Make allocator::malloc throw on allocation failure (#2874)

.github/actions/build-cuda-release/action.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,15 @@
 name: 'Build CUDA wheel'
 description: 'Build CUDA wheel'
 
+inputs:
+  arch:
+    description: 'Platform architecture tag'
+    required: true
+    type: choice
+    options:
+      - x86_64
+      - aarch64
+
 runs:
   using: "composite"
   steps:
@@ -12,4 +21,4 @@ runs:
         pip install auditwheel build patchelf setuptools
         python setup.py clean --all
         MLX_BUILD_STAGE=2 python -m build -w
-        bash python/scripts/repair_cuda.sh
+        bash python/scripts/repair_cuda.sh ${{ inputs.arch }}

.github/actions/setup-linux/action.yml

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ runs:
   using: "composite"
   steps:
     - name: Use ccache
+      if: ${{ runner.arch == 'x86_64' }}
       uses: hendrikmuhs/ccache-action@v1.2
       with:
         key: ccache-${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-${{ inputs.toolkit }}-py${{ inputs.python-version }}

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -128,7 +128,11 @@ jobs:
 
   build_cuda_release:
     if: github.repository == 'ml-explore/mlx'
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22-large
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        arch: ['x86_64', 'aarch64']
+        toolkit: ['cuda-12.9', 'cuda-13.0']
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.arch == 'x86_64' && 'ubuntu-22-large' || 'ubuntu-22-large-arm' }}
     env:
       PYPI_RELEASE: 1
       DEV_RELEASE: ${{ github.event.inputs.dev_release == 'true' && 1 || 0 }}
@@ -136,9 +140,11 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup-linux
         with:
-          toolkit: 'cuda-12.9'
+          toolkit: ${{ matrix.toolkit }}
       - name: Build Python package
         uses: ./.github/actions/build-cuda-release
+        with:
+          arch: ${{ matrix.arch }}
       - name: Upload artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
         with:

docs/src/install.rst

@@ -29,17 +29,20 @@ MLX has a CUDA backend which you can install with:
 
 .. code-block:: shell
 
-    pip install mlx[cuda]
+    pip install mlx[cuda12]
+
 
 To install the CUDA package from PyPi your system must meet the following
 requirements:
 
-- Nvidia architecture >= SM 7.0 (Volta)
+- Nvidia architecture >= SM 7.5
 - Nvidia driver >= 550.54.14
 - CUDA toolkit >= 12.0
 - Linux distribution with glibc >= 2.35
 - Python >= 3.10
 
+For CUDA 13 use ``pip install mlx[cuda13]``. The CUDA 13 package requires
+an Nvidia driver >= 580 or an appropriate CUDA compatibility package.
 
 CPU-only (Linux)
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

mlx/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 target_sources(
   mlx
-  PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/allocator.cpp
+  PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/array.cpp
-          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/array.cpp
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/compile.cpp
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/device.cpp
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/dtype.cpp

mlx/allocator.cpp

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright © 2023 Apple Inc.
-
-#include <cstdlib>
-#include <sstream>
-
-#include "mlx/allocator.h"
-
-namespace mlx::core::allocator {
-
-Buffer malloc(size_t size) {
-  auto buffer = allocator().malloc(size);
-  if (size && !buffer.ptr()) {
-    std::ostringstream msg;
-    msg << "[malloc] Unable to allocate " << size << " bytes.";
-    throw std::runtime_error(msg.str());
-  }
-  return buffer;
-}
-
-void free(Buffer buffer) {
-  allocator().free(buffer);
-}
-
-} // namespace mlx::core::allocator

mlx/allocator.h

@@ -28,10 +28,6 @@ class Buffer {
   };
 };
 
-Buffer malloc(size_t size);
-
-void free(Buffer buffer);
-
 class Allocator {
   /** Abstract base class for a memory allocator. */
  public:
@@ -49,4 +45,12 @@ class Allocator {
 
 Allocator& allocator();
 
+inline Buffer malloc(size_t size) {
+  return allocator().malloc(size);
+}
+
+inline void free(Buffer buffer) {
+  allocator().free(buffer);
+}
+
 } // namespace mlx::core::allocator

mlx/backend/cuda/allocator.cpp

@@ -157,16 +157,14 @@ CudaAllocator::malloc_async(size_t size, int device, cudaStream_t stream) {
       cudaError_t err;
       void* data = nullptr;
       if (device == -1) {
-        err = cudaMallocManaged(&data, size);
+        CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaMallocManaged(&data, size));
       } else {
-        err = cudaMallocAsync(&data, size, stream);
+        CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaMallocAsync(&data, size, stream));
-      }
-      if (err != cudaSuccess && err != cudaErrorMemoryAllocation) {
-        throw std::runtime_error(fmt::format(
-            "cudaMallocManaged failed: {}.", cudaGetErrorString(err)));
       }
       if (!data) {
-        return Buffer{nullptr};
+        std::ostringstream msg;
+        msg << "[malloc] Unable to allocate " << size << " bytes.";
+        throw std::runtime_error(msg.str());
       }
       buf = new CudaBuffer{data, size, device};
     }

mlx/backend/cuda/copy/copy_general_input.cu

@@ -95,11 +95,14 @@ void copy_general_input(
             const InType* in_ptr = gpu_ptr<InType>(in) + offset_in;
             OutType* out_ptr = gpu_ptr<OutType>(out) + offset_out;
             int ndim = shape.size();
-            int work_per_thread = 1;
+
+            int work_per_thread = 8;
             auto dim0 = ndim > 0 ? shape.back() : 1;
             auto rest = out.size() / dim0;
-            if (dim0 >= 4) {
+            if (dim0 >= 4 && dim0 < 8) {
               work_per_thread = 4;
+            } else if (dim0 < 4) {
+              work_per_thread = 1;
             }
             dim0 = (dim0 + work_per_thread - 1) / work_per_thread;
             auto block_dims = get_block_dims(dim0, rest, 1);
@@ -110,7 +113,10 @@ void copy_general_input(
               dispatch_1_2_3(ndim, [&](auto dims_constant) {
                 auto kernel =
                     cu::copy_g_nd<InType, OutType, IdxT, dims_constant(), 1>;
-                if (work_per_thread == 4) {
+                if (work_per_thread == 8) {
+                  kernel =
+                      cu::copy_g_nd<InType, OutType, IdxT, dims_constant(), 8>;
+                } else if (work_per_thread == 4) {
                   kernel =
                       cu::copy_g_nd<InType, OutType, IdxT, dims_constant(), 4>;
                 }
@@ -127,7 +133,9 @@ void copy_general_input(
               });
             } else { // ndim >= 4
               auto kernel = cu::copy_g<InType, OutType, IdxT, 1>;
-              if (work_per_thread == 4) {
+              if (work_per_thread == 8) {
+                kernel = cu::copy_g<InType, OutType, IdxT, 8>;
+              } else if (work_per_thread == 4) {
                 kernel = cu::copy_g<InType, OutType, IdxT, 4>;
               }
               encoder.add_kernel_node(

mlx/backend/cuda/reduce/col_reduce.cu

@@ -89,9 +89,13 @@ template <
     int NDIM,
     int BM,
     int BN,
-    int N_READS = 4>
+    int N_READS = 4,
-__global__ void
+    int BLOCKS = 1>
-col_reduce_looped(T* in, U* out, const __grid_constant__ ColReduceArgs args) {
+__global__ void col_reduce_looped(
+    T* in,
+    U* out,
+    const __grid_constant__ ColReduceArgs args,
+    int64_t out_size) {
   auto grid = cg::this_grid();
   auto block = cg::this_thread_block();
   auto warp = cg::tiled_partition<WARP_SIZE>(block);
@@ -102,6 +106,8 @@ col_reduce_looped(T* in, U* out, const __grid_constant__ ColReduceArgs args) {
   size_t tile_idx = grid.block_rank();
   size_t tile_x = tile_idx % ((args.reduction_stride + BN - 1) / BN);
   size_t tile_y = tile_idx / ((args.reduction_stride + BN - 1) / BN);
+  size_t tile_out = tile_y / out_size;
+  tile_y = tile_y % out_size;
 
   // Compute the indices for the thread within the tile
   short thread_x = block.thread_rank() % threads_per_row;
@@ -118,12 +124,23 @@ col_reduce_looped(T* in, U* out, const __grid_constant__ ColReduceArgs args) {
     totals[i] = ReduceInit<Op, T>::value();
   }
 
-  LoopedElemToLoc<NDIM, (NDIM > 2)> loop(args.reduce_ndim);
-  loop.next(thread_y, args.reduce_shape.data(), args.reduce_strides.data());
   size_t total = args.non_col_reductions * args.reduction_size;
+  size_t per_block, start, end;
+  if constexpr (BLOCKS > 1) {
+    per_block = (total + BLOCKS - 1) / BLOCKS;
+    start = tile_out * per_block + thread_y;
+    end = min((tile_out + 1) * per_block, total);
+  } else {
+    per_block = total;
+    start = thread_y;
+    end = total;
+  }
+
+  LoopedElemToLoc<NDIM, (NDIM > 2)> loop(args.reduce_ndim);
+  loop.next(start, args.reduce_shape.data(), args.reduce_strides.data());
   if (tile_x * BN + BN <= args.reduction_stride) {
     if (args.reduction_stride % N_READS == 0) {
-      for (size_t r = thread_y; r < total; r += BM) {
+      for (size_t r = start; r < end; r += BM) {
         T vals[N_READS];
         cub::LoadDirectBlockedVectorized(thread_x, in + loop.location(), vals);
         for (int i = 0; i < N_READS; i++) {
@@ -132,7 +149,7 @@ col_reduce_looped(T* in, U* out, const __grid_constant__ ColReduceArgs args) {
         loop.next(BM, args.reduce_shape.data(), args.reduce_strides.data());
       }
     } else {
-      for (size_t r = thread_y; r < total; r += BM) {
+      for (size_t r = start; r < end; r += BM) {
         T vals[N_READS];
         cub::LoadDirectBlocked(thread_x, in + loop.location(), vals);
         for (int i = 0; i < N_READS; i++) {
@@ -142,7 +159,7 @@ col_reduce_looped(T* in, U* out, const __grid_constant__ ColReduceArgs args) {
       }
     }
   } else {
-    for (size_t r = thread_y; r < total; r += BM) {
+    for (size_t r = start; r < end; r += BM) {
       T vals[N_READS];
       cub::LoadDirectBlocked(
           thread_x,
@@ -173,6 +190,9 @@ col_reduce_looped(T* in, U* out, const __grid_constant__ ColReduceArgs args) {
 
   // Write result.
   if (warp.thread_rank() == 0) {
+    if (BLOCKS > 1) {
+      out += tile_out * out_size * args.reduction_stride;
+    }
     cub::StoreDirectBlocked(
         warp.meta_group_rank(),
         out + tile_y * args.reduction_stride + tile_x * BN,
@@ -227,11 +247,12 @@ __global__ void col_reduce_small(
 inline auto output_grid_for_col_reduce(
     const array& out,
     const cu::ColReduceArgs& args,
-    int bn) {
+    int bn,
+    int outer = 1) {
   int gx, gy = 1;
   size_t n_inner_blocks = cuda::ceil_div(args.reduction_stride, bn);
   size_t n_outer_blocks = out.size() / args.reduction_stride;
-  size_t n_blocks = n_outer_blocks * n_inner_blocks;
+  size_t n_blocks = n_outer_blocks * n_inner_blocks * outer;
   while (n_blocks / gy > INT32_MAX) {
     gy *= 2;
   }
@@ -277,7 +298,8 @@ void col_reduce_looped(
             0,
             indata,
             gpu_ptr<U>(out),
-            static_cast<cu::ColReduceArgs>(args));
+            static_cast<cu::ColReduceArgs>(args),
+            out.size() / args.reduction_stride);
       });
     });
   });
@@ -320,6 +342,117 @@ void col_reduce_small(
   });
 }
 
+void col_reduce_two_pass(
+    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
+    const array& in,
+    array& out,
+    Reduce::ReduceType reduce_type,
+    const std::vector<int>& axes,
+    const ReductionPlan& plan,
+    const cu::ColReduceArgs& args) {
+  // Allocate data for the output using in's layout to access them as
+  // contiguously as possible.
+  allocate_same_layout(out, in, axes, encoder);
+
+  // Allocate an intermediate array to hold the 1st pass result
+  constexpr int outer = 32;
+
+  Shape intermediate_shape;
+  intermediate_shape.push_back(outer);
+  intermediate_shape.insert(
+      intermediate_shape.end(), out.shape().begin(), out.shape().end());
+
+  Strides intermediate_strides;
+  intermediate_strides.push_back(out.size());
+  intermediate_strides.insert(
+      intermediate_strides.end(), out.strides().begin(), out.strides().end());
+
+  array intermediate(intermediate_shape, out.dtype(), nullptr, {});
+  auto [data_size, rc, cc] =
+      check_contiguity(intermediate_shape, intermediate_strides);
+  auto fl = out.flags();
+  fl.row_contiguous = rc;
+  fl.col_contiguous = cc;
+  fl.contiguous = true;
+  intermediate.set_data(
+      cu::malloc_async(intermediate.nbytes(), encoder),
+      data_size,
+      intermediate_strides,
+      fl,
+      allocator::free);
+
+  encoder.add_temporary(intermediate);
+  encoder.set_input_array(in);
+  encoder.set_output_array(intermediate);
+  dispatch_all_types(in.dtype(), [&](auto type_tag) {
+    dispatch_reduce_ops(reduce_type, [&](auto reduce_type_tag) {
+      dispatch_reduce_ndim(args.reduce_ndim, [&](auto reduce_ndim) {
+        using OP = MLX_GET_TYPE(reduce_type_tag);
+        using T = cuda_type_t<MLX_GET_TYPE(type_tag)>;
+        using U = typename cu::ReduceResult<OP, T>::type;
+        // Cub doesn't like const pointers for vectorized loads. (sigh)
+        T* indata = const_cast<T*>(gpu_ptr<T>(in));
+
+        constexpr int N_READS = 4;
+        constexpr int BM = 32;
+        constexpr int BN = 32;
+        dim3 grid = output_grid_for_col_reduce(out, args, BN, outer);
+        int blocks = BM * BN / N_READS;
+        auto kernel = cu::
+            col_reduce_looped<T, U, OP, reduce_ndim(), BM, BN, N_READS, outer>;
+        encoder.add_kernel_node(
+            kernel,
+            grid,
+            blocks,
+            0,
+            indata,
+            gpu_ptr<U>(intermediate),
+            static_cast<cu::ColReduceArgs>(args),
+            out.size() / args.reduction_stride);
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  // Prepare the reduction arguments for the 2nd pass
+  cu::ColReduceArgs second_args = args;
+  second_args.reduction_size = outer;
+  second_args.reduction_stride = out.size();
+  second_args.ndim = 0;
+  second_args.reduce_shape[0] = outer;
+  second_args.reduce_strides[0] = out.size();
+  second_args.reduce_ndim = 1;
+  second_args.non_col_reductions = 1;
+
+  encoder.set_input_array(intermediate);
+  encoder.set_output_array(out);
+  dispatch_all_types(intermediate.dtype(), [&](auto type_tag) {
+    dispatch_reduce_ops(reduce_type, [&](auto reduce_type_tag) {
+      dispatch_reduce_ndim(second_args.reduce_ndim, [&](auto reduce_ndim) {
+        using OP = MLX_GET_TYPE(reduce_type_tag);
+        using T = cuda_type_t<MLX_GET_TYPE(type_tag)>;
+        using U = typename cu::ReduceResult<OP, T>::type;
+
+        constexpr int N_READS = 4;
+        constexpr int BM = 32;
+        constexpr int BN = 32;
+        dim3 grid = output_grid_for_col_reduce(out, second_args, BN);
+        int blocks = BM * BN / N_READS;
+        auto kernel =
+            cu::col_reduce_looped<T, U, OP, reduce_ndim(), BM, BN, N_READS>;
+        encoder.add_kernel_node(
+            kernel,
+            grid,
+            blocks,
+            0,
+            gpu_ptr<T>(intermediate),
+            gpu_ptr<U>(out),
+            second_args,
+            second_args.reduction_stride);
+      });
+    });
+  });
+}
+
 void col_reduce(
     cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
     const array& in,
@@ -334,6 +467,18 @@ void col_reduce(
   //   It is a general strided reduce. Each threadblock computes the output for
   //   a subrow of the fast moving axis. For instance 32 elements.
   //
+  // - col_reduce_small
+  //
+  //  It is a column reduce for small columns. Each thread loops over the whole
+  //  column without communicating with any other thread.
+  //
+  // - col_reduce_two_pass
+  //
+  //  It is a reduce for long columns. To increase parallelism, we split the
+  //  reduction in two passes. First we do a column reduce where many
+  //  threadblocks operate on different parts of the reduced axis. Then we
+  //  perform a final column reduce.
+  //
   // Notes: As in row reduce we opt to read as much in order as possible and
   //        leave transpositions as they are (contrary to our Metal backend).
   //
@@ -349,6 +494,14 @@ void col_reduce(
     return;
   }
 
+  // Long column with smallish row
+  size_t total_sums = args.non_col_reductions * args.reduction_size;
+  size_t approx_threads = out.size();
+  if (total_sums / approx_threads > 32) {
+    col_reduce_two_pass(encoder, in, out, reduce_type, axes, plan, args);
+    return;
+  }
+
   // Fallback col reduce
   col_reduce_looped(encoder, in, out, reduce_type, axes, plan, args);
 }

mlx/backend/gpu/copy.cpp

@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@
 
 namespace mlx::core {
 
-void copy_gpu(const array& in, array& out, CopyType ctype, const Stream& s);
-
 void copy_gpu(const array& in, array& out, CopyType ctype) {
   copy_gpu(in, out, ctype, out.primitive().stream());
 }

mlx/backend/metal/allocator.cpp

@@ -149,7 +149,9 @@ Buffer MetalAllocator::malloc(size_t size) {
       buf = device_->newBuffer(size, resource_options);
     }
     if (!buf) {
-      return Buffer{nullptr};
+      std::ostringstream msg;
+      msg << "[malloc] Unable to allocate " << size << " bytes.";
+      throw std::runtime_error(msg.str());
     }
     lk.lock();
     num_resources_++;

python/scripts/repair_cuda.sh

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
 auditwheel repair dist/* \
-  --plat manylinux_2_35_x86_64 \
+  --plat manylinux_2_35_${1} \
   --exclude libcublas* \
   --exclude libnvrtc* \
   --exclude libcuda* \

python/tests/test_reduce.py

@@ -210,6 +210,14 @@ class TestReduce(mlx_tests.MLXTestCase):
                     ref = getattr(np, op)(np_arr, axis=axis)
                     self.assertTrue(np.array_equal(out, ref, equal_nan=True))
 
+    def test_long_column(self):
+        a = (np.random.randn(8192, 64) * 32).astype(np.int32)
+        b = mx.array(a)
+
+        c1 = a.sum(0)
+        c2 = b.sum(0)
+        self.assertTrue(np.all(c1 == c2))
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     mlx_tests.MLXTestRunner(failfast=True)

setup.py

@@ -7,13 +7,21 @@ import re
 import subprocess
 from functools import partial
 from pathlib import Path
-from subprocess import run
 
 from setuptools import Command, Extension, find_namespace_packages, setup
 from setuptools.command.bdist_wheel import bdist_wheel
 from setuptools.command.build_ext import build_ext
 
 
+def cuda_toolkit_major_version():
+    out = subprocess.check_output(["nvcc", "--version"], stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+    text = out.decode()
+    m = re.search(r"release (\d+)", text)
+    if m:
+        return int(m.group(1))
+    return None
+
+
 def get_version():
     with open("mlx/version.h", "r") as fid:
         for l in fid:
@@ -31,7 +39,7 @@ def get_version():
         version = f"{version}.dev{today.year}{today.month:02d}{today.day:02d}"
     if not pypi_release and not dev_release:
         git_hash = (
-            run(
+            subprocess.run(
                 "git rev-parse --short HEAD".split(),
                 capture_output=True,
                 check=True,
@@ -284,7 +292,11 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
             install_requires.append(
                 f'mlx-metal=={version}; platform_system == "Darwin"'
             )
-            extras["cuda"] = [f'mlx-cuda=={version}; platform_system == "Linux"']
+            extras["cuda"] = [f'mlx-cuda-12=={version}; platform_system == "Linux"']
+            for toolkit in [12, 13]:
+                extras[f"cuda{toolkit}"] = [
+                    f'mlx-cuda-{toolkit}=={version}; platform_system == "Linux"'
+                ]
             extras["cpu"] = [f'mlx-cpu=={version}; platform_system == "Linux"']
 
         _setup(
@@ -299,13 +311,25 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         if build_macos:
             name = "mlx-metal"
         elif build_cuda:
-            name = "mlx-cuda"
+            toolkit = cuda_toolkit_major_version()
+            name = f"mlx-cuda-{toolkit}"
+            if toolkit == 12:
+                install_requires += [
+                    "nvidia-cublas-cu12==12.9.*",
+                    "nvidia-cuda-nvrtc-cu12==12.9.*",
+                ]
+            elif toolkit == 13:
+                install_requires += [
+                    "nvidia-cublas-cu13",
+                    "nvidia-cuda-nvrtc-cu13",
+                ]
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"Unknown toolkit {toolkit}")
             install_requires += [
-                "nvidia-cublas-cu12==12.9.*",
+                f"nvidia-cudnn-cu{toolkit}==9.*",
-                "nvidia-cuda-nvrtc-cu12==12.9.*",
+                f"nvidia-nccl-cu{toolkit}",
-                "nvidia-cudnn-cu12==9.*",
-                "nvidia-nccl-cu12",
             ]
+
         else:
             name = "mlx-cpu"
         _setup(