Update decompression support on Windows (#25185)

Most package installations include compressed source files. This
adds support for common archive types on Windows:

* Add support for using system 7zip functionality to decompress .Z
  files when available (and on Windows, use 7zip for .xz archives)
* Default to using built-in Python support for tar/bz2 decompression
  (note that Python tar documentation mentions preservation of file
  permissions)
* Add tests for decompression support
* Extract logic for handling exploding archives (i.e. compressed
  archives that expand to more than one base file) into an
  exploding_archive_catch context manager in the filesystem module

var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/7zip/noexcept_typedef.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+diff --git a/CPP/7zip/UI/Common/Update.cpp b/CPP/7zip/UI/Common/Update.prev.cpp
+index 451b12c..3be3781 100644
+--- a/CPP/7zip/UI/Common/Update.cpp
++++ b/CPP/7zip/UI/Common/Update.prev.cpp
+@@ -1075,11 +1075,7 @@ static HRESULT EnumerateInArchiveItems(
+ 
+ #if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(UNDER_CE)
+ 
+-#pragma push_macro("WIN_NOEXCEPT")
+-#undef WIN_NOEXCEPT
+-#define WIN_NOEXCEPT
+ #include <MAPI.h>
+-#pragma pop_macro("WIN_NOEXCEPT")
+ 
+ #endif
+ 

var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/7zip/package.py

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# Copyright 2013-2022 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
+# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+
+import glob
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import shutil
+
+from spack.package import *
+
+
+class _7zip(SourceforgePackage, Package):
+    """7-Zip is a file archiver for Windows"""
+
+    homepage = "https://sourceforge.net/projects/sevenzip"
+    sourceforge_mirror_path = 'sevenzip/files/7z2107-src.tar.xz'
+
+    executables = ['7z']
+
+    version('21.07', sha256='213d594407cb8efcba36610b152ca4921eda14163310b43903d13e68313e1e39')
+
+    variant('link_type', default='shared',
+            description='build shared and/or static libraries',
+            values=('static', 'shared'), multi=True)
+
+    phases = ['build', 'install']
+
+    conflicts('platform=linux')
+    conflicts('platform=darwin')
+    conflicts('platform=cray')
+
+    # TODO: Patch on WinSDK version 10.0.20348.0 when SDK is introduced to Spack
+    # This patch solves a known bug in that SDK version on the 7zip side
+    # right now patch for all versions to prevent build errors
+    patch('noexcept_typedef.patch', when='platform=windows')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def determine_version(cls, exe):
+        output = Executable(exe)('--help', output=str, error=str)
+        match = re.search(r'7-Zip ([0-9][0-9]*.[0-9][0-9])', output)
+        return match.group(1) if match else None
+
+    def url_version(self, version):
+        ver_str = str(version).replace('.', '')
+        return '7z' + ver_str
+
+    @property
+    def _7z_src_dir(self):
+        return os.path.join(self.stage.source_path, 'CPP', '7zip')
+
+    @property
+    def plat_arch(self):
+        """
+        String referencing platform architecture
+        filtered through 7zip's Windows build file
+        """
+        arch = platform.machine()
+        if arch.lower() == 'amd64':
+            arch = 'x64'
+        elif arch.lower() == 'i386':
+            arch = 'x86'
+        return arch
+
+    def is_64bit(self):
+        return platform.machine().endswith('64')
+
+    def build(self, spec, prefix):
+        link_type = '1' if 'static' in spec.variants['link_type'].value else '0'
+        nmake_args = ['PLATFORM=%s' % self.plat_arch,
+                      'MY_STATIC_LINK=%s' % link_type,
+                      'NEW_COMPILER=1']
+        # 7zips makefile is configured in such as way that if this value is set
+        # compiler paths with spaces are incorrectly parsed. Compiler will be infered
+        # from VCVARs on Windows
+        os.environ.pop('CC', None)
+        with working_dir(self._7z_src_dir):
+            nmake(*nmake_args)
+
+    def install(self, spec, prefix):
+        """7Zip exports no install target so we must hand install"""
+        arch_prefix = 'x64' if self.is_64bit() else 'x86'
+        path_roots = ['Bundles', 'UI']
+        exts = ['*.exe', '*.dll']
+        with working_dir(self._7z_src_dir):
+            for root in path_roots:
+                pth = os.path.join(root, '*', arch_prefix)
+                for ext in exts:
+                    glob_str = os.path.join(pth, ext)
+                    files = glob.glob(glob_str)
+                    [shutil.copy(os.path.join(self._7z_src_dir, x),
+                     os.path.join(prefix, os.path.basename(x))) for x in files]