diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/build_environment.py b/lib/spack/spack/build_environment.py
index d38617628bd..e240c996def 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/build_environment.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/build_environment.py
@@ -44,7 +44,19 @@
 from enum import Flag, auto
 from itertools import chain
 from multiprocessing.connection import Connection
-from typing import Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Tuple
+from typing import (
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Set,
+    TextIO,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    Union,
+    overload,
+)
 
 import archspec.cpu
 
@@ -146,48 +158,128 @@ def get_effective_jobs(jobs, parallel=True, supports_jobserver=False):
 
 
 class MakeExecutable(Executable):
-    """Special callable executable object for make so the user can specify
-    parallelism options on a per-invocation basis.  Specifying
-    'parallel' to the call will override whatever the package's
-    global setting is, so you can either default to true or false and
-    override particular calls. Specifying 'jobs_env' to a particular
-    call will name an environment variable which will be set to the
-    parallelism level (without affecting the normal invocation with
-    -j).
+    """Special callable executable object for make so the user can specify parallelism options
+    on a per-invocation basis.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, name, jobs, **kwargs):
-        supports_jobserver = kwargs.pop("supports_jobserver", True)
-        super().__init__(name, **kwargs)
+    def __init__(self, name: str, *, jobs: int, supports_jobserver: bool = True) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name)
         self.supports_jobserver = supports_jobserver
         self.jobs = jobs
 
-    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        """parallel, and jobs_env from kwargs are swallowed and used here;
-        remaining arguments are passed through to the superclass.
-        """
-        parallel = kwargs.pop("parallel", True)
-        jobs_env = kwargs.pop("jobs_env", None)
-        jobs_env_supports_jobserver = kwargs.pop("jobs_env_supports_jobserver", False)
+    @overload
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        *args: str,
+        parallel: bool = ...,
+        jobs_env: Optional[str] = ...,
+        jobs_env_supports_jobserver: bool = ...,
+        fail_on_error: bool = ...,
+        ignore_errors: Union[int, Sequence[int]] = ...,
+        ignore_quotes: Optional[bool] = ...,
+        timeout: Optional[int] = ...,
+        env: Optional[Union[Dict[str, str], EnvironmentModifications]] = ...,
+        extra_env: Optional[Union[Dict[str, str], EnvironmentModifications]] = ...,
+        input: Optional[TextIO] = ...,
+        output: Union[Optional[TextIO], str] = ...,
+        error: Union[Optional[TextIO], str] = ...,
+        _dump_env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = ...,
+    ) -> None: ...
 
+    @overload
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        *args: str,
+        parallel: bool = ...,
+        jobs_env: Optional[str] = ...,
+        jobs_env_supports_jobserver: bool = ...,
+        fail_on_error: bool = ...,
+        ignore_errors: Union[int, Sequence[int]] = ...,
+        ignore_quotes: Optional[bool] = ...,
+        timeout: Optional[int] = ...,
+        env: Optional[Union[Dict[str, str], EnvironmentModifications]] = ...,
+        extra_env: Optional[Union[Dict[str, str], EnvironmentModifications]] = ...,
+        input: Optional[TextIO] = ...,
+        output: Union[Type[str], Callable] = ...,
+        error: Union[Optional[TextIO], str, Type[str], Callable] = ...,
+        _dump_env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = ...,
+    ) -> str: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        *args: str,
+        parallel: bool = ...,
+        jobs_env: Optional[str] = ...,
+        jobs_env_supports_jobserver: bool = ...,
+        fail_on_error: bool = ...,
+        ignore_errors: Union[int, Sequence[int]] = ...,
+        ignore_quotes: Optional[bool] = ...,
+        timeout: Optional[int] = ...,
+        env: Optional[Union[Dict[str, str], EnvironmentModifications]] = ...,
+        extra_env: Optional[Union[Dict[str, str], EnvironmentModifications]] = ...,
+        input: Optional[TextIO] = ...,
+        output: Union[Optional[TextIO], str, Type[str], Callable] = ...,
+        error: Union[Type[str], Callable] = ...,
+        _dump_env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = ...,
+    ) -> str: ...
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        *args: str,
+        parallel: bool = True,
+        jobs_env: Optional[str] = None,
+        jobs_env_supports_jobserver: bool = False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Runs this "make" executable in a subprocess.
+
+        Args:
+            parallel: if False, parallelism is disabled
+            jobs_env: environment variable that will be set to the current level of parallelism
+            jobs_env_supports_jobserver: whether the jobs env supports a job server
+
+        For all the other **kwargs, refer to the base class.
+        """
         jobs = get_effective_jobs(
             self.jobs, parallel=parallel, supports_jobserver=self.supports_jobserver
         )
         if jobs is not None:
-            args = ("-j{0}".format(jobs),) + args
+            args = (f"-j{jobs}",) + args
 
         if jobs_env:
-            # Caller wants us to set an environment variable to
-            # control the parallelism.
+            # Caller wants us to set an environment variable to control the parallelism
             jobs_env_jobs = get_effective_jobs(
                 self.jobs, parallel=parallel, supports_jobserver=jobs_env_supports_jobserver
             )
             if jobs_env_jobs is not None:
-                kwargs["extra_env"] = {jobs_env: str(jobs_env_jobs)}
+                extra_env = kwargs.setdefault("extra_env", {})
+                extra_env.update({jobs_env: str(jobs_env_jobs)})
 
         return super().__call__(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
+class UndeclaredDependencyError(spack.error.SpackError):
+    """Raised if a dependency is invoking an executable through a module global, without
+    declaring a dependency on it.
+    """
+
+
+class DeprecatedExecutable:
+    def __init__(self, pkg: str, exe: str, exe_pkg: str) -> None:
+        self.pkg = pkg
+        self.exe = exe
+        self.exe_pkg = exe_pkg
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise UndeclaredDependencyError(
+            f"{self.pkg} is using {self.exe} without declaring a dependency on {self.exe_pkg}"
+        )
+
+    def add_default_env(self, key: str, value: str):
+        self.__call__()
+
+
 def clean_environment():
     # Stuff in here sanitizes the build environment to eliminate
     # anything the user has set that may interfere. We apply it immediately
@@ -621,10 +713,9 @@ def set_package_py_globals(pkg, context: Context = Context.BUILD):
         module.std_meson_args = spack.build_systems.meson.MesonBuilder.std_args(pkg)
         module.std_pip_args = spack.build_systems.python.PythonPipBuilder.std_args(pkg)
 
-    # TODO: make these build deps that can be installed if not found.
-    module.make = MakeExecutable("make", jobs)
-    module.gmake = MakeExecutable("gmake", jobs)
-    module.ninja = MakeExecutable("ninja", jobs, supports_jobserver=False)
+    module.make = DeprecatedExecutable(pkg.name, "make", "gmake")
+    module.gmake = DeprecatedExecutable(pkg.name, "gmake", "gmake")
+    module.ninja = DeprecatedExecutable(pkg.name, "ninja", "ninja")
     # TODO: johnwparent: add package or builder support to define these build tools
     # for now there is no entrypoint for builders to define these on their
     # own
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/build_systems/qmake.py b/lib/spack/spack/build_systems/qmake.py
index 6fd4ff5b94e..4bf6b994d1e 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/build_systems/qmake.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/build_systems/qmake.py
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ class QMakePackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
     build_system("qmake")
 
     depends_on("qmake", type="build", when="build_system=qmake")
+    depends_on("gmake", type="build")
 
 
 @spack.builder.builder("qmake")
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/package_base.py b/lib/spack/spack/package_base.py
index af5a4b8515b..b6dde08638c 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/package_base.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/package_base.py
@@ -1819,12 +1819,6 @@ def _has_make_target(self, target):
         Returns:
             bool: True if 'target' is found, else False
         """
-        # Prevent altering LC_ALL for 'make' outside this function
-        make = copy.deepcopy(self.module.make)
-
-        # Use English locale for missing target message comparison
-        make.add_default_env("LC_ALL", "C")
-
         # Check if we have a Makefile
         for makefile in ["GNUmakefile", "Makefile", "makefile"]:
             if os.path.exists(makefile):
@@ -1833,6 +1827,12 @@ def _has_make_target(self, target):
             tty.debug("No Makefile found in the build directory")
             return False
 
+        # Prevent altering LC_ALL for 'make' outside this function
+        make = copy.deepcopy(self.module.make)
+
+        # Use English locale for missing target message comparison
+        make.add_default_env("LC_ALL", "C")
+
         # Check if 'target' is a valid target.
         #
         # `make -n target` performs a "dry run". It prints the commands that
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/test/build_systems.py b/lib/spack/spack/test/build_systems.py
index de658bd80e5..0b35a67005f 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/test/build_systems.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/test/build_systems.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 import spack.paths
 import spack.platforms
 import spack.platforms.test
-from spack.build_environment import ChildError, setup_package
+from spack.build_environment import ChildError, MakeExecutable, setup_package
 from spack.installer import PackageInstaller
 from spack.spec import Spec
 from spack.util.executable import which
@@ -29,10 +29,12 @@
 
 
 @pytest.fixture()
-def concretize_and_setup(default_mock_concretization):
+def concretize_and_setup(default_mock_concretization, monkeypatch):
     def _func(spec_str):
         s = default_mock_concretization(spec_str)
         setup_package(s.package, False)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(s.package.module, "make", MakeExecutable("make", jobs=1))
+        monkeypatch.setattr(s.package.module, "ninja", MakeExecutable("ninja", jobs=1))
         return s
 
     return _func
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/test/make_executable.py b/lib/spack/spack/test/make_executable.py
index a47093345d7..58117c18a1e 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/test/make_executable.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/test/make_executable.py
@@ -29,31 +29,31 @@ def make_executable(tmp_path, working_env):
 
 
 def test_make_normal():
-    make = MakeExecutable("make", 8)
+    make = MakeExecutable("make", jobs=8)
     assert make(output=str).strip() == "-j8"
     assert make("install", output=str).strip() == "-j8 install"
 
 
 def test_make_explicit():
-    make = MakeExecutable("make", 8)
+    make = MakeExecutable("make", jobs=8)
     assert make(parallel=True, output=str).strip() == "-j8"
     assert make("install", parallel=True, output=str).strip() == "-j8 install"
 
 
 def test_make_one_job():
-    make = MakeExecutable("make", 1)
+    make = MakeExecutable("make", jobs=1)
     assert make(output=str).strip() == "-j1"
     assert make("install", output=str).strip() == "-j1 install"
 
 
 def test_make_parallel_false():
-    make = MakeExecutable("make", 8)
+    make = MakeExecutable("make", jobs=8)
     assert make(parallel=False, output=str).strip() == "-j1"
     assert make("install", parallel=False, output=str).strip() == "-j1 install"
 
 
 def test_make_parallel_disabled(monkeypatch):
-    make = MakeExecutable("make", 8)
+    make = MakeExecutable("make", jobs=8)
 
     monkeypatch.setenv("SPACK_NO_PARALLEL_MAKE", "true")
     assert make(output=str).strip() == "-j1"
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ def test_make_parallel_disabled(monkeypatch):
 
 
 def test_make_parallel_precedence(monkeypatch):
-    make = MakeExecutable("make", 8)
+    make = MakeExecutable("make", jobs=8)
 
     # These should work
     monkeypatch.setenv("SPACK_NO_PARALLEL_MAKE", "true")
@@ -96,21 +96,21 @@ def test_make_parallel_precedence(monkeypatch):
 
 
 def test_make_jobs_env():
-    make = MakeExecutable("make", 8)
+    make = MakeExecutable("make", jobs=8)
     dump_env = {}
     assert make(output=str, jobs_env="MAKE_PARALLELISM", _dump_env=dump_env).strip() == "-j8"
     assert dump_env["MAKE_PARALLELISM"] == "8"
 
 
 def test_make_jobserver(monkeypatch):
-    make = MakeExecutable("make", 8)
+    make = MakeExecutable("make", jobs=8)
     monkeypatch.setenv("MAKEFLAGS", "--jobserver-auth=X,Y")
     assert make(output=str).strip() == ""
     assert make(parallel=False, output=str).strip() == "-j1"
 
 
 def test_make_jobserver_not_supported(monkeypatch):
-    make = MakeExecutable("make", 8, supports_jobserver=False)
+    make = MakeExecutable("make", jobs=8, supports_jobserver=False)
     monkeypatch.setenv("MAKEFLAGS", "--jobserver-auth=X,Y")
     # Currently fallback on default job count, Maybe it should force -j1 ?
     assert make(output=str).strip() == "-j8"
diff --git a/var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/gmake/package.py b/var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/gmake/package.py
index e21813b70cc..4a2415cfc97 100644
--- a/var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/gmake/package.py
+++ b/var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/gmake/package.py
@@ -16,3 +16,8 @@ class Gmake(Package):
 
     def do_stage(self):
         mkdirp(self.stage.source_path)
+
+    def setup_dependent_package(self, module, dspec):
+        module.make = MakeExecutable(
+            "make", jobs=determine_number_of_jobs(parallel=dspec.package.parallel)
+        )
diff --git a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/clingo-bootstrap/package.py b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/clingo-bootstrap/package.py
index 89578214976..a643867d631 100644
--- a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/clingo-bootstrap/package.py
+++ b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/clingo-bootstrap/package.py
@@ -108,7 +108,9 @@ def pgo_train(self):
         # Run spack solve --fresh hdf5 with instrumented clingo.
         python_runtime_env = EnvironmentModifications()
         python_runtime_env.extend(
-            spack.user_environment.environment_modifications_for_specs(self.spec)
+            spack.user_environment.environment_modifications_for_specs(
+                self.spec, set_package_py_globals=False
+            )
         )
         python_runtime_env.unset("SPACK_ENV")
         python_runtime_env.unset("SPACK_PYTHON")
diff --git a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/fltk/package.py b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/fltk/package.py
index 522492cec4f..e75f2ebacae 100644
--- a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/fltk/package.py
+++ b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/fltk/package.py
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ class Fltk(Package):
 
     depends_on("c", type="build")  # generated
     depends_on("cxx", type="build")  # generated
+    depends_on("gmake", type="build")
 
     depends_on("libx11")
 
diff --git a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/gmake/package.py b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/gmake/package.py
index ad9f72f6d77..ecc9b9ee7bc 100644
--- a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/gmake/package.py
+++ b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/gmake/package.py
@@ -96,5 +96,6 @@ def install(self, spec, prefix):
 
     def setup_dependent_package(self, module, dspec):
         module.make = MakeExecutable(
-            self.spec.prefix.bin.make, determine_number_of_jobs(parallel=dspec.package.parallel)
+            self.spec.prefix.bin.make,
+            jobs=determine_number_of_jobs(parallel=dspec.package.parallel),
         )
diff --git a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/mfem/package.py b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/mfem/package.py
index d58e66eaf23..52d459e4167 100644
--- a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/mfem/package.py
+++ b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/mfem/package.py
@@ -158,6 +158,7 @@ class Mfem(Package, CudaPackage, ROCmPackage):
     )
 
     depends_on("cxx", type="build")  # generated
+    depends_on("gmake", type="build")
 
     variant("static", default=True, description="Build static library")
     variant("shared", default=False, description="Build shared library")
diff --git a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/ninja-fortran/package.py b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/ninja-fortran/package.py
index cf4a1634648..5bb0bb2ea91 100644
--- a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/ninja-fortran/package.py
+++ b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/ninja-fortran/package.py
@@ -97,6 +97,6 @@ def setup_dependent_package(self, module, dspec):
 
         module.ninja = MakeExecutable(
             which_string(name, path=[self.spec.prefix.bin], required=True),
-            determine_number_of_jobs(parallel=dspec.package.parallel),
+            jobs=determine_number_of_jobs(parallel=dspec.package.parallel),
             supports_jobserver=True,  # This fork supports jobserver
         )
diff --git a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/ninja/package.py b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/ninja/package.py
index a7b725b95b9..19be46d2928 100644
--- a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/ninja/package.py
+++ b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/ninja/package.py
@@ -104,6 +104,6 @@ def setup_dependent_package(self, module, dspec):
 
         module.ninja = MakeExecutable(
             which_string(name, path=[self.spec.prefix.bin], required=True),
-            determine_number_of_jobs(parallel=dspec.package.parallel),
+            jobs=determine_number_of_jobs(parallel=dspec.package.parallel),
             supports_jobserver=self.spec.version == ver("kitware"),
         )
diff --git a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/qt/package.py b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/qt/package.py
index 60069efd47d..899980cca16 100644
--- a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/qt/package.py
+++ b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/qt/package.py
@@ -208,6 +208,8 @@ class Qt(Package):
             depends_on("assimp@5.0.0:5", when="@5.5:+opengl")
             depends_on("sqlite+column_metadata", when="+sql", type=("build", "run"))
             depends_on("inputproto", when="@:5.8")
+            depends_on("gmake", type="build")
+
     for plat in ["linux", "freebsd"]:
         with when(f"platform={plat} +gui"):
             depends_on("fontconfig")
diff --git a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/rocm-openmp-extras/package.py b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/rocm-openmp-extras/package.py
index f157e49a8ad..780332351ea 100644
--- a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/rocm-openmp-extras/package.py
+++ b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/rocm-openmp-extras/package.py
@@ -190,6 +190,7 @@ class RocmOpenmpExtras(Package):
     depends_on("c", type="build")  # generated
     depends_on("cxx", type="build")  # generated
     depends_on("fortran", type="build")  # generated
+    depends_on("gmake", type="build")
 
     variant("asan", default=False, description="Build with address-sanitizer enabled or disabled")
 
diff --git a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/slepc/package.py b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/slepc/package.py
index 70ddfd1beb5..c519350054f 100644
--- a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/slepc/package.py
+++ b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/slepc/package.py
@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@ class Slepc(Package, CudaPackage, ROCmPackage):
 
     # NOTE: make sure PETSc and SLEPc use the same python.
     depends_on("python@2.6:2.8,3.4:", type="build")
+    depends_on("gmake", type="build")
 
     # Cannot mix release and development versions of SLEPc and PETSc:
     depends_on("petsc@main", when="@main")
diff --git a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/suite-sparse/package.py b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/suite-sparse/package.py
index cbcfa9ea32e..39aa3f98382 100644
--- a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/suite-sparse/package.py
+++ b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/suite-sparse/package.py
@@ -66,6 +66,8 @@ class SuiteSparse(Package):
     # Support for TBB has been removed in version 5.11
     variant("tbb", default=False, description="Build with Intel TBB", when="@4.5.3:5.10")
 
+    depends_on("gmake", type="build")
+
     depends_on("blas")
     depends_on("lapack")
     depends_on("cuda", when="+cuda")