Lock, database and store don't need global configuration on construction (#33495)

Lock objects can now be instantiated independently,
without being tied to the global configuration. The
same is true for database and store objects.

The database __init__ method has been simplified to
take a single lock configuration object. Some common
lock configurations (e.g. NO_LOCK or NO_TIMEOUT) have
been named and are provided as globals.

The use_store context manager keeps the configuration
consistent by pushing and popping an internal scope.
It can also be tuned by passing extra data to set up
e.g. upstreams or anything else that might be related
to the store.

lib/spack/llnl/util/lang.py

@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ def __getattr__(self, name):
         # 'instance'/'_instance' to be defined or it will enter an infinite
         # loop, so protect against that here.
         if name in ["_instance", "instance"]:
-            raise AttributeError()
+            raise AttributeError(f"cannot create {name}")
         return getattr(self.instance, name)
 
     def __getitem__(self, name):