primitives.h

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// Copyright © 2023-2024 Apple Inc.
 
#pragma once
 
#include <unordered_set>
 
#include "mlx/array.h"
#include "mlx/device.h"
#include "mlx/io/load.h"
#include "mlx/stream.h"
 
#define DEFINE_VMAP()                                                 \
  virtual std::pair<std::vector<array>, std::vector<int>> vmap(       \
      const std::vector<array>& inputs, const std::vector<int>& axes) \
      override;
 
#define DEFINE_GRADS()                           \
  std::vector<array> jvp(                        \
      const std::vector<array>& primals,         \
      const std::vector<array>& tangents,        \
      const std::vector<int>& argnums) override; \
                                                 \
  std::vector<array> vjp(                        \
      const std::vector<array>& primals,         \
      const std::vector<array>& cotangents,      \
      const std::vector<int>& argnums,           \
      const std::vector<array>& outputs) override;
 
#define DEFINE_PRINT(PRIMITIVE)           \
  void print(std::ostream& os) override { \
    os << #PRIMITIVE;                     \
  }
 
#define DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()                        \
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override { \
    return true;                                              \
  }
 
#define DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()                \
  std::vector<std::vector<int>> output_shapes(     \
      const std::vector<array>& inputs) override { \
    return {inputs[0].shape()};                    \
  }
 
namespace mlx::core {
 
// Abstract base class
class Primitive {
 public:
  explicit Primitive(Stream stream) : stream_(stream) {}
 
  const Device& device() {
    return stream().device;
  }
 
  const Stream& stream() {
    return stream_;
  }
 
  virtual void eval_cpu(
      const std::vector<array>& inputs,
      std::vector<array>& outputs) = 0;
  virtual void eval_gpu(
      const std::vector<array>& inputs,
      std::vector<array>& outputs) = 0;
 
  virtual std::vector<array> jvp(
      const std::vector<array>& primals,
      const std::vector<array>& tangents,
      const std::vector<int>& argnums);
 
  virtual std::vector<array> vjp(
      const std::vector<array>& primals,
      const std::vector<array>& cotangents,
      const std::vector<int>& argnums,
      const std::vector<array>& outputs);
 
  virtual std::pair<std::vector<array>, std::vector<int>> vmap(
      const std::vector<array>& inputs,
      const std::vector<int>& axes);
 
  virtual void print(std::ostream& os) = 0;
 
  virtual bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const {
    return false;
  }
 
  virtual std::vector<std::vector<int>> output_shapes(
      const std::vector<array>& inputs);
 
  virtual ~Primitive() = default;
  Primitive(const Primitive& other) = delete;
  Primitive(Primitive&& other) = delete;
  Primitive& operator=(const Primitive& other) = delete;
  Primitive& operator=(Primitive&& other) = delete;
 
 private:
  // Every primitive stores the stream it should run in
  Stream stream_;
};
 
class UnaryPrimitive : public Primitive {
 public:
  explicit UnaryPrimitive(Stream stream) : Primitive(stream) {}
 
  virtual void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& output) = 0;
  virtual void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& output) = 0;
 
  inline void eval_cpu(
      const std::vector<array>& inputs,
      std::vector<array>& outputs) override {
    eval_cpu(inputs, outputs[0]);
  }
  inline void eval_gpu(
      const std::vector<array>& inputs,
      std::vector<array>& outputs) override {
    eval_gpu(inputs, outputs[0]);
  }
 
  virtual ~UnaryPrimitive() = default;
  UnaryPrimitive(const UnaryPrimitive& other) = delete;
  UnaryPrimitive(UnaryPrimitive&& other) = delete;
  UnaryPrimitive& operator=(const UnaryPrimitive& other) = delete;
  UnaryPrimitive& operator=(UnaryPrimitive&& other) = delete;
};
 
class Abs : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Abs(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Abs)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Add : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Add(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Add)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class AddMM : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit AddMM(Stream stream, float alpha, float beta)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), alpha_(alpha), beta_(beta) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  std::vector<array> vjp(
      const std::vector<array>& primals,
      const std::vector<array>& cotangents,
      const std::vector<int>& argnums,
      const std::vector<array>& outputs) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_PRINT(AddMM)
 
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  const float alpha_;
  const float beta_;
};
 
class Arange : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Arange(Stream stream, double start, double stop, double step)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), start_(start), stop_(stop), step_(step) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_PRINT(Arange)
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  double start_;
  double stop_;
  double step_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class ArcCos : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit ArcCos(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(ArcCos)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class ArcCosh : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit ArcCosh(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(ArcCosh)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class ArcSin : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit ArcSin(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(ArcSin)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class ArcSinh : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit ArcSinh(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(ArcSinh)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class ArcTan : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit ArcTan(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(ArcTan)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class ArcTan2 : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit ArcTan2(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(ArcTan2)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class ArcTanh : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit ArcTanh(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(ArcTanh)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class ArgPartition : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit ArgPartition(Stream stream, int kth, int axis)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), kth_(kth), axis_(axis) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(ArgPartition)
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  int kth_;
  int axis_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class ArgReduce : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  enum ReduceType {
    ArgMin,
    ArgMax,
  };
 
  explicit ArgReduce(Stream stream, ReduceType reduce_type, int axis)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), reduce_type_(reduce_type), axis_(axis) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(ArgReduce)
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
  std::vector<std::vector<int>> output_shapes(
      const std::vector<array>& inputs) override;
 
 private:
  ReduceType reduce_type_;
  int axis_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class ArgSort : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit ArgSort(Stream stream, int axis)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), axis_(axis) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_PRINT(ArgSort)
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  int axis_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class AsType : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit AsType(Stream stream, Dtype dtype)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), dtype_(dtype) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(AsType)
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  Dtype dtype_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class AsStrided : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit AsStrided(
      Stream stream,
      std::vector<int> shape,
      std::vector<size_t> strides,
      size_t offset)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream),
        shape_(std::move(shape)),
        strides_(std::move(strides)),
        offset_(offset) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(AsStrided)
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  std::vector<int> shape_;
  std::vector<size_t> strides_;
  size_t offset_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class BitwiseBinary : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  enum Op { And, Or, Xor, LeftShift, RightShift };
 
  explicit BitwiseBinary(Stream stream, Op op)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), op_(op) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
  void print(std::ostream& os) override;
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  Op op_;
};
 
class BlockMaskedMM : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit BlockMaskedMM(Stream stream, int block_size)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), block_size_(block_size) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  std::vector<array> vjp(
      const std::vector<array>& primals,
      const std::vector<array>& cotangents,
      const std::vector<int>& argnums,
      const std::vector<array>& outputs) override;
 
  DEFINE_PRINT(BlockMaskedMM)
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  int block_size_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class GatherMM : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit GatherMM(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  std::vector<array> vjp(
      const std::vector<array>& primals,
      const std::vector<array>& cotangents,
      const std::vector<int>& argnums,
      const std::vector<array>& outputs) override;
 
  DEFINE_PRINT(GatherMM)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Broadcast : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Broadcast(Stream stream, const std::vector<int>& shape)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), shape_(shape) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Broadcast)
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  std::vector<int> shape_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Ceil : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Ceil(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Ceil)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Compiled : public Primitive {
 public:
  /*
   * The inputs, outputs and tape are either tracers or constants.
   * - The tape should not contain the inputs, but it should contain the
   *   outputs.
   * - The tape should also have only one array per primitive for multi-output
   *   primitives.
   * - The constant_ids contains ids of arrays in the input list that are safe
   *   to treat as scalar constants.
   */
  explicit Compiled(
      Stream stream,
      std::vector<array> inputs,
      std::vector<array> outputs,
      std::vector<array> tape,
      std::unordered_set<uintptr_t> constant_ids);
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs)
      override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs)
      override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  std::vector<std::vector<int>> output_shapes(
      const std::vector<array>& inputs) override;
  void print(std::ostream& os) override;
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
  std::string lib_name() const {
    return kernel_lib_;
  }
 
 private:
  const std::vector<array> inputs_;
  const std::vector<array> outputs_;
  const std::vector<array> tape_;
  const std::unordered_set<uintptr_t> constant_ids_;
 
  std::string kernel_lib_;
};
 
class Concatenate : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Concatenate(Stream stream, int axis)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), axis_(axis) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Concatenate)
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  int axis_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Conjugate : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Conjugate(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Conjugate)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Convolution : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Convolution(
      Stream stream,
      const std::vector<int>& kernel_strides,
      const std::vector<int>& padding,
      const std::vector<int>& kernel_dilation,
      const std::vector<int>& input_dilation,
      const int groups = 1,
      const bool flip = false)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream),
        padding_(padding),
        kernel_strides_(kernel_strides),
        kernel_dilation_(kernel_dilation),
        input_dilation_(input_dilation),
        groups_(groups),
        flip_(flip) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  std::vector<array> vjp(
      const std::vector<array>& primals,
      const std::vector<array>& cotangents,
      const std::vector<int>& argnums,
      const std::vector<array>& outputs) override;
 
  DEFINE_PRINT(Convolution)
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  std::vector<int> padding_;
  std::vector<int> kernel_strides_;
  std::vector<int> kernel_dilation_;
  std::vector<int> input_dilation_;
  int groups_;
  bool flip_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Copy : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Copy(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Copy)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Cos : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Cos(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Cos)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Cosh : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Cosh(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Cosh)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class CustomTransforms : public Primitive {
 public:
  explicit CustomTransforms(
      Stream stream,
      int num_outputs,
      std::function<std::vector<array>(
          const std::vector<array>&,
          const std::vector<array>&,
          const std::vector<array>&)> vjp,
      std::function<std::vector<array>(
          const std::vector<array>&,
          const std::vector<array>&,
          const std::vector<int>&)> jvp,
      std::function<std::pair<std::vector<array>, std::vector<int>>(
          const std::vector<array>&,
          const std::vector<int>&)> vmap)
      : Primitive(stream),
        num_outputs_(num_outputs),
        vjp_fun_(std::move(vjp)),
        jvp_fun_(std::move(jvp)),
        vmap_fun_(std::move(vmap)) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs)
      override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs)
      override;
 
  DEFINE_GRADS();
  DEFINE_VMAP();
  DEFINE_PRINT(CustomTransforms);
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs);
 
  int num_outputs_;
 
  std::function<std::vector<array>(
      const std::vector<array>&,
      const std::vector<array>&,
      const std::vector<array>&)>
      vjp_fun_;
  std::function<std::vector<array>(
      const std::vector<array>&,
      const std::vector<array>&,
      const std::vector<int>&)>
      jvp_fun_;
  std::function<std::pair<std::vector<array>, std::vector<int>>(
      const std::vector<array>&,
      const std::vector<int>&)>
      vmap_fun_;
};
 
class Depends : public Primitive {
 public:
  explicit Depends(Stream stream) : Primitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs)
      override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs)
      override;
 
  std::vector<array> vjp(
      const std::vector<array>& primals,
      const std::vector<array>& cotan,
      const std::vector<int>& argnums,
      const std::vector<array>& outputs) override;
 
  DEFINE_PRINT(Depends);
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs);
};
 
class Divide : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Divide(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Divide)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class DivMod : public Primitive {
 public:
  explicit DivMod(Stream stream) : Primitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs)
      override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs)
      override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(DivMod)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  std::vector<std::vector<int>> output_shapes(
      const std::vector<array>& inputs) override {
    return std::vector{inputs[0].shape(), inputs[0].shape()};
  }
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs);
};
 
class Select : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Select(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Select)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Remainder : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Remainder(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Remainder)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Equal : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Equal(Stream stream, bool equal_nan = false)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), equal_nan_(equal_nan) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
  void print(std::ostream& os) override {
    if (equal_nan_) {
      os << "NaNEqual";
    } else {
      os << "Equal";
    }
  }
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
  bool equal_nan_;
};
 
class Erf : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Erf(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Erf)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class ErfInv : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit ErfInv(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(ErfInv)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Exp : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Exp(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Exp)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Expm1 : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Expm1(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Expm1)
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class FFT : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit FFT(
      Stream stream,
      const std::vector<size_t>& axes,
      bool inverse,
      bool real)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), axes_(axes), inverse_(inverse), real_(real) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(FFT)
 
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  std::vector<size_t> axes_;
  bool inverse_;
  bool real_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Floor : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Floor(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Floor)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Full : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Full(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Full)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Gather : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Gather(
      Stream stream,
      const std::vector<int>& axes,
      const std::vector<int>& slice_sizes)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), axes_(axes), slice_sizes_(slice_sizes) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Gather)
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
  std::vector<int> axes_;
  std::vector<int> slice_sizes_;
};
 
class Greater : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Greater(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Greater)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class GreaterEqual : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit GreaterEqual(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(GreaterEqual)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Hadamard : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Hadamard(Stream stream, float scale)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), scale_(scale) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Hadamard)
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  float scale_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Imag : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Imag(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Imag)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
};
 
class Less : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Less(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Less)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class LessEqual : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit LessEqual(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(LessEqual)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Load : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Load(
      Stream stream,
      std::shared_ptr<io::Reader> reader,
      size_t offset,
      bool swap_endianness = false)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream),
        reader_(std::move(reader)),
        offset_(offset),
        swap_endianness_(swap_endianness) {
    if (stream.device == Device::gpu) {
      io_stream();
    }
  }
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_PRINT(Load)
 
 private:
  Stream& io_stream() {
    static Stream io_stream = new_stream(Device::cpu);
    return io_stream;
  };
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
  std::shared_ptr<io::Reader> reader_;
  size_t offset_;
  bool swap_endianness_;
};
 
class Log : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  enum Base { two, ten, e };
 
  explicit Log(Stream stream, Base base)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), base_(base) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
  void print(std::ostream& os) override {
    switch (base_) {
      case e:
        os << "Log";
        break;
      case two:
        os << "Log2";
        break;
      case ten:
        os << "Log10";
        break;
    }
  }
 
 private:
  Base base_;
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Log1p : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Log1p(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Log1p)
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class LogicalNot : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit LogicalNot(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(LogicalNot)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class LogicalAnd : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit LogicalAnd(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(LogicalAnd)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class LogicalOr : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit LogicalOr(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(LogicalOr)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class LogAddExp : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit LogAddExp(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(LogAddExp)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Matmul : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Matmul(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  std::vector<array> vjp(
      const std::vector<array>& primals,
      const std::vector<array>& cotangents,
      const std::vector<int>& argnums,
      const std::vector<array>& outputs) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Matmul)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
};
 
class Maximum : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Maximum(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Maximum)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Minimum : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Minimum(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Minimum)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Multiply : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Multiply(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Multiply)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Negative : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Negative(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Negative)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class NotEqual : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit NotEqual(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(NotEqual)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class NumberOfElements : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit NumberOfElements(
      Stream stream,
      std::vector<int> axes,
      bool inverted,
      Dtype dtype)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream),
        axes_(std::move(axes)),
        inverted_(inverted),
        dtype_(dtype) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_PRINT(NumberOfElements)
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
  std::vector<std::vector<int>> output_shapes(
      const std::vector<array>& inputs) override {
    return {{}};
  }
 
 private:
  std::vector<int> axes_;
  bool inverted_;
  Dtype dtype_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Pad : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Pad(
      Stream stream,
      const std::vector<int>& axes,
      const std::vector<int>& low_pad_size,
      const std::vector<int>& high_pad_size)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream),
        axes_(axes),
        low_pad_size_(low_pad_size),
        high_pad_size_(high_pad_size) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Pad)
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  std::vector<int> axes_;
  std::vector<int> low_pad_size_;
  std::vector<int> high_pad_size_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Partition : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Partition(Stream stream, int kth, int axis)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), kth_(kth), axis_(axis) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Partition)
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  int kth_;
  int axis_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Power : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Power(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Power)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class QuantizedMatmul : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit QuantizedMatmul(
      Stream stream,
      int group_size,
      int bits,
      bool transpose)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream),
        group_size_(group_size),
        bits_(bits),
        transpose_(transpose) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(QuantizedMatmul)
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  int group_size_;
  int bits_;
  bool transpose_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class GatherQMM : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit GatherQMM(Stream stream, int group_size, int bits, bool transpose)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream),
        group_size_(group_size),
        bits_(bits),
        transpose_(transpose) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(GatherQMM)
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  int group_size_;
  int bits_;
  bool transpose_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class RandomBits : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit RandomBits(Stream stream, const std::vector<int>& shape, int width)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), shape_(shape), width_(width) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_PRINT(RandomBits)
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  std::vector<int> shape_;
  int width_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Real : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Real(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Real)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
};
 
class Reshape : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Reshape(Stream stream, const std::vector<int>& shape)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), shape_(shape) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Reshape)
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  std::vector<int> shape_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
 
  std::pair<bool, std::vector<size_t>> prepare_reshape(
      const array& in,
      const array& out);
  void shared_buffer_reshape(
      const array& in,
      const std::vector<size_t>& out_strides,
      array& out);
};
 
class Reduce : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  enum ReduceType { And, Or, Sum, Prod, Min, Max };
 
  explicit Reduce(
      Stream stream,
      ReduceType reduce_type,
      const std::vector<int>& axes)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), reduce_type_(reduce_type), axes_(axes) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
 
  std::vector<array> vjp(
      const std::vector<array>& primals,
      const std::vector<array>& cotangents,
      const std::vector<int>& argnums,
      const std::vector<array>& outputs) override;
 
  std::vector<std::vector<int>> output_shapes(
      const std::vector<array>& inputs) override;
 
  void print(std::ostream& os) override {
    switch (reduce_type_) {
      case And:
        os << "And";
        break;
      case Or:
        os << "Or";
        break;
      case Sum:
        os << "Sum";
        break;
      case Prod:
        os << "Prod";
        break;
      case Min:
        os << "Min";
        break;
      case Max:
        os << "Max";
        break;
    }
  }
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  ReduceType reduce_type_;
  std::vector<int> axes_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Round : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Round(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Round)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Scan : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  enum ReduceType { Max, Min, Sum, Prod };
 
  explicit Scan(
      Stream stream,
      ReduceType reduce_type,
      int axis,
      bool reverse,
      bool inclusive)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream),
        reduce_type_(reduce_type),
        axis_(axis),
        reverse_(reverse),
        inclusive_(inclusive) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS();
 
  void print(std::ostream& os) override {
    os << "Cum";
    switch (reduce_type_) {
      case Sum:
        os << "Sum";
        break;
      case Prod:
        os << "Prod";
        break;
      case Min:
        os << "Min";
        break;
      case Max:
        os << "Max";
        break;
    }
  }
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  ReduceType reduce_type_;
  int axis_;
  bool reverse_;
  bool inclusive_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Scatter : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  enum ReduceType { Max, Min, Sum, Prod, None };
 
  explicit Scatter(
      Stream stream,
      ReduceType reduce_type,
      const std::vector<int>& axes)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), reduce_type_(reduce_type), axes_(axes) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP();
  DEFINE_GRADS();
 
  void print(std::ostream& os) override {
    os << "Scatter";
    switch (reduce_type_) {
      case Sum:
        os << " Sum";
        break;
      case Prod:
        os << " Prod";
        break;
      case Min:
        os << " Min";
        break;
      case Max:
        os << " Max";
        break;
      case None:
        break;
    }
  }
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
  ReduceType reduce_type_;
  std::vector<int> axes_;
};
 
class Sigmoid : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Sigmoid(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Sigmoid)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Sign : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Sign(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Sign)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Sin : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Sin(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Sin)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Sinh : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Sinh(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Sinh)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Slice : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Slice(
      Stream stream,
      const std::vector<int>& start_indices,
      const std::vector<int>& end_indices,
      const std::vector<int>& strides)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream),
        start_indices_(start_indices),
        end_indices_(end_indices),
        strides_(strides) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Slice)
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  std::vector<int> start_indices_;
  std::vector<int> end_indices_;
  std::vector<int> strides_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class SliceUpdate : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit SliceUpdate(
      Stream stream,
      const std::vector<int>& start_indices,
      const std::vector<int>& end_indices,
      const std::vector<int>& strides)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream),
        start_indices_(start_indices),
        end_indices_(end_indices),
        strides_(strides) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(SliceUpdate)
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  std::vector<int> start_indices_;
  std::vector<int> end_indices_;
  std::vector<int> strides_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
 
  std::tuple<int64_t, std::vector<int64_t>> prepare_slice(const array& in);
};
 
class Softmax : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Softmax(Stream stream, bool precise)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), precise_(precise) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Softmax)
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
  bool precise_;
};
 
class Sort : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Sort(Stream stream, int axis)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), axis_(axis) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Sort)
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  int axis_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Split : public Primitive {
 public:
  explicit Split(Stream stream, const std::vector<int>& indices, int axis)
      : Primitive(stream), indices_(indices), axis_(axis) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs)
      override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs)
      override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Split)
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs);
 
  std::vector<int> indices_;
  int axis_;
};
 
class Square : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Square(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Square)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Sqrt : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Sqrt(Stream stream, bool recip = false)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), recip_(recip) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
  void print(std::ostream& os) override {
    if (recip_) {
      os << "Rsqrt";
    } else {
      os << "Sqrt";
    }
  }
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
  bool recip_;
};
 
class StopGradient : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit StopGradient(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_PRINT(StopGradient)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Subtract : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Subtract(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Subtract)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Tan : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Tan(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Tan)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Tanh : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Tanh(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Tanh)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
  DEFINE_INPUT_OUTPUT_SHAPE()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class Uniform : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Uniform(Stream stream) : UnaryPrimitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Uniform)
  DEFINE_DEFAULT_IS_EQUIVALENT()
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
class View : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit View(Stream stream, Dtype dtype)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), dtype_(dtype) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  void print(std::ostream& os) override;
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  Dtype dtype_;
};
 
class Transpose : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Transpose(Stream stream, const std::vector<int>& axes)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), axes_(axes) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_GRADS()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Transpose)
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override;
 
 private:
  std::vector<int> axes_;
 
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out);
};
 
/* QR Factorization primitive. */
class QRF : public Primitive {
 public:
  explicit QRF(Stream stream) : Primitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs)
      override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs)
      override;
 
  DEFINE_PRINT(QRF)
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs);
};
 
/* SVD primitive. */
class SVD : public Primitive {
 public:
  explicit SVD(Stream stream) : Primitive(stream) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs)
      override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs)
      override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_PRINT(SVD)
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs);
};
 
/* Matrix inversion primitive. */
class Inverse : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Inverse(Stream stream, bool tri, bool upper)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), tri_(tri), upper_(upper) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& output) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& output) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Inverse)
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& output);
  bool tri_;
  bool upper_;
};
 
class Cholesky : public UnaryPrimitive {
 public:
  explicit Cholesky(Stream stream, bool upper)
      : UnaryPrimitive(stream), upper_(upper) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Cholesky)
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& output);
  bool upper_;
};
 
class Eigh : public Primitive {
 public:
  explicit Eigh(Stream stream, std::string uplo, bool compute_eigenvectors)
      : Primitive(stream),
        uplo_(std::move(uplo)),
        compute_eigenvectors_(compute_eigenvectors) {}
 
  void eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs)
      override;
  void eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs)
      override;
 
  DEFINE_VMAP()
  DEFINE_PRINT(Eigh)
 
  std::vector<std::vector<int>> output_shapes(
      const std::vector<array>& inputs) override {
    auto shape = inputs[0].shape();
    shape.pop_back(); // Remove last dimension for eigenvalues
    if (compute_eigenvectors_) {
      return {shape, inputs[0].shape()}; // Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
    } else {
      return {shape}; // Only eigenvalues
    }
  }
 
  bool is_equivalent(const Primitive& other) const override {
    if (auto* p = dynamic_cast<const Eigh*>(&other)) {
      return uplo_ == p->uplo_ &&
          compute_eigenvectors_ == p->compute_eigenvectors_;
    }
    return false;
  }
 
 private:
  void eval(const std::vector<array>& inputs, std::vector<array>& outputs);
  std::string uplo_;
  bool compute_eigenvectors_;
};
 
} // namespace mlx::core