Change the linux test to ubuntu 24.04

.circleci/config.yml

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
         type: boolean
         default: false
     macos:
-      xcode: "15.2.0"
+      xcode: "16.0.0"
     resource_class: macos.m1.medium.gen1
     steps:
       - checkout
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ jobs:
                  git push -f origin gh-pages
 
   linux_build_and_test:
-    docker:
-      - image: cimg/python:3.9
+    machine:
+      image: ubuntu-2404:2024.11.1
 
     steps:
       - checkout
@@ -84,30 +84,33 @@ jobs:
       - run:
           name: Install dependencies
           command: |
-            pip install --upgrade cmake
-            pip install nanobind==2.4.0
-            pip install numpy
+            sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
+            sudo apt-get update -y
+            sudo apt-get install -y python3.9 python3.9-distutils python3.9-dev
+            python3.9 -m pip install --upgrade cmake
+            python3.9 -m pip install nanobind==2.4.0
+            python3.9 -m pip install numpy
             sudo apt-get update
-            sudo apt-get install libblas-dev liblapack-dev liblapacke-dev
+            sudo apt-get install libopenblas-dev liblapacke-dev openmpi-bin libopenmpi-dev
       - run:
           name: Install Python package
           command: |
-            CMAKE_ARGS="-DMLX_BUILD_METAL=OFF" \
+            CMAKE_ARGS="-DMLX_BUILD_METAL=OFF -DPython_EXECUTABLE=/usr/bin/python3.9" \
               CMAKE_BUILD_PARALLEL_LEVEL=`nproc` \
-              python3 setup.py build_ext --inplace
-            CMAKE_ARGS="-DMLX_BUILD_METAL=OFF" \
+              python3.9 setup.py build_ext --inplace
+            CMAKE_ARGS="-DMLX_BUILD_METAL=OFF -DPython_EXECUTABLE=/usr/bin/python3.9" \
               CMAKE_BUILD_PARALLEL_LEVEL=`nproc` \
-              python3 setup.py develop
+              python3.9 setup.py develop
       - run:
           name: Generate package stubs
           command: |
             echo "stubs"
-            pip install typing_extensions
-            python setup.py generate_stubs 
+            python3.9 -m pip install typing_extensions
+            python3.9 setup.py generate_stubs 
       - run:
           name: Run Python tests
           command: |
-            python3 -m unittest discover python/tests -v
+            python3.9 -m unittest discover python/tests -v
       - run:
           name: Build CPP only
           command: |
@@ -122,7 +125,10 @@ jobs:
     parameters:
       xcode_version:
         type: string
-        default: "15.2.0"
+        default: "16.0.0"
+      deployment_target:
+        type: string
+        default: ""
     macos:
       xcode: << parameters.xcode_version >>
     resource_class: macos.m1.medium.gen1
@@ -146,7 +152,9 @@ jobs:
           name: Install Python package
           command: |
             source env/bin/activate
-            DEBUG=1 CMAKE_BUILD_PARALLEL_LEVEL=`sysctl -n hw.ncpu` pip install -e . -v
+            DEBUG=1 CMAKE_BUILD_PARALLEL_LEVEL=`sysctl -n hw.ncpu` \
+              CMAKE_ARGS=-DCMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=<< parameters.deployment_target >> \
+              pip install -e . -v
       - run:
           name: Generate package stubs
           command: |
@@ -173,7 +181,11 @@ jobs:
           name: Build CPP only
           command: |
             source env/bin/activate
-            mkdir -p build && cd build && cmake .. && make -j `sysctl -n hw.ncpu`
+            mkdir -p build
+            cd build/
+            cmake .. \
+              -DCMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=<< parameters.deployment_target >>
+            make -j `sysctl -n hw.ncpu`
       - run:
           name: Run CPP tests
           command: |
@@ -188,14 +200,15 @@ jobs:
               -DMLX_BUILD_CPU=OFF \
               -DMLX_BUILD_SAFETENSORS=OFF \
               -DMLX_BUILD_GGUF=OFF \
-              -DMLX_METAL_JIT=ON
+              -DMLX_METAL_JIT=ON \
+              -DCMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=<< parameters.deployment_target >>
             make -j `sysctl -n hw.ncpu`
       - run:
           name: Run Python tests with JIT
           command: |
             source env/bin/activate
             CMAKE_BUILD_PARALLEL_LEVEL=`sysctl -n hw.ncpu` \
-              CMAKE_ARGS="-DMLX_METAL_JIT=ON" \
+              CMAKE_ARGS="-DMLX_METAL_JIT=ON -DCMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=<< parameters.deployment_target >>" \
               pip install -e . -v
             LOW_MEMORY=1 DEVICE=gpu METAL_DEVICE_WRAPPER_TYPE=1 \
               METAL_DEBUG_ERROR_MODE=0 \
@@ -208,7 +221,10 @@ jobs:
         default: "3.9"
       xcode_version:
         type: string
-        default: "15.2.0"
+        default: "16.0.0"
+      deployment_target:
+        type: string
+        default: ""
       build_env:
         type: string
         default: ""
@@ -237,6 +253,7 @@ jobs:
             source env/bin/activate
             DEV_RELEASE=1 \
               CMAKE_BUILD_PARALLEL_LEVEL=`sysctl -n hw.ncpu` \
+              CMAKE_ARGS=-DCMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=<< parameters.deployment_target >> \
               pip install . -v
       - run:
           name: Generate package stubs
@@ -250,6 +267,7 @@ jobs:
             source env/bin/activate
             << parameters.build_env >> \
               CMAKE_BUILD_PARALLEL_LEVEL=`sysctl -n hw.ncpu` \
+              CMAKE_ARGS=-DCMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=<< parameters.deployment_target >> \
               python -m build -w
       - when:
           condition: << parameters.build_env >>
@@ -330,9 +348,10 @@ workflows:
       - mac_build_and_test:
           matrix:
             parameters:
-              xcode_version: ["15.0.0", "15.2.0", "16.0.0"]
+              xcode_version: ["16.0.0"]
+              deployment_target: ["", "13.5"]
       - linux_build_and_test
-      - build_documentation 
+      - build_documentation
 
   build_pypi_release:
     when:
@@ -350,7 +369,8 @@ workflows:
           matrix:
             parameters:
               python_version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
-              xcode_version: ["15.0.0", "15.2.0"]
+              xcode_version: ["16.0.0"]
+              deployment_target: ["", "13.5"]
               build_env: ["PYPI_RELEASE=1"]
       - build_documentation:
           filters:
@@ -374,7 +394,8 @@ workflows:
           requires: [ hold ]
           matrix:
             parameters:
-              xcode_version: ["15.0.0", "15.2.0", "16.0.0"]
+              xcode_version: ["16.0.0"]
+              deployment_target: ["", "13.5"]
       - linux_build_and_test:
           requires: [ hold ]
   nightly_build:
@@ -387,7 +408,8 @@ workflows:
           matrix:
             parameters:
               python_version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
-              xcode_version: ["15.0.0", "15.2.0"]
+              xcode_version: ["16.0.0"]
+              deployment_target: ["", "13.5"]
   weekly_build:
     when:
       and:
@@ -398,7 +420,8 @@ workflows:
           matrix:
             parameters:
               python_version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
-              xcode_version: ["15.0.0", "15.2.0", "16.0.0"]
+              xcode_version: ["16.0.0"]
+              deployment_target: ["", "13.5"]
               build_env: ["DEV_RELEASE=1"]
   linux_test_release:
     when:

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ project(mlx LANGUAGES C CXX)
 
 # ----------------------------- Setup -----------------------------
 set(CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake")
-set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 17)
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
 set(CMAKE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)
 set(CMAKE_INSTALL_MESSAGE NEVER)
@@ -223,14 +223,6 @@ target_include_directories(
   mlx PUBLIC $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}>
              $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:include>)
 
-FetchContent_Declare(
-  fmt
-  GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt.git
-  GIT_TAG 10.2.1
-  EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
-FetchContent_MakeAvailable(fmt)
-target_link_libraries(mlx PRIVATE $<BUILD_INTERFACE:fmt::fmt-header-only>)
-
 if(MLX_BUILD_PYTHON_BINDINGS)
   message(STATUS "Building Python bindings.")
   find_package(

mlx/backend/common/compiled_cpu.cpp

@@ -2,13 +2,12 @@
 
 #include <dlfcn.h>
 #include <filesystem>
+#include <format>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <list>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <shared_mutex>
 
-#include <fmt/format.h>
-
 #include "mlx/backend/common/compiled.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/common/compiled_preamble.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/common/jit_compiler.h"
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ void* compile(
       JitCompiler::exec(JitCompiler::build_command(
           output_dir, source_file_name, shared_lib_name));
     } catch (const std::exception& error) {
-      throw std::runtime_error(fmt::format(
+      throw std::runtime_error(std::format(
           "[Compile::eval_cpu] Failed to compile function {0}: {1}",
           kernel_name,
           error.what()));

mlx/backend/common/jit_compiler.cpp

@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@
 
 #include "mlx/backend/common/jit_compiler.h"
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <fmt/format.h>
+#include <format>
 
 namespace mlx::core {
 
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ struct VisualStudioInfo {
     arch = "x64";
 #endif
     // Get path of Visual Studio.
-    std::string vs_path = JitCompiler::exec(fmt::format(
+    std::string vs_path = JitCompiler::exec(std::format(
         "\"{0}\\Microsoft Visual Studio\\Installer\\vswhere.exe\""
         " -property installationPath",
         std::getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)")));
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ struct VisualStudioInfo {
       throw std::runtime_error("Can not find Visual Studio.");
     }
     // Read the envs from vcvarsall.
-    std::string envs = JitCompiler::exec(fmt::format(
+    std::string envs = JitCompiler::exec(std::format(
         "\"{0}\\VC\\Auxiliary\\Build\\vcvarsall.bat\" {1} >NUL && set",
         vs_path,
         arch));
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ struct VisualStudioInfo {
       if (name == "LIB") {
         libpaths = str_split(value, ';');
       } else if (name == "VCToolsInstallDir") {
-        cl_exe = fmt::format("{0}\\bin\\Host{1}\\{1}\\cl.exe", value, arch);
+        cl_exe = std::format("{0}\\bin\\Host{1}\\{1}\\cl.exe", value, arch);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -81,9 +82,9 @@ std::string JitCompiler::build_command(
   const VisualStudioInfo& info = GetVisualStudioInfo();
   std::string libpaths;
   for (const std::string& lib : info.libpaths) {
-    libpaths += fmt::format(" /libpath:\"{0}\"", lib);
+    libpaths += std::format(" /libpath:\"{0}\"", lib);
   }
-  return fmt::format(
+  return std::format(
       "\""
       "cd /D \"{0}\" && "
       "\"{1}\" /LD /EHsc /MD /Ox /nologo /std:c++17 \"{2}\" "
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ std::string JitCompiler::build_command(
       shared_lib_name,
       libpaths);
 #else
-  return fmt::format(
+  return std::format(
       "g++ -std=c++17 -O3 -Wall -fPIC -shared '{0}' -o '{1}' 2>&1",
       (dir / source_file_name).string(),
       (dir / shared_lib_name).string());
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ std::string JitCompiler::exec(const std::string& cmd) {
   int code = WEXITSTATUS(status);
 #endif
   if (code != 0) {
-    throw std::runtime_error(fmt::format(
+    throw std::runtime_error(std::format(
         "Failed to execute command with return code {0}: \"{1}\", "
         "the output is: {2}",
         code,

mlx/backend/metal/compiled.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Copyright © 2023-2024 Apple Inc.
-#include <fmt/format.h>
+#include <format>
 #include <sstream>
 
 #include "mlx/backend/common/compiled.h"
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@
 #include "mlx/primitives.h"
 #include "mlx/utils.h"
 
-using namespace fmt::literals;
-
 namespace mlx::core {
 
 inline void build_kernel(
@@ -41,7 +39,7 @@ inline void build_kernel(
   int cnt = 0;
 
   // Start the kernel
-  os += fmt::format(
+  os += std::format(
       "[[host_name(\"{0}\")]]\n[[kernel]] void {0}(\n", kernel_name);
 
   // Add the input arguments
@@ -57,7 +55,7 @@ inline void build_kernel(
     if (!is_scalar(x) && !contiguous) {
       add_indices = true;
     }
-    os += fmt::format(
+    os += std::format(
         "    device const {0}* {1} [[buffer({2})]],\n",
         get_type_string(x.dtype()),
         xname,
@@ -65,13 +63,13 @@ inline void build_kernel(
   }
 
   if (add_indices) {
-    os += fmt::format(
+    os += std::format(
         "    constant const int64_t* in_strides [[buffer({0})]],\n", cnt++);
   }
 
   // Add the output arguments
   for (auto& x : outputs) {
-    os += fmt::format(
+    os += std::format(
         "    device {0}* {1} [[buffer({2})]],\n",
         get_type_string(x.dtype()),
         namer.get_name(x),
@@ -79,13 +77,13 @@ inline void build_kernel(
   }
   // Add output strides and shape to extract the indices.
   if (!contiguous) {
-    os += fmt::format(
+    os += std::format(
         "    constant const int64_t* output_strides [[buffer({0})]],\n", cnt++);
-    os += fmt::format(
+    os += std::format(
         "    constant const int* output_shape [[buffer({0})]],\n", cnt++);
   }
   if (dynamic_dims) {
-    os += fmt::format("    constant const int& ndim [[buffer({0})]],\n", cnt++);
+    os += std::format("    constant const int& ndim [[buffer({0})]],\n", cnt++);
   }
 
   // The thread index in the whole grid
@@ -98,15 +96,15 @@ inline void build_kernel(
     // a third grid dimension
     os += "  int64_t index = pos.x + grid.x * int64_t(pos.y);\n";
   } else if (work_per_thread > 1) {
-    os += fmt::format("  constexpr int N_ = {0};\n", work_per_thread);
-    os += fmt::format(
+    os += std::format("  constexpr int N_ = {0};\n", work_per_thread);
+    os += std::format(
         "  int xshape = output_shape[{0}];\n",
         dynamic_dims ? "ndim - 1" : std::to_string(ndim - 1));
-    os += fmt::format(
+    os += std::format(
         "  {0} index = N_ * pos.x + xshape * (pos.y + {0}(grid.y) * pos.z);\n",
         idx_type);
   } else {
-    os += fmt::format(
+    os += std::format(
         "  {0} index = pos.x + grid.x * (pos.y + {0}(grid.y) * pos.z);\n",
         idx_type);
   }
@@ -121,16 +119,16 @@ inline void build_kernel(
       auto type_str = get_type_string(x.dtype());
       std::ostringstream ss;
       print_constant(ss, x);
-      os += fmt::format(
+      os += std::format(
           "  auto tmp_{0} = static_cast<{1}>({2});\n",
           xname,
           get_type_string(x.dtype()),
           ss.str());
     } else if (is_scalar(x)) {
-      os += fmt::format(
+      os += std::format(
           "  {0} tmp_{1} = {1}[0];\n", get_type_string(x.dtype()), xname);
     } else if (contiguous) {
-      os += fmt::format(
+      os += std::format(
           "  {0} tmp_{1} = {1}[index];\n", get_type_string(x.dtype()), xname);
     } else {
       nc_inputs.push_back(x);
@@ -140,30 +138,30 @@ inline void build_kernel(
   // Initialize the indices for non-contiguous inputs
   for (int i = 0; i < nc_inputs.size(); ++i) {
     auto& xname = namer.get_name(nc_inputs[i]);
-    os += fmt::format("  {0} index_{1} = ", idx_type, xname);
+    os += std::format("  {0} index_{1} = ", idx_type, xname);
     if (ndim == 1) {
       int offset = i * ndim;
       os +=
-          fmt::format("elem_to_loc_1<uint>(pos.x, in_strides[{0}]);\n", offset);
+          std::format("elem_to_loc_1<uint>(pos.x, in_strides[{0}]);\n", offset);
     } else if (ndim == 2) {
       int offset = i * ndim;
-      os += fmt::format(
+      os += std::format(
           "elem_to_loc_2<{0}>({{pos.x, pos.y}}, in_strides + {1});\n",
           idx_type,
           offset);
     } else if (ndim == 3) {
       int offset = i * ndim;
-      os += fmt::format(
+      os += std::format(
           "elem_to_loc_3<{0}>(pos, in_strides + {1});\n", idx_type, offset);
     } else if (!dynamic_dims) {
       int offset = (i + 1) * ndim;
-      os += fmt::format(
+      os += std::format(
           "N_ * pos.x * {0}(in_strides[{1}]) + pos.y * {0}(in_strides[{2}]);\n",
           idx_type,
           offset - 1,
           offset - 2);
     } else {
-      os += fmt::format(
+      os += std::format(
           "N_ * pos.x * {0}(in_strides[ndim * {1} + ndim - 1]) + pos.y * {0}(in_strides[ndim * {1} + ndim - 2]);\n",
           idx_type,
           i);
@@ -175,18 +173,18 @@ inline void build_kernel(
     if (dynamic_dims) {
       os += "  for (int d = ndim - 3; d >= 0; --d) {\n";
     } else {
-      os += fmt::format("  for (int d = {0}; d >= 0; --d) {{\n", ndim - 3);
+      os += std::format("  for (int d = {0}; d >= 0; --d) {{\n", ndim - 3);
     }
     os += "    uint l = zpos % output_shape[d];\n";
     for (int i = 0; i < nc_inputs.size(); ++i) {
       auto& xname = namer.get_name(nc_inputs[i]);
-      os += fmt::format("    index_{0} += ", xname);
+      os += std::format("    index_{0} += ", xname);
       if (dynamic_dims) {
         os +=
-            fmt::format("l * {0}(in_strides[{1} * ndim + d]);\n", idx_type, i);
+            std::format("l * {0}(in_strides[{1} * ndim + d]);\n", idx_type, i);
       } else {
         os +=
-            fmt::format("l * {0}(in_strides[{1} + d]);\n", idx_type, i * ndim);
+            std::format("l * {0}(in_strides[{1} + d]);\n", idx_type, i * ndim);
       }
     }
     os += "    zpos /= output_shape[d];\n  }\n";
@@ -202,16 +200,16 @@ inline void build_kernel(
   for (int i = 0; i < nc_inputs.size(); ++i) {
     auto& x = nc_inputs[i];
     auto& xname = namer.get_name(x);
-    os += fmt::format(
+    os += std::format(
         "  {0} tmp_{1} = {1}[index_{1}];\n", get_type_string(x.dtype()), xname);
   }
 
   // Actually write the computation
   for (auto& x : tape) {
-    os += fmt::format(
+    os += std::format(
         "  {0} tmp_{1} = ", get_type_string(x.dtype()), namer.get_name(x));
     if (is_static_cast(x.primitive())) {
-      os += fmt::format(
+      os += std::format(
           "static_cast<{0}>(tmp_{1});\n",
           get_type_string(x.dtype()),
           namer.get_name(x.inputs()[0]));
@@ -221,15 +219,15 @@ inline void build_kernel(
       os += ss.str();
       os += "()(";
       for (int i = 0; i < x.inputs().size() - 1; i++) {
-        os += fmt::format("tmp_{0}, ", namer.get_name(x.inputs()[i]));
+        os += std::format("tmp_{0}, ", namer.get_name(x.inputs()[i]));
       }
-      os += fmt::format("tmp_{0});\n", namer.get_name(x.inputs().back()));
+      os += std::format("tmp_{0});\n", namer.get_name(x.inputs().back()));
     }
   }
 
   // Write the outputs from tmps
   for (auto& x : outputs) {
-    os += fmt::format("  {0}[index] = tmp_{0};\n", namer.get_name(x));
+    os += std::format("  {0}[index] = tmp_{0};\n", namer.get_name(x));
   }
   // Increment indices and close per thread loop
   if (work_per_thread > 1) {
@@ -237,10 +235,10 @@ inline void build_kernel(
       auto& x = nc_inputs[i];
       auto& xname = namer.get_name(x);
       if (!dynamic_dims) {
-        os += fmt::format(
+        os += std::format(
             "  index_{0} += in_strides[{1}];\n", xname, i * ndim + ndim - 1);
       } else {
-        os += fmt::format(
+        os += std::format(
             "  index_{0} += in_strides[{1} * ndim + ndim - 1];\n", xname, i);
       }
     }

mlx/backend/metal/indexing.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Copyright © 2023-2024 Apple Inc.
-#include <fmt/format.h>
+#include <format>
 
 #include "mlx/backend/common/compiled.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/metal/copy.h"
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ std::pair<std::string, std::string> make_index_args(
   std::ostringstream idx_args;
   std::ostringstream idx_arr;
   for (int i = 0; i < nidx; ++i) {
-    idx_args << fmt::format(
+    idx_args << std::format(
         "const device {0} *idx{1} [[buffer({2})]],", idx_type, i, 20 + i);
-    idx_arr << fmt::format("idx{0}", i);
+    idx_arr << std::format("idx{0}", i);
     if (i < nidx - 1) {
       idx_args << "\n";
       idx_arr << ",";
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ void Gather::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
   bool large = large_index || large_src || large_out;
 
   std::string idx_type_name = nidx ? type_to_name(inputs[1]) : "";
-  std::string kernel_name = fmt::format(
+  std::string kernel_name = std::format(
       "gather{0}{1}_{2}_{3}_{4}",
       type_to_name(out),
       idx_type_name,
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ void Gather::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
     auto [idx_args, idx_arr] = make_index_args(idx_type_str, nidx);
 
     // Index dimension specializations
-    kernel_source += fmt::format(
+    kernel_source += std::format(
         gather_kernels,
         type_to_name(out) + idx_type_name,
         out_type_str,
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ void Scatter::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
   bool large_idx = nidx && (inputs[1].size() > INT32_MAX);
   bool large_upd = upd.size() > INT32_MAX;
   bool large = large_out || large_idx || large_upd;
-  std::string kernel_name = fmt::format(
+  std::string kernel_name = std::format(
       "scatter{0}{1}_{2}_{3}_{4}_nwork{5}_{6}",
       type_to_name(out),
       idx_type_name,
@@ -275,11 +275,11 @@ void Scatter::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
         break;
     }
     if (reduce_type_ != Scatter::None) {
-      op_type = fmt::format(fmt::runtime(op_type), out_type_str);
+      op_type = std::vformat(op_type, std::make_format_args(out_type_str));
     }
     auto [idx_args, idx_arr] = make_index_args(idx_type_str, nidx);
 
-    kernel_source += fmt::format(
+    kernel_source += std::format(
         scatter_kernels,
         type_to_name(out) + idx_type_name + "_" + op_name,
         out_type_str,

mlx/backend/metal/jit/gemv_masked.h

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright © 2024 Apple Inc.
-
-constexpr std::string_view gemv_masked_kernel = R"(
-template [[host_name("{name}")]] [[kernel]] void
-gemv_{trans}masked<{itype}, {outm_t}, {opm_t}, {bm}, {bn}, {sm}, {sn}, {tm}, {tn}, {nc}>(
-    const device {itype}* mat [[buffer(0)]],
-    const device {itype}* in_vec [[buffer(1)]],
-    device {itype}* out_vec [[buffer(3)]],
-    const constant int& in_vec_size [[buffer(4)]],
-    const constant int& out_vec_size [[buffer(5)]],
-    const constant int& marix_ld [[buffer(6)]],
-    const constant int& batch_ndim [[buffer(9)]],
-    const constant int* batch_shape [[buffer(10)]],
-    const constant int64_t* vector_batch_stride [[buffer(11)]],
-    const constant int64_t* matrix_batch_stride [[buffer(12)]],
-    const device {outm_t}* out_mask [[buffer(20)]],
-    const device {opm_t}* mat_mask [[buffer(21)]],
-    const device {opm_t}* vec_mask [[buffer(22)]],
-    const constant int* mask_strides [[buffer(23)]],
-    const constant int64_t* mask_batch_strides [[buffer(24)]],
-    uint3 tid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
-    uint3 lid [[thread_position_in_threadgroup]],
-    uint simd_gid [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]],
-    uint simd_lid [[thread_index_in_simdgroup]]);
-)";

mlx/backend/metal/jit/steel_conv.h

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright © 2024 Apple Inc.
-
-constexpr std::string_view steel_conv_kernels = R"(
-template [[host_name("{name}")]] [[kernel]] void
-implicit_gemm_conv_2d<{itype}, {bm}, {bn}, {bk}, {wm}, {wn}, {n_channels}, {small_filter}>(
-    const device {itype}* A [[buffer(0)]],
-    const device {itype}* B [[buffer(1)]],
-    device {itype}* C [[buffer(2)]],
-    const constant MLXConvParams<2>* params [[buffer(3)]],
-    const constant ImplicitGemmConv2DParams* gemm_params [[buffer(4)]],
-    uint3 tid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
-    uint3 lid [[thread_position_in_threadgroup]],
-    uint simd_gid [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]],
-    uint simd_lid [[thread_index_in_simdgroup]]);
-)";
-
-constexpr std::string_view steel_conv_general_kernels = R"(
-template [[host_name("{name}")]] [[kernel]] void
-    implicit_gemm_conv_2d_general<{itype}, {bm}, {bn}, {bk}, {wm}, {wn}>(
-        const device {itype}* A [[buffer(0)]],
-        const device {itype}* B [[buffer(1)]],
-        device {itype}* C [[buffer(2)]],
-        const constant MLXConvParams<2>* params [[buffer(3)]],
-        const constant ImplicitGemmConv2DParams* gemm_params [[buffer(4)]],
-        const constant Conv2DGeneralJumpParams* jump_params [[buffer(5)]],
-        const constant Conv2DGeneralBaseInfo* base_h [[buffer(6)]],
-        const constant Conv2DGeneralBaseInfo* base_w [[buffer(7)]],
-        uint3 tid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
-        uint3 lid [[thread_position_in_threadgroup]],
-        uint simd_gid [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]],
-        uint simd_lid [[thread_index_in_simdgroup]]);
-)";

mlx/backend/metal/jit/steel_gemm.h

@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright © 2024 Apple Inc.
-
-constexpr std::string_view steel_gemm_fused_kernels = R"(
-template [[host_name("{name}")]]
-[[kernel]] void gemm<{itype}, {bm}, {bn}, {bk}, {wm}, {wn}, {trans_a}, {trans_b}, float>(
-    const device {itype} *A [[buffer(0)]],
-    const device {itype} *B [[buffer(1)]],
-    const device {itype} *C [[buffer(2), function_constant(use_out_source)]],
-    device {itype} *D [[buffer(3)]],
-    const constant GEMMParams* params [[buffer(4)]],
-    const constant GEMMAddMMParams* addmm_params [[buffer(5), function_constant(use_out_source)]],
-    const constant int* batch_shape [[buffer(6)]],
-    const constant int64_t* batch_strides [[buffer(7)]],
-    const constant uint32_t* lhs_indices [[buffer(10), function_constant(do_gather)]],
-    const constant uint32_t* rhs_indices [[buffer(11), function_constant(do_gather)]],
-    const constant uint32_t* C_indices [[buffer(12), function_constant(gather_bias)]],
-    const constant int* operand_shape [[buffer(13), function_constant(do_gather)]],
-    const constant int64_t* operand_strides [[buffer(14), function_constant(do_gather)]],
-    const constant packed_int3& operand_batch_ndim [[buffer(15), function_constant(do_gather)]],
-    uint simd_lane_id [[thread_index_in_simdgroup]],
-    uint simd_group_id [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]],
-    uint3 tid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
-    uint3 lid [[thread_position_in_threadgroup]]);
-)";
-
-constexpr std::string_view steel_gemm_masked_kernels = R"(
-template [[host_name("{name}")]] [[kernel]] void
-block_masked_gemm<
-    {itype},
-    {outmasktype},
-    {opmasktype},
-    {bm},
-    {bn},
-    {bk},
-    {wm},
-    {wn},
-    {trans_a},
-    {trans_b},
-    {mn_aligned},
-    {k_aligned}>(
-    const device {itype}* A [[buffer(0)]],
-    const device {itype}* B [[buffer(1)]],
-    device {itype}* D [[buffer(3)]],
-    const constant GEMMParams* params [[buffer(4)]],
-    const constant int* batch_shape [[buffer(6)]],
-    const constant int64_t* batch_strides [[buffer(7)]],
-    const device {outmasktype}* out_mask [[buffer(10)]],
-    const device {opmasktype}* lhs_mask [[buffer(11)]],
-    const device {opmasktype}* rhs_mask [[buffer(12)]],
-    const constant int* mask_strides [[buffer(13)]],
-    uint simd_lane_id [[thread_index_in_simdgroup]],
-    uint simd_group_id [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]],
-    uint3 tid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
-    uint3 lid [[thread_position_in_threadgroup]]);
-)";
-
-constexpr std::string_view steel_gemm_splitk_kernels = R"(
-template [[host_name("{name}")]] [[kernel]] void
-gemm_splitk<
-    {itype},
-    {otype},
-    {bm},
-    {bn},
-    {bk},
-    {wm},
-    {wn},
-    {trans_a},
-    {trans_b},
-    {mn_aligned},
-    {k_aligned}>(
-    const device {itype}* A [[buffer(0)]],
-    const device {itype}* B [[buffer(1)]],
-    device {otype}* C [[buffer(2)]],
-    const constant GEMMSpiltKParams* params [[buffer(3)]],
-    uint simd_lane_id [[thread_index_in_simdgroup]],
-    uint simd_group_id [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]],
-    uint3 tid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
-    uint3 lid [[thread_position_in_threadgroup]]);
-)";
-
-constexpr std::string_view steel_gemm_splitk_accum_kernels = R"(
-template [[host_name("{name}")]] [[kernel]] void
-gemm_splitk_accum<{atype}, {otype}>(
-    const device {atype}* C_split [[buffer(0)]],
-    device {otype}* D [[buffer(1)]],
-    const constant int& k_partitions [[buffer(2)]],
-    const constant int& partition_stride [[buffer(3)]],
-    const constant int& ldd [[buffer(4)]],
-    uint2 gid [[thread_position_in_grid]]);
-)";
-
-constexpr std::string_view steel_gemm_splitk_accum_axbpy_kernels = R"(
-template [[host_name("{name}")]] [[kernel]] void
-gemm_splitk_accum_axpby<{atype}, {otype}>(
-    const device {atype}* C_split [[buffer(0)]],
-    device {otype}* D [[buffer(1)]],
-    const constant int& k_partitions [[buffer(2)]],
-    const constant int& partition_stride [[buffer(3)]],
-    const constant int& ldd [[buffer(4)]],
-    const device {otype}* C [[buffer(5)]],
-    const constant int& ldc [[buffer(6)]],
-    const constant int& fdc [[buffer(7)]],
-    const constant float& alpha [[buffer(8)]],
-    const constant float& beta [[buffer(9)]],
-    uint2 gid [[thread_position_in_grid]]);
-)";

mlx/backend/metal/jit_kernels.cpp

@@ -1,16 +1,11 @@
 // Copyright © 2024 Apple Inc.
 #include "mlx/backend/common/compiled.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/metal/jit/arange.h"
-#include "mlx/backend/metal/jit/gemv_masked.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/metal/jit/includes.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/metal/jit/softmax.h"
-#include "mlx/backend/metal/jit/steel_conv.h"
-#include "mlx/backend/metal/jit/steel_gemm.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/metal/kernels.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/metal/utils.h"
 
-using namespace fmt::literals;
-
 namespace mlx::core {
 
 std::string op_name(const array& arr) {
@@ -26,7 +21,7 @@ MTL::ComputePipelineState* get_arange_kernel(
   auto lib = d.get_library(kernel_name, [&]() {
     std::ostringstream kernel_source;
     kernel_source << metal::utils() << metal::arange()
-                  << fmt::format(
+                  << std::format(
                          arange_kernels,
                          kernel_name,
                          get_type_string(out.dtype()));
@@ -259,7 +254,7 @@ MTL::ComputePipelineState* get_softmax_kernel(
   auto lib = d.get_library(lib_name, [&] {
     std::ostringstream kernel_source;
     kernel_source << metal::utils() << metal::softmax()
-                  << fmt::format(
+                  << std::format(
                          softmax_kernels,
                          lib_name,
                          get_type_string(out.dtype()),
@@ -445,17 +440,17 @@ MTL::ComputePipelineState* get_steel_gemm_fused_kernel(
     std::ostringstream kernel_source;
     kernel_source << metal::utils() << metal::gemm()
                   << metal::steel_gemm_fused()
-                  << fmt::format(
-                         steel_gemm_fused_kernels,
-                         "name"_a = lib_name,
-                         "itype"_a = get_type_string(out.dtype()),
-                         "bm"_a = bm,
-                         "bn"_a = bn,
-                         "bk"_a = bk,
-                         "wm"_a = wm,
-                         "wn"_a = wn,
-                         "trans_a"_a = transpose_a,
-                         "trans_b"_a = transpose_b);
+                  << get_template_definition(
+                         lib_name,
+                         "gemm",
+                         get_type_string(out.dtype()),
+                         bm,
+                         bn,
+                         bk,
+                         wm,
+                         wn,
+                         transpose_a,
+                         transpose_b);
     return kernel_source.str();
   });
   return d.get_kernel(kernel_name, lib, hash_name, func_consts);
@@ -480,20 +475,20 @@ MTL::ComputePipelineState* get_steel_gemm_splitk_kernel(
     std::ostringstream kernel_source;
     kernel_source << metal::utils() << metal::gemm()
                   << metal::steel_gemm_splitk()
-                  << fmt::format(
-                         steel_gemm_splitk_kernels,
-                         "name"_a = lib_name,
-                         "itype"_a = get_type_string(in.dtype()),
-                         "otype"_a = get_type_string(out.dtype()),
-                         "bm"_a = bm,
-                         "bn"_a = bn,
-                         "bk"_a = bk,
-                         "wm"_a = wm,
-                         "wn"_a = wn,
-                         "trans_a"_a = transpose_a,
-                         "trans_b"_a = transpose_b,
-                         "mn_aligned"_a = mn_aligned,
-                         "k_aligned"_a = k_aligned);
+                  << get_template_definition(
+                         lib_name,
+                         "gemm_splitk",
+                         get_type_string(in.dtype()),
+                         get_type_string(out.dtype()),
+                         bm,
+                         bn,
+                         bk,
+                         wm,
+                         wn,
+                         transpose_a,
+                         transpose_b,
+                         mn_aligned,
+                         k_aligned);
     return kernel_source.str();
   });
   return d.get_kernel(kernel_name, lib);
@@ -510,13 +505,12 @@ MTL::ComputePipelineState* get_steel_gemm_splitk_accum_kernel(
     std::ostringstream kernel_source;
     kernel_source << metal::utils() << metal::gemm()
                   << metal::steel_gemm_splitk()
-                  << fmt::format(
-                         fmt::runtime(
-                             axbpy ? steel_gemm_splitk_accum_axbpy_kernels
-                                   : steel_gemm_splitk_accum_kernels),
-                         "name"_a = lib_name,
-                         "atype"_a = get_type_string(in.dtype()),
-                         "otype"_a = get_type_string(out.dtype()));
+                  << get_template_definition(
+                         lib_name,
+                         axbpy ? "gemm_splitk_accum_axpby"
+                               : "gemm_splitk_accum",
+                         get_type_string(in.dtype()),
+                         get_type_string(out.dtype()));
     return kernel_source.str();
   });
   return d.get_kernel(kernel_name, lib);
@@ -547,21 +541,21 @@ MTL::ComputePipelineState* get_steel_gemm_masked_kernel(
         mask_op.has_value() ? get_type_string((*mask_op).dtype()) : "nomask_t";
     kernel_source << metal::utils() << metal::gemm()
                   << metal::steel_gemm_masked()
-                  << fmt::format(
-                         steel_gemm_masked_kernels,
-                         "name"_a = lib_name,
-                         "itype"_a = get_type_string(out.dtype()),
-                         "outmasktype"_a = out_mask_type,
-                         "opmasktype"_a = op_mask_type,
-                         "bm"_a = bm,
-                         "bn"_a = bn,
-                         "bk"_a = bk,
-                         "wm"_a = wm,
-                         "wn"_a = wn,
-                         "trans_a"_a = transpose_a,
-                         "trans_b"_a = transpose_b,
-                         "mn_aligned"_a = mn_aligned,
-                         "k_aligned"_a = k_aligned);
+                  << get_template_definition(
+                         lib_name,
+                         "block_masked_gemm",
+                         get_type_string(out.dtype()),
+                         out_mask_type,
+                         op_mask_type,
+                         bm,
+                         bn,
+                         bk,
+                         wm,
+                         wn,
+                         transpose_a,
+                         transpose_b,
+                         mn_aligned,
+                         k_aligned);
     return kernel_source.str();
   });
   return d.get_kernel(kernel_name, lib);
@@ -590,20 +584,19 @@ MTL::ComputePipelineState* get_gemv_masked_kernel(
     auto op_mask_type =
         mask_op.has_value() ? get_type_string((*mask_op).dtype()) : "nomask_t";
     kernel_source << metal::utils() << metal::gemv_masked()
-                  << fmt::format(
-                         gemv_masked_kernel,
-                         "name"_a = lib_name,
-                         "itype"_a = get_type_string(out.dtype()),
-                         "outm_t"_a = out_mask_type,
-                         "opm_t"_a = op_mask_type,
-                         "bm"_a = bm,
-                         "bn"_a = bn,
-                         "sm"_a = sm,
-                         "sn"_a = sn,
-                         "tm"_a = tm,
-                         "tn"_a = tn,
-                         "trans"_a = transpose_mat ? "t_" : "",
-                         "nc"_a = contiguous ? "0" : "1");
+                  << get_template_definition(
+                         lib_name,
+                         (transpose_mat) ? "gemv_t_masked" : "gemv_masked",
+                         get_type_string(out.dtype()),
+                         out_mask_type,
+                         op_mask_type,
+                         bm,
+                         bn,
+                         sm,
+                         sn,
+                         tm,
+                         tn,
+                         contiguous ? 0 : 1);
     return kernel_source.str();
   });
   return d.get_kernel(kernel_name, lib);
@@ -624,17 +617,17 @@ MTL::ComputePipelineState* get_steel_conv_kernel(
   auto lib = d.get_library(lib_name, [&]() {
     std::ostringstream kernel_source;
     kernel_source << metal::utils() << metal::conv() << metal::steel_conv()
-                  << fmt::format(
-                         steel_conv_kernels,
-                         "name"_a = lib_name,
-                         "itype"_a = get_type_string(out.dtype()),
-                         "bm"_a = bm,
-                         "bn"_a = bn,
-                         "bk"_a = bk,
-                         "wm"_a = wm,
-                         "wn"_a = wn,
-                         "n_channels"_a = n_channel_specialization,
-                         "small_filter"_a = small_filter);
+                  << get_template_definition(
+                         lib_name,
+                         "implicit_gemm_conv_2d",
+                         get_type_string(out.dtype()),
+                         bm,
+                         bn,
+                         bk,
+                         wm,
+                         wn,
+                         n_channel_specialization,
+                         small_filter);
     return kernel_source.str();
   });
   return d.get_kernel(kernel_name, lib);
@@ -654,15 +647,15 @@ MTL::ComputePipelineState* get_steel_conv_general_kernel(
     std::ostringstream kernel_source;
     kernel_source << metal::utils() << metal::conv()
                   << metal::steel_conv_general()
-                  << fmt::format(
-                         steel_conv_general_kernels,
-                         "name"_a = lib_name,
-                         "itype"_a = get_type_string(out.dtype()),
-                         "bm"_a = bm,
-                         "bn"_a = bn,
-                         "bk"_a = bk,
-                         "wm"_a = wm,
-                         "wn"_a = wn);
+                  << get_template_definition(
+                         lib_name,
+                         "implicit_gemm_conv_2d_general",
+                         get_type_string(out.dtype()),
+                         bm,
+                         bn,
+                         bk,
+                         wm,
+                         wn);
     return kernel_source.str();
   });
   return d.get_kernel(kernel_name, lib);

mlx/backend/metal/kernels.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright © 2024 Apple Inc.
 
-#include <fmt/format.h>
+#include <format>
 
 #include "mlx/array.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/metal/device.h"
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ get_template_definition(std::string name, std::string func, Args... args) {
   };
   (add_arg(args), ...);
   s << ">";
-  return fmt::format(
+  return std::format(
       "\ntemplate [[host_name(\"{0}\")]] [[kernel]] decltype({1}) {1};\n",
       name,
       s.str());

mlx/backend/metal/primitives.cpp

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ array compute_dynamic_offset(
   auto dtype = indices.dtype();
   std::string lib_name = "compute_dynamic_offset_" + type_to_name(dtype);
   auto lib = d.get_library(lib_name, [dtype]() {
-    return fmt::format(
+    return std::format(
         R"(
         [[kernel]] void compute_dynamic_offset_{0}(
             constant const {1}* indices [[buffer(0)]],