Improve error message for inconsistencies in package.py (#21811)

* Improve error message for inconsistencies in package.py

Sometimes directives refer to variants that do not exist.
Make it such that:

1. The name of the variant
2. The name of the package which is supposed to have
   such variant
3. The name of the package making this assumption

are all printed in the error message for easier debugging.

* Add unit tests

(cherry picked from commit 7226bd64dc)

var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/wrong-variant-in-conflicts/package.py

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# Copyright 2013-2021 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
+# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+class WrongVariantInConflicts(Package):
+    """This package has a wrong variant spelled in a conflict."""
+
+    homepage = "http://www.example.com"
+    url = "http://www.example.com/b-1.0.tar.gz"
+
+    version('1.0', '0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef')
+
+    conflicts('+foo', when='@1.0')

var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/wrong-variant-in-depends-on/package.py

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# Copyright 2013-2021 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
+# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+class WrongVariantInDependsOn(Package):
+    """This package has a wrong variant spelled in a depends_on."""
+
+    homepage = "http://www.example.com"
+    url = "http://www.example.com/b-1.0.tar.gz"
+
+    version('1.0', '0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef')
+
+    depends_on('b+doesnotexist')