Bootstrap most of Spack dependencies using environments (#34029)

This commit reworks the bootstrapping procedure to use Spack environments 
as much as possible.

The `spack.bootstrap` module has also been reorganized into a Python package. 
A distinction is made among "core" Spack dependencies (clingo, GnuPG, patchelf)
and other dependencies. For a number of reasons, explained in the `spack.bootstrap.core`
module docstring, "core" dependencies are bootstrapped with the current ad-hoc
method. 

All the other dependencies are instead bootstrapped using a Spack environment
that lives in a directory specific to the interpreter and the architecture being used.

.github/workflows/unit_tests.yaml

@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ jobs:
       shell: runuser -u spack-test -- bash {0}
       run: |
           source share/spack/setup-env.sh
-          spack -d solve zlib
+          spack -d bootstrap now --dev
           spack unit-test -k 'not cvs and not svn and not hg' -x --verbose
   # Test for the clingo based solver (using clingo-cffi)
   clingo-cffi: