmax: float, ymin: float, ymax: float, afunction: Callable[[float], float], border: bool = False, axis: bool = True, axislabel: bool = True, axistick: bool = True,
+def function(height: int, width: int, xmin: float, xmax: float, ymin: float, ymax: float, afunction: Callable[[float], float], border: bool = False, axis: bool = True, axislabel: bool = True, axistick: bool = True,
-			 axisunitslabel: bool = True, style: style_types = style_types.light, color: color_types = color_types.red, title: Optional[str] = None) -> int:
+			 axisunitslabel: bool = True, xunits: units_types = units_types.fracts, yunits: units_types = units_types.fracts, style: style_types = style_types.light, color: color_types = color_types.red, title: Optional[str] = None) -> int:
-	"""Convert single function to function array and output"""
+	"""Convert single function to function array and output."""
 	return functions(height, width, xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, [afunction], border=border, axis=axis, axislabel=axislabel,
-					 axistick=axistick, axisunitslabel=axisunitslabel, style=style, color=color, title=title)
+					 axistick=axistick, axisunitslabel=axisunitslabel, xunits=xunits, yunits=yunits, style=style, color=color, title=title)

python/tables.py

@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 
 # Teal Dulcet, CS546
 
-from __future__ import division, print_function, unicode_literals
+import locale
-import sys
-import shutil
 import re
+import shutil
+import sys
 import textwrap
 from enum import IntEnum, auto
-from wcwidth import wcswidth
+from typing import Any, Callable, List, Optional, Sequence
-from typing import List, Optional, Any, Sequence, Callable
-import locale
 
-locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, '')
+from wcwidth import wcswidth
+
+locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, "")
 
 
 class style_types(IntEnum):
@@ -37,12 +36,12 @@ styles = [
 	# [" ", " ", " ", " ", " ", " ", " ", " ", " ", " ", " "]] #No border
 ]
 
-ansi = re.compile(r'\x1B\[(?:[0-9]+(?:;[0-9]+)*)?m')
+ansi = re.compile(r"\x1B\[(?:[0-9]+(?:;[0-9]+)*)?m")
 
 
 def strcol(astr: str) -> int:
 	"""Returns the number of columns that the given string would take up if printed."""
-	astr = ansi.sub('', astr)
+	astr = ansi.sub("", astr)
 	width = wcswidth(astr)
 	if width == -1:
 		print(
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ def strcol(astr: str) -> int:
 
 def table(array: List[List[str]], headerrow: bool = False, headercolumn: bool = False, tableborder: bool = True, cellborder: bool = False,
 		  padding: int = 1, alignment: Optional[bool] = None, title: Optional[str] = None, style: style_types = style_types.light, check: bool = True) -> int:
-	"""Output char array as table"""
+	"""Output char array as table."""
 	if not array:
 		return 1
 
@@ -75,8 +74,8 @@ def table(array: List[List[str]], headerrow: bool = False, headercolumn: bool =
 
 	if check:
 		if width > w.columns:
-			print("The width of the table ({0}) is greater then the width of the terminal ({1}).".format(
+			print(
-				width, w.columns), file=sys.stderr)
+				f"The width of the table ({width}) is greater then the width of the terminal ({w.columns}).", file=sys.stderr)
 			return 1
 
 	if title:
@@ -120,7 +119,7 @@ def table(array: List[List[str]], headerrow: bool = False, headercolumn: bool =
 				strm += " " * padding
 
 				if alignment is None:
-					strm += "{0:{width}}".format(array[i][j], width=awidth)
+					strm += f"{array[i][j]:{awidth}}"
 				elif alignment:
 					strm += array[i][j].rjust(awidth)
 				else:
@@ -134,46 +133,49 @@ def table(array: List[List[str]], headerrow: bool = False, headercolumn: bool =
 		if i < rows - 1 or tableborder:
 			strm += "\n"
 
-		if tableborder:
+		if (i < rows - 1 and cellborder) or (i == 0 and headerrow) or (i < rows - 1 and headercolumn):
-			if i == rows - 1:
+			if tableborder and (cellborder or (i == 0 and headerrow) or headercolumn):
-				strm += styles[style][8]
-			elif cellborder or (i == 0 and headerrow) or headercolumn:
 				strm += styles[style][5]
 
-		if (i == rows - 1 and tableborder) or (i < rows - 1 and cellborder) or (i == 0 and headerrow) or (i < rows - 1 and headercolumn):
 			for j in range(columns):
-				if (i == rows - 1 and tableborder) or (i < rows - 1 and cellborder) or (i == 0 and headerrow) or (i < rows - 1 and j == 0 and headercolumn):
+				if cellborder or (i == 0 and headerrow) or (j == 0 and headercolumn):
 					strm += styles[style][0] * (2 * padding + columnwidth[j])
-				elif i < rows - 1 and headercolumn:
+				elif headercolumn:
 					strm += " " * (2 * padding + columnwidth[j])
 
 				if j < columns - 1:
-					if i == rows - 1 and tableborder:
+					if cellborder or ((i == 0 and headerrow) and (j == 0 and headercolumn)):
-						if cellborder or (j == 0 and headercolumn):
-							strm += styles[style][9]
-						else:
-							strm += styles[style][0]
-					elif (i < rows - 1 and cellborder) or ((i == 0 and headerrow) and (j == 0 and headercolumn)):
 						strm += styles[style][6]
 					elif i == 0 and headerrow:
 						strm += styles[style][9]
-					elif i < rows - 1 and headercolumn:
+					elif headercolumn:
 						if j == 0:
 							strm += styles[style][7]
 						else:
 							strm += " "
 
 			if tableborder:
-				if i == rows - 1:
+				if cellborder or (i == 0 and headerrow):
-					strm += styles[style][10]
-				elif cellborder or (i == 0 and headerrow):
 					strm += styles[style][7]
 				elif headercolumn:
 					strm += styles[style][1]
 
-			if i < rows - 1:
 			strm += "\n"
 
+	if tableborder:
+		strm += styles[style][8]
+
+		for j in range(columns):
+			strm += styles[style][0] * (2 * padding + columnwidth[j])
+
+			if j < columns - 1:
+				if cellborder or (j == 0 and headercolumn):
+					strm += styles[style][9]
+				else:
+					strm += styles[style][0]
+
+		strm += styles[style][10]
+
 	print(strm)
 
 	return 0
@@ -181,7 +183,7 @@ def table(array: List[List[str]], headerrow: bool = False, headercolumn: bool =
 
 def array(aarray: Sequence[Sequence[Any]], aheaderrow: Optional[Sequence[Any]] = None, aheadercolumn: Optional[Sequence[Any]] = None, headerrow: bool = False, headercolumn: bool = False,
 		  tableborder: bool = True, cellborder: bool = False, padding: int = 1, alignment: Optional[bool] = None, title: Optional[str] = None, style: style_types = style_types.light) -> int:
-	"""Convert array to char array and output as table"""
+	"""Convert array to char array and output as table."""
 	if not aarray:
 		return 1
 
@@ -232,7 +234,7 @@ def array(aarray: Sequence[Sequence[Any]], aheaderrow: Optional[Sequence[Any]] =
 
 def functions(xmin: float, xmax: float, xstep: float, afunctions: Sequence[Callable[[float], float]], headerrow: bool = False, headercolumn: bool = False, tableborder: bool = True,
 			  cellborder: bool = False, padding: int = 1, alignment: Optional[bool] = None, title: Optional[str] = None, style: style_types = style_types.light) -> int:
-	"""Convert one or more functions to array and output as table"""
+	"""Convert one or more functions to array and output as table."""
 	if not afunctions:
 		return 1
 
@@ -271,6 +273,6 @@ def functions(xmin: float, xmax: float, xstep: float, afunctions: Sequence[Calla
 
 def function(xmin: float, xmax: float, xstep: float, afunction: Callable[[float], float], headerrow: bool = False, headercolumn: bool = False, tableborder: bool = True,
 			 cellborder: bool = False, padding: int = 1, alignment: Optional[bool] = None, title: Optional[str] = None, style: style_types = style_types.light) -> int:
-	"""Convert single function to array and output as table"""
+	"""Convert single function to array and output as table."""
 	return functions(xmin, xmax, xstep, [afunction], headerrow=headerrow, headercolumn=headercolumn,
 					 tableborder=tableborder, cellborder=cellborder, padding=padding, alignment=alignment, title=title, style=style)

python/test.py

@@ -1,25 +1,24 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 
 # Teal Dulcet, CS546
 
-from __future__ import division, print_function, unicode_literals
+import math
 import random
 import sys
-import math
+
 import graphs
 import tables
 
 
-def afunction(x):
+def afunction(x: float):
 	return x + 1
 
 
-def function1(x):
+def function1(x: float):
 	return 2 * x
 
 
-def function2(x):
+def function2(x: float):
 	return x ** 2
 
 
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ for style in tables.style_types:
 				 headercolumn=True, style=style)
 
 print("\nOutput array as table with separate header row and column\n")
-array = [["Data {0:n}".format(i + j) for j in range(4)]
+array = [[f"Data {i + j:n}" for j in range(4)]
 		 for i in range(1, 4 * 4 + 1, 4)]
 headerrow = ["Header row/column 1", "Header row 2",
 			 "Header row 3", "Header row 4", "Header row 5"]

tables.hpp

@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ namespace tables
 			if (iscntrl(str[i]))
 			{
 				cerr << "\nError! Control character in string.\n";
-				cout << "Control character: " << (int)str[i] << "\n";
+				cout << "Control character: " << (int)str[i] << '\n';
 			}
 
 		length = mbstowcs(nullptr, str, 0);
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ namespace tables
 		}
 
 		if (title and title[0] != '\0')
-			cout << wrap(title, width) << "\n";
+			cout << wrap(title, width) << '\n';
 
 		if (aoptions.alignment)
 			cout << aoptions.alignment;
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ namespace tables
 				}
 			}
 
-			cout << styles[style][4] << "\n";
+			cout << styles[style][4] << '\n';
 		}
 
 		for (size_t i = 0; i < rows; ++i)
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ namespace tables
 				if ((j and cellborder) or (i == 0 and j and headerrow) or (j == 1 and headercolumn))
 					cout << styles[style][1];
 				else if (j and (tableborder or (i and headerrow) or headercolumn))
-					cout << " ";
+					cout << ' ';
 
 				const int difference = columnwidth[j] - strcol(array[i][j].c_str());
 
@@ -282,62 +282,71 @@ namespace tables
 				cout << styles[style][1];
 
 			if (i < (rows - 1) or tableborder)
-				cout << "\n";
+				cout << '\n';
 
+			if ((i < (rows - 1) and cellborder) or (i == 0 and headerrow) or (i < (rows - 1) and headercolumn))
+			{
 				if (tableborder)
 				{
-				if (i == (rows - 1))
+					if (cellborder or (i == 0 and headerrow) or headercolumn)
-					cout << styles[style][8];
-				else if (cellborder or (i == 0 and headerrow) or headercolumn)
 						cout << styles[style][5];
 				}
 
-			if ((i == (rows - 1) and tableborder) or (i < (rows - 1) and cellborder) or (i == 0 and headerrow) or (i < (rows - 1) and headercolumn))
-			{
 				for (size_t j = 0; j < columns; ++j)
 				{
-					if ((i == (rows - 1) and tableborder) or (i < (rows - 1) and cellborder) or (i == 0 and headerrow) or (i < (rows - 1) and j == 0 and headercolumn))
+					if (cellborder or (i == 0 and headerrow) or (j == 0 and headercolumn))
 						for (size_t k = 0; k < (2 * padding) + columnwidth[j]; ++k)
 							cout << styles[style][0];
-					else if (i < (rows - 1) and headercolumn)
+					else if (headercolumn)
 						cout << string((2 * padding) + columnwidth[j], ' ');
 
 					if (j < (columns - 1))
 					{
-						if (i == (rows - 1) and tableborder)
+						if (cellborder or ((i == 0 and headerrow) and (j == 0 and headercolumn)))
+							cout << styles[style][6];
+						else if (i == 0 and headerrow)
+							cout << styles[style][9];
+						else if (headercolumn)
+						{
+							if (j == 0)
+								cout << styles[style][7];
+							else
+								cout << ' ';
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				if (tableborder)
+				{
+					if (cellborder or (i == 0 and headerrow))
+						cout << styles[style][7];
+					else if (headercolumn)
+						cout << styles[style][1];
+				}
+
+				cout << '\n';
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (tableborder)
+		{
+			cout << styles[style][8];
+
+			for (size_t j = 0; j < columns; ++j)
+			{
+				for (size_t k = 0; k < (2 * padding) + columnwidth[j]; ++k)
+					cout << styles[style][0];
+
+				if (j < (columns - 1))
 				{
 					if (cellborder or (j == 0 and headercolumn))
 						cout << styles[style][9];
 					else
 						cout << styles[style][0];
 				}
-						else if ((i < (rows - 1) and cellborder) or ((i == 0 and headerrow) and (j == 0 and headercolumn)))
-							cout << styles[style][6];
-						else if (i == 0 and headerrow)
-							cout << styles[style][9];
-						else if (i < (rows - 1) and headercolumn)
-						{
-							if (j == 0)
-								cout << styles[style][7];
-							else
-								cout << " ";
-						}
-					}
 			}
 
-				if (tableborder)
-				{
-					if (i == (rows - 1))
 			cout << styles[style][10];
-					else if (cellborder or (i == 0 and headerrow))
-						cout << styles[style][7];
-					else if (headercolumn)
-						cout << styles[style][1];
-				}
-
-				if (i < (rows - 1))
-					cout << "\n";
-			}
 		}
 
 		cout << endl;