Commit Graph

1176 Commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
Peter Scheibel
b030a81a5f Automatically find externals (#15158)
Add a `spack external find` command that tries to populate
`packages.yaml` with external packages from the user's `$PATH`. This
focuses on finding build dependencies. Currently, support has only been
added for `cmake`.

For a package to be discoverable with `spack external find`, it must define:
  * an `executables` class attribute containing a list of
    regular expressions that match executable names.
  * a `determine_spec_details(prefix, specs_in_prefix)` method

Spack will call `determine_spec_details()` once for each prefix where
executables are found, passing in the path to the prefix and the path to
all found executables. The package is responsible for invoking the
executables and figuring out what type of installation(s) are in the
prefix, and returning one or more specs (each with version, variants or
whatever else the user decides to include in the spec).

The found specs and prefixes will be added to the user's `packages.yaml`
file. Providing the `--not-buildable` option will mark all generated
entries in `packages.yaml` as `buildable: False`
2020-05-05 17:37:34 -07:00
Massimiliano Culpo
aa9c98b6a2 Make usage example consistent with current MV variants (#16468)
Since #9481 Python's None is not permitted as a value for
MV variants. The string 'none' is used instead.

Add the same fix for the amgx and lammps packages
2020-05-05 20:22:32 +02:00
Greg Becker
8e2f5ba861 environments: allow sigils to apply to entire reference (#15245)
* environments: allow sigils to apply to entire reference
2020-05-04 15:11:10 -07:00
Nathan
b6b44948b8 prefix gets removed when adding additional configure options (#16335)
* prefix gets removed when adding additional configure options

* Update waf documentation to reflect the new change
2020-04-29 10:52:23 -05:00
Axel Huebl
7670ae468f Docs: Limit Microarch on Travis CI (#16200)
Update the travis CI docs: limiting the microarch is essential
for caching.
2020-04-28 11:54:02 -05:00
George Hartzell
63ff121980 spack environments documentation: -E -> -e (#16242)
To specify an environment for a comment, the user can specify
"spack -e <env>". The documentation incorrectly specified "-E" (which
is actually used to ignore any implicit use of environments).
2020-04-22 13:04:17 -07:00
Axel Huebl
ca4c0b97ec Doc: Conflict Msg Pkg Guide (#16201)
Document the nice `msg=` argument in conflicts. Super useful
for less generic conflict guidance.
2020-04-21 16:22:30 -05:00
Todd Gamblin
de13ea2284 autotools: remove FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE from docs, commands, code (#16145)
Since #16132, we've consolidated the setting of FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE to
`autotools.py`, so we don't need to use it in packages like `coreutils`,
in our commands, or in our container recipes.

- [x] Remove FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE from packages
- [x] Remove FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE from container recipes
- [x] Remove FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE from `spack ci` command
2020-04-20 08:32:03 -07:00
George Hartzell
c62f18304d Typo: vew -> view (#16155) 2020-04-19 20:13:44 -05:00
Massimiliano Culpo
a11de1d29d Package extensions: fixed a link in docs (#16040)
* Moved link to the right place in the docs

* Fixed a few minor issues in extensions docs

Fixed a typo, added a subsubsection for better
navigation, reworded "modules in Python" as
"Python packages"
2020-04-14 12:54:53 -05:00
Scott Wittenburg
de95a9f5f3 pipelines: Document dynamic generation limitations 2020-04-07 15:20:01 -06:00
Adam J. Stewart
fab1f68399 Docs: fix Spack Environments command (#15891) 2020-04-06 11:54:22 -05:00
G-Ragghianti
bae4f91bfe Add option "--first" for "spack load" (#15622)
* Implemented --first option for "spack load"

* added test for "spack load --first"

Co-authored-by: gragghia <gragghia@localhost.localdomain>
2020-04-03 13:33:20 -07:00
Greg Sjaardema
c3e8825f8e Spelling fixes (#15805)
* Spelling fixes

* spelling fixes

* spelling fixes

* spelling fixes

* spelling fix

* spelling fix

* spelling fix

* spelling fixes

* spelling fix
2020-04-01 12:02:26 -05:00
Greg Becker
336191c251 packages.yaml: allow virtuals to specify buildable: false (#14934)
Currently, to force Spack to use an external MPI, you have to specify `buildable: False`
for every MPI provider in Spack in your packages.yaml file. This is both tedious and
fragile, as new MPI providers can be added and break your workflow when you do a
git pull.

This PR allows you to specify an entire virtual dependency as non-buildable, and
specify particular implementations to be built:

```
packages:
all:
    providers:
        mpi: [mpich]
mpi:
    buildable: false
    paths:
        mpich@3.2 %gcc@7.3.0: /usr/packages/mpich-3.2-gcc-7.3.0
```
will force all Spack builds to use the specified `mpich` install.
2020-03-31 16:09:08 -07:00
Massimiliano Culpo
7357b7023e Update link for codecov's browser extensions (#15779) 2020-03-31 09:49:25 -05:00
Sinan
056fc99676 Use python extend_path as pyqt sip fix (#15297)
* try extend path to solve PyQt5.sip not found issue

* disable private sip installation in sippackage class

* undo manual PyQt5 dir creation in py-sip site-packages dir

* fix typo

* fix typo

* also apply fix to PyQt4

* tidy up

* flake8 and tidy up

* tidy and undo hardcoding of python_include_dir

* replace hardcoded python inc dir

* fix minor issues

* rethink include dir variable name

* improve style

* add new versions

* implement new sip setup to qsci installation

* set sip-incdir correctly for the new setup

* setup extend_path thing before qsci python bindings

* take care of conflict

* flake8

* also extend for PyQt4

* improve style

* improve style

* SipPackage build sys should depend on py-sip

* consolidate extend_path fixes into SipPackage

* fix typo

* fix bugs

* flake8

* revert sip doc to pre-resource setup

* import os module

* flake8

Co-authored-by: Sinan81 <sbulut@3vgeomatics.com>
2020-03-18 13:19:27 -05:00
Seth R. Johnson
a8706cc89b CMakePackage: convert variants to CMake arguments (#14376)
Add a 'define_from_variant` helper function to CMake-based Spack
packages to convert package variants into CMake arguments. For
example:

  args.append('-DFOO=%s' % ('ON' if '+foo' in self.spec else 'OFF'))

can be replaced with:

  args.append(self.define_from_variant('foo'))

The following conversions are handled automatically:

* Flag variants will be converted to CMake booleans
* Multivalued variants will be converted to semicolon-separated strings
* Other variant values are converted to CMake string arguments

This also adds a 'define' helper method to convert any variable to
a CMake argument. It has the same conversion rules as
'define_from_variant' (but operates directly on values rather than
requiring the user to supply the name of a package variant).
2020-03-16 11:41:19 -07:00
TZ
d6d095a868 Docs: "spack env" is in the meantime called "spack build-env" (#15233) 2020-02-27 09:13:09 +01:00
Glenn Johnson
a568db00b8 A few edits for the Basic Usage Doc page (#15215)
This PR corrects a few minor things and adds a note about colorized
output.
2020-02-26 10:03:03 +01:00
Michael Kuhn
45306206c7 docs: Fix tiny typo (#15181) 2020-02-24 10:58:21 -06:00
Adam J. Stewart
7a60a04402 Docs: configure_args -> cmake_args (#15102) 2020-02-19 22:48:56 -06:00
Paul
e65aa7569e docs: fix typo in arch in build settings examples (#14998) 2020-02-14 19:06:10 +01:00
Andrew W Elble
4accc78409 Git fetching: add option to remove submodules (#14370)
Add an optional 'submodules_delete' field to Git versions in Spack
packages that allows them to remove specific submodules.

For example: the nervanagpu submodule has become unavailable for the
PyTorch project (see issue 19457 at
https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/). Removing this submodule
allows 0.4.1 to build.
2020-02-03 19:02:45 -08:00
Adam J. Stewart
09e318fc84 Document how to use Spack to replace Homebrew/Conda (#13083)
* Document how to use Spack to replace Homebrew/Conda
* Initial draft; can iterate more as features become available
2020-01-31 19:31:14 +01:00
Massimiliano Culpo
9635ff3d20 spack containerize generates containers from envs (#14202)
This PR adds a new command to Spack:
```console
$ spack containerize -h
usage: spack containerize [-h] [--config CONFIG]

creates recipes to build images for different container runtimes

optional arguments:
  -h, --help       show this help message and exit
  --config CONFIG  configuration for the container recipe that will be generated
```
which takes an environment with an additional `container` section:
```yaml
spack:
  specs:
  - gromacs build_type=Release 
  - mpich
  - fftw precision=float
  packages:
    all:
      target: [broadwell]

  container:
    # Select the format of the recipe e.g. docker,
    # singularity or anything else that is currently supported
    format: docker
    
    # Select from a valid list of images
    base:
      image: "ubuntu:18.04"
      spack: prerelease

    # Additional system packages that are needed at runtime
    os_packages:
    - libgomp1
```
and turns it into a `Dockerfile` or a Singularity definition file, for instance:
```Dockerfile
# Build stage with Spack pre-installed and ready to be used
FROM spack/ubuntu-bionic:prerelease as builder

# What we want to install and how we want to install it
# is specified in a manifest file (spack.yaml)
RUN mkdir /opt/spack-environment \
&&  (echo "spack:" \
&&   echo "  specs:" \
&&   echo "  - gromacs build_type=Release" \
&&   echo "  - mpich" \
&&   echo "  - fftw precision=float" \
&&   echo "  packages:" \
&&   echo "    all:" \
&&   echo "      target:" \
&&   echo "      - broadwell" \
&&   echo "  config:" \
&&   echo "    install_tree: /opt/software" \
&&   echo "  concretization: together" \
&&   echo "  view: /opt/view") > /opt/spack-environment/spack.yaml

# Install the software, remove unecessary deps and strip executables
RUN cd /opt/spack-environment && spack install && spack autoremove -y
RUN find -L /opt/view/* -type f -exec readlink -f '{}' \; | \
    xargs file -i | \
    grep 'charset=binary' | \
    grep 'x-executable\|x-archive\|x-sharedlib' | \
    awk -F: '{print $1}' | xargs strip -s


# Modifications to the environment that are necessary to run
RUN cd /opt/spack-environment && \
    spack env activate --sh -d . >> /etc/profile.d/z10_spack_environment.sh

# Bare OS image to run the installed executables
FROM ubuntu:18.04

COPY --from=builder /opt/spack-environment /opt/spack-environment
COPY --from=builder /opt/software /opt/software
COPY --from=builder /opt/view /opt/view
COPY --from=builder /etc/profile.d/z10_spack_environment.sh /etc/profile.d/z10_spack_environment.sh

RUN apt-get -yqq update && apt-get -yqq upgrade                                   \
 && apt-get -yqq install libgomp1 \
 && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

ENTRYPOINT ["/bin/bash", "--rcfile", "/etc/profile", "-l"]
```
2020-01-30 17:19:55 -08:00
Peter Scheibel
7b2895109c Document how to add conditional dependencies (#14694)
* add short docs section on conditional dependencies
* add reference to spec syntax
* add note that conditional dependencies can save time
2020-01-30 12:34:54 -08:00
Glenn Johnson
48a12c8773 Note about Intel compiler segfault with long paths (#14652)
This PR adds a note about segfaults with the Intel compiler when the
install paths are long and the dependencies many.
2020-01-28 14:57:06 -06:00
Owen Solberg
f58004e436 fix spack env loads example (#14558) 2020-01-27 20:49:53 -08:00
Massimiliano Culpo
b9629c36f2 Unified environment modifications in config files (#14372)
* Unified environment modifications in config files

fixes #13357

This commit factors all the code that is involved in
the validation (schema) and parsing of environment modifications
from configuration files in a single place. The factored out
code is then used for module files and compiler configuration.

Attributes were separated by dashes in `compilers.yaml` files and
by underscores in `modules.yaml` files. This PR unifies the syntax
on attributes separated by underscores.

Unit testing of environment modifications in compilers
has been refactored and simplified.
2020-01-27 08:40:47 -08:00
Greg Becker
c9e01ff9d7 shell support: spack load no longer needs modules (#14062)
Previously the `spack load` command was a wrapper around `module load`. This required some bootstrapping of modules to make `spack load` work properly.

With this PR, the `spack` shell function handles the environment modifications necessary to add packages to your user environment. This removes the dependence on environment modules or lmod and removes the requirement to bootstrap spack (beyond using the setup-env scripts).

Included in this PR is support for MacOS when using Apple's System Integrity Protection (SIP), which is enabled by default in modern MacOS versions. SIP clears the `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` and `DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH` variables on process startup for executables that live in `/usr` (but not '/usr/local', `/System`, `/bin`, and `/sbin` among other system locations. Spack cannot know the `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` of the calling process when executed using `/bin/sh` and `/usr/bin/python`. The `spack` shell function now manually forwards these two variables, if they are present, as `SPACK_<VAR>` and recovers those values on startup.

- [x] spack load/unload no longer delegate to modules
- [x] refactor user_environment modification calculations
- [x] update documentation for spack load/unload

Co-authored-by: Todd Gamblin <tgamblin@llnl.gov>
2020-01-22 22:36:02 -08:00
Scott Wittenburg
8283d87f6a pipelines: spack ci command with env-based workflow (#12854)
Rework Spack's continuous integration workflow to be environment-based.

- Add the `spack ci` command, which replaces the many scripts in `bin/`

- `spack ci` decouples the CI workflow from the spack instance:
  - CI is defined in a spack environment
  - environment is in its own (single) git repository, separate from Spack
  - spack instance used to run the pipeline is up to the user
  - A new `gitlab-ci` section in environments allows users to configure how
    specs in the environment should be mapped to runners
  - Compilers can be bootstrapped in the new pipeline workflow

- Add extensive documentation on pipelines (see `pipelines.rst` for further details)
- Add extensive tests for pipeline code
2020-01-21 22:35:18 -08:00
Massimiliano Culpo
08d0267c9a Spack can automatically remove unused specs (#13534)
* Spack can uninstall unused specs

fixes #4382

Added an option to spack uninstall that removes all unused specs i.e.
build dependencies or transitive dependencies that are left
in the store after the specs that pulled them in have been removed.

* Moved the functionality to its own command

The command has been named 'spack autoremove' to follow the naming used
for the same functionality by other widely known package managers i.e.
yum and apt.

* Speed-up autoremoving specs by not locking and re-reading the scratch DB

* Make autoremove work directly on Spack's store

* Added unit tests for the new command

* Display a terser output to the user

* Renamed the "autoremove" command "gc"

Following discussion there's more consensus around
the latter name.

* Preserve root specs in env contexts

* Instead of preserving specs, restrict gc to the active environment

* Added docs

* Added a unit test for gc within an environment

* Updated copyright to 2020

* Updated documentation according to review

Rephrased a couple of sentences, added references to
`spack find` and dependency types.

* Updated function naming and docstrings

* Simplified computation of unused specs

Since the new approach uses private attributes of the DB
it has been coded as a method of that class rather than a
freestanding function.
2020-01-07 08:16:54 -08:00
Todd Gamblin
4beb9fc5d3 tests: improved spack test command line options
Previously, `spack test` automatically passed all of its arguments to
`pytest -k` if no options were provided, and to `pytest` if they were.
`spack test -l` also provided a list of test filenames, but they didn't
really let you completely narrow down which tests you wanted to run.

Instead of trying to do our own weird thing, this passes `spack test`
args directly to `pytest`, and omits the implicit `-k`.  This means we
can now run, e.g.:

```console
$ spack test spec_syntax.py::TestSpecSyntax::test_ambiguous
```

This wasn't possible before, because we'd pass the fully qualified name
to `pytest -k` and get an error.

Because `pytest` doesn't have the greatest ability to list tests, I've
tweaked the `-l`/`--list`, `-L`/`--list-long`, and `-N`/`--list-names`
options to `spack test` so that they help you understand the names
better.  you can combine these options with `-k` or other arguments to do
pretty powerful searches.

This one makes it easy to get a list of names so you can run tests in
different orders (something I find useful for debugging `pytest` issues):

```console
$ spack test --list-names -k "spec and concretize"
cmd/env.py::test_concretize_user_specs_together
concretize.py::TestConcretize::test_conflicts_in_spec
concretize.py::TestConcretize::test_find_spec_children
concretize.py::TestConcretize::test_find_spec_none
concretize.py::TestConcretize::test_find_spec_parents
concretize.py::TestConcretize::test_find_spec_self
concretize.py::TestConcretize::test_find_spec_sibling
concretize.py::TestConcretize::test_no_matching_compiler_specs
concretize.py::TestConcretize::test_simultaneous_concretization_of_specs
spec_dag.py::TestSpecDag::test_concretize_deptypes
spec_dag.py::TestSpecDag::test_copy_concretized
```

You can combine any list option with keywords:

```console
$ spack test --list -k microarchitecture
llnl/util/cpu.py  modules/lmod.py
```

```console
$ spack test --list-long -k microarchitecture
llnl/util/cpu.py::
    test_generic_microarchitecture

modules/lmod.py::TestLmod::
    test_only_generic_microarchitectures_in_root
```

Or just list specific files:

```console
$ spack test --list-long cmd/test.py
cmd/test.py::
    test_list                       test_list_names_with_pytest_arg
    test_list_long                  test_list_with_keywords
    test_list_long_with_pytest_arg  test_list_with_pytest_arg
    test_list_names
```

Hopefully this stuff will help with debugging test issues.

- [x] make `spack test` send args directly to `pytest` instead of trying
  to do fancy things.
- [x] rework `--list`, `--list-long`, and add `--list-names` to make
  searching for tests easier.
- [x] make it possible to mix Spack's list args with `pytest` args
  (they're just fancy parsing around `pytest --collect-only`)
- [x] add docs
- [x] add tests
- [x] update spack completion
2020-01-01 21:37:02 -08:00
Todd Gamblin
4af6303086 copyright: update copyright dates for 2020 (#14328) 2019-12-30 22:36:56 -08:00
Massimiliano Culpo
497fddfcb9 Fetching from URLs falls back to mirrors if they exist (#13881)
Users can now list mirrors of the main url in packages.

- [x] Instead of just a single `url` attribute, users can provide a list (`urls`) in the package, and these will be tried by in order by the fetch strategy.

- [x] To handle one of the most common mirror cases, define a `GNUMirrorPackage` mixin to handle all the standard GNU mirrors.  GNU packages can set `gnu_mirror_path` to define the path within a mirror, and the mixin handles setting up all the requisite GNU mirror URLs.

- [x] update all GNU packages in `builtin` to use the `GNUMirrorPackage` mixin.
2019-12-20 14:32:18 -08:00
George Hartzell
1d06949306 Tuneup docs re setting up sphinx for building docs (#14005)
I have, more than once, tried to install the list of things that need
to build the docs, only to discover that the list doesn't use Spack's
package names.  I'm tired of facepalming....

While I was there I touched up the prose about activating the new
Python packages; activating a python package doesn't add anything to
your PYTHONPATH, it links things into a directory that's *already* on
your PYTHONPATH.  Note that this all presupposes that you're using
that same python....
2019-12-08 16:22:25 -06:00
Tamara Dahlgren
b0f59484d3 docs: Minimal BundlePackage build system doc (#13992)
* Minimal BundlePackage build system doc

* Add link to new bundlepackage file

* Fixed link bug and added create command example
2019-12-06 07:26:59 -08:00
Massimiliano Culpo
77c206185b Remove warning from the "Custom Extensions" section of the docs (#13804)
Extensions have been available for a while and the overall design
seems solid enough to be feasible for extensions without losing
backward compatibility.
2019-11-26 09:30:49 -08:00
Adam J. Stewart
5510bba1fd Document use of the maintainers field (#12270)
* Document use of the maintainers field

* Use fake GitHub usernames

* GitHub action is not automatic yet
2019-11-15 13:58:24 -06:00
William F Godoy
d6274e1a1d Docs update for deprecated spack sha256 (#13701)
* Docs update for deprecated `spack sha256`

* Added macOS shasum

* Update lib/spack/docs/packaging_guide.rst

Co-Authored-By: Adam J. Stewart <ajstewart426@gmail.com>
2019-11-13 15:21:27 -06:00
Todd Gamblin
da386b560a docs: use nicer looking code blocks in docs (#13708)
- [x] Use higher contrast terminal output font
- [x] Use higher contrast code block background color than default
- [x] Use a noticeable prompt character

See also https://github.com/spack/spack-tutorial/pull/10.
2019-11-12 18:18:41 -08:00
Adam J. Stewart
4b56933643 Docs: unlock requirement versions (#13384) 2019-10-31 14:21:05 -05:00
Adam J. Stewart
536486f0e5 Travis CI: Test Python 3.8 (#13347)
* Travis CI: Test Python 3.8

* Fix use of deprecated cgi.escape method

* Fix version comparison

* Fix flake8 F811 change in Python 3.8

* Make flake8 happy

* Use Python 3.8 for all test categories
2019-10-31 14:20:46 -05:00
Adam J. Stewart
2264e30d99 Update URL parsing regexes and tests (#13411)
* Update URL parsing regexes and tests

* Get rid of no longer used README

* Merge py-udunits and py-cf-units

* netcdf -> netcdf-c

* setup_environment -> setup_*_environment

* Fix doc tests

* Few last minute fixes

* Simplify prefix removal copypasta
2019-10-28 20:27:54 -05:00
Todd Gamblin
847703c13d tutorial: move tutorial to standalone site (#13450)
* docs: add a spack environment for building the docs

* docs: remove tutorial and link to spack-tutorial.readthedocs.io

The tutorial now has its own standalone website, versioned by instances
of the tutorial.  Link to that instead of versioning it directly with Spack.
2019-10-25 21:49:27 -07:00
Massimiliano Culpo
b29eb4212e Users can configure use of RPATH or RUNPATH (#9168)
Add a new entry in `config.yaml`:

    config:
        shared_linking: 'rpath'

If this variable is set to `rpath` (the default) Spack will set RPATH in ELF binaries. If set to `runpath` it will set RUNPATH.

Details:
* Spack cc wrapper explicitly adds `--disable-new-dtags` when linking
* cc wrapper also strips `--enable-new-dtags` from the compile line
    when disabling (and vice versa)
* We specifically do *not* add any dtags flags on macOS, which uses
    Mach-O binaries, not ELF, so there's no RUNPATH)
2019-10-23 13:22:24 -07:00
Greg Becker
cd185c3d28 commands: add spack deprecate command (#12933)
`spack deprecate` allows for the removal of insecure packages with minimal impact to their dependents. It allows one package to be symlinked into the prefix of another to provide seamless transition for rpath'd and hard-coded applications using the old version.

Example usage:

    spack deprecate /hash-of-old-openssl /hash-of-new-openssl

The spack deprecate command is designed for use only in extroardinary circumstances.  The spack deprecate command makes no promises about binary compatibility. It is up to the user to ensure the replacement is suitable for the deprecated package.
2019-10-23 13:11:35 -07:00
Massimiliano Culpo
9ddc98e46a Separate setting build environment and run environment in packages (#11115)
* Methods setting the environment now do it separately for build and run

Before this commit the `*_environment` methods were setting
modifications to both the build-time and run-time environment
simultaneously. This might cause issues as the two environments
inherently rely on different preconditions:

1. The build-time environment is set before building a package, thus
the package prefix doesn't exist and can't be inspected

2. The run-time environment instead is set assuming the target package
has been already installed

Here we split each of these functions into two: one setting the
build-time environment, one the run-time.

We also adopt a fallback strategy that inspects for old methods and
executes them as before, but prints a deprecation warning to tty. This
permits to port packages to use the new methods in a distributed way,
rather than having to modify all the packages at once.

* Added a test that fails if any package uses the old API

Marked the test xfail for now as we have a lot of packages in that
state.

* Added a test to check that a package modified by a PR is up to date

This test can be used any time we deprecate a method call to ensure
that during the first modification of the package we update also
the deprecated calls.

* Updated documentation
2019-10-17 10:17:21 -07:00
Tamara Dahlgren
1ef71376f2 Bugfix: stage directory permissions and cleaning (#12733)
* This updates stage names to use "spack-stage-" as a prefix.
  This avoids removing non-Spack directories in "spack clean" as
  c141e99 did (in this case so long as they don't contain the
  prefix "spack-stage-"), and also addresses a follow-up issue
  where Spack stage directories were not removed.
* Spack now does more-stringent checking of expected permissions for
  staging directories. For a given stage root that includes a user
  component, all directories before the user component that are
  created by Spack are expected to match the permissions of their
  parent; the user component and all deeper directories are expected
  to be accessible to the user (read/write/execute).
2019-10-16 14:55:37 -07:00