Start sdpa vector

.circleci/config.yml

@@ -16,9 +16,6 @@ parameters:
   linux_release:
     type: boolean
     default: false
-  cuda_release:
-    type: boolean
-    default: false
 
 jobs:
   build_documentation:
@@ -107,7 +104,7 @@ jobs:
           command: |
             echo "stubs"
             pip install typing_extensions
-            python setup.py generate_stubs
+            python setup.py generate_stubs 
       - run:
           name: Run Python tests
           command: |
@@ -165,7 +162,7 @@ jobs:
           command: |
             source env/bin/activate
             pip install typing_extensions
-            python setup.py generate_stubs
+            python setup.py generate_stubs 
       - run:
           name: Run Python tests
           command: |
@@ -226,6 +223,7 @@ jobs:
           command: |
             sudo apt-get update
             sudo apt-get install libblas-dev liblapack-dev liblapacke-dev
+            sudo apt-get install openmpi-bin openmpi-common libopenmpi-dev
             python -m venv env
             source env/bin/activate
             CMAKE_BUILD_PARALLEL_LEVEL=`nproc` \
@@ -285,7 +283,7 @@ jobs:
           command: |
             source env/bin/activate
             pip install typing_extensions
-            python setup.py generate_stubs
+            python setup.py generate_stubs 
       - run:
           name: Build Python package
           command: |
@@ -344,7 +342,7 @@ jobs:
               CMAKE_BUILD_PARALLEL_LEVEL=`nproc` \
               pip install . -v
             pip install typing_extensions
-            python setup.py generate_stubs
+            python setup.py generate_stubs 
             << parameters.extra_env >> \
               CMAKE_BUILD_PARALLEL_LEVEL=`nproc` \
               python -m build --wheel
@@ -358,48 +356,6 @@ jobs:
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/
 
-  build_cuda_release:
-    parameters:
-      python_version:
-        type: string
-        default: "3.9"
-      extra_env:
-        type: string
-        default: "DEV_RELEASE=1"
-    machine:
-      image: linux-cuda-12:default
-      resource_class: gpu.nvidia.small.gen2
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - run:
-          name: Build wheel
-          command: |
-            sudo apt-get update
-            sudo apt-get install libblas-dev liblapack-dev liblapacke-dev
-            python -m venv env
-            source env/bin/activate
-            pip install auditwheel
-            pip install patchelf
-            pip install build
-            pip install twine
-            << parameters.extra_env >> \
-              CMAKE_BUILD_PARALLEL_LEVEL=`nproc` \
-              CMAKE_ARGS="-DMLX_BUILD_CUDA=ON -DCMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER=`which nvcc`" \
-              pip install ".[dev]" -v
-            python setup.py generate_stubs
-            << parameters.extra_env >> \
-              CMAKE_BUILD_PARALLEL_LEVEL=`nproc` \
-              CMAKE_ARGS="-DMLX_BUILD_CUDA=ON -DCMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER=`which nvcc`" \
-              python -m build --wheel
-            bash python/scripts/repair_cuda.sh
-      - run:
-          name: Upload package
-          command: |
-            source env/bin/activate
-            twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
-      - store_artifacts:
-          path: wheelhouse/
-
 workflows:
   build_and_test:
     when:
@@ -669,14 +625,3 @@ workflows:
             parameters:
               python_version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
               extra_env: ["PYPI_RELEASE=1"]
-  cuda_test_release:
-    when:
-      and:
-        - equal: [ main, << pipeline.git.branch >> ]
-        - << pipeline.parameters.cuda_release >>
-    jobs:
-      - build_cuda_release:
-          matrix:
-            parameters:
-              python_version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
-              extra_env: ["PYPI_RELEASE=1"]

benchmarks/python/comparative/bench_torch.py

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import os
 import time
 
 import torch
-import torch.cuda
 import torch.mps
 
 
@@ -45,10 +44,8 @@ def bench(f, *args):
 
 
 def sync_if_needed(x):
-    if x.device == torch.device("mps"):
+    if x.device != torch.device("cpu"):
         torch.mps.synchronize()
-    elif x.device == torch.device("cuda"):
-        torch.cuda.synchronize()
 
 
 @torch.no_grad()
@@ -102,14 +99,6 @@ def reduction(op, axis, x):
     sync_if_needed(x)
 
 
-@torch.no_grad()
-def sum_and_add(axis, x, y):
-    z = x.sum(axis=axis, keepdims=True)
-    for i in range(50):
-        z = (z + y).sum(axis=axis, keepdims=True)
-    sync_if_needed(x)
-
-
 @torch.no_grad()
 def softmax(axis, x):
     ys = []
@@ -351,11 +340,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         args.axis.pop(0)
 
     torch.set_num_threads(1)
-    device = "mps"
+    device = "cpu" if args.cpu else "mps"
-    if torch.cuda.is_available():
-        device = "cuda"
-    if args.cpu:
-        device = "cpu"
 
     types = args.dtype
     if not types:
@@ -475,8 +460,5 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     elif args.benchmark == "selu":
         print(bench(selu, x))
 
-    elif args.benchmark == "sum_and_add":
-        print(bench(sum_and_add, axis, *xs))
-
     else:
         raise ValueError(f"Unknown benchmark `{args.benchmark}`.")

docs/src/install.rst

@@ -30,16 +30,6 @@ MLX is also available on conda-forge. To install MLX with conda do:
 
    conda install conda-forge::mlx
 
-CUDA
-^^^^
-
-MLX has a CUDA backend which you can use on any Linux platform with CUDA 12
-and SM 7.0 (Volta) and up. To install MLX with CUDA support, run:
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-    pip install mlx-cuda
-
 
 Troubleshooting
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -75,8 +65,6 @@ Build Requirements
 Python API
 ^^^^^^^^^^
 
-.. _python install:
-
 To build and install the MLX python library from source, first, clone MLX from
 `its GitHub repo <https://github.com/ml-explore/mlx>`_:
 
@@ -119,8 +107,6 @@ IDE:
 C++ API
 ^^^^^^^
 
-.. _cpp install:
-
 Currently, MLX must be built and installed from source.
 
 Similarly to the python library, to build and install the MLX C++ library start
@@ -199,7 +185,6 @@ should point to the path to the built metal library.
 
       xcrun -sdk macosx --show-sdk-version
 
-
 Binary Size Minimization
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -228,50 +213,6 @@ be anwywhere from a few hundred millisecond to a few seconds depending on the
 application. Once a kernel is compiled, it will be cached by the system. The
 Metal kernel cache persists across reboots.
 
-Linux
-^^^^^
-
-To build from source on Linux (CPU only), install the BLAS and LAPACK headers.
-For example on Ubuntu, run the following:
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-   apt-get update -y
-   apt-get install libblas-dev liblapack-dev liblapacke-dev -y
-
-From here follow the instructions to install either the :ref:`Python <python
-install>` or :ref:`C++ <cpp install>` APIs.
-
-CUDA
-^^^^
-
-To build from source on Linux with CUDA, install the BLAS and LAPACK headers
-and the CUDA toolkit. For example on Ubuntu, run the following:
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-   wget https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu2204/x86_64/cuda-keyring_1.1-1_all.deb
-   dpkg -i cuda-keyring_1.1-1_all.deb
-   apt-get update -y
-   apt-get -y install cuda-toolkit-12-9
-   apt-get install libblas-dev liblapack-dev liblapacke-dev -y
-
-
-When building either the Python or C++ APIs make sure to pass the cmake flag
-``MLX_BUILD_CUDA=ON``. For example, to build the Python API run:
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-  CMAKE_BUILD_PARALLEL_LEVEL=8 CMAKE_ARGS="-DMLX_BUILD_CUDA=ON" pip install -e ".[dev]"
-
-To build the C++ package run:
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-   mkdir -p build && cd build
-   cmake .. -DMLX_BUILD_CUDA=ON && make -j
-
-
 Troubleshooting
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 

mlx/backend/common/compiled.cpp

@@ -14,8 +14,6 @@ void print_constant(std::ostream& os, const array& x) {
       return print_float_constant<float16_t>(os, x);
     case bfloat16:
       return print_float_constant<bfloat16_t>(os, x);
-    case float64:
-      return print_float_constant<double>(os, x);
     case complex64:
       return print_complex_constant<complex64_t>(os, x);
     case int8:
@@ -52,8 +50,6 @@ std::string get_type_string(Dtype d) {
       return "float16_t";
     case bfloat16:
       return "bfloat16_t";
-    case float64:
-      return "double";
     case complex64:
       return "complex64_t";
     case bool_:

mlx/backend/common/compiled.h

@@ -18,12 +18,8 @@ std::string get_type_string(Dtype d);
 template <typename T>
 void print_float_constant(std::ostream& os, const array& x) {
   auto old_precision = os.precision();
-  if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, double>) {
+  os << std::setprecision(std::numeric_limits<float>::digits10 + 1)
-    os << std::setprecision(std::numeric_limits<double>::digits10 + 1);
+     << x.item<T>() << std::setprecision(old_precision);
-  } else {
-    os << std::setprecision(std::numeric_limits<float>::digits10 + 1);
-  }
-  os << x.item<T>() << std::setprecision(old_precision);
 }
 
 template <typename T>

mlx/backend/common/reduce.cpp

@@ -5,9 +5,11 @@
 namespace mlx::core {
 
 std::pair<Shape, Strides> shapes_without_reduction_axes(
-    Shape shape,
+    const array& x,
-    Strides strides,
     const std::vector<int>& axes) {
+  auto shape = x.shape();
+  auto strides = x.strides();
+
   for (int i = axes.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
     int a = axes[i];
     shape.erase(shape.begin() + a);
@@ -17,15 +19,6 @@ std::pair<Shape, Strides> shapes_without_reduction_axes(
   return std::make_pair(shape, strides);
 }
 
-std::pair<Shape, Strides> shapes_without_reduction_axes(
-    const array& x,
-    const std::vector<int>& axes) {
-  auto shape = x.shape();
-  auto strides = x.strides();
-  return shapes_without_reduction_axes(
-      std::move(shape), std::move(strides), axes);
-}
-
 ReductionPlan get_reduction_plan(const array& x, const std::vector<int>& axes) {
   // The data is all there and we are reducing over everything
   if (x.size() == x.data_size() && axes.size() == x.ndim() &&

mlx/backend/common/reduce.h

@@ -51,9 +51,5 @@ ReductionPlan get_reduction_plan(const array& x, const std::vector<int>& axes);
 std::pair<Shape, Strides> shapes_without_reduction_axes(
     const array& x,
     const std::vector<int>& axes);
-std::pair<Shape, Strides> shapes_without_reduction_axes(
-    Shape shape,
-    Strides strides,
-    const std::vector<int>& axes);
 
 } // namespace mlx::core

mlx/backend/common/utils.cpp

@@ -199,15 +199,12 @@ Dims get_2d_grid_dims_common(
       }
     }
   }
-  if (grid_y > UINT32_MAX || grid_x > UINT32_MAX) {
+  if (grid_y > UINT32_MAX || grid_x > UINT32_MAX || divisor > 1) {
     throw std::runtime_error("Unable to safely factor shape.");
   }
   if (grid_y > grid_x) {
     std::swap(grid_x, grid_y);
   }
-  if (divisor > 1) {
-    grid_x = ((grid_x + divisor - 1) / divisor) * divisor;
-  }
   return std::make_tuple(
       static_cast<uint32_t>(grid_x), static_cast<uint32_t>(grid_y), 1);
 }

mlx/backend/cuda/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ target_sources(
   PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/allocator.cpp
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/arg_reduce.cu
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/binary.cu
-          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/binary_two.cu
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/compiled.cpp
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/copy.cu
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/copy/copy_contiguous.cu
@@ -29,12 +28,12 @@ target_sources(
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/primitives.cu
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/random.cu
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/reduce.cu
-          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/reduce/all_reduce.cu
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/reduce/col_reduce.cu
-          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/reduce/init_reduce.cu
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/reduce/row_reduce.cu
+          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/reduce/segmented_reduce.cu
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/rms_norm.cu
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/rope.cu
+          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/scaled_dot_product_attention.cu
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/slicing.cpp
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/softmax.cu
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/sort.cu

mlx/backend/cuda/allocator.cpp

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 #include "mlx/backend/cuda/allocator.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/cuda/utils.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/cuda/worker.h"
-#include "mlx/utils.h"
 
 #include <cuda_runtime.h>
 #include <fmt/format.h>
@@ -15,11 +14,9 @@ namespace mlx::core {
 
 namespace cu {
 
-constexpr int page_size = 16384;
-
 CudaAllocator::CudaAllocator()
     : buffer_cache_(
-          page_size,
+          getpagesize(),
           [](CudaBuffer* buf) { return buf->size; },
           [this](CudaBuffer* buf) {
             cuda_free(buf->data);
@@ -34,14 +31,7 @@ CudaAllocator::CudaAllocator()
 
 Buffer CudaAllocator::malloc(size_t size) {
   // Find available buffer from cache.
-  auto orig_size = size;
   std::unique_lock lock(mutex_);
-  if (size < page_size) {
-    size = next_power_of_2(size);
-  } else {
-    size = page_size * ((size + page_size - 1) / page_size);
-  }
-
   CudaBuffer* buf = buffer_cache_.reuse_from_cache(size);
   if (!buf) {
     // If we have a lot of memory pressure or are over the maximum cache size,
@@ -116,6 +106,7 @@ void CudaAllocator::cuda_free(void* buf) {
       return;
     }
   }
+
   cudaFree(buf);
 }
 

mlx/backend/cuda/binary.cu

@@ -125,12 +125,13 @@ constexpr bool supports_binary_op() {
 template <typename Op>
 void binary_op_gpu_inplace(
     const std::vector<array>& inputs,
-    array& out,
+    std::vector<array>& outputs,
     std::string_view op,
     const Stream& s) {
   assert(inputs.size() > 1);
   const auto& a = inputs[0];
   const auto& b = inputs[1];
+  auto& out = outputs[0];
   if (out.size() == 0) {
     return;
   }
@@ -145,6 +146,7 @@ void binary_op_gpu_inplace(
         if constexpr (cu::supports_binary_op<Op, CTYPE_IN, CTYPE_OUT>()) {
           using InType = cuda_type_t<CTYPE_IN>;
           using OutType = cuda_type_t<CTYPE_OUT>;
+
           auto bopt = get_binary_op_type(a, b);
           if (bopt == BinaryOpType::General) {
             auto [shape, strides] = collapse_contiguous_dims(a, b, out);
@@ -217,6 +219,20 @@ void binary_op_gpu_inplace(
   });
 }
 
+template <typename Op>
+void binary_op_gpu(
+    const std::vector<array>& inputs,
+    std::vector<array>& outputs,
+    std::string_view op,
+    const Stream& s) {
+  auto& a = inputs[0];
+  auto& b = inputs[1];
+  auto bopt = get_binary_op_type(a, b);
+  set_binary_op_output_data(a, b, outputs[0], bopt);
+  set_binary_op_output_data(a, b, outputs[1], bopt);
+  binary_op_gpu_inplace<Op>(inputs, outputs, op, s);
+}
+
 template <typename Op>
 void binary_op_gpu(
     const std::vector<array>& inputs,
@@ -227,7 +243,8 @@ void binary_op_gpu(
   auto& b = inputs[1];
   auto bopt = get_binary_op_type(a, b);
   set_binary_op_output_data(a, b, out, bopt);
-  binary_op_gpu_inplace<Op>(inputs, out, op, s);
+  std::vector<array> outputs{out};
+  binary_op_gpu_inplace<Op>(inputs, outputs, op, s);
 }
 
 #define BINARY_GPU(func)                                                 \
@@ -237,6 +254,14 @@ void binary_op_gpu(
     binary_op_gpu<cu::func>(inputs, out, get_primitive_string(this), s); \
   }
 
+#define BINARY_GPU_MULTI(func)                                               \
+  void func::eval_gpu(                                                       \
+      const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs) {       \
+    nvtx3::scoped_range r(#func "::eval_gpu");                               \
+    auto& s = outputs[0].primitive().stream();                               \
+    binary_op_gpu<cu::func>(inputs, outputs, get_primitive_string(this), s); \
+  }
+
 BINARY_GPU(Add)
 BINARY_GPU(ArcTan2)
 BINARY_GPU(Divide)

mlx/backend/cuda/binary_two.cu

@@ -1,248 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc.
-
-#include "mlx/backend/common/binary.h"
-#include "mlx/backend/cuda/device.h"
-#include "mlx/backend/cuda/device/binary_ops.cuh"
-#include "mlx/backend/cuda/device/cucomplex_math.cuh"
-#include "mlx/backend/cuda/kernel_utils.cuh"
-#include "mlx/dtype_utils.h"
-#include "mlx/primitives.h"
-
-#include <cooperative_groups.h>
-#include <nvtx3/nvtx3.hpp>
-
-namespace mlx::core {
-
-namespace cu {
-
-namespace cg = cooperative_groups;
-
-template <typename Op, typename In, typename Out, typename IdxT>
-__global__ void
-binary_ss(const In* a, const In* b, Out* out_a, Out* out_b, IdxT size) {
-  IdxT index = cg::this_grid().thread_rank();
-  if (index < size) {
-    auto out = Op{}(a[0], b[0]);
-    out_a[0] = out[0];
-    out_b[0] = out[1];
-  }
-}
-
-template <typename Op, typename In, typename Out, typename IdxT>
-__global__ void
-binary_sv(const In* a, const In* b, Out* out_a, Out* out_b, IdxT size) {
-  IdxT index = cg::this_grid().thread_rank();
-  if (index < size) {
-    auto out = Op{}(a[0], b[index]);
-    out_a[index] = out[0];
-    out_b[index] = out[1];
-  }
-}
-
-template <typename Op, typename In, typename Out, typename IdxT>
-__global__ void
-binary_vs(const In* a, const In* b, Out* out_a, Out* out_b, IdxT size) {
-  IdxT index = cg::this_grid().thread_rank();
-  if (index < size) {
-    auto out = Op{}(a[index], b[0]);
-    out_a[index] = out[0];
-    out_b[index] = out[1];
-  }
-}
-
-template <typename Op, typename In, typename Out, typename IdxT>
-__global__ void
-binary_vv(const In* a, const In* b, Out* out_a, Out* out_b, IdxT size) {
-  IdxT index = cg::this_grid().thread_rank();
-  if (index < size) {
-    auto out = Op{}(a[index], b[index]);
-    out_a[index] = out[0];
-    out_b[index] = out[1];
-  }
-}
-
-template <typename Op, typename In, typename Out, typename IdxT, int NDIM>
-__global__ void binary_g_nd(
-    const In* a,
-    const In* b,
-    Out* out_a,
-    Out* out_b,
-    IdxT size,
-    const __grid_constant__ cuda::std::array<int32_t, NDIM> shape,
-    const __grid_constant__ cuda::std::array<int64_t, NDIM> a_strides,
-    const __grid_constant__ cuda::std::array<int64_t, NDIM> b_strides) {
-  IdxT index = cg::this_grid().thread_rank();
-  if (index < size) {
-    auto [a_idx, b_idx] = elem_to_loc_nd<NDIM>(
-        index, shape.data(), a_strides.data(), b_strides.data());
-    auto out = Op{}(a[a_idx], b[b_idx]);
-    out_a[index] = out[0];
-    out_b[index] = out[1];
-  }
-}
-
-template <typename Op, typename In, typename Out, typename IdxT>
-__global__ void binary_g(
-    const In* a,
-    const In* b,
-    Out* out_a,
-    Out* out_b,
-    IdxT size,
-    const __grid_constant__ Shape shape,
-    const __grid_constant__ Strides a_strides,
-    const __grid_constant__ Strides b_strides,
-    int ndim) {
-  IdxT index = cg::this_grid().thread_rank();
-  if (index < size) {
-    auto [a_idx, b_idx] = elem_to_loc_4d(
-        index, shape.data(), a_strides.data(), b_strides.data(), ndim);
-    auto out = Op{}(a[a_idx], b[b_idx]);
-    out_a[index] = out[0];
-    out_b[index] = out[1];
-  }
-}
-
-template <typename Op, typename In, typename Out>
-constexpr bool supports_binary_op() {
-  if (std::is_same_v<Op, DivMod>) {
-    return std::is_same_v<In, Out> &&
-        (std::is_integral_v<Out> || is_floating_v<Out>);
-  }
-  return false;
-}
-
-} // namespace cu
-
-template <typename Op>
-void binary_op_gpu_inplace(
-    const std::vector<array>& inputs,
-    std::vector<array>& outputs,
-    std::string_view op,
-    const Stream& s) {
-  assert(inputs.size() > 1);
-  const auto& a = inputs[0];
-  const auto& b = inputs[1];
-  auto& out_a = outputs[0];
-  auto& out_b = outputs[1];
-  auto bopt = get_binary_op_type(a, b);
-  set_binary_op_output_data(a, b, out_a, bopt);
-  set_binary_op_output_data(a, b, out_b, bopt);
-
-  if (out_a.size() == 0) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(s);
-  encoder.set_input_array(a);
-  encoder.set_input_array(b);
-  encoder.set_output_array(out_a);
-  encoder.set_output_array(out_b);
-  encoder.launch_kernel([&](cudaStream_t stream) {
-    MLX_SWITCH_ALL_TYPES(a.dtype(), CTYPE_IN, {
-      MLX_SWITCH_ALL_TYPES(out_a.dtype(), CTYPE_OUT, {
-        if constexpr (cu::supports_binary_op<Op, CTYPE_IN, CTYPE_OUT>()) {
-          using InType = cuda_type_t<CTYPE_IN>;
-          using OutType = cuda_type_t<CTYPE_OUT>;
-
-          auto bopt = get_binary_op_type(a, b);
-          if (bopt == BinaryOpType::General) {
-            auto [shape, strides] = collapse_contiguous_dims(a, b, out_a);
-            auto& a_strides = strides[0];
-            auto& b_strides = strides[1];
-            bool large = a.data_size() > INT32_MAX ||
-                b.data_size() > INT32_MAX || out_a.data_size() > INT32_MAX;
-            MLX_SWITCH_BOOL(large, LARGE, {
-              using IdxT = std::conditional_t<LARGE, int64_t, int32_t>;
-              int ndim = shape.size();
-              if (ndim <= 3) {
-                MLX_SWITCH_1_2_3(ndim, NDIM, {
-                  auto kernel =
-                      cu::binary_g_nd<Op, InType, OutType, IdxT, NDIM>;
-                  auto [num_blocks, block_dims] =
-                      get_launch_args(kernel, out_a, large);
-                  kernel<<<num_blocks, block_dims, 0, stream>>>(
-                      a.data<InType>(),
-                      b.data<InType>(),
-                      out_a.data<OutType>(),
-                      out_b.data<OutType>(),
-                      out_a.size(),
-                      const_param<NDIM>(shape),
-                      const_param<NDIM>(a_strides),
-                      const_param<NDIM>(b_strides));
-                });
-              } else {
-                auto kernel = cu::binary_g<Op, InType, OutType, IdxT>;
-                auto [num_blocks, block_dims] =
-                    get_launch_args(kernel, out_a, large);
-                kernel<<<num_blocks, block_dims, 0, stream>>>(
-                    a.data<InType>(),
-                    b.data<InType>(),
-                    out_a.data<OutType>(),
-                    out_b.data<OutType>(),
-                    out_a.size(),
-                    const_param(shape),
-                    const_param(a_strides),
-                    const_param(b_strides),
-                    ndim);
-              }
-            });
-          } else {
-            MLX_SWITCH_BOOL(out_a.data_size() > UINT32_MAX, LARGE, {
-              using IdxT = std::conditional_t<LARGE, int64_t, uint32_t>;
-              auto kernel = cu::binary_ss<Op, InType, OutType, IdxT>;
-              if (bopt == BinaryOpType::ScalarVector) {
-                kernel = cu::binary_sv<Op, InType, OutType, IdxT>;
-              } else if (bopt == BinaryOpType::VectorScalar) {
-                kernel = cu::binary_vs<Op, InType, OutType, IdxT>;
-              } else if (bopt == BinaryOpType::VectorVector) {
-                kernel = cu::binary_vv<Op, InType, OutType, IdxT>;
-              }
-              auto [num_blocks, block_dims] = get_launch_args(
-                  kernel,
-                  out_a.data_size(),
-                  out_a.shape(),
-                  out_a.strides(),
-                  LARGE);
-              kernel<<<num_blocks, block_dims, 0, stream>>>(
-                  a.data<InType>(),
-                  b.data<InType>(),
-                  out_a.data<OutType>(),
-                  out_b.data<OutType>(),
-                  out_a.data_size());
-            });
-          }
-        } else {
-          throw std::runtime_error(fmt::format(
-              "Can not do binary op {} on inputs of {} with result of {}.",
-              op,
-              dtype_to_string(a.dtype()),
-              dtype_to_string(out_a.dtype())));
-        }
-      });
-    });
-  });
-}
-
-template <typename Op>
-void binary_op_gpu(
-    const std::vector<array>& inputs,
-    std::vector<array>& outputs,
-    std::string_view op,
-    const Stream& s) {
-  auto& a = inputs[0];
-  auto& b = inputs[1];
-  auto bopt = get_binary_op_type(a, b);
-  set_binary_op_output_data(a, b, outputs[0], bopt);
-  set_binary_op_output_data(a, b, outputs[1], bopt);
-  binary_op_gpu_inplace<Op>(inputs, outputs, op, s);
-}
-
-void DivMod::eval_gpu(
-    const std::vector<array>& inputs,
-    std::vector<array>& outputs) {
-  nvtx3::scoped_range r("DivMod::eval_gpu");
-  auto& s = outputs[0].primitive().stream();
-  binary_op_gpu<cu::DivMod>(inputs, outputs, get_primitive_string(this), s);
-}
-
-} // namespace mlx::core

mlx/backend/cuda/copy.cu

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ void copy_gpu_inplace(
   auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(s);
   encoder.set_input_array(in);
   encoder.set_output_array(out);
+
   if (ctype == CopyType::Scalar || ctype == CopyType::Vector) {
     copy_contiguous(encoder, ctype, in, out, offset_in, offset_out);
     return;

mlx/backend/cuda/copy/copy_general.cu

@@ -63,30 +63,25 @@ void copy_general(
       MLX_SWITCH_BOOL(large, LARGE, {
         using IdxT = std::conditional_t<LARGE, int64_t, int32_t>;
         int ndim = shape.size();
-        size_t data_size = 1;
-        for (auto& s : shape)
-          data_size *= s;
         if (ndim <= 3) {
           MLX_SWITCH_1_2_3(ndim, NDIM, {
             auto kernel = cu::copy_gg_nd<InType, OutType, IdxT, NDIM>;
-            auto [num_blocks, block_dims] =
+            auto [num_blocks, block_dims] = get_launch_args(kernel, out, large);
-                get_launch_args(kernel, data_size, shape, out.strides(), large);
             kernel<<<num_blocks, block_dims, 0, stream>>>(
                 in_ptr,
                 out_ptr,
-                data_size,
+                out.size(),
                 const_param<NDIM>(shape),
                 const_param<NDIM>(strides_in),
                 const_param<NDIM>(strides_out));
           });
         } else { // ndim >= 4
           auto kernel = cu::copy_gg<InType, OutType, IdxT>;
-          auto [num_blocks, block_dims] =
+          auto [num_blocks, block_dims] = get_launch_args(kernel, out, large);
-              get_launch_args(kernel, data_size, shape, out.strides(), large);
           kernel<<<num_blocks, block_dims, 0, stream>>>(
               in_ptr,
               out_ptr,
-              data_size,
+              out.size(),
               const_param(shape),
               const_param(strides_in),
               const_param(strides_out),

mlx/backend/cuda/device.cpp

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 
 #include <fmt/format.h>
 #include <nvtx3/nvtx3.hpp>
-#include <future>
 
 namespace mlx::core {
 
@@ -108,16 +107,6 @@ void CommandEncoder::commit() {
   worker_.commit(stream_.last_cuda_stream());
 }
 
-void CommandEncoder::synchronize() {
-  stream().synchronize();
-  auto p = std::make_shared<std::promise<void>>();
-  std::future<void> f = p->get_future();
-  add_completed_handler([p = std::move(p)]() { p->set_value(); });
-  worker_.end_batch();
-  commit();
-  f.wait();
-}
-
 Device& device(mlx::core::Device device) {
   static std::unordered_map<int, Device> devices;
   auto it = devices.find(device.index);

mlx/backend/cuda/device.h

@@ -123,9 +123,6 @@ class CommandEncoder {
     return has_gpu_work_;
   }
 
-  // Wait until kernels and completion handlers are finished
-  void synchronize();
-
  private:
   Device& device_;
   DeviceStream& stream_;

mlx/backend/cuda/device/binary_ops.cuh

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ struct FloorDivide {
     if constexpr (cuda::std::is_integral_v<T>) {
       return x / y;
     } else {
-      return truncf(x / y);
+      return trunc(x / y);
     }
   }
 };
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ struct LogAddExp {
           cuda::std::numeric_limits<float>::quiet_NaN(),
           cuda::std::numeric_limits<float>::quiet_NaN()};
     }
-    float inf = cuda::std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity();
+    constexpr float inf = cuda::std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity();
     auto maxval = x > y ? x : y;
     auto minval = x < y ? x : y;
     if (cuCrealf(minval) == -inf || cuCrealf(maxval) == inf)

mlx/backend/cuda/device/config.h

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 // The maximum dimensions of shape/strides passed as kernel parameters.
-#define MAX_NDIM 10
+#define MAX_NDIM 8
 
 // All existing NVIDIA hardware has a fixed 32 warp size. Though a built-in
 // warpSize variable exists, using it would prevent compile-time optimizations.

mlx/backend/cuda/device/utils.cuh

@@ -155,8 +155,8 @@ inline __host__ __device__ cuda::std::tuple<IdxT, IdxT> elem_to_loc_nd(
 #pragma unroll
   for (int i = NDIM - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
     int dim_idx = elem % shape[i];
-    a_loc += dim_idx * IdxT(a_strides[i]);
+    a_loc += dim_idx * a_strides[i];
-    b_loc += dim_idx * IdxT(b_strides[i]);
+    b_loc += dim_idx * b_strides[i];
     elem /= shape[i];
   }
   return cuda::std::make_tuple(a_loc, b_loc);
@@ -175,9 +175,9 @@ inline __host__ __device__ cuda::std::tuple<IdxT, IdxT, IdxT> elem_to_loc_nd(
 #pragma unroll
   for (int i = NDIM - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
     int dim_idx = elem % shape[i];
-    a_loc += dim_idx * IdxT(a_strides[i]);
+    a_loc += dim_idx * a_strides[i];
-    b_loc += dim_idx * IdxT(b_strides[i]);
+    b_loc += dim_idx * b_strides[i];
-    c_loc += dim_idx * IdxT(c_strides[i]);
+    c_loc += dim_idx * c_strides[i];
     elem /= shape[i];
   }
   return cuda::std::make_tuple(a_loc, b_loc, c_loc);
@@ -206,8 +206,8 @@ inline __host__ __device__ cuda::std::tuple<IdxT, IdxT> elem_to_loc_4d(
   IdxT b_loc = 0;
   for (int i = ndim - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
     int dim_idx = elem % shape[i];
-    a_loc += dim_idx * IdxT(a_strides[i]);
+    a_loc += dim_idx * a_strides[i];
-    b_loc += dim_idx * IdxT(b_strides[i]);
+    b_loc += dim_idx * b_strides[i];
     elem /= shape[i];
   }
   return cuda::std::make_tuple(a_loc, b_loc);
@@ -226,9 +226,9 @@ inline __host__ __device__ cuda::std::tuple<IdxT, IdxT, IdxT> elem_to_loc_4d(
   IdxT c_loc = 0;
   for (int i = ndim - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
     int dim_idx = elem % shape[i];
-    a_loc += dim_idx * IdxT(a_strides[i]);
+    a_loc += dim_idx * a_strides[i];
-    b_loc += dim_idx * IdxT(b_strides[i]);
+    b_loc += dim_idx * b_strides[i];
-    c_loc += dim_idx * IdxT(c_strides[i]);
+    c_loc += dim_idx * c_strides[i];
     elem /= shape[i];
   }
   return cuda::std::make_tuple(a_loc, b_loc, c_loc);

mlx/backend/cuda/eval.cpp

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ void finalize(Stream s) {
 
 void synchronize(Stream s) {
   nvtx3::scoped_range r("gpu::synchronize");
-  cu::get_command_encoder(s).synchronize();
+  cu::get_stream(s).synchronize();
 }
 
 } // namespace mlx::core::gpu

mlx/backend/cuda/jit_module.cpp

@@ -37,46 +37,36 @@ void check_cu_error(const char* name, CUresult err) {
 }
 
 // Return the location of the CUDA toolkit.
-const std::string& cuda_home() {
+const char* cuda_home() {
-  static std::string home = []() -> std::string {
+  const char* home = std::getenv("CUDA_HOME");
-    const char* home = std::getenv("CUDA_HOME");
+  if (home) {
-    if (home) {
+    return home;
-      return home;
+  }
-    }
+  home = std::getenv("CUDA_PATH");
-    home = std::getenv("CUDA_PATH");
+  if (home) {
-    if (home) {
+    return home;
-      return home;
+  }
-    }
 #if defined(__linux__)
-    home = "/usr/local/cuda";
+  home = "/usr/local/cuda";
-    if (std::filesystem::exists(home)) {
+  if (std::filesystem::exists(home)) {
-      return home;
+    return home;
-    }
+  }
 #endif
-    throw std::runtime_error(
+  throw std::runtime_error(
-        "Environment variable CUDA_HOME or CUDA_PATH is not set.");
+      "Environment variable CUDA_HOME or CUDA_PATH is not set.");
-  }();
-  return home;
 }
 
 // Get the cache directory for storing compiled results.
-const std::filesystem::path& ptx_cache_dir() {
+bool get_ptx_cache_dir(std::filesystem::path* result) {
-  static std::filesystem::path cache = []() -> std::filesystem::path {
+  auto path = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "mlx" / "ptx";
-    std::filesystem::path cache;
+  if (!std::filesystem::is_directory(path)) {
-    if (auto c = std::getenv("MLX_PTX_CACHE"); c) {
+    std::error_code error;
-      cache = c;
+    if (!std::filesystem::create_directories(path, error)) {
-    } else {
+      return false;
-      cache = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "mlx" / "ptx";
     }
-    if (!std::filesystem::exists(cache)) {
+  }
-      std::error_code error;
+  *result = path;
-      if (!std::filesystem::create_directories(cache, error)) {
+  return true;
-        return std::filesystem::path();
-      }
-    }
-    return cache;
-  }();
-  return cache;
 }
 
 // Try to read the cached |ptx| and |ptx_kernels| from |cache_dir|.
@@ -85,10 +75,6 @@ bool read_cached_ptx(
     const std::string& module_name,
     std::vector<char>* ptx,
     std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>* ptx_kernels) {
-  if (cache_dir.empty()) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
   auto ptx_path = cache_dir / (module_name + ".ptx");
   std::error_code error;
   auto ptx_size = std::filesystem::file_size(ptx_path, error);
@@ -119,10 +105,6 @@ void write_cached_ptx(
     const std::string& module_name,
     const std::vector<char>& ptx,
     const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>& ptx_kernels) {
-  if (cache_dir.empty()) {
-    return;
-  }
-
   std::ofstream ptx_file(cache_dir / (module_name + ".ptx"), std::ios::binary);
   if (!ptx.empty()) {
     ptx_file.write(&ptx.front(), ptx.size());
@@ -202,9 +184,11 @@ JitModule::JitModule(
     const std::string& module_name,
     const KernelBuilder& builder) {
   // Check cache.
+  std::filesystem::path cache_dir;
   std::vector<char> ptx;
   std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> ptx_kernels;
-  if (!read_cached_ptx(ptx_cache_dir(), module_name, &ptx, &ptx_kernels)) {
+  if (!get_ptx_cache_dir(&cache_dir) ||
+      !read_cached_ptx(cache_dir, module_name, &ptx, &ptx_kernels)) {
     // Create program.
     auto [source_code, kernel_names] = builder();
     nvrtcProgram prog;
@@ -262,7 +246,7 @@ JitModule::JitModule(
     } else {
       CHECK_NVRTC_ERROR(nvrtcGetPTX(prog, ptx.data()));
     }
-    write_cached_ptx(ptx_cache_dir(), module_name, ptx, ptx_kernels);
+    write_cached_ptx(cache_dir, module_name, ptx, ptx_kernels);
   }
 
   // Load module.

mlx/backend/cuda/matmul.cpp

@@ -162,15 +162,11 @@ class MatMul {
       }
     }
 
-    void* workspace_ptr = nullptr;
+    array workspace(
-    if (heuristic_.workspaceSize > 0) {
+        allocator::malloc(heuristic_.workspaceSize),
-      array workspace(
+        {static_cast<int>(heuristic_.workspaceSize)},
-          allocator::malloc(heuristic_.workspaceSize),
+        int8);
-          {static_cast<int>(heuristic_.workspaceSize)},
+    encoder.add_temporary(workspace);
-          int8);
-      encoder.add_temporary(workspace);
-      workspace_ptr = workspace.data<void>();
-    }
 
     encoder.launch_kernel([&](cudaStream_t stream) {
       CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(cublasLtMatmul(
@@ -187,8 +183,8 @@ class MatMul {
           out,
           out_desc_,
           &heuristic_.algo,
-          workspace_ptr,
+          workspace.data<void>(),
-          heuristic_.workspaceSize,
+          workspace.nbytes(),
           stream));
     });
   }
@@ -362,18 +358,9 @@ void Matmul::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
       a_batch_strides.back(),
       b_batch_strides.back());
 
-  encoder.set_input_array(a);
-  encoder.set_input_array(b);
-  encoder.set_output_array(out);
-  auto nbatch = batch_count / batch_shape.back();
-  if (nbatch == 1) {
-    matmul.run(encoder, out.data<int8_t>(), a.data<int8_t>(), b.data<int8_t>());
-    return;
-  }
-
   ContiguousIterator a_it(batch_shape, a_batch_strides, batch_shape.size() - 1);
   ContiguousIterator b_it(batch_shape, b_batch_strides, batch_shape.size() - 1);
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < nbatch; ++i) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_count / batch_shape.back(); ++i) {
     matmul.run(
         encoder,
         out.data<int8_t>() + out.itemsize() * i * batch_shape.back() * M * N,
@@ -457,28 +444,10 @@ void AddMM::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
       b_batch_strides.back(),
       c_batch_strides.back());
 
-  encoder.set_input_array(a);
-  encoder.set_input_array(b);
-  encoder.set_input_array(c);
-  encoder.set_output_array(out);
-
-  auto nbatch = batch_count / batch_shape.back();
-  if (nbatch == 1) {
-    matmul.run(
-        encoder,
-        out.data<int8_t>(),
-        a.data<int8_t>(),
-        b.data<int8_t>(),
-        c.data<int8_t>(),
-        alpha_,
-        beta_);
-    return;
-  }
-
   ContiguousIterator a_it(batch_shape, a_batch_strides, batch_shape.size() - 1);
   ContiguousIterator b_it(batch_shape, b_batch_strides, batch_shape.size() - 1);
   ContiguousIterator c_it(batch_shape, c_batch_strides, batch_shape.size() - 1);
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < nbatch; ++i) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_count / batch_shape.back(); ++i) {
     matmul.run(
         encoder,
         out.data<int8_t>() + out.itemsize() * i * batch_shape.back() * M * N,

mlx/backend/cuda/primitives.cu

@@ -43,17 +43,6 @@ void Arange::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
   });
 }
 
-bool fast::ScaledDotProductAttention::use_fallback(
-    const array& q,
-    const array& k,
-    const array& v,
-    bool has_mask,
-    bool has_arr_mask,
-    bool do_causal,
-    Stream s) {
-  return true;
-}
-
 #define NO_GPU_MULTI(func)                                             \
   void func::eval_gpu(                                                 \
       const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs) { \
@@ -71,8 +60,10 @@ bool fast::ScaledDotProductAttention::use_fallback(
     throw std::runtime_error(#func " has no CUDA implementation.");   \
   }
 
+NO_GPU(ArgPartition)
 NO_GPU(BlockMaskedMM)
 NO_GPU(Convolution)
+NO_GPU_MULTI(DivMod)
 NO_GPU(DynamicSlice)
 NO_GPU(DynamicSliceUpdate)
 NO_GPU(FFT)
@@ -81,6 +72,7 @@ NO_GPU(GatherQMM)
 NO_GPU(Hadamard)
 NO_GPU(Load)
 NO_GPU_MULTI(LUF)
+NO_GPU(Partition)
 NO_GPU_MULTI(QRF)
 NO_GPU(QuantizedMatmul)
 NO_GPU(Scan)
@@ -91,7 +83,6 @@ NO_GPU_MULTI(Eig)
 NO_GPU_MULTI(Eigh)
 
 namespace fast {
-NO_GPU(ScaledDotProductAttention)
 NO_GPU_MULTI(AffineQuantize)
 NO_GPU_MULTI(CustomKernel)
 } // namespace fast

mlx/backend/cuda/reduce.cu

@@ -21,11 +21,28 @@ void Reduce::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
   assert(!axes_.empty());
   assert(out.size() != in.size());
 
+  out.set_data(allocator::malloc(out.nbytes()));
+
   auto& s = stream();
   auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(s);
+  encoder.set_input_array(in);
+  encoder.set_output_array(out);
 
+  // Fill out with init value.
   if (in.size() == 0) {
-    init_reduce(encoder, in, out, reduce_type_);
+    encoder.launch_kernel([&](cudaStream_t stream) {
+      MLX_SWITCH_ALL_TYPES(in.dtype(), CTYPE, {
+        MLX_SWITCH_REDUCE_OPS(reduce_type_, OP, {
+          using InType = cuda_type_t<CTYPE>;
+          using OutType = cu::ReduceResult<OP, InType>::type;
+          thrust::fill_n(
+              cu::thrust_policy(stream),
+              thrust::device_pointer_cast(out.data<OutType>()),
+              out.data_size(),
+              cu::ReduceInit<OP, InType>::value());
+        });
+      });
+    });
     return;
   }
 
@@ -34,19 +51,7 @@ void Reduce::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
 
   // If it is a general reduce then copy the input to a contiguous array and
   // recompute the plan.
-  //
+  if (plan.type == GeneralReduce) {
-  // TODO: Instead of copying we can use elem-to-loc to deal with broadcasting
-  //       like we do in Metal. When it comes to broadcasted reduction axes
-  //       some can be ignored eg for min/max.
-  bool broadcasted = false;
-  for (int i = 0, j = 0; i < in.ndim() && !broadcasted; i++) {
-    if (j < axes_.size() && axes_[j] == i) {
-      j++;
-    } else {
-      broadcasted = in.strides(i) == 0;
-    }
-  }
-  if (plan.type == GeneralReduce || broadcasted || !in.flags().contiguous) {
     array in_copy(in.shape(), in.dtype(), nullptr, {});
     copy_gpu(in, in_copy, CopyType::General, s);
     encoder.add_temporary(in_copy);
@@ -54,8 +59,9 @@ void Reduce::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
     plan = get_reduction_plan(in, axes_);
   }
 
-  if (plan.type == ContiguousAllReduce) {
+  if ((plan.type == ContiguousAllReduce) ||
-    all_reduce(encoder, in, out, reduce_type_);
+      (plan.type == ContiguousReduce && plan.shape.size() == 1)) {
+    segmented_reduce(encoder, in, out, reduce_type_, axes_, plan);
     return;
   }
 

mlx/backend/cuda/reduce/all_reduce.cu

@@ -1,150 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc.
-
-#include "mlx/backend/cuda/device.h"
-#include "mlx/backend/cuda/reduce/reduce.cuh"
-
-#include <cooperative_groups.h>
-#include <cooperative_groups/reduce.h>
-#include <cub/block/block_load.cuh>
-
-namespace mlx::core {
-
-namespace cu {
-
-namespace cg = cooperative_groups;
-
-template <typename T, typename U, typename ReduceOp, int N = 4>
-__global__ void all_reduce(T* in, U* out, size_t block_step, size_t size) {
-  // TODO: Process multiple "rows" in each thread
-  constexpr int M = 1;
-
-  auto grid = cg::this_grid();
-  auto block = cg::this_thread_block();
-  auto warp = cg::tiled_partition<WARP_SIZE>(block);
-
-  const U init = cu::ReduceInit<ReduceOp, T>::value();
-  ReduceOp op;
-
-  T vals[N];
-  U accs[M];
-  accs[0] = init;
-
-  size_t start = grid.block_rank() * block_step;
-  size_t end = start + block_step;
-  size_t check = min(end, size);
-
-  size_t i = start;
-  for (; i + block.size() * N <= check; i += block.size() * N) {
-    cub::LoadDirectBlockedVectorized<T, N>(block.thread_rank(), in + i, vals);
-    for (int j = 0; j < N; j++) {
-      accs[0] = op(accs[0], __cast<U, T>(vals[j]));
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (i < check) {
-    cub::LoadDirectBlocked(
-        block.thread_rank(), in + i, vals, check - i, __cast<T, U>(init));
-    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
-      accs[0] = op(accs[0], __cast<U, T>(vals[i]));
-    }
-  }
-
-  __shared__ U shared_accumulators[32];
-  block_reduce(block, warp, accs, shared_accumulators, op, init);
-
-  if (block.thread_rank() == 0) {
-    out[grid.block_rank()] = accs[0];
-  }
-}
-
-} // namespace cu
-
-void all_reduce(
-    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
-    const array& in,
-    array& out,
-    Reduce::ReduceType reduce_type) {
-  constexpr int N_READS = 8;
-
-  out.set_data(allocator::malloc(out.nbytes()));
-
-  auto get_args = [](size_t size, int N) {
-    int threads = std::min(512UL, (size + N - 1) / N);
-    threads = ((threads + WARP_SIZE - 1) / WARP_SIZE) * WARP_SIZE;
-    int reductions_per_step = threads * N;
-    size_t steps_needed =
-        (size + reductions_per_step - 1) / reductions_per_step;
-
-    int blocks;
-    if (steps_needed < 32) {
-      blocks = 1;
-    } else if (steps_needed < 128) {
-      blocks = 32;
-    } else if (steps_needed < 512) {
-      blocks = 128;
-    } else if (steps_needed < 1024) {
-      blocks = 512;
-    } else {
-      blocks = 1024;
-    }
-
-    size_t steps_per_block = (steps_needed + blocks - 1) / blocks;
-    size_t block_step = steps_per_block * reductions_per_step;
-
-    return std::make_tuple(blocks, threads, block_step);
-  };
-
-  int blocks, threads;
-  size_t block_step;
-  size_t insize = in.size();
-  Dtype dt = in.dtype();
-
-  // Cub doesn't like const pointers for load (sigh).
-  void* indata = const_cast<void*>(in.data<void>());
-
-  // Large array so allocate an intermediate and accumulate there
-  std::tie(blocks, threads, block_step) = get_args(insize, N_READS);
-  encoder.set_input_array(in);
-  if (blocks > 1) {
-    array intermediate({blocks}, out.dtype(), nullptr, {});
-    intermediate.set_data(allocator::malloc(intermediate.nbytes()));
-    encoder.add_temporary(intermediate);
-    encoder.set_output_array(intermediate);
-    encoder.launch_kernel([&](cudaStream_t stream) {
-      MLX_SWITCH_ALL_TYPES(dt, CTYPE, {
-        MLX_SWITCH_REDUCE_OPS(reduce_type, OP, {
-          using T = cuda_type_t<CTYPE>;
-          using U = cu::ReduceResult<OP, T>::type;
-          auto kernel = cu::all_reduce<T, U, OP, N_READS>;
-          kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(
-              static_cast<T*>(indata),
-              intermediate.data<U>(),
-              block_step,
-              insize);
-        });
-      });
-    });
-
-    // Set the input for the next step and recalculate the blocks
-    indata = intermediate.data<void>();
-    dt = intermediate.dtype();
-    insize = intermediate.size();
-    std::tie(blocks, threads, block_step) = get_args(insize, N_READS);
-    encoder.set_input_array(intermediate);
-  }
-
-  encoder.set_output_array(out);
-  encoder.launch_kernel([&](cudaStream_t stream) {
-    MLX_SWITCH_ALL_TYPES(dt, CTYPE, {
-      MLX_SWITCH_REDUCE_OPS(reduce_type, OP, {
-        using T = cuda_type_t<CTYPE>;
-        using U = cu::ReduceResult<OP, T>::type;
-        auto kernel = cu::all_reduce<T, U, OP, N_READS>;
-        kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(
-            static_cast<T*>(indata), out.data<U>(), block_step, insize);
-      });
-    });
-  });
-}
-
-} // namespace mlx::core

mlx/backend/cuda/reduce/col_reduce.cu

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 // Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc.
 
-#include <numeric>
-
 #include "mlx/backend/cuda/device.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/cuda/device/cast_op.cuh"
 #include "mlx/backend/cuda/reduce/reduce.cuh"
@@ -38,36 +36,19 @@ struct ColReduceArgs {
       const array& in,
       const ReductionPlan& plan,
       const std::vector<int>& axes) {
-    using ShapeVector = decltype(plan.shape);
-    using StridesVector = decltype(plan.strides);
-
-    ShapeVector shape_vec;
-    StridesVector strides_vec;
-
     assert(!plan.shape.empty());
     reduction_size = plan.shape.back();
     reduction_stride = plan.strides.back();
 
     int64_t stride_back = 1;
-    std::tie(shape_vec, strides_vec) = shapes_without_reduction_axes(in, axes);
+    auto [shape_vec, strides_vec] = shapes_without_reduction_axes(in, axes);
     while (!shape_vec.empty() && stride_back < reduction_stride) {
       stride_back *= shape_vec.back();
       shape_vec.pop_back();
       strides_vec.pop_back();
     }
-    std::vector<int> indices(shape_vec.size());
-    std::iota(indices.begin(), indices.end(), 0);
-    std::sort(indices.begin(), indices.end(), [&](int left, int right) {
-      return strides_vec[left] > strides_vec[right];
-    });
-    ShapeVector sorted_shape;
-    StridesVector sorted_strides;
-    for (auto idx : indices) {
-      sorted_shape.push_back(shape_vec[idx]);
-      sorted_strides.push_back(strides_vec[idx]);
-    }
     std::tie(shape_vec, strides_vec) =
-        collapse_contiguous_dims(sorted_shape, sorted_strides);
+        collapse_contiguous_dims(shape_vec, strides_vec);
     shape = const_param(shape_vec);
     strides = const_param(strides_vec);
     ndim = shape_vec.size();
@@ -83,6 +64,86 @@ struct ColReduceArgs {
   }
 };
 
+template <typename T, typename U, typename Op, int NDIM, int N_READS = 4>
+__global__ void col_reduce_small(
+    const T* in,
+    U* out,
+    const __grid_constant__ ColReduceArgs args) {
+  auto grid = cg::this_grid();
+  auto block = cg::this_thread_block();
+
+  int column =
+      grid.block_index().x * block.dim_threads().x + block.thread_index().x;
+  if (column * N_READS >= args.reduction_stride) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  int out_idx = grid.block_rank() / grid.dim_blocks().x;
+  in += elem_to_loc(out_idx, args.shape.data(), args.strides.data(), args.ndim);
+
+  Op op;
+  U totals[N_READS];
+  for (int i = 0; i < N_READS; i++) {
+    totals[i] = ReduceInit<Op, T>::value();
+  }
+
+  // Read input to local.
+  LoopedElemToLoc<NDIM, (NDIM > 2)> loop(args.reduce_ndim);
+  loop.next(
+      block.thread_index().y,
+      args.reduce_shape.data(),
+      args.reduce_strides.data());
+  for (size_t r = block.thread_index().y;
+       r < args.non_col_reductions * args.reduction_size;
+       r += block.dim_threads().y) {
+    U vals[N_READS];
+    cub::LoadDirectBlocked(
+        column,
+        make_cast_iterator<U>(in + loop.location()),
+        vals,
+        args.reduction_stride,
+        ReduceInit<Op, T>::value());
+    for (int i = 0; i < N_READS; i++) {
+      totals[i] = op(vals[i], totals[i]);
+    }
+    loop.next(
+        block.dim_threads().y,
+        args.reduce_shape.data(),
+        args.reduce_strides.data());
+  }
+
+  // Do block reduce when each column has more than 1 element to reduce.
+  if (block.dim_threads().y > 1) {
+    __shared__ U shared_vals[32 * 8 * N_READS];
+    size_t col =
+        block.thread_index().y * block.dim_threads().x + block.thread_index().x;
+    for (int i = 0; i < N_READS; i++) {
+      shared_vals[col * N_READS + i] = totals[i];
+    }
+    block.sync();
+    if (block.thread_index().y == 0) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < N_READS; i++) {
+        totals[i] = shared_vals[block.thread_index().x * N_READS + i];
+      }
+      for (int j = 1; j < block.dim_threads().y; j++) {
+        col = j * block.dim_threads().x + block.thread_index().x;
+        for (int i = 0; i < N_READS; i++) {
+          totals[i] = op(shared_vals[col * N_READS + i], totals[i]);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Write result.
+  if (block.thread_index().y == 0) {
+    cub::StoreDirectBlocked(
+        column,
+        out + out_idx * args.reduction_stride,
+        totals,
+        args.reduction_stride);
+  }
+}
+
 template <
     typename T,
     typename U,
@@ -91,94 +152,67 @@ template <
     int BM,
     int BN,
     int N_READS = 4>
-__global__ void
+__global__ void col_reduce_looped(
-col_reduce_looped(T* in, U* out, const __grid_constant__ ColReduceArgs args) {
+    const T* in,
+    U* out,
+    const __grid_constant__ ColReduceArgs args) {
   auto grid = cg::this_grid();
   auto block = cg::this_thread_block();
   auto warp = cg::tiled_partition<WARP_SIZE>(block);
 
-  constexpr int threads_per_row = BN / N_READS;
+  constexpr int n_warps = BN / N_READS;
 
-  // Compute the indices for the tile
+  int out_idx = grid.block_rank() / grid.dim_blocks().x;
-  size_t tile_idx = grid.block_rank();
+  in += elem_to_loc(out_idx, args.shape.data(), args.strides.data(), args.ndim);
-  size_t tile_x = tile_idx % ((args.reduction_stride + BN - 1) / BN);
-  size_t tile_y = tile_idx / ((args.reduction_stride + BN - 1) / BN);
 
-  // Compute the indices for the thread within the tile
-  short thread_x = block.thread_rank() % threads_per_row;
-  short thread_y = block.thread_rank() / threads_per_row;
-
-  // Move the input pointer
-  in += elem_to_loc(tile_y, args.shape.data(), args.strides.data(), args.ndim) +
-      tile_x * BN;
-
-  // Initialize the running totals
   Op op;
   U totals[N_READS];
   for (int i = 0; i < N_READS; i++) {
     totals[i] = ReduceInit<Op, T>::value();
   }
 
+  // Read input to local.
+  int r = block.thread_rank() / n_warps;
+  int column = block.thread_rank() % n_warps;
+  int in_offset = grid.block_index().x * BN;
   LoopedElemToLoc<NDIM, (NDIM > 2)> loop(args.reduce_ndim);
-  loop.next(thread_y, args.reduce_shape.data(), args.reduce_strides.data());
+  loop.next(r, args.reduce_shape.data(), args.reduce_strides.data());
-  size_t total = args.non_col_reductions * args.reduction_size;
+  for (; r < args.non_col_reductions * args.reduction_size; r += BM) {
-  if (tile_x * BN + BN <= args.reduction_stride) {
+    U vals[N_READS];
-    if (args.reduction_stride % N_READS == 0) {
+    cub::LoadDirectBlocked(
-      for (size_t r = thread_y; r < total; r += BM) {
+        column,
-        T vals[N_READS];
+        make_cast_iterator<U>(in + loop.location() + in_offset),
-        cub::LoadDirectBlockedVectorized(thread_x, in + loop.location(), vals);
+        vals,
-        for (int i = 0; i < N_READS; i++) {
+        args.reduction_stride - in_offset,
-          totals[i] = op(totals[i], __cast<U, T>(vals[i]));
+        ReduceInit<Op, T>::value());
-        }
+    for (int i = 0; i < N_READS; i++) {
-        loop.next(BM, args.reduce_shape.data(), args.reduce_strides.data());
+      totals[i] = op(vals[i], totals[i]);
-      }
-    } else {
-      for (size_t r = thread_y; r < total; r += BM) {
-        T vals[N_READS];
-        cub::LoadDirectBlocked(thread_x, in + loop.location(), vals);
-        for (int i = 0; i < N_READS; i++) {
-          totals[i] = op(totals[i], __cast<U, T>(vals[i]));
-        }
-        loop.next(BM, args.reduce_shape.data(), args.reduce_strides.data());
-      }
-    }
-  } else {
-    for (size_t r = thread_y; r < total; r += BM) {
-      T vals[N_READS];
-      cub::LoadDirectBlocked(
-          thread_x,
-          in + loop.location(),
-          vals,
-          args.reduction_stride - tile_x * BN,
-          __cast<T, U>(ReduceInit<Op, T>::value()));
-      for (int i = 0; i < N_READS; i++) {
-        totals[i] = op(totals[i], __cast<U, T>(vals[i]));
-      }
-      loop.next(BM, args.reduce_shape.data(), args.reduce_strides.data());
     }
+    loop.next(BM, args.reduce_shape.data(), args.reduce_strides.data());
   }
 
   // Do warp reduce for each output.
-  constexpr int n_outputs = BN / threads_per_row;
+  constexpr int n_outputs = BN / n_warps;
   static_assert(BM == 32 && n_outputs == N_READS);
   __shared__ U shared_vals[BM * BN];
-  short s_idx = thread_y * BN + thread_x * N_READS;
+  size_t col = block.thread_index().y * BN + block.thread_index().x * N_READS;
   for (int i = 0; i < N_READS; i++) {
-    shared_vals[s_idx + i] = totals[i];
+    shared_vals[col + i] = totals[i];
   }
   block.sync();
-  s_idx = warp.thread_rank() * BN + warp.meta_group_rank() * n_outputs;
+  col = warp.thread_rank() * BN + warp.meta_group_rank() * n_outputs;
   for (int i = 0; i < n_outputs; i++) {
-    totals[i] = cg::reduce(warp, shared_vals[s_idx + i], op);
+    totals[i] = cg::reduce(warp, shared_vals[col + i], op);
   }
 
   // Write result.
   if (warp.thread_rank() == 0) {
+    size_t out_offset = grid.block_index().x * BN;
     cub::StoreDirectBlocked(
         warp.meta_group_rank(),
-        out + tile_y * args.reduction_stride + tile_x * BN,
+        out + out_idx * args.reduction_stride + out_offset,
         totals,
-        args.reduction_stride - tile_x * BN);
+        args.reduction_stride - out_offset);
   }
 }
 
@@ -186,55 +220,14 @@ col_reduce_looped(T* in, U* out, const __grid_constant__ ColReduceArgs args) {
 
 inline auto output_grid_for_col_reduce(
     const array& out,
-    const cu::ColReduceArgs& args,
+    const cu::ColReduceArgs& args) {
-    int bn) {
+  auto out_shape = out.shape();
-  int gx, gy = 1;
+  auto out_strides = out.strides();
-  size_t n_inner_blocks = cuda::ceil_div(args.reduction_stride, bn);
+  while (!out_shape.empty() && out_strides.back() < args.reduction_stride) {
-  size_t n_outer_blocks = out.size() / args.reduction_stride;
+    out_shape.pop_back();
-  size_t n_blocks = n_outer_blocks * n_inner_blocks;
+    out_strides.pop_back();
-  while (n_blocks / gy > INT32_MAX) {
-    gy *= 2;
   }
-  gx = cuda::ceil_div(n_blocks, gy);
+  return get_2d_grid_dims(out_shape, out_strides);
-
-  return dim3(gx, gy, 1);
-}
-
-void col_reduce_looped(
-    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
-    const array& in,
-    array& out,
-    Reduce::ReduceType reduce_type,
-    const std::vector<int>& axes,
-    const ReductionPlan& plan,
-    cu::ColReduceArgs args) {
-  // Allocate data for the output using in's layout to access them as
-  // contiguously as possible.
-  allocate_same_layout(out, in, axes);
-
-  encoder.set_input_array(in);
-  encoder.set_output_array(out);
-  encoder.launch_kernel([&](cudaStream_t stream) {
-    MLX_SWITCH_ALL_TYPES(in.dtype(), CTYPE, {
-      MLX_SWITCH_REDUCE_OPS(reduce_type, OP, {
-        MLX_SWITCH_REDUCE_NDIM(args.reduce_ndim, NDIM, {
-          using T = cuda_type_t<CTYPE>;
-          using U = cu::ReduceResult<OP, T>::type;
-
-          // Cub doesn't like const pointers for vectorized loads. (sigh)
-          T* indata = const_cast<T*>(in.data<T>());
-
-          constexpr int N_READS = 4;
-          constexpr int BM = 32;
-          constexpr int BN = 32;
-          dim3 grid = output_grid_for_col_reduce(out, args, BN);
-          int blocks = BM * BN / N_READS;
-          auto kernel = cu::col_reduce_looped<T, U, OP, NDIM, BM, BN, N_READS>;
-          kernel<<<grid, blocks, 0, stream>>>(indata, out.data<U>(), args);
-        });
-      });
-    });
-  });
 }
 
 void col_reduce(
@@ -244,23 +237,42 @@ void col_reduce(
     Reduce::ReduceType reduce_type,
     const std::vector<int>& axes,
     const ReductionPlan& plan) {
-  // Current col reduce options
-  //
-  // - col_reduce_looped
-  //
-  //   It is a general strided reduce. Each threadblock computes the output for
-  //   a subrow of the fast moving axis. For instance 32 elements.
-  //
-  // Notes: As in row reduce we opt to read as much in order as possible and
-  //        leave transpositions as they are (contrary to our Metal backend).
-  //
-  //        Moreover we need different kernels for short rows and tuning
-
-  // Make the args struct to help route to the best kernel
   cu::ColReduceArgs args(in, plan, axes);
 
-  // Fallback col reduce
+  encoder.launch_kernel([&](cudaStream_t stream) {
-  col_reduce_looped(encoder, in, out, reduce_type, axes, plan, args);
+    MLX_SWITCH_ALL_TYPES(in.dtype(), CTYPE, {
+      using InType = cuda_type_t<CTYPE>;
+      MLX_SWITCH_REDUCE_OPS(reduce_type, OP, {
+        using OutType = cu::ReduceResult<OP, InType>::type;
+        MLX_SWITCH_REDUCE_NDIM(args.reduce_ndim, NDIM, {
+          constexpr int N_READS = 4;
+          dim3 block_dims;
+          dim3 num_blocks = output_grid_for_col_reduce(out, args);
+          num_blocks.z = num_blocks.y;
+          num_blocks.y = num_blocks.x;
+          auto kernel =
+              cu::col_reduce_small<InType, OutType, OP, NDIM, N_READS>;
+          size_t total = args.non_col_reductions * args.reduction_size;
+          if (total < 32) {
+            size_t stride_blocks =
+                cuda::ceil_div(args.reduction_stride, N_READS);
+            block_dims.x = std::min(stride_blocks, 32ul);
+            block_dims.y = std::min(total, 8ul);
+            num_blocks.x = cuda::ceil_div(stride_blocks, block_dims.x);
+          } else {
+            constexpr int BM = 32;
+            constexpr int BN = 32;
+            block_dims.x = BM * BN / N_READS;
+            num_blocks.x = cuda::ceil_div(args.reduction_stride, BN);
+            kernel = cu::
+                col_reduce_looped<InType, OutType, OP, NDIM, BM, BN, N_READS>;
+          }
+          kernel<<<num_blocks, block_dims, 0, stream>>>(
+              in.data<InType>(), out.data<OutType>(), args);
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
 }
 
 } // namespace mlx::core

mlx/backend/cuda/reduce/init_reduce.cu

@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc.
-
-#include "mlx/backend/cuda/device.h"
-#include "mlx/backend/cuda/reduce/reduce.cuh"
-
-#include <cooperative_groups.h>
-
-namespace mlx::core {
-
-namespace cu {
-
-namespace cg = cooperative_groups;
-
-template <typename T, typename U, typename Op>
-__global__ void init_reduce(U* out, size_t size) {
-  auto index = cg::this_grid().thread_rank();
-  if (index < size) {
-    out[index] = ReduceInit<Op, T>::value();
-  }
-}
-
-} // namespace cu
-
-void init_reduce(
-    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
-    const array& in,
-    array& out,
-    Reduce::ReduceType reduce_type) {
-  // Allocate if needed
-  if (out.data_shared_ptr() == nullptr) {
-    out.set_data(allocator::malloc(out.nbytes()));
-  }
-
-  encoder.set_output_array(out);
-  encoder.launch_kernel([&](cudaStream_t stream) {
-    MLX_SWITCH_ALL_TYPES(in.dtype(), CTYPE, {
-      MLX_SWITCH_REDUCE_OPS(reduce_type, OP, {
-        using T = cuda_type_t<CTYPE>;
-        using U = cu::ReduceResult<OP, T>::type;
-        auto kernel = cu::init_reduce<T, U, OP>;
-        dim3 grid = get_2d_grid_dims(out.shape(), out.strides());
-        dim3 block(grid.x < 1024 ? grid.x : 1024, 1, 1);
-        grid.x = (grid.x + 1023) / 1024;
-        kernel<<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(out.data<U>(), out.size());
-      });
-    });
-  });
-}
-
-} // namespace mlx::core

mlx/backend/cuda/reduce/reduce.cuh

@@ -47,11 +47,13 @@ namespace mlx::core {
     throw std::invalid_argument("Unknown reduce type."); \
   }
 
-void all_reduce(
+void segmented_reduce(
     cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
     const array& in,
     array& out,
-    Reduce::ReduceType reduce_type);
+    Reduce::ReduceType reduce_type,
+    const std::vector<int>& axes,
+    const ReductionPlan& plan);
 
 void row_reduce(
     cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
@@ -69,10 +71,4 @@ void col_reduce(
     const std::vector<int>& axes,
     const ReductionPlan& plan);
 
-void init_reduce(
-    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
-    const array& in,
-    array& out,
-    Reduce::ReduceType reduce_type);
-
 } // namespace mlx::core

mlx/backend/cuda/reduce/reduce_ops.cuh

@@ -3,89 +3,48 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "mlx/backend/cuda/device/utils.cuh"
-#include "mlx/backend/cuda/reduce/reduce_utils.cuh"
 
 namespace mlx::core::cu {
 
 // Reduce ops.
 struct And {
-  __device__ __forceinline__ bool operator()(bool a, bool b) {
+  __device__ bool operator()(bool a, bool b) {
     return a && b;
   }
-
-  __device__ void atomic_update(bool* x, bool y) {
-    atomic_reduce<bool, And>(x, y);
-  }
 };
 
 struct Or {
-  __device__ __forceinline__ bool operator()(bool a, bool b) {
+  __device__ bool operator()(bool a, bool b) {
     return a || b;
   }
-
-  __device__ void atomic_update(bool* x, bool y) {
-    atomic_reduce<bool, Or>(x, y);
-  }
 };
 
 struct Sum {
   template <typename T>
-  __device__ __forceinline__ T operator()(T a, T b) {
+  __device__ T operator()(T a, T b) {
     return a + b;
   }
-
-  template <typename T>
-  __device__ void atomic_update(T* x, T y) {
-    atomic_reduce<T, Sum>(x, y);
-  }
-
-  __device__ void atomic_update(__nv_bfloat16* x, __nv_bfloat16 y) {
-    atomicAdd(x, y);
-  }
-
-  __device__ void atomic_update(int* x, int y) {
-    atomicAdd(x, y);
-  }
-
-  __device__ void atomic_update(float* x, float y) {
-    atomicAdd(x, y);
-  }
 };
 
 struct Prod {
   template <typename T>
-  __device__ __forceinline__ T operator()(T a, T b) {
+  __device__ T operator()(T a, T b) {
     return a * b;
   }
-
-  template <typename T>
-  __device__ void atomic_update(T* x, T y) {
-    atomic_reduce<T, Prod>(x, y);
-  }
 };
 
 struct Min {
   template <typename T>
-  __device__ __forceinline__ T operator()(T a, T b) {
+  __device__ T operator()(T a, T b) {
     return a < b ? a : b;
   }
-
-  template <typename T>
-  __device__ void atomic_update(T* x, T y) {
-    atomic_reduce<T, Min>(x, y);
-  }
 };
 
 struct Max {
   template <typename T>
-  __device__ __forceinline__ T operator()(T a, T b) {
+  __device__ T operator()(T a, T b) {
     return a > b ? a : b;
   }
-
-  template <typename T>
-  __device__ void atomic_update(T* x, T y) {
-    atomic_reduce<T, Max>(x, y);
-  }
 };
 
 // Traits to get the result type of reduce op.
@@ -161,7 +120,7 @@ template <typename T>
 struct ReduceInit<Prod, T> {
   static constexpr __host__ __device__ auto value() {
     if constexpr (cuda::std::is_same_v<T, cuComplex>) {
-      return T{1, 0};
+      return T{1, 1};
     } else {
       return typename ReduceResult<Prod, T>::type{1};
     }

mlx/backend/cuda/reduce/reduce_utils.cuh

@@ -1,158 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc.
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <numeric>
-
-#include "mlx/backend/cuda/device/utils.cuh"
-
-#include <cooperative_groups.h>
-#include <cooperative_groups/reduce.h>
-
-namespace mlx::core {
-
-namespace cu {
-
-namespace cg = cooperative_groups;
-
-template <size_t N>
-struct uint_by_size;
-template <>
-struct uint_by_size<2> {
-  using type = uint16_t;
-};
-template <>
-struct uint_by_size<4> {
-  using type = uint32_t;
-};
-template <>
-struct uint_by_size<8> {
-  using type = unsigned long long int;
-};
-
-template <typename T, typename Op>
-__device__ void atomic_reduce(T* x, T y) {
-  if constexpr (sizeof(T) == 1) {
-    using U = uint16_t;
-    U* x_int = (U*)((char*)x - ((size_t)x % 2));
-    int shift = ((char*)x - (char*)x_int) * 8;
-    int mask = 0xff << shift;
-    U old_val, new_val;
-    do {
-      old_val = *x_int;
-      T result = Op{}(static_cast<T>((old_val >> shift) & 0xff), y);
-      new_val = (old_val & ~mask) | (result << shift);
-    } while (atomicCAS(x_int, old_val, new_val) != old_val);
-  } else {
-    using U = typename uint_by_size<sizeof(T)>::type;
-    U* x_int = (U*)(x);
-    U old_val, new_val;
-    do {
-      old_val = *x_int;
-      T result = Op{}(*((T*)&old_val), y);
-      new_val = *((U*)&result);
-    } while (atomicCAS(x_int, old_val, new_val) != old_val);
-  }
-}
-
-// TODO: Should make a custom complex type
-template <typename U, typename T>
-inline __device__ U __cast(T x) {
-  return static_cast<U>(x);
-}
-
-template <>
-inline __device__ bool __cast<bool, cuComplex>(cuComplex x) {
-  return x.x != 0 && x.y != 0;
-}
-
-template <>
-inline __device__ cuComplex __cast<cuComplex, bool>(bool x) {
-  return x ? make_cuFloatComplex(1, 1) : make_cuFloatComplex(0, 0);
-}
-
-template <typename T, int N, typename Block, typename Warp, typename Op>
-inline __device__ void
-block_reduce(Block block, Warp warp, T (&vals)[N], T* smem, Op op, T init) {
-  // First reduce in the current warp
-  for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
-    vals[i] = cg::reduce(warp, vals[i], op);
-  }
-
-  // Reduce across warps
-  if (warp.meta_group_size() > 1) {
-    if (warp.thread_rank() == 0) {
-      for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
-        smem[warp.meta_group_rank() * N + i] = vals[i];
-      }
-    }
-    block.sync();
-    if (warp.thread_rank() < warp.meta_group_size()) {
-      for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
-        vals[i] = smem[warp.thread_rank() * N + i];
-      }
-    } else {
-      for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
-        vals[i] = init;
-      }
-    }
-    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
-      vals[i] = cg::reduce(warp, vals[i], op);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-} // namespace cu
-
-inline void allocate_same_layout(
-    array& out,
-    const array& in,
-    const std::vector<int>& axes) {
-  if (in.flags().row_contiguous) {
-    out.set_data(allocator::malloc(out.nbytes()));
-    return;
-  }
-
-  if (out.ndim() < in.ndim()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error(
-        "Reduction without keepdims only supported for row-contiguous inputs");
-  }
-
-  // Calculate the transpositions applied to in in order to apply them to out.
-  std::vector<int> axis_order(in.ndim());
-  std::iota(axis_order.begin(), axis_order.end(), 0);
-  std::sort(axis_order.begin(), axis_order.end(), [&](int left, int right) {
-    return in.strides(left) > in.strides(right);
-  });
-
-  // Transpose the shape and calculate the strides
-  Shape out_shape(in.ndim());
-  Strides out_strides(in.ndim(), 1);
-  for (int i = 0; i < in.ndim(); i++) {
-    out_shape[i] = out.shape(axis_order[i]);
-  }
-  for (int i = in.ndim() - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
-    out_strides[i] = out_shape[i + 1] * out_strides[i + 1];
-  }
-
-  // Reverse the axis order to get the final strides
-  Strides final_strides(in.ndim());
-  for (int i = 0; i < in.ndim(); i++) {
-    final_strides[axis_order[i]] = out_strides[i];
-  }
-
-  // Calculate the resulting contiguity and do the memory allocation
-  auto [data_size, rc, cc] = check_contiguity(out.shape(), final_strides);
-  auto fl = in.flags();
-  fl.row_contiguous = rc;
-  fl.col_contiguous = cc;
-  fl.contiguous = true;
-  out.set_data(
-      allocator::malloc(out.nbytes()),
-      data_size,
-      final_strides,
-      fl,
-      allocator::free);
-}
-
-} // namespace mlx::core

mlx/backend/cuda/reduce/row_reduce.cu

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 // Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc.
 
-#include <numeric>
-
 #include "mlx/backend/cuda/device.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/cuda/device/cast_op.cuh"
 #include "mlx/backend/cuda/reduce/reduce.cuh"
@@ -57,108 +55,84 @@ struct RowReduceArgs {
       non_row_reductions *= reduce_shape[i];
     }
   }
-
-  // Convert shape and strides as if in was contiguous
-  void sort_access_pattern(const array& in, const std::vector<int>& axes) {
-    auto shape_vec = in.shape();
-    auto strides_vec = in.strides();
-    std::tie(shape_vec, strides_vec) =
-        shapes_without_reduction_axes(shape_vec, strides_vec, axes);
-    std::vector<int> indices(shape_vec.size());
-    std::iota(indices.begin(), indices.end(), 0);
-    std::sort(indices.begin(), indices.end(), [&](int left, int right) {
-      return strides_vec[left] > strides_vec[right];
-    });
-    decltype(shape_vec) sorted_shape;
-    decltype(strides_vec) sorted_strides;
-    for (auto idx : indices) {
-      sorted_shape.push_back(shape_vec[idx]);
-      sorted_strides.push_back(strides_vec[idx]);
-    }
-    std::tie(shape_vec, strides_vec) =
-        collapse_contiguous_dims(sorted_shape, sorted_strides);
-    shape = const_param(shape_vec);
-    strides = const_param(strides_vec);
-    ndim = shape_vec.size();
-  }
 };
 
-template <typename T, typename U, typename ReduceOp, int N = 4, int M = 1>
+template <typename T, typename U, typename Op, int NDIM, int N_READS = 4>
-__global__ void row_reduce_simple(T* in, U* out, size_t n_rows, int size) {
+__global__ void row_reduce_small(
+    const T* in,
+    U* out,
+    size_t out_size,
+    const __grid_constant__ RowReduceArgs args) {
+  size_t out_idx = cg::this_grid().thread_rank();
+  if (out_idx >= out_size) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  Op op;
+
+  U total_val = ReduceInit<Op, T>::value();
+  LoopedElemToLoc<NDIM, (NDIM > 2)> loop(args.reduce_ndim);
+
+  in += elem_to_loc(out_idx, args.shape.data(), args.strides.data(), args.ndim);
+
+  for (size_t n = 0; n < args.non_row_reductions; n++) {
+    for (int r = 0; r < cuda::ceil_div(args.row_size, N_READS); r++) {
+      U vals[N_READS];
+      cub::LoadDirectBlocked(
+          r,
+          make_cast_iterator<U>(in + loop.location()),
+          vals,
+          args.row_size,
+          ReduceInit<Op, T>::value());
+      total_val = op(total_val, cub::ThreadReduce(vals, op));
+    }
+    loop.next(args.reduce_shape.data(), args.reduce_strides.data());
+  }
+
+  out[out_idx] = total_val;
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename U, typename Op, int NDIM, int N_READS = 4>
+__global__ void row_reduce_small_warp(
+    const T* in,
+    U* out,
+    size_t out_size,
+    const __grid_constant__ RowReduceArgs args) {
   auto grid = cg::this_grid();
   auto block = cg::this_thread_block();
   auto warp = cg::tiled_partition<WARP_SIZE>(block);
 
-  const U init = cu::ReduceInit<ReduceOp, T>::value();
+  size_t out_idx = grid.thread_rank() / WARP_SIZE;
-  ReduceOp op;
+  if (out_idx >= out_size) {
-
+    return;
-  T vals[M][N];
-  U accs[M];
-  for (int i = 0; i < M; i++) {
-    accs[i] = init;
   }
 
-  const size_t start_row =
+  Op op;
-      min(n_rows - M, static_cast<size_t>(grid.block_rank() * M));
-  const size_t full_blocks = size / (block.size() * N);
-  const size_t final_offset = full_blocks * (block.size() * N);
-  in += start_row * size;
-  out += start_row;
 
-  if (size % N == 0) {
+  U total_val = ReduceInit<Op, T>::value();
-    for (size_t r = 0; r < full_blocks; r++) {
+  LoopedElemToLoc<NDIM, (NDIM > 2)> loop(args.reduce_ndim);
-      for (int k = 0; k < M; k++) {
-        cub::LoadDirectBlockedVectorized<T, N>(
-            block.thread_rank(),
-            in + k * size + r * (block.size() * N),
-            vals[k]);
-        for (int j = 0; j < N; j++) {
-          accs[k] = op(accs[k], __cast<U, T>(vals[k][j]));
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  } else {
-    for (size_t r = 0; r < full_blocks; r++) {
-      for (int k = 0; k < M; k++) {
-        cub::LoadDirectBlocked(
-            block.thread_rank(),
-            in + k * size + r * (block.size() * N),
-            vals[k]);
-        for (int j = 0; j < N; j++) {
-          accs[k] = op(accs[k], __cast<U, T>(vals[k][j]));
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
 
-  if (final_offset < size) {
+  in += elem_to_loc(out_idx, args.shape.data(), args.strides.data(), args.ndim);
-    for (int k = 0; k < M; k++) {
+
+  for (size_t n = warp.thread_rank(); n < args.non_row_reductions;
+       n += WARP_SIZE) {
+    for (int r = 0; r < cuda::ceil_div(args.row_size, N_READS); r++) {
+      U vals[N_READS];
       cub::LoadDirectBlocked(
-          block.thread_rank(),
+          r,
-          in + k * size + final_offset,
+          make_cast_iterator<U>(in + loop.location()),
-          vals[k],
+          vals,
-          size,
+          args.row_size,
-          __cast<T, U>(init));
+          ReduceInit<Op, T>::value());
-      for (int j = 0; j < N; j++) {
+      total_val = op(total_val, cub::ThreadReduce(vals, op));
-        accs[k] = op(accs[k], __cast<U, T>(vals[k][j]));
-      }
     }
+    loop.next(WARP_SIZE, args.reduce_shape.data(), args.reduce_strides.data());
   }
 
-  __shared__ U shared_accumulators[32 * M];
+  total_val = cg::reduce(warp, total_val, op);
-  block_reduce(block, warp, accs, shared_accumulators, op, init);
 
-  if (block.thread_rank() == 0) {
+  if (warp.thread_rank() == 0) {
-    if (grid.block_rank() * M + M <= n_rows) {
+    out[out_idx] = total_val;
-      for (int i = 0; i < M; i++) {
-        out[i] = accs[i];
-      }
-    } else {
-      short offset = grid.block_rank() * M + M - n_rows;
-      for (int i = offset; i < M; i++) {
-        out[i] = accs[i];
-      }
-    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -167,165 +141,55 @@ template <
     typename U,
     typename Op,
     int NDIM,
-    int BLOCK_DIM,
+    int BLOCK_DIM_X,
     int N_READS = 4>
 __global__ void row_reduce_looped(
-    T* in,
+    const T* in,
     U* out,
     size_t out_size,
     const __grid_constant__ RowReduceArgs args) {
   auto grid = cg::this_grid();
   auto block = cg::this_thread_block();
-  auto warp = cg::tiled_partition<WARP_SIZE>(block);
 
-  size_t out_idx = grid.block_rank();
+  size_t out_idx = grid.thread_rank() / BLOCK_DIM_X;
+  if (out_idx >= out_size) {
+    return;
+  }
 
   Op op;
 
-  U total[1];
+  U total_val = ReduceInit<Op, T>::value();
-  U init = ReduceInit<Op, T>::value();
-  total[0] = init;
   LoopedElemToLoc<NDIM, (NDIM > 2)> loop(args.reduce_ndim);
-  size_t full_blocks = args.row_size / (BLOCK_DIM * N_READS);
-  size_t final_offset = full_blocks * BLOCK_DIM * N_READS;
 
   in += elem_to_loc(out_idx, args.shape.data(), args.strides.data(), args.ndim);
 
   for (size_t n = 0; n < args.non_row_reductions; n++) {
-    for (size_t r = 0; r < full_blocks; r++) {
+    for (size_t r = 0; r < cuda::ceil_div(args.row_size, BLOCK_DIM_X * N_READS);
-      T vals[N_READS];
+         r++) {
-      cub::LoadDirectBlockedVectorized<T, N_READS>(
+      U vals[N_READS];
-          block.thread_rank(),
-          in + loop.location() + r * BLOCK_DIM * N_READS,
-          vals);
-      for (int i = 0; i < N_READS; i++) {
-        total[0] = op(total[0], __cast<U, T>(vals[i]));
-      }
-    }
-    if (final_offset < args.row_size) {
-      T vals[N_READS];
       cub::LoadDirectBlocked(
-          block.thread_rank(),
+          r * BLOCK_DIM_X + block.thread_index().x,
-          in + loop.location() + final_offset,
+          make_cast_iterator<U>(in + loop.location()),
           vals,
-          args.row_size - final_offset,
+          args.row_size,
-          __cast<T, U>(init));
+          ReduceInit<Op, T>::value());
-      for (int i = 0; i < N_READS; i++) {
+      total_val = op(total_val, cub::ThreadReduce(vals, op));
-        total[0] = op(total[0], __cast<U, T>(vals[i]));
-      }
     }
-    // TODO: Maybe block.sync() here?
     loop.next(args.reduce_shape.data(), args.reduce_strides.data());
   }
 
-  __shared__ U shared_accumulators[32];
+  typedef cub::BlockReduce<U, BLOCK_DIM_X> BlockReduceT;
-  block_reduce(block, warp, total, shared_accumulators, op, init);
+  __shared__ typename BlockReduceT::TempStorage temp;
+
+  total_val = BlockReduceT(temp).Reduce(total_val, op);
 
   if (block.thread_rank() == 0) {
-    out[out_idx] = total[0];
+    out[out_idx] = total_val;
   }
 }
 
 } // namespace cu
 
-void row_reduce_simple(
-    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
-    const array& in,
-    array& out,
-    Reduce::ReduceType reduce_type,
-    const std::vector<int>& axes,
-    const ReductionPlan& plan) {
-  constexpr int N_READS = 8;
-
-  // Allocate data for the output using in's layout to avoid elem_to_loc in the
-  // kernel.
-  allocate_same_layout(out, in, axes);
-
-  // TODO: If out.size() < 1024 which will be a common case then write this in
-  //       2 passes. Something like 32 * out.size() and then do a warp reduce.
-  encoder.set_input_array(in);
-  encoder.set_output_array(out);
-  encoder.launch_kernel([&](cudaStream_t stream) {
-    MLX_SWITCH_ALL_TYPES(in.dtype(), CTYPE, {
-      MLX_SWITCH_REDUCE_OPS(reduce_type, OP, {
-        using T = cuda_type_t<CTYPE>;
-        using U = cu::ReduceResult<OP, T>::type;
-
-        // Cub doesn't like const pointers for vectorized loads. (sigh)
-        T* indata = const_cast<T*>(in.data<T>());
-
-        // Calculate the grid and block dims
-        size_t reductions = (plan.shape.back() + N_READS - 1) / N_READS;
-        dim3 grid = get_2d_grid_dims(out.shape(), out.strides());
-        int threads = std::min(1024UL, reductions);
-        threads = ((threads + WARP_SIZE - 1) / WARP_SIZE) * WARP_SIZE;
-        dim3 block(threads, 1, 1);
-
-        // Pick the kernel
-        auto kernel = cu::row_reduce_simple<T, U, OP, N_READS>;
-        if (grid.x >= 1024) {
-          grid.x = (grid.x + 1) / 2;
-          kernel = cu::row_reduce_simple<T, U, OP, N_READS, 2>;
-        }
-
-        // Launch
-        kernel<<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(
-            indata, out.data<U>(), out.size(), plan.shape.back());
-      });
-    });
-  });
-}
-
-void row_reduce_looped(
-    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
-    const array& in,
-    array& out,
-    Reduce::ReduceType reduce_type,
-    const std::vector<int>& axes,
-    const ReductionPlan& plan,
-    cu::RowReduceArgs args) {
-  constexpr int N_READS = 8;
-
-  // Allocate data for the output using in's layout to access them as
-  // contiguously as possible.
-  allocate_same_layout(out, in, axes);
-
-  encoder.set_input_array(in);
-  encoder.set_output_array(out);
-  encoder.launch_kernel([&](cudaStream_t stream) {
-    MLX_SWITCH_ALL_TYPES(in.dtype(), CTYPE, {
-      MLX_SWITCH_REDUCE_OPS(reduce_type, OP, {
-        using T = cuda_type_t<CTYPE>;
-        using U = cu::ReduceResult<OP, T>::type;
-
-        // Cub doesn't like const pointers for vectorized loads. (sigh)
-        T* indata = const_cast<T*>(in.data<T>());
-
-        // Calculate the grid and block dims
-        args.sort_access_pattern(in, axes);
-        dim3 grid = get_2d_grid_dims(out.shape(), out.strides());
-        size_t reductions = (args.row_size + N_READS - 1) / N_READS;
-        int threads = std::min(1024UL, reductions);
-        threads = ((threads + WARP_SIZE - 1) / WARP_SIZE) * WARP_SIZE;
-        dim3 block(threads, 1, 1);
-
-        // Pick the kernel
-        auto kernel = cu::row_reduce_looped<T, U, OP, 1, 32, N_READS>;
-        MLX_SWITCH_REDUCE_NDIM(args.reduce_ndim, NDIM, {
-          MLX_SWITCH_BLOCK_DIM(threads, THREADS, {
-            kernel = cu::row_reduce_looped<T, U, OP, NDIM, THREADS, N_READS>;
-            block.x = THREADS;
-          });
-        });
-
-        // Launch
-        kernel<<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(
-            indata, out.data<U>(), out.size(), args);
-      });
-    });
-  });
-}
-
 void row_reduce(
     cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
     const array& in,
@@ -333,35 +197,54 @@ void row_reduce(
     Reduce::ReduceType reduce_type,
     const std::vector<int>& axes,
     const ReductionPlan& plan) {
-  // Current row reduction options
-  //
-  // - row_reduce_simple
-  //
-  //   That means that we are simply reducing across the fastest moving axis.
-  //   We are reducing 1 or 2 rows per threadblock depending on the size of
-  //   output.
-  //
-  // - row_reduce_looped
-  //
-  //   It is a general row reduction. We are computing 1 output per
-  //   threadblock. We read the fastest moving axis vectorized and loop over
-  //   the rest of the axes.
-  //
-  // Notes: We opt to read as much in order as possible and leave
-  //        transpositions as they are (contrary to our Metal backend).
-
-  // Simple row reduce means that we have 1 axis that we are reducing over and
-  // it has stride 1.
-  if (plan.shape.size() == 1) {
-    row_reduce_simple(encoder, in, out, reduce_type, axes, plan);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // Make the args struct to help route to the best kernel
   cu::RowReduceArgs args(in, plan, axes);
 
-  // Fallback row reduce
+  encoder.launch_kernel([&](cudaStream_t stream) {
-  row_reduce_looped(encoder, in, out, reduce_type, axes, plan, std::move(args));
+    MLX_SWITCH_ALL_TYPES(in.dtype(), CTYPE, {
+      using InType = cuda_type_t<CTYPE>;
+      MLX_SWITCH_REDUCE_OPS(reduce_type, OP, {
+        using OutType = cu::ReduceResult<OP, InType>::type;
+        MLX_SWITCH_REDUCE_NDIM(args.reduce_ndim, NDIM, {
+          constexpr size_t N_READS = 4;
+          dim3 out_dims = get_2d_grid_dims(out.shape(), out.strides());
+          dim3 block_dims, num_blocks;
+          auto kernel =
+              cu::row_reduce_small<InType, OutType, OP, NDIM, N_READS>;
+          if (args.row_size <= 64) {
+            if ((args.non_row_reductions < 32 && args.row_size <= 8) ||
+                (args.non_row_reductions <= 8)) {
+              block_dims.x = std::min(out_dims.x, 1024u);
+              num_blocks.x = cuda::ceil_div(out_dims.x, block_dims.x);
+              num_blocks.y = out_dims.y;
+            } else {
+              block_dims.x = WARP_SIZE;
+              num_blocks.y = out_dims.x;
+              num_blocks.z = out_dims.y;
+              kernel =
+                  cu::row_reduce_small_warp<InType, OutType, OP, NDIM, N_READS>;
+            }
+          } else {
+            size_t num_threads = cuda::ceil_div(args.row_size, N_READS);
+            num_threads = cuda::ceil_div(num_threads, WARP_SIZE) * WARP_SIZE;
+            MLX_SWITCH_BLOCK_DIM(num_threads, BLOCK_DIM_X, {
+              num_blocks.y = out_dims.x;
+              num_blocks.z = out_dims.y;
+              block_dims.x = BLOCK_DIM_X;
+              kernel = cu::row_reduce_looped<
+                  InType,
+                  OutType,
+                  OP,
+                  NDIM,
+                  BLOCK_DIM_X,
+                  N_READS>;
+            });
+          }
+          kernel<<<num_blocks, block_dims, 0, stream>>>(
+              in.data<InType>(), out.data<OutType>(), out.size(), args);
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
 }
 
 } // namespace mlx::core

mlx/backend/cuda/reduce/segmented_reduce.cu

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+// Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc.
+
+#include "mlx/backend/cuda/device.h"
+#include "mlx/backend/cuda/device/cast_op.cuh"
+#include "mlx/backend/cuda/reduce/reduce.cuh"
+
+#include <thrust/device_ptr.h>
+#include <cub/device/device_reduce.cuh>
+#include <cub/device/device_segmented_reduce.cuh>
+
+namespace mlx::core {
+
+template <typename... Args>
+void cub_all_reduce(cu::CommandEncoder& encoder, Args&&... args) {
+  // Allocate temporary storage.
+  size_t size;
+  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cub::DeviceReduce::Reduce(nullptr, size, args...));
+  array temp(allocator::malloc(size), {static_cast<int>(size)}, uint8);
+  encoder.add_temporary(temp);
+  // Run op.
+  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cub::DeviceReduce::Reduce(temp.data<void>(), size, args...));
+}
+
+template <typename... Args>
+void cub_segmented_reduce(cu::CommandEncoder& encoder, Args&&... args) {
+  // Allocate temporary storage.
+  size_t size;
+  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cub::DeviceSegmentedReduce::Reduce(nullptr, size, args...));
+  array temp(allocator::malloc(size), {static_cast<int>(size)}, uint8);
+  encoder.add_temporary(temp);
+  // Run op.
+  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(
+      cub::DeviceSegmentedReduce::Reduce(temp.data<void>(), size, args...));
+}
+
+struct MultiplyOp {
+  int factor;
+  __device__ int operator()(int i) {
+    return i * factor;
+  }
+};
+
+void segmented_reduce(
+    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
+    const array& in,
+    array& out,
+    Reduce::ReduceType reduce_type,
+    const std::vector<int>& axes,
+    const ReductionPlan& plan) {
+  encoder.launch_kernel([&](cudaStream_t stream) {
+    MLX_SWITCH_ALL_TYPES(in.dtype(), CTYPE, {
+      MLX_SWITCH_REDUCE_OPS(reduce_type, OP, {
+        using InType = cuda_type_t<CTYPE>;
+        using OutType = cu::ReduceResult<OP, InType>::type;
+        auto in_iter = cu::make_cast_iterator<OutType>(
+            thrust::device_pointer_cast(in.data<InType>()));
+        auto out_ptr = thrust::device_pointer_cast(out.data<OutType>());
+        auto init = cu::ReduceInit<OP, InType>::value();
+
+        if (plan.type == ContiguousAllReduce) {
+          cub_all_reduce(
+              encoder, in_iter, out_ptr, in.data_size(), OP(), init, stream);
+        } else if (plan.type == ContiguousReduce) {
+          auto offsets = thrust::make_transform_iterator(
+              thrust::make_counting_iterator(0), MultiplyOp{plan.shape.back()});
+          cub_segmented_reduce(
+              encoder,
+              in_iter,
+              out_ptr,
+              out.size(),
+              offsets,
+              offsets + 1,
+              OP(),
+              init,
+              stream);
+        } else {
+          throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported plan in segmented_reduce.");
+        }
+      });
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+} // namespace mlx::core

mlx/backend/cuda/scaled_dot_product_attention.cu

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc.
+
+#include "mlx/backend/cuda/device.h"
+#include "mlx/fast_primitives.h"
+
+namespace mlx::core {
+
+namespace cu {} // namespace cu
+
+namespace fast {
+
+bool ScaledDotProductAttention::use_fallback(
+    const array& q,
+    const array& k,
+    const array& v,
+    bool has_mask,
+    bool has_arr_mask,
+    bool do_causal,
+    Stream s) {
+  if (detail::in_grad_tracing()) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (s.device == Device::cpu) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const int value_head_dim = v.shape(-1);
+  const int query_head_dim = q.shape(-1);
+  const int query_sequence_length = q.shape(2);
+  const int key_sequence_length = k.shape(2);
+
+  const bool sdpa_vector_supported_head_dim =
+      query_head_dim == value_head_dim &&
+      (query_head_dim == 64 || query_head_dim == 96 || query_head_dim == 128 ||
+       query_head_dim == 256);
+  const bool supports_sdpa_vector = (query_sequence_length <= 1) &&
+      (query_sequence_length <= key_sequence_length) &&
+      sdpa_vector_supported_head_dim;
+
+  return !supports_sdpa_vector;
+}
+
+void ScaledDotProductAttention::eval_gpu(
+    const std::vector<array>& inputs,
+    array& out) {
+  nvtx3::scoped_range r("ScaledDotProductAttention::eval_gpu");
+}
+
+} // namespace fast
+
+} // namespace mlx::core

mlx/backend/cuda/softmax.cu

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ __global__ void softmax(const T* in, T* out, int axis_size) {
         make_cast_iterator<AccT>(in),
         vals,
         axis_size,
-        Limits<AccT>::min());
+        Limits<AccT>::finite_min());
     prevmax = maxval;
     maxval = max_op(maxval, cub::ThreadReduce(vals, max_op));
     // Online normalizer calculation for softmax:
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ __global__ void softmax(const T* in, T* out, int axis_size) {
   block.sync();
   maxval = warp.thread_rank() < warp.meta_group_size()
       ? local_max[warp.thread_rank()]
-      : Limits<AccT>::min();
+      : Limits<AccT>::finite_min();
   maxval = cg::reduce(warp, maxval, max_op);
   normalizer = normalizer * softmax_exp(prevmax - maxval);
   if (warp.thread_rank() == 0) {

mlx/backend/cuda/sort.cu

@@ -79,10 +79,14 @@ void segmented_sort(cu::CommandEncoder& encoder, Args&&... args) {
 void gpu_sort(const Stream& s, array in, array& out_, int axis, bool argsort) {
   array out = out_;
   auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(s);
+  encoder.set_input_array(in);
+  encoder.set_output_array(out);
+
   if (axis < 0) {
     axis += in.ndim();
   }
   int nsort = in.shape(axis);
+  int nsegments = in.data_size() / nsort;
   int last_dim = in.ndim() - 1;
 
   // If we are not sorting the innermost dimension of a contiguous array,
@@ -96,15 +100,9 @@ void gpu_sort(const Stream& s, array in, array& out_, int axis, bool argsort) {
     out = array(allocator::malloc(out.nbytes()), in.shape(), out.dtype());
     encoder.add_temporary(out);
   } else {
-    out.set_data(
+    out.set_data(allocator::malloc(out.nbytes()));
-        allocator::malloc(in.data_size() * out.itemsize()),
-        in.data_size(),
-        in.strides(),
-        in.flags());
   }
 
-  encoder.set_input_array(in);
-  encoder.set_output_array(out);
   encoder.launch_kernel([&](cudaStream_t stream) {
     MLX_SWITCH_ALL_TYPES(in.dtype(), CTYPE, {
       if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<CTYPE, complex64_t>) {
@@ -136,7 +134,7 @@ void gpu_sort(const Stream& s, array in, array& out_, int axis, bool argsort) {
               indices.data<uint32_t>(),
               out.data<uint32_t>(),
               in.data_size(),
-              in.data_size() / nsort,
+              nsegments,
               offsets,
               offsets + 1,
               stream);
@@ -146,7 +144,7 @@ void gpu_sort(const Stream& s, array in, array& out_, int axis, bool argsort) {
               in.data<Type>(),
               out.data<Type>(),
               in.data_size(),
-              in.data_size() / nsort,
+              nsegments,
               offsets,
               offsets + 1,
               stream);
@@ -179,14 +177,4 @@ void Sort::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
   gpu_sort(stream(), inputs[0], out, axis_, false);
 }
 
-void ArgPartition::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
-  nvtx3::scoped_range r("ArgPartition::eval_gpu");
-  gpu_sort(stream(), inputs[0], out, axis_, true);
-}
-
-void Partition::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
-  nvtx3::scoped_range r("Partition::eval_gpu");
-  gpu_sort(stream(), inputs[0], out, axis_, false);
-}
-
 } // namespace mlx::core

mlx/backend/cuda/worker.cpp

@@ -80,9 +80,7 @@ void Worker::thread_fn() {
       }
       worker_tasks_.erase(worker_tasks_.begin(), end);
     }
-    // Make sure tasks are cleared before the next wait
+    for (auto& task : tasks) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < tasks.size(); ++i) {
-      auto task = std::move(tasks[i]);
       task();
     }
     worker_event_.wait(batch + 1);

mlx/compile.cpp

@@ -245,30 +245,6 @@ void merge(array& dst, array& src, ParentsMap& parents_map) {
   }
 }
 
-// Any parent in the divider will continue to refer to `x` but any parent not
-// in the divider will refer to a copy of the operation.
-array split_one(
-    const array& x,
-    ParentsMap& parents_map,
-    const std::unordered_set<uintptr_t>& divider) {
-  array y(x.shape(), x.dtype(), x.primitive_ptr(), x.inputs());
-
-  auto& x_parents = parents_map[x.id()];
-  auto& y_parents = parents_map[y.id()];
-
-  for (auto it = x_parents.begin(); it != x_parents.end();) {
-    if (divider.find(it->first.id()) != divider.end()) {
-      it->first.inputs()[it->second] = y;
-      y_parents.emplace_back(std::move(*it));
-      it = x_parents.erase(it);
-    } else {
-      it++;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return std::move(y);
-}
-
 template <typename T, typename... U>
 std::uintptr_t get_function_address(const std::function<T(U...)>& fun) {
   using FunType = T (*)(U...);
@@ -693,16 +669,10 @@ void compile_fuse(
       }
 
       // Arrays with a mix of parents outside the compilable section
-      // are not fusable except for broadcast which we can split to avoid
+      // are not fusable
-      // stopping fusion
       if (!all_parents_in) {
-        if (a.has_primitive() && is_broadcast(a.primitive())) {
+        // Possible input
-          array b = split_one(a, parents_map, cache);
+        input_set.insert(a.id());
-          recurse(b, depth, s, shape);
-        } else {
-          // Possible input
-          input_set.insert(a.id());
-        }
         return;
       }
 

python/mlx/nn/layers/activations.py

@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ class GELU(Module):
 
     See :func:`gelu`, :func:`gelu_approx` and :func:`gelu_fast_approx` for the
     functional equivalents and information regarding error bounds.
-
+    
 
     Args:
         approx ('none' | 'precise' | 'fast'): Which approximation to gelu to use if any.
@@ -554,19 +554,20 @@ class GELU(Module):
 
     def __init__(self, approx="none"):
         super().__init__()
-        self._approx = approx
+
-        allowed = ["none", "precise", "tanh", "fast"]
+        if approx == "none":
-        if approx not in allowed:
+            self._act = gelu
+        elif approx == "precise" or approx == "tanh":
+            self._act = gelu_approx
+        elif approx == "fast":
+            self._act = gelu_fast_approx
+        else:
             raise ValueError(
-                f"The approximation should be in {allowed} but '{approx}' was given"
+                f"The approximation should be in ['none', 'precise', 'tanh', 'fast'] but '{approx}' was given"
             )
 
     def __call__(self, x):
-        if self._approx == "none":
+        return self._act(x)
-            return gelu(x)
-        elif self._approx in ["precise", "tanh"]:
-            return gelu_approx(x)
-        return gelu_fast_approx(x)
 
 
 @_make_activation_module(tanh)

python/mlx/nn/layers/base.py

@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ class Module(dict):
                             dst[k] = new_value
                         elif isinstance(current_value, (dict, list)):
                             apply(current_value, new_value)
-                        elif strict and new_value != {}:
+                        elif strict:
                             raise ValueError(
                                 f"Received invalid type: {type(new_value).__name__}."
                             )
@@ -413,14 +413,14 @@ class Module(dict):
                             f'Module does not have sub-module named "{k}".'
                         )
             elif isinstance(modules, list):
-                for i in range(len(modules)):
+                for i in range(len(dst)):
                     current_value = dst[i]
                     new_value = modules[i]
                     if self.is_module(current_value) and self.is_module(new_value):
                         dst[i] = new_value
                     elif isinstance(current_value, (dict, list)):
                         apply(current_value, new_value)
-                    elif strict and new_value != {}:
+                    elif strict:
                         raise ValueError(
                             f"Received invalid type: {type(new_value).__name__}."
                         )

python/scripts/repair_cuda.sh

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-auditwheel repair dist/* \
-  --plat manylinux_2_35_x86_64 \
-  --exclude libcublas* \
-  --exclude libnvrtc*
-
-cd wheelhouse
-repaired_wheel=$(find . -name "*.whl" -print -quit)
-unzip -q "${repaired_wheel}"
-core_so=$(find mlx -name "core*.so" -print -quit)
-rpath=$(patchelf --print-rpath "${core_so}")
-rpath=$rpath:\$ORIGIN/../nvidia/cublas/lib:\$ORIGIN/../nvidia/cuda_nvrtc/lib
-patchelf --force-rpath --set-rpath "$rpath" "$core_so"
-
-# Re-zip the repaired wheel
-zip -r -q "${repaired_wheel}" .

python/src/convert.cpp

@@ -205,8 +205,6 @@ nb::object to_scalar(mx::array& a) {
       return nb::cast(static_cast<float>(a.item<mx::bfloat16_t>()));
     case mx::complex64:
       return nb::cast(a.item<std::complex<float>>());
-    case mx::float64:
-      return nb::cast(a.item<double>());
     default:
       throw nb::type_error("type cannot be converted to Python scalar.");
   }

python/tests/cuda_skip.py

@@ -1,19 +1,37 @@
 cuda_skip = {
     "TestArray.test_api",
+    "TestAutograd.test_update_state",
     "TestBF16.test_arg_reduction_ops",
+    "TestBF16.test_reduction_ops",
     "TestBlas.test_complex_gemm",
+    "TestCompile.test_compile_dynamic_dims",
     "TestEinsum.test_ellipses",
     "TestEinsum.test_opt_einsum_test_cases",
     "TestLoad.test_load_f8_e4m3",
+    "TestMemory.test_memory_info",
     "TestLayers.test_group_norm",
     "TestLayers.test_pooling",
     "TestLayers.test_quantized_embedding",
     "TestLayers.test_sin_pe",
     "TestLayers.test_upsample",
+    "TestOps.test_array_equal",
     "TestOps.test_complex_ops",
     "TestOps.test_dynamic_slicing",
+    "TestOps.test_softmax",
+    "TestOps.test_sort",
+    "TestOps.test_tile",
+    "TestReduce.test_axis_permutation_sums",
     "TestReduce.test_dtypes",
+    "TestReduce.test_expand_sums",
+    "TestReduce.test_many_reduction_axes",
     "TestUpsample.test_torch_upsample",
+    # DivMod NYI
+    "TestOps.test_divmod",
+    "TestEval.test_multi_output_eval_during_transform",
+    # Partition NYI
+    "TestAutograd.test_topk_grad",
+    "TestOps.test_argpartition",
+    "TestOps.test_partition",
     # Block masked matmul NYI
     "TestBlas.test_block_masked_matmul",
     # Gather matmul NYI

python/tests/test_compile.py

@@ -2,10 +2,8 @@
 
 import gc
 import io
-import math
 import unittest
 from functools import partial
-from io import StringIO
 
 import mlx.core as mx
 import mlx_tests
@@ -981,39 +979,6 @@ class TestCompile(mlx_tests.MLXTestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(mem_pre, mem_post)
 
-    def test_double_constant(self):
-        with mx.stream(mx.cpu):
-            x = mx.array(1.0, dtype=mx.float64)
-
-            def fun(x):
-                return (x + math.pi) * 2.0
-
-            y = fun(x).item()
-            y_compiled = mx.compile(fun)(x).item()
-            self.assertEqual(y, y_compiled)
-
-    def test_shared_broadcast(self):
-        def fun(x, y, z):
-            yy = mx.broadcast_to(y, z.shape)
-            return (x + yy * z), yy.sum()
-
-        a = mx.random.normal((10, 10))
-        b = mx.array(0.1)
-        c = mx.random.normal((10, 10))
-        mx.eval(a, b, c)
-        fc = mx.compile(fun)
-        d = fc(a, b, c)
-
-        s = StringIO()
-        mx.export_to_dot(s, a=a, b=b, c=c, d1=d[0], d2=d[1])
-        s.seek(0)
-        s = s.read()
-
-        self.assertTrue("CompiledBroadcastMultiplyAdd" in s)
-        d_hat = fun(a, b, c)
-        self.assertTrue(mx.allclose(d[0], d_hat[0]))
-        self.assertTrue(mx.allclose(d[1], d_hat[1]))
-
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     mlx_tests.MLXTestRunner()

python/tests/test_nn.py

@@ -259,21 +259,6 @@ class TestBase(mlx_tests.MLXTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             m = m.update_modules({"list": ["hi"]})
 
-        # Allow updating a strict subset
-        m = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(3, 3), nn.Linear(3, 3))
-        m.update_modules({"layers": [{}, nn.Linear(3, 4)]})
-        self.assertEqual(m.layers[1].weight.shape, (4, 3))
-
-        # Using leaf_modules in the update should always work
-        class MyModel(nn.Module):
-            def __init__(self):
-                super().__init__()
-                self.stuff = [nn.Linear(2, 2), 0, nn.Linear(2, 2)]
-                self.more_stuff = {"hi": nn.Linear(2, 2), "bye": 0}
-
-        m = MyModel()
-        m.update_modules(m.leaf_modules())
-
 
 class TestLayers(mlx_tests.MLXTestCase):
     def test_identity(self):

setup.py

@@ -174,26 +174,20 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     )
     package_dir = {"": "python"}
     package_data = {"mlx": ["lib/*", "include/*", "share/*"], "mlx.core": ["*.pyi"]}
-    install_requires = []
-    build_cuda = "MLX_BUILD_CUDA=ON" in os.environ.get("CMAKE_ARGS", "")
-    if build_cuda:
-        install_requires = ["nvidia-cublas-cu12", "nvidia-cuda-nvrtc-cu12"]
 
     setup(
-        name="mlx-cuda" if build_cuda else "mlx",
+        name="mlx",
         version=get_version(),
         author="MLX Contributors",
         author_email="mlx@group.apple.com",
         description="A framework for machine learning on Apple silicon.",
         long_description=long_description,
         long_description_content_type="text/markdown",
-        license="MIT",
         url="https://github.com/ml-explore/mlx",
         packages=packages,
         package_dir=package_dir,
         package_data=package_data,
         include_package_data=True,
-        install_requires=install_requires,
         extras_require={
             "dev": [
                 "nanobind==2.4.0",