file_cache.py: allow read transaction on uninitialized cache (#47212)

This allows the following

```python
cache.init_entry("my/cache")
with cache.read_transaction("my/cache") as f:
    data = f.read() if f is not None else None
```

mirroring `write_transaction`, which returns a tuple `(old, new)` where
`old` is `None` if the cache file did not exist yet.

The alternative that requires less defensive programming on the call
site would be to create the "old" file upon first read, but I did not
want to think about how to safely atomically create the file, and it's
not unthinkable that an empty file is an invalid format (for instance
the call site may expect a json file, which requires at least {} bytes).

lib/spack/spack/test/util/file_cache.py

@@ -31,6 +31,11 @@ def test_write_and_read_cache_file(file_cache):
         assert text == "foobar\n"
 
 
+def test_read_before_init(file_cache):
+    with file_cache.read_transaction("test.yaml") as stream:
+        assert stream is None
+
+
 @pytest.mark.not_on_windows("Locks not supported on Windows")
 def test_failed_write_and_read_cache_file(file_cache):
     """Test failing to write then attempting to read a cached file."""
@@ -46,11 +51,6 @@ def test_failed_write_and_read_cache_file(file_cache):
     # File does not exist
     assert not file_cache.init_entry("test.yaml")
 
-    # Attempting to read will cause a FileNotFoundError
-    with pytest.raises(FileNotFoundError, match=r"test\.yaml"):
-        with file_cache.read_transaction("test.yaml"):
-            pass
-
 
 def test_write_and_remove_cache_file(file_cache):
     """Test two write transactions on a cached file. Then try to remove an

lib/spack/spack/util/file_cache.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 import math
 import os
 import shutil
+from typing import IO, Optional, Tuple
 
 from llnl.util.filesystem import mkdirp, rename
 
@@ -14,6 +15,51 @@
 from spack.util.lock import Lock, ReadTransaction, WriteTransaction
 
 
+def _maybe_open(path: str) -> Optional[IO[str]]:
+    try:
+        return open(path, "r")
+    except OSError as e:
+        if e.errno != errno.ENOENT:
+            raise
+        return None
+
+
+class ReadContextManager:
+    def __init__(self, path: str) -> None:
+        self.path = path
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Optional[IO[str]]:
+        """Return a file object for the cache if it exists."""
+        self.cache_file = _maybe_open(self.path)
+        return self.cache_file
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        if self.cache_file:
+            self.cache_file.close()
+
+
+class WriteContextManager:
+    def __init__(self, path: str) -> None:
+        self.path = path
+        self.tmp_path = f"{self.path}.tmp"
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Tuple[Optional[IO[str]], IO[str]]:
+        """Return (old_file, new_file) file objects, where old_file is optional."""
+        self.old_file = _maybe_open(self.path)
+        self.new_file = open(self.tmp_path, "w")
+        return self.old_file, self.new_file
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        if self.old_file:
+            self.old_file.close()
+        self.new_file.close()
+
+        if value:
+            os.remove(self.tmp_path)
+        else:
+            rename(self.tmp_path, self.path)
+
+
 class FileCache:
     """This class manages cached data in the filesystem.
 
@@ -107,7 +153,8 @@ def read_transaction(self, key):
                cache_file.read()
 
         """
-        return ReadTransaction(self._get_lock(key), acquire=lambda: open(self.cache_path(key)))
+        path = self.cache_path(key)
+        return ReadTransaction(self._get_lock(key), acquire=lambda: ReadContextManager(path))
 
     def write_transaction(self, key):
         """Get a write transaction on a file cache item.
@@ -117,40 +164,11 @@ def write_transaction(self, key):
         moves the file into place on top of the old file atomically.
 
         """
-        filename = self.cache_path(key)
+        path = self.cache_path(key)
-        if os.path.exists(filename) and not os.access(filename, os.W_OK):
+        if os.path.exists(path) and not os.access(path, os.W_OK):
-            raise CacheError(
+            raise CacheError(f"Insufficient permissions to write to file cache at {path}")
-                "Insufficient permissions to write to file cache at {0}".format(filename)
-            )
 
-        # TODO: this nested context manager adds a lot of complexity and
+        return WriteTransaction(self._get_lock(key), acquire=lambda: WriteContextManager(path))
-        # TODO: is pretty hard to reason about in llnl.util.lock. At some
-        # TODO: point we should just replace it with functions and simplify
-        # TODO: the locking code.
-        class WriteContextManager:
-            def __enter__(cm):
-                cm.orig_filename = self.cache_path(key)
-                cm.orig_file = None
-                if os.path.exists(cm.orig_filename):
-                    cm.orig_file = open(cm.orig_filename, "r")
-
-                cm.tmp_filename = self.cache_path(key) + ".tmp"
-                cm.tmp_file = open(cm.tmp_filename, "w")
-
-                return cm.orig_file, cm.tmp_file
-
-            def __exit__(cm, type, value, traceback):
-                if cm.orig_file:
-                    cm.orig_file.close()
-                cm.tmp_file.close()
-
-                if value:
-                    os.remove(cm.tmp_filename)
-
-                else:
-                    rename(cm.tmp_filename, cm.orig_filename)
-
-        return WriteTransaction(self._get_lock(key), acquire=WriteContextManager)
 
     def mtime(self, key) -> float:
         """Return modification time of cache file, or -inf if it does not exist.