build(deps): bump docker/login-action from 3.2.0 to 3.3.0 (#45378)

Bumps [docker/login-action](https://github.com/docker/login-action) from 3.2.0 to 3.3.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/docker/login-action/releases)
- [Commits](0d4c9c5ea7...9780b0c442)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: docker/login-action
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-minor
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ updates:
       interval: "daily"
   # Requirements to run style checks
   - package-ecosystem: "pip"
-    directory: "/.github/workflows/style"
+    directories:
+     - "/.github/workflows/requirements/*"
     schedule:
       interval: "daily"

.github/workflows/audit.yaml

@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ jobs:
       run:
         shell: ${{ matrix.system.shell }}
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@82c7e631bb3cdc910f68e0081d67478d79c6982d
+    - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
       with:
         python-version: ${{inputs.python_version}}
     - name: Install Python packages

.github/workflows/bootstrap.yml

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ jobs:
               make patch unzip which xz python3 python3-devel tree \
               cmake bison
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29
+        uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
       - name: Bootstrap clingo
@@ -53,27 +53,33 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.runner }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        runner: ['macos-13', 'macos-14', "ubuntu-latest"]
+        runner: ['macos-13', 'macos-14', "ubuntu-latest", "windows-latest"]
     steps:
       - name: Setup macOS
-        if: ${{ matrix.runner != 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+        if: ${{ matrix.runner != 'ubuntu-latest' && matrix.runner != 'windows-latest' }}
         run: |
           brew install cmake bison tree
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29
+        uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@82c7e631bb3cdc910f68e0081d67478d79c6982d
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
         with:
           python-version: "3.12"
       - name: Bootstrap clingo
+        env:
+          SETUP_SCRIPT_EXT: ${{ matrix.runner == 'windows-latest' && 'ps1' || 'sh' }}
+          SETUP_SCRIPT_SOURCE: ${{ matrix.runner == 'windows-latest' && './' || 'source ' }}
+          USER_SCOPE_PARENT_DIR: ${{ matrix.runner == 'windows-latest' && '$env:userprofile' || '$HOME' }}
+          VALIDATE_LAST_EXIT: ${{ matrix.runner == 'windows-latest' && './share/spack/qa/validate_last_exit.ps1' || '' }}
         run: |
-          source share/spack/setup-env.sh
+          ${{ env.SETUP_SCRIPT_SOURCE }}share/spack/setup-env.${{ env.SETUP_SCRIPT_EXT }}
           spack bootstrap disable github-actions-v0.5
           spack bootstrap disable github-actions-v0.4
           spack external find --not-buildable cmake bison
           spack -d solve zlib
-          tree ~/.spack/bootstrap/store/
+          ${{ env.VALIDATE_LAST_EXIT }}
+          tree ${{ env.USER_SCOPE_PARENT_DIR }}/.spack/bootstrap/store/
 
   gnupg-sources:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.runner }}
@@ -90,7 +96,7 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ matrix.runner == 'ubuntu-latest' }}
         run: sudo rm -rf $(command -v gpg gpg2 patchelf)
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29
+        uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
       - name: Bootstrap GnuPG
@@ -119,10 +125,10 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           sudo rm -rf $(which gpg) $(which gpg2) $(which patchelf)
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29
+        uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@82c7e631bb3cdc910f68e0081d67478d79c6982d
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
         with:
           python-version: |
             3.8
@@ -148,7 +154,7 @@ jobs:
                 not_found=0
                 old_path="$PATH"
                 export PATH="$ver_dir:$PATH"
-                ./bin/spack-tmpconfig -b ./.github/workflows/bootstrap-test.sh
+                ./bin/spack-tmpconfig -b ./.github/workflows/bin/bootstrap-test.sh
                 export PATH="$old_path"
               fi
             fi
@@ -162,4 +168,3 @@ jobs:
           source share/spack/setup-env.sh
           spack -d gpg list
           tree ~/.spack/bootstrap/store/
-

.github/workflows/build-containers.yml

@@ -40,8 +40,7 @@ jobs:
         # 1: Platforms to build for
         # 2: Base image (e.g. ubuntu:22.04)
         dockerfile: [[amazon-linux, 'linux/amd64,linux/arm64', 'amazonlinux:2'],
-                     [centos7, 'linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/ppc64le', 'centos:7'],
-                     [centos-stream, 'linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/ppc64le', 'centos:stream'],
+                     [centos-stream9, 'linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/ppc64le', 'centos:stream9'],
                      [leap15, 'linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/ppc64le', 'opensuse/leap:15'],
                      [ubuntu-focal, 'linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/ppc64le', 'ubuntu:20.04'],
                      [ubuntu-jammy, 'linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/ppc64le', 'ubuntu:22.04'],
@@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ jobs:
     if: github.repository == 'spack/spack'
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29
+        uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
 
       - uses: docker/metadata-action@8e5442c4ef9f78752691e2d8f8d19755c6f78e81
         id: docker_meta
@@ -77,7 +76,7 @@ jobs:
         env:
           SPACK_YAML_OS: "${{ matrix.dockerfile[2] }}"
         run: |
-          .github/workflows/generate_spack_yaml_containerize.sh
+          .github/workflows/bin/generate_spack_yaml_containerize.sh
           . share/spack/setup-env.sh
           mkdir -p dockerfiles/${{ matrix.dockerfile[0] }}
           spack containerize --last-stage=bootstrap | tee dockerfiles/${{ matrix.dockerfile[0] }}/Dockerfile
@@ -88,19 +87,19 @@ jobs:
           fi
 
       - name: Upload Dockerfile
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@65462800fd760344b1a7b4382951275a0abb4808
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@0b2256b8c012f0828dc542b3febcab082c67f72b
         with:
           name: dockerfiles_${{ matrix.dockerfile[0] }}
           path: dockerfiles
 
       - name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@68827325e0b33c7199eb31dd4e31fbe9023e06e3
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@49b3bc8e6bdd4a60e6116a5414239cba5943d3cf
 
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@d70bba72b1f3fd22344832f00baa16ece964efeb
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@aa33708b10e362ff993539393ff100fa93ed6a27
 
       - name: Log in to GitHub Container Registry
-        uses: docker/login-action@e92390c5fb421da1463c202d546fed0ec5c39f20
+        uses: docker/login-action@9780b0c442fbb1117ed29e0efdff1e18412f7567
         with:
           registry: ghcr.io
           username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -108,13 +107,13 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Log in to DockerHub
         if: github.event_name != 'pull_request'
-        uses: docker/login-action@e92390c5fb421da1463c202d546fed0ec5c39f20
+        uses: docker/login-action@9780b0c442fbb1117ed29e0efdff1e18412f7567
         with:
           username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
           password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Build & Deploy ${{ matrix.dockerfile[0] }}
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@2cdde995de11925a030ce8070c3d77a52ffcf1c0
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@5176d81f87c23d6fc96624dfdbcd9f3830bbe445
         with:
           context: dockerfiles/${{ matrix.dockerfile[0] }}
           platforms: ${{ matrix.dockerfile[1] }}
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ jobs:
     needs: deploy-images
     steps:
       - name: Merge Artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact/merge@65462800fd760344b1a7b4382951275a0abb4808
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact/merge@0b2256b8c012f0828dc542b3febcab082c67f72b
         with:
           name: dockerfiles
           pattern: dockerfiles_*

.github/workflows/ci.yaml

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ jobs:
       core: ${{ steps.filter.outputs.core }}
       packages: ${{ steps.filter.outputs.packages }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29
+      - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
         if: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' }}
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
@@ -53,6 +53,13 @@ jobs:
             - 'var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/clingo/**'
             - 'var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/python/**'
             - 'var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/re2c/**'
+            - 'var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/gnupg/**'
+            - 'var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/libassuan/**'
+            - 'var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/libgcrypt/**'
+            - 'var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/libgpg-error/**'
+            - 'var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/libksba/**'
+            - 'var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/npth/**'
+            - 'var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/pinentry/**'
             - 'lib/spack/**'
             - 'share/spack/**'
             - '.github/workflows/bootstrap.yml'

.github/workflows/install_spack.sh

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env sh
-. share/spack/setup-env.sh
-echo -e "config:\n  build_jobs: 2" > etc/spack/config.yaml
-spack config add "packages:all:target:[x86_64]"
-spack compiler find
-spack compiler info apple-clang
-spack debug report
-spack solve zlib

.github/workflows/nightly-win-builds.yml

@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ jobs:
   build-paraview-deps:
     runs-on: windows-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29
+    - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@82c7e631bb3cdc910f68e0081d67478d79c6982d
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
       with:
         python-version: 3.9
     - name: Install Python packages

.github/workflows/requirements/style/requirements.txt

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 black==24.4.2
 clingo==5.7.1
-flake8==7.0.0
+flake8==7.1.0
 isort==5.13.2
 mypy==1.8.0
 types-six==1.16.21.20240513

.github/workflows/unit_tests.yaml

@@ -51,10 +51,10 @@ jobs:
           on_develop: false
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29
+    - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@82c7e631bb3cdc910f68e0081d67478d79c6982d
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
     - name: Install System packages
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ jobs:
       run: |
           # Need this for the git tests to succeed.
           git --version
-          . .github/workflows/setup_git.sh
+          . .github/workflows/bin/setup_git.sh
     - name: Bootstrap clingo
       if: ${{ matrix.concretizer == 'clingo' }}
       env:
@@ -100,10 +100,10 @@ jobs:
   shell:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29
+    - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@82c7e631bb3cdc910f68e0081d67478d79c6982d
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
       with:
         python-version: '3.11'
     - name: Install System packages
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ jobs:
       run: |
           # Need this for the git tests to succeed.
           git --version
-          . .github/workflows/setup_git.sh
+          . .github/workflows/bin/setup_git.sh
     - name: Run shell tests
       env:
           COVERAGE: true
@@ -141,13 +141,13 @@ jobs:
           dnf install -y \
               bzip2 curl file gcc-c++ gcc gcc-gfortran git gnupg2 gzip \
               make patch tcl unzip which xz
-    - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29
+    - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
     - name: Setup repo and non-root user
       run: |
           git --version
           git config --global --add safe.directory /__w/spack/spack
           git fetch --unshallow
-          . .github/workflows/setup_git.sh
+          . .github/workflows/bin/setup_git.sh
           useradd spack-test
           chown -R spack-test .
     - name: Run unit tests
@@ -160,10 +160,10 @@ jobs:
   clingo-cffi:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29
+    - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@82c7e631bb3cdc910f68e0081d67478d79c6982d
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
       with:
         python-version: '3.11'
     - name: Install System packages
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ jobs:
       run: |
           # Need this for the git tests to succeed.
           git --version
-          . .github/workflows/setup_git.sh
+          . .github/workflows/bin/setup_git.sh
     - name: Run unit tests (full suite with coverage)
       env:
           COVERAGE: true
@@ -198,10 +198,10 @@ jobs:
         os: [macos-13, macos-14]
         python-version: ["3.11"]
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29
+    - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@82c7e631bb3cdc910f68e0081d67478d79c6982d
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
     - name: Install Python packages
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ jobs:
         SPACK_TEST_PARALLEL: 4
       run: |
         git --version
-        . .github/workflows/setup_git.sh
+        . .github/workflows/bin/setup_git.sh
         . share/spack/setup-env.sh
         $(which spack) bootstrap disable spack-install
         $(which spack) solve zlib
@@ -236,10 +236,10 @@ jobs:
           powershell Invoke-Expression -Command "./share/spack/qa/windows_test_setup.ps1"; {0}
     runs-on: windows-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29
+    - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@82c7e631bb3cdc910f68e0081d67478d79c6982d
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
       with:
         python-version: 3.9
     - name: Install Python packages
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ jobs:
           python -m pip install --upgrade pip pywin32 setuptools pytest-cov clingo
     - name: Create local develop
       run: |
-        ./.github/workflows/setup_git.ps1
+        ./.github/workflows/bin/setup_git.ps1
     - name: Unit Test
       run: |
         spack unit-test -x --verbose --cov --cov-config=pyproject.toml

.github/workflows/valid-style.yml

@@ -18,15 +18,15 @@ jobs:
   validate:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@82c7e631bb3cdc910f68e0081d67478d79c6982d
+    - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
       with:
         python-version: '3.11'
         cache: 'pip'
     - name: Install Python Packages
       run: |
         pip install --upgrade pip setuptools
-        pip install -r .github/workflows/style/requirements.txt
+        pip install -r .github/workflows/requirements/style/requirements.txt
     - name: vermin (Spack's Core)
       run: vermin --backport importlib --backport argparse --violations --backport typing -t=3.6- -vvv lib/spack/spack/ lib/spack/llnl/ bin/
     - name: vermin (Repositories)
@@ -35,22 +35,22 @@ jobs:
   style:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29
+    - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@82c7e631bb3cdc910f68e0081d67478d79c6982d
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
       with:
         python-version: '3.11'
         cache: 'pip'
     - name: Install Python packages
       run: |
         pip install --upgrade pip setuptools
-        pip install -r .github/workflows/style/requirements.txt
+        pip install -r .github/workflows/requirements/style/requirements.txt
     - name: Setup git configuration
       run: |
         # Need this for the git tests to succeed.
         git --version
-        . .github/workflows/setup_git.sh
+        . .github/workflows/bin/setup_git.sh
     - name: Run style tests
       run: |
           share/spack/qa/run-style-tests
@@ -70,13 +70,13 @@ jobs:
           dnf install -y \
               bzip2 curl file gcc-c++ gcc gcc-gfortran git gnupg2 gzip \
               make patch tcl unzip which xz
-      - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29
+      - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
       - name: Setup repo and non-root user
         run: |
           git --version
           git config --global --add safe.directory /__w/spack/spack
           git fetch --unshallow
-          . .github/workflows/setup_git.sh
+          . .github/workflows/bin/setup_git.sh
           useradd spack-test
           chown -R spack-test .
       - name: Bootstrap Spack development environment

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,324 @@
+
+# v0.22.0 (2024-05-12)
+
+`v0.22.0` is a major feature release.
+
+## Features in this release
+
+1. **Compiler dependencies**
+
+    We are in the process of making compilers proper dependencies in Spack, and a number
+    of changes in `v0.22` support that effort. You may notice nodes in your dependency
+    graphs for compiler runtime libraries like `gcc-runtime` or `libgfortran`, and you
+    may notice that Spack graphs now include `libc`. We've also begun moving compiler
+    configuration from `compilers.yaml` to `packages.yaml` to make it consistent with
+    other externals. We are trying to do this with the least disruption possible, so
+    your existing `compilers.yaml` files should still work. We expect to be done with
+    this transition by the `v0.23` release in November.
+
+    * #41104: Packages compiled with `%gcc` on Linux, macOS and FreeBSD now depend on a
+      new package `gcc-runtime`, which contains a copy of the shared compiler runtime
+      libraries. This enables gcc runtime libraries to be installed and relocated when
+      using a build cache. When building minimal Spack-generated container images it is
+      no longer necessary to install libgfortran, libgomp etc. using the system package
+      manager.
+
+    * #42062: Packages compiled with `%oneapi` now depend on a new package
+      `intel-oneapi-runtime`. This is similar to `gcc-runtime`, and the runtimes can
+      provide virtuals and compilers can inject dependencies on virtuals into compiled
+      packages. This allows us to model library soname compatibility and allows
+      compilers like `%oneapi` to provide virtuals like `sycl` (which can also be
+      provided by standalone libraries). Note that until we have an agreement in place
+      with intel, Intel packages are marked `redistribute(source=False, binary=False)`
+      and must be downloaded outside of Spack.
+
+    * #43272: changes to the optimization criteria of the solver improve the hit-rate of
+      buildcaches by a fair amount. The solver more relaxed compatibility rules and will
+      not try to strictly match compilers or targets of reused specs. Users can still
+      enforce the previous strict behavior with `require:` sections in `packages.yaml`.
+      Note that to enforce correct linking, Spack will *not* reuse old `%gcc` and
+      `%oneapi` specs that do not have the runtime libraries as a dependency.
+
+    * #43539: Spack will reuse specs built with compilers that are *not* explicitly
+      configured in `compilers.yaml`. Because we can now keep runtime libraries in build
+      cache, we do not require you to also have a local configured compiler to *use* the
+      runtime libraries. This improves reuse in buildcaches and avoids conflicts with OS
+      updates that happen underneath Spack.
+
+    * #43190: binary compatibility on `linux` is now based on the `libc` version,
+      instead of on the `os` tag. Spack builds now detect the host `libc` (`glibc` or
+      `musl`) and add it as an implicit external node in the dependency graph. Binaries
+      with a `libc` with the same name and a version less than or equal to that of the
+      detected `libc` can be reused. This is only on `linux`, not `macos` or `Windows`.
+
+    * #43464: each package that can provide a compiler is now detectable using `spack
+      external find`. External packages defining compiler paths are effectively used as
+      compilers, and `spack external find -t compiler` can be used as a substitute for
+      `spack compiler find`. More details on this transition are in
+      [the docs](https://spack.readthedocs.io/en/latest/getting_started.html#manual-compiler-configuration)
+
+2. **Improved `spack find` UI for Environments**
+
+   If you're working in an enviroment, you likely care about:
+
+   * What are the roots
+   * Which ones are installed / not installed
+   * What's been added that still needs to be concretized
+
+    We've tweaked `spack find` in environments to show this information much more
+    clearly. Installation status is shown next to each root, so you can see what is
+    installed. Roots are also shown in bold in the list of installed packages. There is
+    also a new option for `spack find -r` / `--only-roots` that will only show env
+    roots, if you don't want to look at all the installed specs.
+
+    More details in #42334.
+
+3. **Improved command-line string quoting**
+
+   We are making some breaking changes to how Spack parses specs on the CLI in order to
+   respect shell quoting instead of trying to fight it. If you (sadly) had to write
+   something like this on the command line:
+
+    ```
+    spack install zlib cflags=\"-O2 -g\"
+    ```
+
+    That will now result in an error, but you can now write what you probably expected
+    to work in the first place:
+
+    ```
+    spack install zlib cflags="-O2 -g"
+    ```
+
+    Quoted can also now include special characters, so you can supply flags like:
+
+    ```
+    spack intall zlib ldflags='-Wl,-rpath=$ORIGIN/_libs'
+    ```
+
+    To reduce ambiguity in parsing, we now require that you *not* put spaces around `=`
+    and `==` when for flags or variants. This would not have broken before but will now
+    result in an error:
+
+    ```
+    spack install zlib cflags = "-O2 -g"
+    ```
+
+    More details and discussion in #30634.
+
+4. **Revert default `spack install` behavior to `--reuse`**
+
+   We changed the default concretizer behavior from `--reuse` to `--reuse-deps` in
+   #30990 (in `v0.20`), which meant that *every* `spack install` invocation would
+   attempt to build a new version of the requested package / any environment roots.
+   While this is a common ask for *upgrading* and for *developer* workflows, we don't
+   think it should be the default for a package manager.
+
+   We are going to try to stick to this policy:
+   1. Prioritize reuse and build as little as possible by default.
+   2. Only upgrade or install duplicates if they are explicitly asked for, or if there
+      is a known security issue that necessitates an upgrade.
+
+   With the install command you now have three options:
+
+   * `--reuse` (default): reuse as many existing installations as possible.
+   * `--reuse-deps` / `--fresh-roots`: upgrade (freshen) roots but reuse dependencies if possible.
+   * `--fresh`: install fresh versions of requested packages (roots) and their dependencies.
+
+   We've also introduced `--fresh-roots` as an alias for `--reuse-deps` to make it more clear
+   that it may give you fresh versions. More details in #41302 and #43988.
+
+5. **More control over reused specs**
+
+   You can now control which packages to reuse and how. There is a new
+   `concretizer:reuse` config option, which accepts the following properties:
+
+   - `roots`: `true` to reuse roots, `false` to reuse just dependencies
+   - `exclude`: list of constraints used to select which specs *not* to reuse
+   - `include`: list of constraints used to select which specs *to* reuse
+   - `from`: list of sources for reused specs (some combination of `local`,
+     `buildcache`, or `external`)
+
+   For example, to reuse only specs compiled with GCC, you could write:
+
+   ```yaml
+   concretizer:
+      reuse:
+        roots: true
+        include:
+        - "%gcc"
+   ```
+
+   Or, if `openmpi` must be used from externals, and it must be the only external used:
+
+   ```yaml
+   concretizer:
+     reuse:
+       roots: true
+       from:
+       - type: local
+         exclude: ["openmpi"]
+       - type: buildcache
+         exclude: ["openmpi"]
+       - type: external
+         include: ["openmpi"]
+   ```
+
+6. **New `redistribute()` directive**
+
+   Some packages can't be redistributed in source or binary form. We need an explicit
+   way to say that in a package.
+
+   Now there is a `redistribute()` directive so that package authors can write:
+
+   ```python
+   class MyPackage(Package):
+       redistribute(source=False, binary=False)
+   ```
+
+   Like other directives, this works with `when=`:
+
+   ```python
+   class MyPackage(Package):
+       # 12.0 and higher are proprietary
+       redistribute(source=False, binary=False, when="@12.0:")
+
+       # can't redistribute when we depend on some proprietary dependency
+       redistribute(source=False, binary=False, when="^proprietary-dependency")
+   ```
+
+    More in #20185.
+
+7. **New `conflict:` and `prefer:` syntax for package preferences**
+
+   Previously, you could express conflicts and preferences in `packages.yaml` through
+   some contortions with `require:`:
+
+    ```yaml
+    packages:
+      zlib-ng:
+        require:
+        - one_of: ["%clang", "@:"]   # conflict on %clang
+        - any_of: ["+shared", "@:"]  # strong preference for +shared
+    ```
+
+    You can now use `require:` and `prefer:` for a much more readable configuration:
+
+    ```yaml
+    packages:
+      zlib-ng:
+        conflict:
+        - "%clang"
+        prefer:
+        - "+shared"
+    ```
+
+    See [the documentation](https://spack.readthedocs.io/en/latest/packages_yaml.html#conflicts-and-strong-preferences)
+    and #41832 for more details.
+
+8. **`include_concrete` in environments**
+
+   You may want to build on the *concrete* contents of another environment without
+   changing that environment.  You can now include the concrete specs from another
+   environment's `spack.lock` with `include_concrete`:
+
+   ```yaml
+      spack:
+        specs: []
+        concretizer:
+            unify: true
+        include_concrete:
+        - /path/to/environment1
+        - /path/to/environment2
+   ```
+
+   Now, when *this* environment is concretized, it will bring in the already concrete
+   specs from `environment1` and `environment2`, and build on top of them without
+   changing them. This is useful if you have phased deployments, where old deployments
+   should not be modified but you want to use as many of them as possible. More details
+   in #33768.
+
+9. **`python-venv` isolation**
+
+   Spack has unique requirements for Python because it:
+    1. installs every package in its own independent directory, and
+    2. allows users to register *external* python installations.
+
+   External installations may contain their own installed packages that can interfere
+   with Spack installations, and some distributions (Debian and Ubuntu) even change the
+   `sysconfig` in ways that alter the installation layout of installed Python packages
+   (e.g., with the addition of a `/local` prefix on Debian or Ubuntu). To isolate Spack
+   from these and other issues, we now insert a small `python-venv` package in between
+   `python` and packages that need to install Python code. This isolates Spack's build
+   environment, isolates Spack from any issues with an external python, and resolves a
+   large number of issues we've had with Python installations.
+
+   See #40773 for further details.
+
+## New commands, options, and directives
+
+* Allow packages to be pushed to build cache after install from source (#42423)
+* `spack develop`: stage build artifacts in same root as non-dev builds #41373
+  * Don't delete `spack develop` build artifacts after install (#43424)
+* `spack find`: add options for local/upstream only (#42999)
+* `spack logs`: print log files for packages (either partially built or installed) (#42202)
+* `patch`: support reversing patches (#43040)
+* `develop`: Add -b/--build-directory option to set build_directory package attribute (#39606)
+* `spack list`: add `--namesapce` / `--repo` option (#41948)
+* directives: add `checked_by` field to `license()`, add some license checks
+* `spack gc`: add options for environments and build dependencies (#41731)
+* Add `--create` to `spack env activate` (#40896)
+
+## Performance improvements
+
+* environment.py: fix excessive re-reads (#43746)
+* ruamel yaml: fix quadratic complexity bug  (#43745)
+* Refactor to improve `spec format` speed (#43712)
+* Do not acquire a write lock on the env post install if no views (#43505)
+* asp.py: fewer calls to `spec.copy()` (#43715)
+* spec.py: early return in `__str__`
+* avoid `jinja2` import at startup unless needed (#43237)
+
+## Other new features of note
+
+* `archspec`: update to `v0.2.4`: support for Windows, bugfixes for `neoverse-v1` and
+  `neoverse-v2` detection.
+* `spack config get`/`blame`: with no args, show entire config
+* `spack env create <env>`: dir if dir-like (#44024)
+* ASP-based solver: update os compatibility for macOS (#43862)
+* Add handling of custom ssl certs in urllib ops (#42953)
+* Add ability to rename environments (#43296)
+* Add config option and compiler support to reuse across OS's (#42693)
+* Support for prereleases (#43140)
+* Only reuse externals when configured (#41707)
+* Environments: Add support for including views (#42250)
+
+## Binary caches
+* Build cache: make signed/unsigned a mirror property (#41507)
+* tools stack
+
+## Removals, deprecations, and syntax changes
+* remove `dpcpp` compiler and package (#43418)
+* spack load: remove --only argument (#42120)
+
+## Notable Bugfixes
+* repo.py: drop deleted packages from provider cache (#43779)
+* Allow `+` in module file names (#41999)
+* `cmd/python`: use runpy to allow multiprocessing in scripts (#41789)
+* Show extension commands with spack -h (#41726)
+* Support environment variable expansion inside module projections (#42917)
+* Alert user to failed concretizations (#42655)
+* shell: fix zsh color formatting for PS1 in environments (#39497)
+* spack mirror create --all: include patches (#41579)
+
+## Spack community stats
+
+* 7,994 total packages; 525 since `v0.21.0`
+    * 178 new Python packages, 5 new R packages
+* 358 people contributed to this release
+    * 344 committers to packages
+    * 45 committers to core
+
 # v0.21.2 (2024-03-01)
 
 ## Bugfixes

bin/spack.bat

@@ -188,25 +188,27 @@ if NOT "%_sp_args%"=="%_sp_args:--help=%" (
 goto :end_switch
 
 :case_load
-:: If args contain --sh, --csh, or -h/--help: just execute.
-if defined _sp_args (
-    if NOT "%_sp_args%"=="%_sp_args:--help=%" (
-        goto :default_case
-    ) else if NOT "%_sp_args%"=="%_sp_args:-h=%" (
-        goto :default_case
-    ) else if NOT "%_sp_args%"=="%_sp_args:--bat=%" (
-        goto :default_case
-    )
+if NOT defined _sp_args (
+   exit /B 0
+)
+
+:: If args contain --bat, or -h/--help: just execute.
+if NOT "%_sp_args%"=="%_sp_args:--help=%" (
+    goto :default_case
+) else if NOT "%_sp_args%"=="%_sp_args:-h=%" (
+    goto :default_case
+) else if NOT "%_sp_args%"=="%_sp_args:--bat=%" (
+    goto :default_case
+) else if NOT "%_sp_args%"=="%_sp_args:--list=%" (
+    goto :default_case
 )
 
 for /f "tokens=* USEBACKQ" %%I in (
-    `python "%spack%" %_sp_flags% %_sp_subcommand% --bat %_sp_args%`) do %%I
+    `python "%spack%" %_sp_flags% %_sp_subcommand% --bat %_sp_args%`
+    ) do %%I
 
 goto :end_switch
 
-:case_unload
-goto :case_load
-
 :default_case
 python "%spack%" %_sp_flags% %_sp_subcommand% %_sp_args%
 goto :end_switch

lib/spack/docs/containers.rst

@@ -203,12 +203,9 @@ The OS that are currently supported are summarized in the table below:
    * - Ubuntu 24.04
      - ``ubuntu:24.04``
      - ``spack/ubuntu-noble``
-   * - CentOS 7
-     - ``centos:7``
-     - ``spack/centos7``
-   * - CentOS Stream
-     - ``quay.io/centos/centos:stream``
-     - ``spack/centos-stream``
+   * - CentOS Stream9
+     - ``quay.io/centos/centos:stream9``
+     - ``spack/centos-stream9``
    * - openSUSE Leap
      - ``opensuse/leap``
      - ``spack/leap15``

lib/spack/docs/environments.rst

@@ -931,32 +931,84 @@ This allows for a much-needed reduction in redundancy between packages
 and constraints.
 
 
-----------------
-Filesystem Views
-----------------
+-----------------
+Environment Views
+-----------------
 
-Spack Environments can define filesystem views, which provide a direct access point
-for software similar to the directory hierarchy that might exist under ``/usr/local``.
-Filesystem views are updated every time the environment is written out to the lock
-file ``spack.lock``, so the concrete environment and the view are always compatible.
-The files of the view's installed packages are brought into the view by symbolic or
-hard links, referencing the original Spack installation, or by copy.
+Spack Environments can have an associated filesystem view, which is a directory
+with a more traditional structure ``<view>/bin``, ``<view>/lib``, ``<view>/include``
+in which all files of the installed packages are linked.
+
+By default a view is created for each environment, thanks to the ``view: true``
+option in the ``spack.yaml`` manifest file:
+
+.. code-block:: yaml
+
+   spack:
+     specs: [perl, python]
+     view: true
+
+The view is created in a hidden directory ``.spack-env/view`` relative to the environment.
+If you've used ``spack env activate``, you may have already interacted with this view. Spack
+prepends its ``<view>/bin`` dir to ``PATH`` when the environment is activated, so that
+you can directly run executables from all installed packages in the environment.
+
+Views are highly customizable: you can control where they are put, modify their structure,
+include and exclude specs, change how files are linked, and you can even generate multiple
+views for a single environment.
 
 .. _configuring_environment_views:
 
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-Configuration in ``spack.yaml``
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+Minimal view configuration
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-The Spack Environment manifest file has a top-level keyword
-``view``. Each entry under that heading is a **view descriptor**, headed
-by a name. Any number of views may be defined under the ``view`` heading.
-The view descriptor contains the root of the view, and
-optionally the projections for the view, ``select`` and
-``exclude`` lists for the view and link information via ``link`` and
+The minimal configuration
+
+.. code-block:: yaml
+
+   spack:
+     # ...
+     view: true
+
+lets Spack generate a single view with default settings under the
+``.spack-env/view`` directory of the environment.
+
+Another short way to configure a view is to specify just where to put it:
+
+.. code-block:: yaml
+
+   spack:
+     # ...
+     view: /path/to/view
+
+Views can also be disabled by setting ``view: false``.
+
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+Advanced view configuration
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+One or more **view descriptors** can be defined under ``view``, keyed by a name.
+The example from the previous section with ``view: /path/to/view`` is equivalent
+to defining a view descriptor named ``default`` with a ``root`` attribute:
+
+.. code-block:: yaml
+
+   spack:
+     # ...
+     view:
+       default:  # name of the view
+         root: /path/to/view  # view descriptor attribute
+
+The ``default`` view descriptor name is special: when you ``spack env activate`` your
+environment, this view will be used to update (among other things) your ``PATH``
+variable.
+
+View descriptors must contain the root of the view, and optionally projections,
+``select`` and ``exclude`` lists and link information via ``link`` and
 ``link_type``.
 
-For example, in the following manifest
+As a more advanced example, in the following manifest
 file snippet we define a view named ``mpis``, rooted at
 ``/path/to/view`` in which all projections use the package name,
 version, and compiler name to determine the path for a given
@@ -1001,59 +1053,10 @@ of ``hardlink`` or ``copy``.
    when the environment is not activated, and linked libraries will be located
    *outside* of the view thanks to rpaths.
 
-
-There are two shorthands for environments with a single view. If the
-environment at ``/path/to/env`` has a single view, with a root at
-``/path/to/env/.spack-env/view``, with default selection and exclusion
-and the default projection, we can put ``view: True`` in the
-environment manifest. Similarly, if the environment has a view with a
-different root, but default selection, exclusion, and projections, the
-manifest can say ``view: /path/to/view``. These views are
-automatically named ``default``, so that
-
-.. code-block:: yaml
-
-   spack:
-     # ...
-     view: True
-
-is equivalent to
-
-.. code-block:: yaml
-
-   spack:
-     # ...
-     view:
-       default:
-         root: .spack-env/view
-
-and
-
-.. code-block:: yaml
-
-   spack:
-     # ...
-     view: /path/to/view
-
-is equivalent to
-
-.. code-block:: yaml
-
-   spack:
-     # ...
-     view:
-       default:
-         root: /path/to/view
-
-By default, Spack environments are configured with ``view: True`` in
-the manifest. Environments can be configured without views using
-``view: False``. For backwards compatibility reasons, environments
-with no ``view`` key are treated the same as ``view: True``.
-
 From the command line, the ``spack env create`` command takes an
 argument ``--with-view [PATH]`` that sets the path for a single, default
 view. If no path is specified, the default path is used (``view:
-True``). The argument ``--without-view`` can be used to create an
+true``). The argument ``--without-view`` can be used to create an
 environment without any view configured.
 
 The ``spack env view`` command can be used to change the manage views
@@ -1119,11 +1122,18 @@ the projection under ``all`` before reaching those entries.
 Activating environment views
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-The ``spack env activate`` command will put the default view for the
-environment into the user's path, in addition to activating the
-environment for Spack commands. The arguments ``-v,--with-view`` and
-``-V,--without-view`` can be used to tune this behavior. The default
-behavior is to activate with the environment view if there is one.
+The ``spack env activate <env>`` has two effects:
+
+1. It activates the environment so that further Spack commands such
+   as ``spack install`` will run in the context of the environment.
+2. It activates the view so that environment variables such as
+   ``PATH`` are updated to include the view.
+
+Without further arguments, the ``default`` view of the environment is
+activated. If a view with a different name has to be activated,
+``spack env activate --with-view <name> <env>`` can be
+used instead. You can also activate the environment without modifying
+further environment variables using ``--without-view``.
 
 The environment variables affected by the ``spack env activate``
 command and the paths that are used to update them are determined by
@@ -1146,8 +1156,8 @@ relevant variable if the path exists. For this reason, it is not
 recommended to use non-default projections with the default view of an
 environment.
 
-The ``spack env deactivate`` command will remove the default view of
-the environment from the user's path.
+The ``spack env deactivate`` command will remove the active view of
+the Spack environment from the user's environment variables.
 
 
 .. _env-generate-depfile:
@@ -1306,7 +1316,7 @@ index once every package is pushed. Note how this target uses the generated
    example/push/%: example/install/%
    	@mkdir -p $(dir $@)
    	$(info About to push $(SPEC) to a buildcache)
-   	$(SPACK) -e . buildcache push --allow-root --only=package $(BUILDCACHE_DIR) /$(HASH)
+   	$(SPACK) -e . buildcache push --only=package $(BUILDCACHE_DIR) /$(HASH)
    	@touch $@
 
    push: $(addprefix example/push/,$(example/SPACK_PACKAGE_IDS))

lib/spack/docs/packaging_guide.rst

@@ -2344,6 +2344,27 @@ you set ``parallel`` to ``False`` at the package level, then each call
 to ``make()`` will be sequential by default, but packagers can call
 ``make(parallel=True)`` to override it.
 
+Note that the ``--jobs`` option works out of the box for all standard
+build systems. If you are using a non-standard build system instead, you
+can use the variable ``make_jobs`` to extract the number of jobs specified
+by the ``--jobs`` option:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+   :emphasize-lines: 7, 11
+   :linenos:
+ 
+   class Xios(Package):
+      ...
+      def install(self, spec, prefix):
+         ...
+         options = [
+            ...
+            '--jobs', str(make_jobs),
+        ]
+        ...
+        make_xios = Executable("./make_xios")
+        make_xios(*options)
+
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 Install-level build parallelism
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -5173,12 +5194,6 @@ installed executable. The check is implemented as follows:
                 reframe = Executable(self.prefix.bin.reframe)
                 reframe("-l")
 
-.. warning::
-
-    The API for adding tests is not yet considered stable and may change
-    in future releases.
-
-
 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
 Checking build-time test results
 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
@@ -5216,38 +5231,42 @@ be left in the build stage directory as illustrated below:
 Stand-alone tests
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-While build-time tests are integrated with the build process, stand-alone
+While build-time tests are integrated with the installation process, stand-alone
 tests are expected to run days, weeks, even months after the software is
 installed. The goal is to provide a mechanism for gaining confidence that
 packages work as installed **and** *continue* to work as the underlying
 software evolves. Packages can add and inherit stand-alone tests. The
-`spack test`` command is used to manage stand-alone testing.
+``spack test`` command is used for stand-alone testing.
 
-.. note::
+.. admonition:: Stand-alone test methods should complete within a few minutes.
 
     Execution speed is important since these tests are intended to quickly
-    assess whether installed specs work on the system. Consequently, they
-    should run relatively quickly -- as in on the order of at most a few
-    minutes -- while ideally executing all, or at least key aspects of the
-    installed software.
+    assess whether installed specs work on the system. Spack cannot spare
+    resources for more extensive testing of packages included in CI stacks.
 
-.. note::
-
-    Failing stand-alone tests indicate problems with the installation and,
-    therefore, there is no reason to proceed with more resource-intensive
-    tests until those have been investigated.
-
-    Passing stand-alone tests indicate that more thorough testing, such
-    as running extensive unit or regression tests, or tests that run at
-    scale can proceed without wasting resources on a problematic installation.
+    Consequently, stand-alone tests should run relatively quickly -- as in
+    on the order of at most a few minutes -- while testing at least key aspects
+    of the installed software. Save more extensive testing for other tools.
 
 Tests are defined in the package using methods with names beginning ``test_``.
 This allows Spack to support multiple independent checks, or parts. Files
 needed for testing, such as source, data, and expected outputs, may be saved
 from the build and or stored with the package in the repository. Regardless
 of origin, these files are automatically copied to the spec's test stage
-directory prior to execution of the test method(s). Spack also provides some
-helper functions to facilitate processing.
+directory prior to execution of the test method(s). Spack also provides helper
+functions to facilitate common processing.
+
+.. tip::
+
+    **The status of stand-alone tests can be used to guide follow-up testing efforts.**
+
+    Passing stand-alone tests justify performing more thorough testing, such
+    as running extensive unit or regression tests or tests that run at scale,
+    when available. These tests are outside of the scope of Spack packaging.
+
+    Failing stand-alone tests indicate problems with the installation and,
+    therefore, no reason to proceed with more resource-intensive tests until
+    the failures have been investigated.
 
 .. _configure-test-stage:
 
@@ -5255,30 +5274,26 @@ helper functions to facilitate processing.
 Configuring the test stage directory
 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
 
-Stand-alone tests utilize a test stage directory for building, running,
-and tracking results in the same way Spack uses a build stage directory.
-The default test stage root directory, ``~/.spack/test``, is defined in
-:ref:`etc/spack/defaults/config.yaml <config-yaml>`. This location is
-customizable by adding or changing the ``test_stage`` path in the high-level
-``config`` of the appropriate ``config.yaml`` file such that:
+Stand-alone tests utilize a test stage directory to build, run, and track
+tests in the same way Spack uses a build stage directory to install software.
+The default test stage root directory, ``$HOME/.spack/test``, is defined in
+:ref:`config.yaml <config-yaml>`. This location is customizable by adding or
+changing the ``test_stage`` path such that:
 
 .. code-block:: yaml
 
    config:
      test_stage: /path/to/test/stage
 
-Packages can use the ``self.test_suite.stage`` property to access this setting.
-Other package properties that provide access to spec-specific subdirectories
-and files are described in :ref:`accessing staged files <accessing-files>`.
+Packages can use the ``self.test_suite.stage`` property to access the path.
 
-.. note::
+.. admonition:: Each spec being tested has its own test stage directory.
 
-   The test stage path is the root directory for the **entire suite**.
-   In other words, it is the root directory for **all specs** being
-   tested by the ``spack test run`` command. Each spec gets its own
-   stage subdirectory. Use ``self.test_suite.test_dir_for_spec(self.spec)``
-   to access the spec-specific test stage directory.
+   The ``config:test_stage`` option is the path to the root of a
+   **test suite**'s stage directories.
 
+   Other package properties that provide paths to spec-specific subdirectories
+   and files are described in :ref:`accessing-files`.
 
 .. _adding-standalone-tests:
 
@@ -5291,61 +5306,144 @@ Test recipes are defined in the package using methods with names beginning
 Each method has access to the information Spack tracks on the package, such
 as options, compilers, and dependencies, supporting the customization of tests
 to the build. Standard python ``assert`` statements and other error reporting
-mechanisms are available. Such exceptions are automatically caught and reported
+mechanisms can be used. These exceptions are automatically caught and reported
 as test failures.
 
-Each test method is an implicit test part named by the method and whose
-purpose is the method's docstring. Providing a purpose gives context for
-aiding debugging. A test method may contain embedded test parts. Spack
-outputs the test name and purpose prior to running each test method and
-any embedded test parts. For example, ``MyPackage`` below provides two basic
-examples of installation tests: ``test_always_fails`` and ``test_example``.
-As the name indicates, the first always fails. The second simply runs the
-installed example.
+Each test method is an *implicit test part* named by the method. Its purpose
+is the method's docstring. Providing a meaningful purpose for the test gives
+context that can aid debugging. Spack outputs both the name and purpose at the
+start of test execution so it's also important that the docstring/purpose be
+brief.
+
+.. tip::
+
+    We recommend naming test methods so it is clear *what* is being tested.
+    For example, if a test method is building and or running an executable
+    called ``example``, then call the method ``test_example``. This, together
+    with a similarly meaningful test purpose, will aid test comprehension,
+    debugging, and maintainability.
+
+Stand-alone tests run in an environment that provides access to information
+on the installed software, such as build options, dependencies, and compilers.
+Build options and dependencies are accessed using the same spec checks used
+by build recipes. Examples of checking :ref:`variant settings <variants>` and
+:ref:`spec constraints <testing-specs>` can be found at the provided links.
+
+.. admonition:: Spack automatically sets up the test stage directory and environment.
+
+    Spack automatically creates the test stage directory and copies
+    relevant files *prior to* running tests. It can also ensure build
+    dependencies are available **if** necessary.
+
+    The path to the test stage is configurable (see :ref:`configure-test-stage`).
+
+    Files that Spack knows to copy are those saved from the build (see
+    :ref:`cache_extra_test_sources`) and those added to the package repository
+    (see :ref:`cache_custom_files`).
+
+    Spack will use the value of the ``test_requires_compiler`` property to
+    determine whether it needs to also set up build dependencies (see
+    :ref:`test-build-tests`).
+
+The ``MyPackage`` package below provides two basic test examples: 
+``test_example`` and ``test_example2``.  The first runs the installed
+``example`` and ensures its output contains an expected string. The second
+runs ``example2`` without checking output so is only concerned with confirming
+the executable runs successfully. If the installed spec is not expected to have
+``example2``, then the check at the top of the method will raise a special
+``SkipTest`` exception, which is captured to facilitate reporting skipped test
+parts to tools like CDash.
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
    class MyPackage(Package):
        ...
 
-       def test_always_fails(self):
-           """use assert to always fail"""
-           assert False
-
        def test_example(self):
-           """run installed example"""
+           """ensure installed example works"""
+           expected = "Done."
            example = which(self.prefix.bin.example)
-           example()
+
+           # Capture stdout and stderr from running the Executable
+           # and check that the expected output was produced.
+           out = example(output=str.split, error=str.split)
+           assert expected in out, f"Expected '{expected}' in the output"
+
+       def test_example2(self):
+           """run installed example2"""
+           if self.spec.satisfies("@:1.0"):
+               # Raise SkipTest to ensure flagging the test as skipped for
+               # test reporting purposes.
+               raise SkipTest("Test is only available for v1.1 on")
+
+           example2 = which(self.prefix.bin.example2)
+           example2()
 
 Output showing the identification of each test part after running the tests
 is illustrated below.
 
 .. code-block:: console
 
-   $ spack test run --alias mypackage mypackage@1.0
+   $ spack test run --alias mypackage mypackage@2.0
    ==> Spack test mypackage
    ...
    $ spack test results -l mypackage
    ==> Results for test suite 'mypackage':
    ...
-   ==> [2023-03-10-16:03:56.625204] test: test_always_fails: use assert to always fail
+   ==> [2024-03-10-16:03:56.625439] test: test_example: ensure installed example works
    ...
-   FAILED
-   ==> [2023-03-10-16:03:56.625439] test: test_example: run installed example
+   PASSED: MyPackage::test_example
+   ==> [2024-03-10-16:03:56.625439] test: test_example2: run installed example2
    ...
-   PASSED
+   PASSED: MyPackage::test_example2
 
+.. admonition:: Do NOT implement tests that must run in the installation prefix.
 
-.. note::
+   Use of the package spec's installation prefix for building and running
+   tests is **strongly discouraged**. Doing so causes permission errors for
+   shared spack instances *and* facilities that install the software in
+   read-only file systems or directories.
 
-   If ``MyPackage`` were a recipe for a library, the tests should build
-   an example or test program that is then executed.
+   Instead, start these test methods by explicitly copying the needed files
+   from the installation prefix to the test stage directory. Note the test
+   stage directory is the current directory when the test is executed with
+   the ``spack test run`` command.
 
-A test method can include test parts using the ``test_part`` context manager.
-Each part is treated as an independent check to allow subsequent test parts
-to execute even after a test part fails.
+.. admonition:: Test methods for library packages should build test executables.
 
-.. _test-part:
+   Stand-alone tests for library packages *should* build test executables
+   that utilize the *installed* library. Doing so ensures the tests follow
+   a similar build process that users of the library would follow.
+
+   For more information on how to do this, see :ref:`test-build-tests`.
+
+.. tip::
+
+   If you want to see more examples from packages with stand-alone tests, run
+   ``spack pkg grep "def\stest" | sed "s/\/package.py.*//g" | sort -u``
+   from the command line to get a list of the packages.
+
+.. _adding-standalone-test-parts:
+
+"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+Adding stand-alone test parts
+"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+
+Sometimes dependencies between steps of a test lend themselves to being
+broken into parts. Tracking the pass/fail status of each part may aid
+debugging. Spack provides a ``test_part`` context manager for use within
+test methods.
+
+Each test part is independently run, tracked, and reported. Test parts are
+executed in the order they appear. If one fails, subsequent test parts are
+still performed even if they would also fail. This allows tools like CDash
+to track and report the status of test parts across runs. The pass/fail status
+of the enclosing test is derived from the statuses of the embedded test parts.
+
+.. admonition:: Test method and test part names **must** be unique.
+
+   Test results reporting requires that test methods and embedded test parts
+   within a package have unique names.
 
 The signature for ``test_part`` is:
 
@@ -5367,40 +5465,68 @@ where each argument has the following meaning:
 * ``work_dir`` is the path to the directory in which the test will run.
 
   The default of ``None``, or ``"."``, corresponds to the the spec's test
-  stage (i.e., ``self.test_suite.test_dir_for_spec(self.spec)``.
+  stage (i.e., ``self.test_suite.test_dir_for_spec(self.spec)``).
 
-.. admonition:: Tests should **not** run under the installation directory.
+.. admonition:: Start test part names with the name of the enclosing test.
 
-   Use of the package spec's installation directory for building and running
-   tests is **strongly** discouraged. Doing so causes permission errors for
-   shared spack instances *and* facilities that install the software in
-   read-only file systems or directories.
+   We **highly recommend** starting the names of test parts with the name
+   of the enclosing test. Doing so helps with the comprehension, readability
+   and debugging of test results.
 
-Suppose ``MyPackage`` actually installs two examples we want to use for tests.
-These checks can be implemented as separate checks or, as illustrated below,
-embedded test parts.
+Suppose ``MyPackage`` installs multiple executables that need to run in a
+specific order since the outputs from one are inputs of others. Further suppose
+we want to add an integration test that runs the executables in order. We can
+accomplish this goal by implementing a stand-alone test method consisting of
+test parts for each executable as follows:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
    class MyPackage(Package):
        ...
 
-       def test_example(self):
-           """run installed examples"""
-           for example in ["ex1", "ex2"]:
-               with test_part(
-                   self,
-                   f"test_example_{example}",
-                   purpose=f"run installed {example}",
-                ):
-                    exe = which(join_path(self.prefix.bin, example))
-                    exe()
+       def test_series(self):
+           """run setup, perform, and report"""
 
-In this case, there will be an implicit test part for ``test_example``
-and separate sub-parts for ``ex1`` and ``ex2``. The second sub-part
-will be executed regardless of whether the first passes. The test
-log for a run where the first executable fails and the second passes
-is illustrated below.
+           with test_part(self, "test_series_setup", purpose="setup operation"):
+                exe = which(self.prefix.bin.setup))
+                exe()
+
+           with test_part(self, "test_series_run", purpose="perform operation"):
+                exe = which(self.prefix.bin.run))
+                exe()
+
+           with test_part(self, "test_series_report", purpose="generate report"):
+                exe = which(self.prefix.bin.report))
+                exe()
+
+The result is ``test_series`` runs the following executable in order: ``setup``,
+``run``, and ``report``. In this case no options are passed to any of the
+executables and no outputs from running them are checked. Consequently, the
+implementation could be simplified with a for-loop as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   class MyPackage(Package):
+       ...
+
+       def test_series(self):
+           """execute series setup, run, and report"""
+
+           for exe, reason in [
+               ("setup", "setup operation"),
+               ("run", "perform operation"),
+               ("report", "generate report")
+           ]:
+               with test_part(self, f"test_series_{exe}", purpose=reason):
+                   exe = which(self.prefix.bin.join(exe))
+                   exe()
+
+In both cases, since we're using a context manager, each test part in
+``test_series`` will execute regardless of the status of the other test
+parts.
+
+Now let's look at the output from running the stand-alone tests where
+the second test part, ``test_series_run``, fails.
 
 .. code-block:: console
 
@@ -5410,50 +5536,68 @@ is illustrated below.
    $ spack test results -l mypackage
    ==> Results for test suite 'mypackage':
    ...
-   ==> [2023-03-10-16:03:56.625204] test: test_example: run installed examples
-   ==> [2023-03-10-16:03:56.625439] test: test_example_ex1: run installed ex1
+   ==> [2024-03-10-16:03:56.625204] test: test_series: execute series setup, run, and report
+   ==> [2024-03-10-16:03:56.625439] test: test_series_setup: setup operation
    ...
-   FAILED
-   ==> [2023-03-10-16:03:56.625555] test: test_example_ex2: run installed ex2
+   PASSED: MyPackage::test_series_setup
+   ==> [2024-03-10-16:03:56.625555] test: test_series_run: perform operation
    ...
-   PASSED
+   FAILED: MyPackage::test_series_run
+   ==> [2024-03-10-16:03:57.003456] test: test_series_report: generate report
+   ...
+   FAILED: MyPackage::test_series_report
+   FAILED: MyPackage::test_series
    ...
 
-.. warning::
+Since test parts depended on the success of previous parts, we see that the
+failure of one results in the failure of subsequent checks and the overall
+result of the test method, ``test_series``, is failure.
 
-   Test results reporting requires that each test method and embedded
-   test part for a package have a unique name.
+.. tip::
 
-Stand-alone tests run in an environment that provides access to information
-Spack has on how the software was built, such as build options, dependencies,
-and compilers. Build options and dependencies are accessed with the normal
-spec checks. Examples of checking :ref:`variant settings <variants>` and
-:ref:`spec constraints <testing-specs>` can be found at the provided links.
-Accessing compilers in stand-alone tests that are used by the build requires
-setting a package property as described :ref:`below <test-compilation>`.
+   If you want to see more examples from packages using ``test_part``, run
+   ``spack pkg grep "test_part(" | sed "s/\/package.py.*//g" | sort -u``
+   from the command line to get a list of the packages.
 
+.. _test-build-tests:
 
-.. _test-compilation:
+"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+Building and running test executables
+"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
 
-"""""""""""""""""""""""""
-Enabling test compilation
-"""""""""""""""""""""""""
+.. admonition:: Re-use build-time sources and (small) input data sets when possible.
 
-If you want to build and run binaries in tests, then you'll need to tell
-Spack to load the package's compiler configuration. This is accomplished
-by setting the package's ``test_requires_compiler`` property to ``True``.
+    We **highly recommend** re-using build-time test sources and pared down
+    input files for testing installed software. These files are easier
+    to keep synchronized with software capabilities when they reside
+    within the software's repository. More information on saving files from
+    the installation process can be found at :ref:`cache_extra_test_sources`.
 
-Setting the property to ``True`` ensures access to the compiler through
-canonical environment variables (e.g., ``CC``, ``CXX``, ``FC``, ``F77``).
-It also gives access to build dependencies like ``cmake`` through their
-``spec objects`` (e.g., ``self.spec["cmake"].prefix.bin.cmake``).
+    If that is not possible, you can add test-related files to the package
+    repository (see :ref:`cache_custom_files`). It will be important to
+    remember to maintain them so they work across listed or supported versions
+    of the package.
 
-.. note::
+Packages that build libraries are good examples of cases where you'll want
+to build test executables from the installed software before running them.
+Doing so requires you to let Spack know it needs to load the package's
+compiler configuration. This is accomplished by setting the package's
+``test_requires_compiler`` property to ``True``.
 
-   The ``test_requires_compiler`` property should be added at the top of
-   the package near other attributes, such as the ``homepage`` and ``url``.
+.. admonition:: ``test_requires_compiler = True`` is required to build test executables.
 
-Below illustrates using this feature to compile an example.
+   Setting the property to ``True`` ensures access to the compiler through
+   canonical environment variables (e.g., ``CC``, ``CXX``, ``FC``, ``F77``).
+   It also gives access to build dependencies like ``cmake`` through their
+   ``spec objects`` (e.g., ``self.spec["cmake"].prefix.bin.cmake`` for the
+   path or ``self.spec["cmake"].command`` for the ``Executable`` instance).
+
+   Be sure to add the property at the top of the package class under other
+   properties like the ``homepage``.
+
+The example below, which ignores how ``cxx-example.cpp`` is acquired,
+illustrates the basic process of compiling a test executable using the
+installed library before running it.
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
@@ -5477,28 +5621,22 @@ Below illustrates using this feature to compile an example.
            cxx_example = which(exe)
            cxx_example()
 
+Typically the files used to build and or run test executables are either
+cached from the installation (see :ref:`cache_extra_test_sources`) or added
+to the package repository (see :ref:`cache_custom_files`). There is nothing
+preventing the use of both.
 
 .. _cache_extra_test_sources:
 
-"""""""""""""""""""""""
-Saving build-time files
-"""""""""""""""""""""""
+""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+Saving build- and install-time files
+""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
 
-.. note::
-
-    We highly recommend re-using build-time test sources and pared down
-    input files for testing installed software. These files are easier
-    to keep synchronized with software capabilities since they reside
-    within the software's repository.
-
-    If that is not possible, you can add test-related files to the package
-    repository (see :ref:`adding custom files <cache_custom_files>`). It
-    will be important to maintain them so they work across listed or supported
-    versions of the package.
-
-You can use the ``cache_extra_test_sources`` helper to copy directories
-and or files from the source build stage directory to the package's
-installation directory.
+You can use the ``cache_extra_test_sources`` helper routine to copy
+directories and or files from the source build stage directory to the
+package's installation directory. Spack will automatically copy these
+files for you when it sets up the test stage directory and before it
+begins running the tests.
 
 The signature for ``cache_extra_test_sources`` is:
 
@@ -5513,46 +5651,69 @@ where each argument has the following meaning:
 * ``srcs`` is a string *or* a list of strings corresponding to the
   paths of subdirectories and or files needed for stand-alone testing.
 
-The paths must be relative to the staged source directory. Contents of
-subdirectories and files are copied to a special test cache subdirectory
-of the installation prefix. They are automatically copied to the appropriate
-relative paths under the test stage directory prior to executing stand-alone
-tests.
+.. warning::
 
-For example, a package method for copying everything in the ``tests``
-subdirectory plus the ``foo.c`` and ``bar.c`` files from ``examples``
-and using ``foo.c`` in a test method is illustrated below.
+   Paths provided in the ``srcs`` argument **must be relative** to the
+   staged source directory. They will be copied to the equivalent relative
+   location under the test stage directory prior to test execution.
+
+Contents of subdirectories and files are copied to a special test cache
+subdirectory of the installation prefix. They are automatically copied to
+the appropriate relative paths under the test stage directory prior to
+executing stand-alone tests.
+
+.. tip:: 
+
+    *Perform test-related conversions once when copying files.*
+
+    If one or more of the copied files needs to be modified to reference
+    the installed software, it is recommended that those changes be made
+    to the cached files **once** in the post-``install`` copy method
+    **after** the call to ``cache_extra_test_sources``. This will reduce
+    the amount of unnecessary work in the test method **and** avoid problems
+    running stand-alone tests in shared instances and facility deployments.
+
+    The ``filter_file`` function can be quite useful for such changes
+    (see :ref:`file-filtering`).
+
+Below is a basic example of a test that relies on files from the installation.
+This package method re-uses the contents of the ``examples`` subdirectory,
+which is assumed to have all of the files implemented to allow ``make`` to
+compile and link ``foo.c`` and ``bar.c`` against the package's installed
+library.
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-   class MyLibPackage(Package):
+   class MyLibPackage(MakefilePackage):
        ...
 
        @run_after("install")
        def copy_test_files(self):
-           srcs = ["tests",
-                   join_path("examples", "foo.c"),
-                   join_path("examples", "bar.c")]
-           cache_extra_test_sources(self, srcs)
+           cache_extra_test_sources(self, "examples")
 
-       def test_foo(self):
-           exe = "foo"
-           src_dir = self.test_suite.current_test_cache_dir.examples
-           with working_dir(src_dir):
-               cc = which(os.environ["CC"])
-               cc(
-                   f"-L{self.prefix.lib}",
-                   f"-I{self.prefix.include}",
-                   f"{exe}.c",
-                   "-o", exe
-               )
-               foo = which(exe)
-               foo()
+       def test_example(self):
+           """build and run the examples"""
+           examples_dir = self.test_suite.current_test_cache_dir.examples
+           with working_dir(examples_dir):
+               make = which("make")
+               make()
 
-In this case, the method copies the associated files from the build
-stage, **after** the software is installed, to the package's test
-cache directory. Then ``test_foo`` builds ``foo`` using ``foo.c``
-before running the program.
+               for program in ["foo", "bar"]:
+                   with test_part(
+                       self,
+                       f"test_example_{program}",
+                       purpose=f"ensure {program} runs"
+                   ):
+                       exe = Executable(program)
+                       exe()
+
+In this case, ``copy_test_files`` copies the associated files from the
+build stage to the package's test cache directory under the installation
+prefix. Running ``spack test run`` for the package results in Spack copying
+the directory and its contents to the the test stage directory. The
+``working_dir`` context manager ensures the commands within it are executed
+from the ``examples_dir``. The test builds the software using ``make`` before
+running each executable, ``foo`` and ``bar``, as independent test parts.
 
 .. note::
 
@@ -5561,43 +5722,18 @@ before running the program.
 
    The key to copying files for stand-alone testing at build time is use
    of the ``run_after`` directive, which ensures the associated files are
-   copied **after** the provided build stage where the files **and**
-   installation prefix are available.
+   copied **after** the provided build stage (``install``) when the installation
+   prefix **and** files are available.
 
-These paths are **automatically copied** from cache to the test stage
-directory prior to the execution of any stand-alone tests. Tests access
-the files using the ``self.test_suite.current_test_cache_dir`` property.
-In our example above, test methods can use the following paths to reference
-the copy of each entry listed in ``srcs``, respectively:
+   The test method uses the path contained in the package's
+   ``self.test_suite.current_test_cache_dir`` property for the root directory
+   of the copied files. In this case, that's the ``examples`` subdirectory.
 
-* ``self.test_suite.current_test_cache_dir.tests``
-* ``join_path(self.test_suite.current_test_cache_dir.examples, "foo.c")``
-* ``join_path(self.test_suite.current_test_cache_dir.examples, "bar.c")``
-
-.. admonition:: Library packages should build stand-alone tests
-
-    Library developers will want to build the associated tests
-    against their **installed** libraries before running them.
-
-.. note::
-
-    While source and input files are generally recommended, binaries
-    **may** also be cached by the build process. Only you, as the package
-    writer or maintainer, know whether these files would be appropriate
-    for testing the installed software weeks to months later.
-
-.. note::
-
-    If one or more of the copied files needs to be modified to reference
-    the installed software, it is recommended that those changes be made
-    to the cached files **once** in the ``copy_test_sources`` method and
-    ***after** the call to ``cache_extra_test_sources()``. This will
-    reduce the amount of unnecessary work in the test method **and** avoid
-    problems testing in shared instances and facility deployments.
-
-    The ``filter_file`` function can be quite useful for such changes.
-    See :ref:`file manipulation <file-manipulation>`.
+.. tip::
 
+   If you want to see more examples from packages that cache build files, run
+   ``spack pkg grep cache_extra_test_sources | sed "s/\/package.py.*//g" | sort -u``
+   from the command line to get a list of the packages.
 
 .. _cache_custom_files:
 
@@ -5605,8 +5741,9 @@ the copy of each entry listed in ``srcs``, respectively:
 Adding custom files
 """""""""""""""""""
 
-In some cases it can be useful to have files that can be used to build or
-check the results of tests.  Examples include:
+Sometimes it is helpful or necessary to include custom files for building and
+or checking the results of tests as part of the package. Examples of the types
+of files that might be useful are:
 
 - test source files
 - test input files
@@ -5614,17 +5751,15 @@ check the results of tests.  Examples include:
 - expected test outputs
 
 While obtaining such files from the software repository is preferred (see
-:ref:`adding build-time files  <cache_extra_test_sources>`), there are
-circumstances where that is not feasible (e.g., the software is not being
-actively maintained). When test files can't be obtained from the repository
-or as a supplement to files that can, Spack supports the inclusion of
-additional files under the ``test`` subdirectory of the package in the
-Spack repository.
+:ref:`cache_extra_test_sources`), there are circumstances where doing so is not
+feasible such as when the software is not being actively maintained. When test
+files cannot be obtained from the repository or there is a need to supplement
+files that can, Spack supports the inclusion of additional files under the
+``test`` subdirectory of the package in the Spack repository.
 
-Spack **automatically copies** the contents of that directory to the
-test staging directory prior to running stand-alone tests. Test methods
-access those files using the ``self.test_suite.current_test_data_dir``
-property as shown below.
+The following example assumes a ``custom-example.c`` is saved in ``MyLibary``
+package's ``test`` subdirectory. It also assumes the program simply needs to
+be compiled and linked against the installed ``MyLibrary`` software.
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
@@ -5634,17 +5769,29 @@ property as shown below.
        test_requires_compiler = True
        ...
 
-       def test_example(self):
+       def test_custom_example(self):
            """build and run custom-example"""
-           data_dir = self.test_suite.current_test_data_dir
+           src_dir = self.test_suite.current_test_data_dir
            exe = "custom-example"
-           src = datadir.join(f"{exe}.cpp")
-           ...
-           # TODO: Build custom-example using src and exe
-           ...
-           custom_example = which(exe)
-           custom_example()
 
+           with working_dir(src_dir):
+               cc = which(os.environ["CC"])
+               cc(
+                   f"-L{self.prefix.lib}",
+                   f"-I{self.prefix.include}",
+                   f"{exe}.cpp",
+                   "-o", exe
+               )
+
+               custom_example = Executable(exe)
+               custom_example()
+
+In this case, ``spack test run`` for the package results in Spack copying
+the contents of the ``test`` subdirectory to the test stage directory path
+in ``self.test_suite.current_test_data_dir`` before calling
+``test_custom_example``. Use of the ``working_dir`` context manager
+ensures the commands to build and run the program are performed from
+within the appropriate subdirectory of the test stage.
 
 .. _expected_test_output_from_file:
 
@@ -5653,9 +5800,8 @@ Reading expected output from a file
 """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
 
 The helper function ``get_escaped_text_output`` is available for packages
-to retrieve and properly format the text from a file that contains the
-expected output from running an executable that may contain special
-characters.
+to retrieve properly formatted text from a file potentially containing
+special characters.
 
 The signature for ``get_escaped_text_output`` is:
 
@@ -5665,10 +5811,13 @@ The signature for ``get_escaped_text_output`` is:
 
 where ``filename`` is the path to the file containing the expected output.
 
-The ``filename`` for a :ref:`custom file <cache_custom_files>` can be
-accessed by tests using the ``self.test_suite.current_test_data_dir``
-property. The example below illustrates how to read a file that was
-added to the package's ``test`` subdirectory.
+The path provided to ``filename`` for one of the copied custom files
+(:ref:`custom file <cache_custom_files>`) is in the path rooted at
+``self.test_suite.current_test_data_dir``.
+
+The example below shows how to reference both the custom database
+(``packages.db``) and expected output (``dump.out``) files Spack copies
+to the test stage:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
@@ -5690,8 +5839,9 @@ added to the package's ``test`` subdirectory.
            for exp in expected:
                assert re.search(exp, out), f"Expected '{exp}' in output"
 
-If the file was instead copied from the ``tests`` subdirectory of the staged
-source code, the path would be obtained as shown below.
+If the files were instead cached from installing the software, the paths to the
+two files would be found under the ``self.test_suite.current_test_cache_dir``
+directory as shown below:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
@@ -5699,17 +5849,24 @@ source code, the path would be obtained as shown below.
            """check example table dump"""
            test_cache_dir = self.test_suite.current_test_cache_dir
            db_filename = test_cache_dir.join("packages.db")
+           ..
+           expected = get_escaped_text_output(test_cache_dir.join("dump.out"))
+           ...
 
-Alternatively, if the file was copied to the ``share/tests`` subdirectory
-as part of the installation process, the test could access the path as
-follows:
+Alternatively, if both files had been installed by the software into the
+``share/tests`` subdirectory of the installation prefix, the paths to the
+two files would be referenced as follows:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
        def test_example(self):
            """check example table dump"""
-           db_filename = join_path(self.prefix.share.tests, "packages.db")
-
+           db_filename = self.prefix.share.tests.join("packages.db")
+           ..
+           expected = get_escaped_text_output(
+               self.prefix.share.tests.join("dump.out")
+           )
+           ...
 
 .. _check_outputs:
 
@@ -5717,9 +5874,9 @@ follows:
 Comparing expected to actual outputs
 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
 
-The helper function ``check_outputs`` is available for packages to ensure
-the expected outputs from running an executable are contained within the
-actual outputs.
+The ``check_outputs`` helper routine is available for packages to ensure
+multiple expected outputs from running an executable are contained within
+the actual outputs.
 
 The signature for ``check_outputs`` is:
 
@@ -5745,11 +5902,17 @@ Invoking the method is the equivalent of:
    if errors:
        raise RuntimeError("\n ".join(errors))
 
+.. tip::
+
+   If you want to see more examples from packages that use this helper, run
+   ``spack pkg grep check_outputs | sed "s/\/package.py.*//g" | sort -u``
+   from the command line to get a list of the packages.
+
 
 .. _accessing-files:
 
 """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
-Accessing package- and test-related files
+Finding package- and test-related files
 """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
 
 You may need to access files from one or more locations when writing
@@ -5758,8 +5921,7 @@ include test source files or includes them but has no way to build the
 executables using the installed headers and libraries. In these cases
 you may need to reference the files relative to one or more root directory.
 The table below lists relevant path properties and provides additional
-examples of their use.
-:ref:`Reading expected output <expected_test_output_from_file>` provides
+examples of their use. See :ref:`expected_test_output_from_file` for
 examples of accessing files saved from the software repository, package
 repository, and installation.
 
@@ -5788,7 +5950,6 @@ repository, and installation.
      - ``self.test_suite.current_test_data_dir``
      - ``join_path(self.test_suite.current_test_data_dir, "hello.f90")``
 
-
 .. _inheriting-tests:
 
 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""
@@ -5831,7 +5992,7 @@ maintainers provide additional stand-alone tests customized to the package.
 .. warning::
 
    Any package that implements a test method with the same name as an
-   inherited method overrides the inherited method. If that is not the
+   inherited method will override the inherited method. If that is not the
    goal and you are not explicitly calling and adding functionality to
    the inherited method for the test, then make sure that all test methods
    and embedded test parts have unique test names.
@@ -5996,6 +6157,8 @@ running:
 This is already part of the boilerplate for packages created with
 ``spack create``.
 
+.. _file-filtering:
+
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 Filtering functions
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

lib/spack/docs/pipelines.rst

@@ -253,17 +253,6 @@ can easily happen if it is not updated frequently, this behavior ensures that
 spack has a way to know for certain about the status of any concrete spec on
 the remote mirror, but can slow down pipeline generation significantly.
 
-The ``--optimize`` argument is experimental and runs the generated pipeline
-document through a series of optimization passes designed to reduce the size
-of the generated file.
-
-The ``--dependencies`` is also experimental and disables what in Gitlab is
-referred to as DAG scheduling, internally using the ``dependencies`` keyword
-rather than ``needs`` to list dependency jobs.  The drawback of using this option
-is that before any job can begin, all jobs in previous stages must first
-complete.  The benefit is that Gitlab allows more dependencies to be listed
-when using ``dependencies`` instead of ``needs``.
-
 The optional ``--output-file`` argument should be an absolute path (including
 file name) to the generated pipeline, and if not given, the default is
 ``./.gitlab-ci.yml``.

lib/spack/docs/requirements.txt

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-sphinx==7.2.6
+sphinx==7.4.7
 sphinxcontrib-programoutput==0.17
 sphinx_design==0.6.0
 sphinx-rtd-theme==2.0.0
 python-levenshtein==0.25.1
 docutils==0.20.1
 pygments==2.18.0
-urllib3==2.2.1
-pytest==8.2.2
+urllib3==2.2.2
+pytest==8.3.1
 isort==5.13.2
 black==24.4.2
-flake8==7.0.0
-mypy==1.10.0
+flake8==7.1.0
+mypy==1.11.0

lib/spack/llnl/util/tty/log.py

@@ -33,8 +33,23 @@
     pass
 
 
+esc, bell, lbracket, bslash, newline = r"\x1b", r"\x07", r"\[", r"\\", r"\n"
+# Ansi Control Sequence Introducers (CSI) are a well-defined format
+# Standard ECMA-48: Control Functions for Character-Imaging I/O Devices, section 5.4
+# https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-48_5th_edition_june_1991.pdf
+csi_pre = f"{esc}{lbracket}"
+csi_param, csi_inter, csi_post = r"[0-?]", r"[ -/]", r"[@-~]"
+ansi_csi = f"{csi_pre}{csi_param}*{csi_inter}*{csi_post}"
+# General ansi escape sequences have well-defined prefixes,
+#  but content and suffixes are less reliable.
+# Conservatively assume they end with either "<ESC>\" or "<BELL>",
+#  with no intervening "<ESC>"/"<BELL>" keys or newlines
+esc_pre = f"{esc}[@-_]"
+esc_content = f"[^{esc}{bell}{newline}]"
+esc_post = f"(?:{esc}{bslash}|{bell})"
+ansi_esc = f"{esc_pre}{esc_content}*{esc_post}"
 # Use this to strip escape sequences
-_escape = re.compile(r"\x1b[^m]*m|\x1b\[?1034h|\x1b\][0-9]+;[^\x07]*\x07")
+_escape = re.compile(f"{ansi_csi}|{ansi_esc}")
 
 # control characters for enabling/disabling echo
 #

lib/spack/spack/audit.py

@@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ def check_virtual_with_variants(spec, msg):
                         return
                     error = error_cls(
                         f"{pkg_name}: {msg}",
-                        f"remove variants from '{spec}' in depends_on directive in {filename}",
+                        [f"remove variants from '{spec}' in depends_on directive in {filename}"],
                     )
                     errors.append(error)
 

lib/spack/spack/bootstrap/config.py

@@ -129,10 +129,10 @@ def _bootstrap_config_scopes() -> Sequence["spack.config.ConfigScope"]:
     configuration_paths = (spack.config.CONFIGURATION_DEFAULTS_PATH, ("bootstrap", _config_path()))
     for name, path in configuration_paths:
         platform = spack.platforms.host().name
-        platform_scope = spack.config.ConfigScope(
-            "/".join([name, platform]), os.path.join(path, platform)
+        platform_scope = spack.config.DirectoryConfigScope(
+            f"{name}/{platform}", os.path.join(path, platform)
         )
-        generic_scope = spack.config.ConfigScope(name, path)
+        generic_scope = spack.config.DirectoryConfigScope(name, path)
         config_scopes.extend([generic_scope, platform_scope])
         msg = "[BOOTSTRAP CONFIG SCOPE] name={0}, path={1}"
         tty.debug(msg.format(generic_scope.name, generic_scope.path))

lib/spack/spack/build_environment.py

@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@
 import spack.store
 import spack.subprocess_context
 import spack.user_environment
+import spack.util.executable
 import spack.util.path
 import spack.util.pattern
 from spack import traverse
@@ -458,10 +459,7 @@ def set_wrapper_variables(pkg, env):
 
     # Find ccache binary and hand it to build environment
     if spack.config.get("config:ccache"):
-        ccache = Executable("ccache")
-        if not ccache:
-            raise RuntimeError("No ccache binary found in PATH")
-        env.set(SPACK_CCACHE_BINARY, ccache)
+        env.set(SPACK_CCACHE_BINARY, spack.util.executable.which_string("ccache", required=True))
 
     # Gather information about various types of dependencies
     link_deps = set(pkg.spec.traverse(root=False, deptype=("link")))
@@ -1475,7 +1473,7 @@ def long_message(self):
             out.write("  {0}\n".format(self.log_name))
 
         # Also output the test log path IF it exists
-        if self.context != "test":
+        if self.context != "test" and have_log:
             test_log = join_path(os.path.dirname(self.log_name), spack_install_test_log)
             if os.path.isfile(test_log):
                 out.write("\nSee test log for details:\n")

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/cuda.py

@@ -124,6 +124,8 @@ def cuda_flags(arch_list):
         # minimum supported versions
         conflicts("%gcc@:4", when="+cuda ^cuda@11.0:")
         conflicts("%gcc@:5", when="+cuda ^cuda@11.4:")
+        conflicts("%gcc@:7.2", when="+cuda ^cuda@12.4:")
+        conflicts("%clang@:6", when="+cuda ^cuda@12.2:")
 
         # maximum supported version
         # NOTE:
@@ -136,14 +138,14 @@ def cuda_flags(arch_list):
         conflicts("%gcc@11.2:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:11.5")
         conflicts("%gcc@12:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:11.8")
         conflicts("%gcc@13:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:12.3")
-        conflicts("%gcc@14:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:12.4")
+        conflicts("%gcc@14:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:12.5")
         conflicts("%clang@12:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:11.4.0")
         conflicts("%clang@13:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:11.5")
         conflicts("%clang@14:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:11.7")
         conflicts("%clang@15:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:12.0")
         conflicts("%clang@16:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:12.1")
         conflicts("%clang@17:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:12.3")
-        conflicts("%clang@18:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:12.4")
+        conflicts("%clang@18:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:12.5")
 
         # https://gist.github.com/ax3l/9489132#gistcomment-3860114
         conflicts("%gcc@10", when="+cuda ^cuda@:11.4.0")
@@ -211,12 +213,16 @@ def cuda_flags(arch_list):
         conflicts("%intel@19.0:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:10.0")
         conflicts("%intel@19.1:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:10.1")
         conflicts("%intel@19.2:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:11.1.0")
+        conflicts("%intel@2021:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:11.4.0")
 
         # XL is mostly relevant for ppc64le Linux
         conflicts("%xl@:12,14:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:9.1")
         conflicts("%xl@:12,14:15,17:", when="+cuda ^cuda@9.2")
         conflicts("%xl@:12,17:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:11.1.0")
 
+        # PowerPC.
+        conflicts("target=ppc64le", when="+cuda ^cuda@12.5:")
+
         # Darwin.
         # TODO: add missing conflicts for %apple-clang cuda@:10
-        conflicts("platform=darwin", when="+cuda ^cuda@11.0.2: ")
+        conflicts("platform=darwin", when="+cuda ^cuda@11.0.2:")

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/go.py

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ def build_directory(self):
     def build_args(self):
         """Arguments for ``go build``."""
         # Pass ldflags -s = --strip-all and -w = --no-warnings by default
-        return ["-ldflags", "-s -w", "-o", f"{self.pkg.name}"]
+        return ["-modcacherw", "-ldflags", "-s -w", "-o", f"{self.pkg.name}"]
 
     @property
     def check_args(self):

lib/spack/spack/caches.py

@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ def _misc_cache():
     return spack.util.file_cache.FileCache(path)
 
 
+FileCacheType = Union[spack.util.file_cache.FileCache, llnl.util.lang.Singleton]
+
 #: Spack's cache for small data
 MISC_CACHE: Union[spack.util.file_cache.FileCache, llnl.util.lang.Singleton] = (
     llnl.util.lang.Singleton(_misc_cache)

lib/spack/spack/ci.py

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 from urllib.request import HTTPHandler, Request, build_opener
 
+import ruamel.yaml
+
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
 from llnl.util.lang import memoized
@@ -551,10 +553,9 @@ def generate_gitlab_ci_yaml(
     env,
     print_summary,
     output_file,
+    *,
     prune_dag=False,
     check_index_only=False,
-    run_optimizer=False,
-    use_dependencies=False,
     artifacts_root=None,
     remote_mirror_override=None,
 ):
@@ -575,12 +576,6 @@ def generate_gitlab_ci_yaml(
             this mode results in faster yaml generation time). Otherwise, also
             check each spec directly by url (useful if there is no index or it
             might be out of date).
-        run_optimizer (bool): If True, post-process the generated yaml to try
-            try to reduce the size (attempts to collect repeated configuration
-            and replace with definitions).)
-        use_dependencies (bool): If true, use "dependencies" rather than "needs"
-            ("needs" allows DAG scheduling).  Useful if gitlab instance cannot
-            be configured to handle more than a few "needs" per job.
         artifacts_root (str): Path where artifacts like logs, environment
             files (spack.yaml, spack.lock), etc should be written.  GitLab
             requires this to be within the project directory.
@@ -814,7 +809,8 @@ def ensure_expected_target_path(path):
         cli_scopes = [
             os.path.relpath(s.path, concrete_env_dir)
             for s in cfg.scopes().values()
-            if isinstance(s, cfg.ImmutableConfigScope)
+            if not s.writable
+            and isinstance(s, (cfg.DirectoryConfigScope))
             and s.path not in env_includes
             and os.path.exists(s.path)
         ]
@@ -1271,17 +1267,6 @@ def main_script_replacements(cmd):
             with open(copy_specs_file, "w") as fd:
                 fd.write(json.dumps(buildcache_copies))
 
-        # TODO(opadron): remove this or refactor
-        if run_optimizer:
-            import spack.ci_optimization as ci_opt
-
-            output_object = ci_opt.optimizer(output_object)
-
-        # TODO(opadron): remove this or refactor
-        if use_dependencies:
-            import spack.ci_needs_workaround as cinw
-
-            output_object = cinw.needs_to_dependencies(output_object)
     else:
         # No jobs were generated
         noop_job = spack_ci_ir["jobs"]["noop"]["attributes"]
@@ -1310,8 +1295,11 @@ def main_script_replacements(cmd):
         if not rebuild_everything:
             sys.exit(1)
 
-    with open(output_file, "w") as outf:
-        outf.write(syaml.dump(sorted_output, default_flow_style=True))
+    # Minimize yaml output size through use of anchors
+    syaml.anchorify(sorted_output)
+
+    with open(output_file, "w") as f:
+        ruamel.yaml.YAML().dump(sorted_output, f)
 
 
 def _url_encode_string(input_string):

lib/spack/spack/ci_needs_workaround.py

@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2013-2024 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
-# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
-#
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-import collections.abc
-
-get_job_name = lambda needs_entry: (
-    needs_entry.get("job")
-    if (isinstance(needs_entry, collections.abc.Mapping) and needs_entry.get("artifacts", True))
-    else needs_entry if isinstance(needs_entry, str) else None
-)
-
-
-def convert_job(job_entry):
-    if not isinstance(job_entry, collections.abc.Mapping):
-        return job_entry
-
-    needs = job_entry.get("needs")
-    if needs is None:
-        return job_entry
-
-    new_job = {}
-    new_job.update(job_entry)
-    del new_job["needs"]
-
-    new_job["dependencies"] = list(
-        filter((lambda x: x is not None), (get_job_name(needs_entry) for needs_entry in needs))
-    )
-
-    return new_job
-
-
-def needs_to_dependencies(yaml):
-    return dict((k, convert_job(v)) for k, v in yaml.items())

lib/spack/spack/ci_optimization.py

@@ -1,363 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2013-2024 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
-# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
-#
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-import collections
-import collections.abc
-import copy
-import hashlib
-
-import spack.util.spack_yaml as syaml
-
-
-def sort_yaml_obj(obj):
-    if isinstance(obj, collections.abc.Mapping):
-        return syaml.syaml_dict(
-            (k, sort_yaml_obj(v)) for k, v in sorted(obj.items(), key=(lambda item: str(item[0])))
-        )
-
-    if isinstance(obj, collections.abc.Sequence) and not isinstance(obj, str):
-        return syaml.syaml_list(sort_yaml_obj(x) for x in obj)
-
-    return obj
-
-
-def matches(obj, proto):
-    """Returns True if the test object "obj" matches the prototype object
-    "proto".
-
-    If obj and proto are mappings, obj matches proto if (key in obj) and
-    (obj[key] matches proto[key]) for every key in proto.
-
-    If obj and proto are sequences, obj matches proto if they are of the same
-    length and (a matches b) for every (a,b) in zip(obj, proto).
-
-    Otherwise, obj matches proto if obj == proto.
-
-    Precondition: proto must not have any reference cycles
-    """
-    if isinstance(obj, collections.abc.Mapping):
-        if not isinstance(proto, collections.abc.Mapping):
-            return False
-
-        return all((key in obj and matches(obj[key], val)) for key, val in proto.items())
-
-    if isinstance(obj, collections.abc.Sequence) and not isinstance(obj, str):
-        if not (isinstance(proto, collections.abc.Sequence) and not isinstance(proto, str)):
-            return False
-
-        if len(obj) != len(proto):
-            return False
-
-        return all(matches(obj[index], val) for index, val in enumerate(proto))
-
-    return obj == proto
-
-
-def subkeys(obj, proto):
-    """Returns the test mapping "obj" after factoring out the items it has in
-    common with the prototype mapping "proto".
-
-    Consider a recursive merge operation, merge(a, b) on mappings a and b, that
-    returns a mapping, m, whose keys are the union of the keys of a and b, and
-    for every such key, "k", its corresponding value is:
-
-      - merge(a[key], b[key])  if a[key] and b[key] are mappings, or
-      - b[key]                 if (key in b) and not matches(a[key], b[key]),
-                               or
-      - a[key]                 otherwise
-
-
-    If obj and proto are mappings, the returned object is the smallest object,
-    "a", such that merge(a, proto) matches obj.
-
-    Otherwise, obj is returned.
-    """
-    if not (
-        isinstance(obj, collections.abc.Mapping) and isinstance(proto, collections.abc.Mapping)
-    ):
-        return obj
-
-    new_obj = {}
-    for key, value in obj.items():
-        if key not in proto:
-            new_obj[key] = value
-            continue
-
-        if matches(value, proto[key]) and matches(proto[key], value):
-            continue
-
-        if isinstance(value, collections.abc.Mapping):
-            new_obj[key] = subkeys(value, proto[key])
-            continue
-
-        new_obj[key] = value
-
-    return new_obj
-
-
-def add_extends(yaml, key):
-    """Modifies the given object "yaml" so that it includes an "extends" key
-    whose value features "key".
-
-    If "extends" is not in yaml, then yaml is modified such that
-    yaml["extends"] == key.
-
-    If yaml["extends"] is a str, then yaml is modified such that
-    yaml["extends"] == [yaml["extends"], key]
-
-    If yaml["extends"] is a list that does not include key, then key is
-    appended to the list.
-
-    Otherwise, yaml is left unchanged.
-    """
-
-    has_key = "extends" in yaml
-    extends = yaml.get("extends")
-
-    if has_key and not isinstance(extends, (str, collections.abc.Sequence)):
-        return
-
-    if extends is None:
-        yaml["extends"] = key
-        return
-
-    if isinstance(extends, str):
-        if extends != key:
-            yaml["extends"] = [extends, key]
-        return
-
-    if key not in extends:
-        extends.append(key)
-
-
-def common_subobject(yaml, sub):
-    """Factor prototype object "sub" out of the values of mapping "yaml".
-
-    Consider a modified copy of yaml, "new", where for each key, "key" in yaml:
-
-      - If yaml[key] matches sub, then new[key] = subkeys(yaml[key], sub).
-      - Otherwise, new[key] = yaml[key].
-
-    If the above match criteria is not satisfied for any such key, then (yaml,
-    None) is returned. The yaml object is returned unchanged.
-
-    Otherwise, each matching value in new is modified as in
-    add_extends(new[key], common_key), and then new[common_key] is set to sub.
-    The common_key value is chosen such that it does not match any preexisting
-    key in new. In this case, (new, common_key) is returned.
-    """
-    match_list = set(k for k, v in yaml.items() if matches(v, sub))
-
-    if not match_list:
-        return yaml, None
-
-    common_prefix = ".c"
-    common_index = 0
-
-    while True:
-        common_key = "".join((common_prefix, str(common_index)))
-        if common_key not in yaml:
-            break
-        common_index += 1
-
-    new_yaml = {}
-
-    for key, val in yaml.items():
-        new_yaml[key] = copy.deepcopy(val)
-
-        if not matches(val, sub):
-            continue
-
-        new_yaml[key] = subkeys(new_yaml[key], sub)
-        add_extends(new_yaml[key], common_key)
-
-    new_yaml[common_key] = sub
-
-    return new_yaml, common_key
-
-
-def print_delta(name, old, new, applied=None):
-    delta = new - old
-    reldelta = (1000 * delta) // old
-    reldelta = (reldelta // 10, reldelta % 10)
-
-    if applied is None:
-        applied = new <= old
-
-    print(
-        "\n".join(
-            (
-                "{0} {1}:",
-                "  before: {2: 10d}",
-                "  after : {3: 10d}",
-                "  delta : {4:+10d} ({5:=+3d}.{6}%)",
-            )
-        ).format(name, ("+" if applied else "x"), old, new, delta, reldelta[0], reldelta[1])
-    )
-
-
-def try_optimization_pass(name, yaml, optimization_pass, *args, **kwargs):
-    """Try applying an optimization pass and return information about the
-    result
-
-    "name" is a string describing the nature of the pass. If it is a non-empty
-    string, summary statistics are also printed to stdout.
-
-    "yaml" is the object to apply the pass to.
-
-    "optimization_pass" is the function implementing the pass to be applied.
-
-    "args" and "kwargs" are the additional arguments to pass to optimization
-    pass. The pass is applied as
-
-    >>> (new_yaml, *other_results) = optimization_pass(yaml, *args, **kwargs)
-
-    The pass's results are greedily rejected if it does not modify the original
-    yaml document, or if it produces a yaml document that serializes to a
-    larger string.
-
-    Returns (new_yaml, yaml, applied, other_results) if applied, or
-    (yaml, new_yaml, applied, other_results) otherwise.
-    """
-    result = optimization_pass(yaml, *args, **kwargs)
-    new_yaml, other_results = result[0], result[1:]
-
-    if new_yaml is yaml:
-        # pass was not applied
-        return (yaml, new_yaml, False, other_results)
-
-    pre_size = len(syaml.dump_config(sort_yaml_obj(yaml), default_flow_style=True))
-    post_size = len(syaml.dump_config(sort_yaml_obj(new_yaml), default_flow_style=True))
-
-    # pass makes the size worse: not applying
-    applied = post_size <= pre_size
-    if applied:
-        yaml, new_yaml = new_yaml, yaml
-
-    if name:
-        print_delta(name, pre_size, post_size, applied)
-
-    return (yaml, new_yaml, applied, other_results)
-
-
-def build_histogram(iterator, key):
-    """Builds a histogram of values given an iterable of mappings and a key.
-
-    For each mapping "m" with key "key" in iterator, the value m[key] is
-    considered.
-
-    Returns a list of tuples (hash, count, proportion, value), where
-
-      - "hash" is a sha1sum hash of the value.
-      - "count" is the number of occurences of values that hash to "hash".
-      - "proportion" is the proportion of all values considered above that
-        hash to "hash".
-      - "value" is one of the values considered above that hash to "hash".
-        Which value is chosen when multiple values hash to the same "hash" is
-        undefined.
-
-    The list is sorted in descending order by count, yielding the most
-    frequently occuring hashes first.
-    """
-    buckets = collections.defaultdict(int)
-    values = {}
-
-    num_objects = 0
-    for obj in iterator:
-        num_objects += 1
-
-        try:
-            val = obj[key]
-        except (KeyError, TypeError):
-            continue
-
-        value_hash = hashlib.sha1()
-        value_hash.update(syaml.dump_config(sort_yaml_obj(val)).encode())
-        value_hash = value_hash.hexdigest()
-
-        buckets[value_hash] += 1
-        values[value_hash] = val
-
-    return [
-        (h, buckets[h], float(buckets[h]) / num_objects, values[h])
-        for h in sorted(buckets.keys(), key=lambda k: -buckets[k])
-    ]
-
-
-def optimizer(yaml):
-    original_size = len(syaml.dump_config(sort_yaml_obj(yaml), default_flow_style=True))
-
-    # try factoring out commonly repeated portions
-    common_job = {
-        "variables": {"SPACK_COMPILER_ACTION": "NONE"},
-        "after_script": ['rm -rf "./spack"'],
-        "artifacts": {"paths": ["jobs_scratch_dir", "cdash_report"], "when": "always"},
-    }
-
-    # look for a list of tags that appear frequently
-    _, count, proportion, tags = next(iter(build_histogram(yaml.values(), "tags")), (None,) * 4)
-
-    # If a list of tags is found, and there are more than one job that uses it,
-    # *and* the jobs that do use it represent at least 70% of all jobs, then
-    # add the list to the prototype object.
-    if tags and count > 1 and proportion >= 0.70:
-        common_job["tags"] = tags
-
-    # apply common object factorization
-    yaml, other, applied, rest = try_optimization_pass(
-        "general common object factorization", yaml, common_subobject, common_job
-    )
-
-    # look for a common script, and try factoring that out
-    _, count, proportion, script = next(
-        iter(build_histogram(yaml.values(), "script")), (None,) * 4
-    )
-
-    if script and count > 1 and proportion >= 0.70:
-        yaml, other, applied, rest = try_optimization_pass(
-            "script factorization", yaml, common_subobject, {"script": script}
-        )
-
-    # look for a common before_script, and try factoring that out
-    _, count, proportion, script = next(
-        iter(build_histogram(yaml.values(), "before_script")), (None,) * 4
-    )
-
-    if script and count > 1 and proportion >= 0.70:
-        yaml, other, applied, rest = try_optimization_pass(
-            "before_script factorization", yaml, common_subobject, {"before_script": script}
-        )
-
-    # Look specifically for the SPACK_ROOT_SPEC environment variables.
-    # Try to factor them out.
-    h = build_histogram(
-        (getattr(val, "get", lambda *args: {})("variables") for val in yaml.values()),
-        "SPACK_ROOT_SPEC",
-    )
-
-    # In this case, we try to factor out *all* instances of the SPACK_ROOT_SPEC
-    # environment variable; not just the one that appears with the greatest
-    # frequency. We only require that more than 1 job uses a given instance's
-    # value, because we expect the value to be very large, and so expect even
-    # few-to-one factorizations to yield large space savings.
-    counter = 0
-    for _, count, proportion, spec in h:
-        if count <= 1:
-            continue
-
-        counter += 1
-
-        yaml, other, applied, rest = try_optimization_pass(
-            "SPACK_ROOT_SPEC factorization ({count})".format(count=counter),
-            yaml,
-            common_subobject,
-            {"variables": {"SPACK_ROOT_SPEC": spec}},
-        )
-
-    new_size = len(syaml.dump_config(sort_yaml_obj(yaml), default_flow_style=True))
-
-    print("\n")
-    print_delta("overall summary", original_size, new_size)
-    print("\n")
-    return yaml

lib/spack/spack/cmd/__init__.py

@@ -336,6 +336,7 @@ def display_specs(specs, args=None, **kwargs):
         groups (bool): display specs grouped by arch/compiler (default True)
         decorator (typing.Callable): function to call to decorate specs
         all_headers (bool): show headers even when arch/compiler aren't defined
+        status_fn (typing.Callable): if provided, prepend install-status info
         output (typing.IO): A file object to write to. Default is ``sys.stdout``
 
     """
@@ -359,6 +360,7 @@ def get_arg(name, default=None):
     groups = get_arg("groups", True)
     all_headers = get_arg("all_headers", False)
     output = get_arg("output", sys.stdout)
+    status_fn = get_arg("status_fn", None)
 
     decorator = get_arg("decorator", None)
     if decorator is None:
@@ -386,6 +388,13 @@ def get_arg(name, default=None):
     def fmt(s, depth=0):
         """Formatter function for all output specs"""
         string = ""
+
+        if status_fn:
+            # This was copied from spec.tree's colorization logic
+            # then shortened because it seems like status_fn should
+            # always return an InstallStatus
+            string += colorize(status_fn(s).value)
+
         if hashes:
             string += gray_hash(s, hlen) + " "
         string += depth * "    "
@@ -444,7 +453,7 @@ def format_list(specs):
 def filter_loaded_specs(specs):
     """Filter a list of specs returning only those that are
     currently loaded."""
-    hashes = os.environ.get(uenv.spack_loaded_hashes_var, "").split(":")
+    hashes = os.environ.get(uenv.spack_loaded_hashes_var, "").split(os.pathsep)
     return [x for x in specs if x.dag_hash() in hashes]
 
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/bootstrap.py

@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ def _reset(args):
         if not ok_to_continue:
             raise RuntimeError("Aborting")
 
-    for scope in spack.config.CONFIG.file_scopes:
+    for scope in spack.config.CONFIG.writable_scopes:
         # The default scope should stay untouched
         if scope.name == "defaults":
             continue

lib/spack/spack/cmd/buildcache.py

@@ -70,12 +70,6 @@ def setup_parser(subparser: argparse.ArgumentParser):
 
     push = subparsers.add_parser("push", aliases=["create"], help=push_fn.__doc__)
     push.add_argument("-f", "--force", action="store_true", help="overwrite tarball if it exists")
-    push.add_argument(
-        "--allow-root",
-        "-a",
-        action="store_true",
-        help="allow install root string in binary files after RPATH substitution",
-    )
     push_sign = push.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=False)
     push_sign.add_argument(
         "--unsigned",
@@ -190,10 +184,6 @@ def setup_parser(subparser: argparse.ArgumentParser):
     keys.add_argument("-f", "--force", action="store_true", help="force new download of keys")
     keys.set_defaults(func=keys_fn)
 
-    preview = subparsers.add_parser("preview", help=preview_fn.__doc__)
-    arguments.add_common_arguments(preview, ["installed_specs"])
-    preview.set_defaults(func=preview_fn)
-
     # Check if binaries need to be rebuilt on remote mirror
     check = subparsers.add_parser("check", help=check_fn.__doc__)
     check.add_argument(
@@ -404,11 +394,6 @@ def push_fn(args):
     else:
         roots = spack.cmd.require_active_env(cmd_name="buildcache push").concrete_roots()
 
-    if args.allow_root:
-        tty.warn(
-            "The flag `--allow-root` is the default in Spack 0.21, will be removed in Spack 0.22"
-        )
-
     mirror: spack.mirror.Mirror = args.mirror
 
     # Check if this is an OCI image.
@@ -960,14 +945,6 @@ def keys_fn(args):
     bindist.get_keys(args.install, args.trust, args.force)
 
 
-def preview_fn(args):
-    """analyze an installed spec and reports whether executables and libraries are relocatable"""
-    tty.warn(
-        "`spack buildcache preview` is deprecated since `spack buildcache push --allow-root` is "
-        "now the default. This command will be removed in Spack 0.22"
-    )
-
-
 def check_fn(args: argparse.Namespace):
     """check specs against remote binary mirror(s) to see if any need to be rebuilt
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/ci.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 import json
 import os
 import shutil
+import warnings
 from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlunparse
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ def setup_parser(subparser):
         "--optimize",
         action="store_true",
         default=False,
-        help="(experimental) optimize the gitlab yaml file for size\n\n"
+        help="(DEPRECATED) optimize the gitlab yaml file for size\n\n"
         "run the generated document through a series of optimization passes "
         "designed to reduce the size of the generated file",
     )
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ def setup_parser(subparser):
         "--dependencies",
         action="store_true",
         default=False,
-        help="(experimental) disable DAG scheduling (use 'plain' dependencies)",
+        help="(DEPRECATED) disable DAG scheduling (use 'plain' dependencies)",
     )
     generate.add_argument(
         "--buildcache-destination",
@@ -200,6 +201,18 @@ def ci_generate(args):
     before invoking this command. the value must be the CDash authorization token needed to create
     a build group and register all generated jobs under it
     """
+    if args.optimize:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The --optimize option has been deprecated, and currently has no effect. "
+            "It will be removed in Spack v0.24."
+        )
+
+    if args.dependencies:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The --dependencies option has been deprecated, and currently has no effect. "
+            "It will be removed in Spack v0.24."
+        )
+
     env = spack.cmd.require_active_env(cmd_name="ci generate")
 
     if args.copy_to:
@@ -212,8 +225,6 @@ def ci_generate(args):
 
     output_file = args.output_file
     copy_yaml_to = args.copy_to
-    run_optimizer = args.optimize
-    use_dependencies = args.dependencies
     prune_dag = args.prune_dag
     index_only = args.index_only
     artifacts_root = args.artifacts_root
@@ -234,8 +245,6 @@ def ci_generate(args):
         output_file,
         prune_dag=prune_dag,
         check_index_only=index_only,
-        run_optimizer=run_optimizer,
-        use_dependencies=use_dependencies,
         artifacts_root=artifacts_root,
         remote_mirror_override=buildcache_destination,
     )

lib/spack/spack/cmd/config.py

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ def print_flattened_configuration(*, blame: bool) -> None:
     """
     env = ev.active_environment()
     if env is not None:
-        pristine = env.manifest.pristine_yaml_content
+        pristine = env.manifest.yaml_content
         flattened = pristine.copy()
         flattened[spack.schema.env.TOP_LEVEL_KEY] = pristine[spack.schema.env.TOP_LEVEL_KEY].copy()
     else:
@@ -264,7 +264,9 @@ def config_remove(args):
 def _can_update_config_file(scope: spack.config.ConfigScope, cfg_file):
     if isinstance(scope, spack.config.SingleFileScope):
         return fs.can_access(cfg_file)
-    return fs.can_write_to_dir(scope.path) and fs.can_access(cfg_file)
+    elif isinstance(scope, spack.config.DirectoryConfigScope):
+        return fs.can_write_to_dir(scope.path) and fs.can_access(cfg_file)
+    return False
 
 
 def _config_change_requires_scope(path, spec, scope, match_spec=None):
@@ -362,14 +364,11 @@ def config_change(args):
 def config_update(args):
     # Read the configuration files
     spack.config.CONFIG.get_config(args.section, scope=args.scope)
-    updates: List[spack.config.ConfigScope] = list(
-        filter(
-            lambda s: not isinstance(
-                s, (spack.config.InternalConfigScope, spack.config.ImmutableConfigScope)
-            ),
-            spack.config.CONFIG.format_updates[args.section],
-        )
-    )
+    updates: List[spack.config.ConfigScope] = [
+        x
+        for x in spack.config.CONFIG.format_updates[args.section]
+        if not isinstance(x, spack.config.InternalConfigScope) and x.writable
+    ]
 
     cannot_overwrite, skip_system_scope = [], False
     for scope in updates:
@@ -447,7 +446,7 @@ def _can_revert_update(scope_dir, cfg_file, bkp_file):
 
 
 def config_revert(args):
-    scopes = [args.scope] if args.scope else [x.name for x in spack.config.CONFIG.file_scopes]
+    scopes = [args.scope] if args.scope else [x.name for x in spack.config.CONFIG.writable_scopes]
 
     # Search for backup files in the configuration scopes
     Entry = collections.namedtuple("Entry", ["scope", "cfg", "bkp"])

lib/spack/spack/cmd/create.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-
 import os
 import re
 import sys
@@ -934,7 +933,7 @@ def get_repository(args, name):
     # Figure out where the new package should live
     repo_path = args.repo
     if repo_path is not None:
-        repo = spack.repo.Repo(repo_path)
+        repo = spack.repo.from_path(repo_path)
         if spec.namespace and spec.namespace != repo.namespace:
             tty.die(
                 "Can't create package with namespace {0} in repo with "
@@ -942,9 +941,7 @@ def get_repository(args, name):
             )
     else:
         if spec.namespace:
-            repo = spack.repo.PATH.get_repo(spec.namespace, None)
-            if not repo:
-                tty.die("Unknown namespace: '{0}'".format(spec.namespace))
+            repo = spack.repo.PATH.get_repo(spec.namespace)
         else:
             repo = spack.repo.PATH.first_repo()
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/dependents.py

@@ -47,16 +47,6 @@ def inverted_dependencies():
     dependents of, e.g., `mpi`, but virtuals are not included as
     actual dependents.
     """
-    dag = {}
-    for pkg_cls in spack.repo.PATH.all_package_classes():
-        dag.setdefault(pkg_cls.name, set())
-        for dep in pkg_cls.dependencies_by_name():
-            deps = [dep]
-
-            # expand virtuals if necessary
-            if spack.repo.PATH.is_virtual(dep):
-                deps += [s.name for s in spack.repo.PATH.providers_for(dep)]
-
     dag = collections.defaultdict(set)
     for pkg_cls in spack.repo.PATH.all_package_classes():
         for _, deps_by_name in pkg_cls.dependencies.items():

lib/spack/spack/cmd/develop.py

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 
 import spack.cmd
 import spack.config
+import spack.fetch_strategy
+import spack.repo
 import spack.spec
 import spack.util.path
 import spack.version
@@ -69,13 +71,15 @@ def _retrieve_develop_source(spec, abspath):
     # We construct a package class ourselves, rather than asking for
     # Spec.package, since Spec only allows this when it is concrete
     package = pkg_cls(spec)
-    if isinstance(package.stage[0].fetcher, spack.fetch_strategy.GitFetchStrategy):
-        package.stage[0].fetcher.get_full_repo = True
+    source_stage = package.stage[0]
+    if isinstance(source_stage.fetcher, spack.fetch_strategy.GitFetchStrategy):
+        source_stage.fetcher.get_full_repo = True
         # If we retrieved this version before and cached it, we may have
         # done so without cloning the full git repo; likewise, any
         # mirror might store an instance with truncated history.
-        package.stage[0].disable_mirrors()
+        source_stage.disable_mirrors()
 
+    source_stage.fetcher.set_package(package)
     package.stage.steal_source(abspath)
 
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/edit.py

@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ def edit(parser, args):
         spack.util.editor.editor(*paths)
     elif names:
         if args.repo:
-            repo = spack.repo.Repo(args.repo)
+            repo = spack.repo.from_path(args.repo)
         elif args.namespace:
             repo = spack.repo.PATH.get_repo(args.namespace)
         else:

lib/spack/spack/cmd/external.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 import os
 import re
 import sys
-from typing import List, Optional
+from typing import List, Optional, Set
 
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
 import llnl.util.tty.colify as colify
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 import spack.detection
 import spack.error
 import spack.repo
+import spack.spec
 import spack.util.environment
 from spack.cmd.common import arguments
 
@@ -138,14 +139,26 @@ def external_find(args):
         candidate_packages, path_hints=args.path, max_workers=args.jobs
     )
 
-    new_entries = spack.detection.update_configuration(
+    new_specs = spack.detection.update_configuration(
         detected_packages, scope=args.scope, buildable=not args.not_buildable
     )
-    if new_entries:
+
+    # If the user runs `spack external find --not-buildable mpich` we also mark `mpi` non-buildable
+    # to avoid that the concretizer picks a different mpi provider.
+    if new_specs and args.not_buildable:
+        virtuals: Set[str] = {
+            virtual.name
+            for new_spec in new_specs
+            for virtual_specs in spack.repo.PATH.get_pkg_class(new_spec.name).provided.values()
+            for virtual in virtual_specs
+        }
+        new_virtuals = spack.detection.set_virtuals_nonbuildable(virtuals, scope=args.scope)
+        new_specs.extend(spack.spec.Spec(name) for name in new_virtuals)
+
+    if new_specs:
         path = spack.config.CONFIG.get_config_filename(args.scope, "packages")
-        msg = "The following specs have been detected on this system and added to {0}"
-        tty.msg(msg.format(path))
-        spack.cmd.display_specs(new_entries)
+        tty.msg(f"The following specs have been detected on this system and added to {path}")
+        spack.cmd.display_specs(new_specs)
     else:
         tty.msg("No new external packages detected")
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/find.py

@@ -46,6 +46,10 @@ def setup_parser(subparser):
         help="output specs as machine-readable json records",
     )
 
+    subparser.add_argument(
+        "-I", "--install-status", action="store_true", help="show install status of packages"
+    )
+
     subparser.add_argument(
         "-d", "--deps", action="store_true", help="output dependencies along with found specs"
     )
@@ -293,25 +297,24 @@ def root_decorator(spec, string):
         )
         print()
 
-    if args.show_concretized:
-        tty.msg("Concretized roots")
-        cmd.display_specs(env.specs_by_hash.values(), args, decorator=decorator)
-        print()
-
-    # Display a header for the installed packages section IF there are installed
-    # packages. If there aren't any, we'll just end up printing "0 installed packages"
-    # later.
-    if results and not args.only_roots:
-        tty.msg("Installed packages")
-
 
 def find(parser, args):
-    q_args = query_arguments(args)
-    results = args.specs(**q_args)
-
     env = ev.active_environment()
+
     if not env and args.only_roots:
         tty.die("-r / --only-roots requires an active environment")
+    if not env and args.show_concretized:
+        tty.die("-c / --show-concretized requires an active environment")
+
+    if env:
+        if args.constraint:
+            init_specs = spack.cmd.parse_specs(args.constraint)
+            results = env.all_matching_specs(*init_specs)
+        else:
+            results = env.all_specs()
+    else:
+        q_args = query_arguments(args)
+        results = args.specs(**q_args)
 
     decorator = make_env_decorator(env) if env else lambda s, f: f
 
@@ -332,6 +335,11 @@ def find(parser, args):
     if args.loaded:
         results = spack.cmd.filter_loaded_specs(results)
 
+    if args.install_status or args.show_concretized:
+        status_fn = spack.spec.Spec.install_status
+    else:
+        status_fn = None
+
     # Display the result
     if args.json:
         cmd.display_specs_as_json(results, deps=args.deps)
@@ -340,12 +348,34 @@ def find(parser, args):
             if env:
                 display_env(env, args, decorator, results)
 
-        count_suffix = " (not shown)"
         if not args.only_roots:
-            cmd.display_specs(results, args, decorator=decorator, all_headers=True)
-            count_suffix = ""
+            display_results = results
+            if not args.show_concretized:
+                display_results = list(x for x in results if x.installed)
+            cmd.display_specs(
+                display_results, args, decorator=decorator, all_headers=True, status_fn=status_fn
+            )
 
         # print number of installed packages last (as the list may be long)
         if sys.stdout.isatty() and args.groups:
+            installed_suffix = ""
+            concretized_suffix = " to be installed"
+
+            if args.only_roots:
+                installed_suffix += " (not shown)"
+                concretized_suffix += " (not shown)"
+            else:
+                if env and not args.show_concretized:
+                    concretized_suffix += " (show with `spack find -c`)"
+
             pkg_type = "loaded" if args.loaded else "installed"
-            spack.cmd.print_how_many_pkgs(results, pkg_type, suffix=count_suffix)
+            spack.cmd.print_how_many_pkgs(
+                list(x for x in results if x.installed), pkg_type, suffix=installed_suffix
+            )
+
+            if env:
+                spack.cmd.print_how_many_pkgs(
+                    list(x for x in results if not x.installed),
+                    "concretized",
+                    suffix=concretized_suffix,
+                )

lib/spack/spack/cmd/gc.py

@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ def roots_from_environments(args, active_env):
 
     # -e says "also preserve things needed by this particular env"
     for env_name_or_dir in args.except_environment:
-        print("HMM", env_name_or_dir)
         if ev.exists(env_name_or_dir):
             env = ev.read(env_name_or_dir)
         elif ev.is_env_dir(env_name_or_dir):

lib/spack/spack/cmd/pkg.py

@@ -169,7 +169,9 @@ def pkg_hash(args):
 
 def get_grep(required=False):
     """Get a grep command to use with ``spack pkg grep``."""
-    return exe.which(os.environ.get("SPACK_GREP") or "grep", required=required)
+    grep = exe.which(os.environ.get("SPACK_GREP") or "grep", required=required)
+    grep.ignore_quotes = True  # allow `spack pkg grep '"quoted string"'` without warning
+    return grep
 
 
 def pkg_grep(args, unknown_args):

lib/spack/spack/cmd/repo.py

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ def repo_add(args):
         tty.die("Not a Spack repository: %s" % path)
 
     # Make sure it's actually a spack repository by constructing it.
-    repo = spack.repo.Repo(canon_path)
+    repo = spack.repo.from_path(canon_path)
 
     # If that succeeds, finally add it to the configuration.
     repos = spack.config.get("repos", scope=args.scope)
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ def repo_remove(args):
     # If it is a namespace, remove corresponding repo
     for path in repos:
         try:
-            repo = spack.repo.Repo(path)
+            repo = spack.repo.from_path(path)
             if repo.namespace == namespace_or_path:
                 repos.remove(path)
                 spack.config.set("repos", repos, args.scope)
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ def repo_list(args):
     repos = []
     for r in roots:
         try:
-            repos.append(spack.repo.Repo(r))
+            repos.append(spack.repo.from_path(r))
         except spack.repo.RepoError:
             continue
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/unload.py

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ def unload(parser, args):
             "Cannot specify specs on command line when unloading all specs with '--all'"
         )
 
-    hashes = os.environ.get(uenv.spack_loaded_hashes_var, "").split(":")
+    hashes = os.environ.get(uenv.spack_loaded_hashes_var, "").split(os.pathsep)
     if args.specs:
         specs = [
             spack.cmd.disambiguate_spec_from_hashes(spec, hashes)

lib/spack/spack/compiler.py

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
 from llnl.util.filesystem import path_contains_subdirectory, paths_containing_libs
 
-import spack.compilers
 import spack.error
 import spack.schema.environment
 import spack.spec

lib/spack/spack/compilers/__init__.py

@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ def _init_compiler_config(
 def compiler_config_files():
     config_files = list()
     config = spack.config.CONFIG
-    for scope in config.file_scopes:
+    for scope in config.writable_scopes:
         name = scope.name
         compiler_config = config.get("compilers", scope=name)
         if compiler_config:
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ def supported_compilers_for_host_platform() -> List[str]:
     return supported_compilers_for_platform(host_plat)
 
 
-def supported_compilers_for_platform(platform: spack.platforms.Platform) -> List[str]:
+def supported_compilers_for_platform(platform: "spack.platforms.Platform") -> List[str]:
     """Return a set of compiler class objects supported by Spack
     that are also supported by the provided platform
 

lib/spack/spack/compilers/oneapi.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 
 import os
-from os.path import dirname
+from os.path import dirname, join
 
 from llnl.util import tty
 
@@ -135,8 +135,12 @@ def setup_custom_environment(self, pkg, env):
         # It is located in the same directory as the driver. Error message:
         #   clang++: error: unable to execute command:
         #   Executable "sycl-post-link" doesn't exist!
-        if self.cxx:
+        # also ensures that shared objects and libraries required by the compiler,
+        # e.g. libonnx, can be found succesfully
+        # due to a fix, this is no longer required for OneAPI versions >= 2024.2
+        if self.cxx and pkg.spec.satisfies("%oneapi@:2024.1"):
             env.prepend_path("PATH", dirname(self.cxx))
+            env.prepend_path("LD_LIBRARY_PATH", join(dirname(dirname(self.cxx)), "lib"))
 
         # 2024 release bumped the libsycl version because of an ABI
         # change, 2024 compilers are required.  You will see this

lib/spack/spack/config.py

@@ -35,11 +35,10 @@
 import os
 import re
 import sys
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Generator, List, Optional, Tuple, Type, Union
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Generator, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
 
 from llnl.util import filesystem, lang, tty
 
-import spack.compilers
 import spack.paths
 import spack.platforms
 import spack.schema
@@ -117,21 +116,39 @@
 
 
 class ConfigScope:
-    """This class represents a configuration scope.
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        self.writable = False
+        self.sections = syaml.syaml_dict()
 
-    A scope is one directory containing named configuration files.
-    Each file is a config "section" (e.g., mirrors, compilers, etc.).
-    """
+    def get_section_filename(self, section: str) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def __init__(self, name, path) -> None:
-        self.name = name  # scope name.
-        self.path = path  # path to directory containing configs.
-        self.sections = syaml.syaml_dict()  # sections read from config files.
+    def get_section(self, section: str) -> Optional[YamlConfigDict]:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def _write_section(self, section: str) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError
 
     @property
     def is_platform_dependent(self) -> bool:
-        """Returns true if the scope name is platform specific"""
-        return os.sep in self.name
+        return False
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Empty cached config information."""
+        self.sections = syaml.syaml_dict()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<ConfigScope: {self.name}>"
+
+
+class DirectoryConfigScope(ConfigScope):
+    """Config scope backed by a directory containing one file per section."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, path: str, *, writable: bool = True) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name)
+        self.path = path
+        self.writable = writable
 
     def get_section_filename(self, section: str) -> str:
         """Returns the filename associated with a given section"""
@@ -148,14 +165,15 @@ def get_section(self, section: str) -> Optional[YamlConfigDict]:
         return self.sections[section]
 
     def _write_section(self, section: str) -> None:
+        if not self.writable:
+            raise ConfigError(f"Cannot write to immutable scope {self}")
+
         filename = self.get_section_filename(section)
         data = self.get_section(section)
         if data is None:
             return
 
-        # We copy data here to avoid adding defaults at write time
-        validate_data = copy.deepcopy(data)
-        validate(validate_data, SECTION_SCHEMAS[section])
+        validate(data, SECTION_SCHEMAS[section])
 
         try:
             filesystem.mkdirp(self.path)
@@ -164,19 +182,23 @@ def _write_section(self, section: str) -> None:
         except (syaml.SpackYAMLError, OSError) as e:
             raise ConfigFileError(f"cannot write to '{filename}'") from e
 
-    def clear(self) -> None:
-        """Empty cached config information."""
-        self.sections = syaml.syaml_dict()
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<ConfigScope: {self.name}: {self.path}>"
+    @property
+    def is_platform_dependent(self) -> bool:
+        """Returns true if the scope name is platform specific"""
+        return "/" in self.name
 
 
 class SingleFileScope(ConfigScope):
     """This class represents a configuration scope in a single YAML file."""
 
     def __init__(
-        self, name: str, path: str, schema: YamlConfigDict, yaml_path: Optional[List[str]] = None
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        path: str,
+        schema: YamlConfigDict,
+        *,
+        yaml_path: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        writable: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
         """Similar to ``ConfigScope`` but can be embedded in another schema.
 
@@ -195,15 +217,13 @@ def __init__(
                        config:
                          install_tree: $spack/opt/spack
         """
-        super().__init__(name, path)
+        super().__init__(name)
         self._raw_data: Optional[YamlConfigDict] = None
         self.schema = schema
+        self.path = path
+        self.writable = writable
         self.yaml_path = yaml_path or []
 
-    @property
-    def is_platform_dependent(self) -> bool:
-        return False
-
     def get_section_filename(self, section) -> str:
         return self.path
 
@@ -257,6 +277,8 @@ def get_section(self, section: str) -> Optional[YamlConfigDict]:
         return self.sections.get(section, None)
 
     def _write_section(self, section: str) -> None:
+        if not self.writable:
+            raise ConfigError(f"Cannot write to immutable scope {self}")
         data_to_write: Optional[YamlConfigDict] = self._raw_data
 
         # If there is no existing data, this section SingleFileScope has never
@@ -301,19 +323,6 @@ def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f"<SingleFileScope: {self.name}: {self.path}>"
 
 
-class ImmutableConfigScope(ConfigScope):
-    """A configuration scope that cannot be written to.
-
-    This is used for ConfigScopes passed on the command line.
-    """
-
-    def _write_section(self, section) -> None:
-        raise ConfigError(f"Cannot write to immutable scope {self}")
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<ImmutableConfigScope: {self.name}: {self.path}>"
-
-
 class InternalConfigScope(ConfigScope):
     """An internal configuration scope that is not persisted to a file.
 
@@ -323,7 +332,7 @@ class InternalConfigScope(ConfigScope):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, name: str, data: Optional[YamlConfigDict] = None) -> None:
-        super().__init__(name, None)
+        super().__init__(name)
         self.sections = syaml.syaml_dict()
 
         if data is not None:
@@ -333,9 +342,6 @@ def __init__(self, name: str, data: Optional[YamlConfigDict] = None) -> None:
                 validate({section: dsec}, SECTION_SCHEMAS[section])
                 self.sections[section] = _mark_internal(syaml.syaml_dict({section: dsec}), name)
 
-    def get_section_filename(self, section: str) -> str:
-        raise NotImplementedError("Cannot get filename for InternalConfigScope.")
-
     def get_section(self, section: str) -> Optional[YamlConfigDict]:
         """Just reads from an internal dictionary."""
         if section not in self.sections:
@@ -440,27 +446,21 @@ def remove_scope(self, scope_name: str) -> Optional[ConfigScope]:
         return scope
 
     @property
-    def file_scopes(self) -> List[ConfigScope]:
-        """List of writable scopes with an associated file."""
-        return [
-            s
-            for s in self.scopes.values()
-            if (type(s) is ConfigScope or type(s) is SingleFileScope)
-        ]
+    def writable_scopes(self) -> Generator[ConfigScope, None, None]:
+        """Generator of writable scopes with an associated file."""
+        return (s for s in self.scopes.values() if s.writable)
 
     def highest_precedence_scope(self) -> ConfigScope:
-        """Non-internal scope with highest precedence."""
-        return next(reversed(self.file_scopes))
+        """Writable scope with highest precedence."""
+        return next(s for s in reversed(self.scopes.values()) if s.writable)  # type: ignore
 
     def highest_precedence_non_platform_scope(self) -> ConfigScope:
-        """Non-internal non-platform scope with highest precedence
-
-        Platform-specific scopes are of the form scope/platform"""
-        generator = reversed(self.file_scopes)
-        highest = next(generator)
-        while highest and highest.is_platform_dependent:
-            highest = next(generator)
-        return highest
+        """Writable non-platform scope with highest precedence"""
+        return next(
+            s
+            for s in reversed(self.scopes.values())  # type: ignore
+            if s.writable and not s.is_platform_dependent
+        )
 
     def matching_scopes(self, reg_expr) -> List[ConfigScope]:
         """
@@ -755,13 +755,14 @@ def override(
 
 
 def _add_platform_scope(
-    cfg: Union[Configuration, lang.Singleton], scope_type: Type[ConfigScope], name: str, path: str
+    cfg: Union[Configuration, lang.Singleton], name: str, path: str, writable: bool = True
 ) -> None:
     """Add a platform-specific subdirectory for the current platform."""
     platform = spack.platforms.host().name
-    plat_name = os.path.join(name, platform)
-    plat_path = os.path.join(path, platform)
-    cfg.push_scope(scope_type(plat_name, plat_path))
+    scope = DirectoryConfigScope(
+        f"{name}/{platform}", os.path.join(path, platform), writable=writable
+    )
+    cfg.push_scope(scope)
 
 
 def config_paths_from_entry_points() -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
@@ -792,22 +793,27 @@ def config_paths_from_entry_points() -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
 def _add_command_line_scopes(
     cfg: Union[Configuration, lang.Singleton], command_line_scopes: List[str]
 ) -> None:
-    """Add additional scopes from the --config-scope argument.
+    """Add additional scopes from the --config-scope argument, either envs or dirs."""
+    import spack.environment.environment as env  # circular import
 
-    Command line scopes are named after their position in the arg list.
-    """
     for i, path in enumerate(command_line_scopes):
-        # We ensure that these scopes exist and are readable, as they are
-        # provided on the command line by the user.
-        if not os.path.isdir(path):
-            raise ConfigError(f"config scope is not a directory: '{path}'")
-        elif not os.access(path, os.R_OK):
-            raise ConfigError(f"config scope is not readable: '{path}'")
+        name = f"cmd_scope_{i}"
 
-        # name based on order on the command line
-        name = f"cmd_scope_{i:d}"
-        cfg.push_scope(ImmutableConfigScope(name, path))
-        _add_platform_scope(cfg, ImmutableConfigScope, name, path)
+        if env.exists(path):  # managed environment
+            manifest = env.EnvironmentManifestFile(env.root(path))
+        elif env.is_env_dir(path):  # anonymous environment
+            manifest = env.EnvironmentManifestFile(path)
+        elif os.path.isdir(path):  # directory with config files
+            cfg.push_scope(DirectoryConfigScope(name, path, writable=False))
+            _add_platform_scope(cfg, name, path, writable=False)
+            continue
+        else:
+            raise ConfigError(f"Invalid configuration scope: {path}")
+
+        for scope in manifest.env_config_scopes:
+            scope.name = f"{name}:{scope.name}"
+            scope.writable = False
+            cfg.push_scope(scope)
 
 
 def create() -> Configuration:
@@ -851,10 +857,10 @@ def create() -> Configuration:
 
     # add each scope and its platform-specific directory
     for name, path in configuration_paths:
-        cfg.push_scope(ConfigScope(name, path))
+        cfg.push_scope(DirectoryConfigScope(name, path))
 
         # Each scope can have per-platfom overrides in subdirectories
-        _add_platform_scope(cfg, ConfigScope, name, path)
+        _add_platform_scope(cfg, name, path)
 
     # add command-line scopes
     _add_command_line_scopes(cfg, COMMAND_LINE_SCOPES)
@@ -969,7 +975,7 @@ def set(path: str, value: Any, scope: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
 def add_default_platform_scope(platform: str) -> None:
     plat_name = os.path.join("defaults", platform)
     plat_path = os.path.join(CONFIGURATION_DEFAULTS_PATH[1], platform)
-    CONFIG.push_scope(ConfigScope(plat_name, plat_path))
+    CONFIG.push_scope(DirectoryConfigScope(plat_name, plat_path))
 
 
 def scopes() -> Dict[str, ConfigScope]:
@@ -978,19 +984,10 @@ def scopes() -> Dict[str, ConfigScope]:
 
 
 def writable_scopes() -> List[ConfigScope]:
-    """
-    Return list of writable scopes. Higher-priority scopes come first in the
-    list.
-    """
-    return list(
-        reversed(
-            list(
-                x
-                for x in CONFIG.scopes.values()
-                if not isinstance(x, (InternalConfigScope, ImmutableConfigScope))
-            )
-        )
-    )
+    """Return list of writable scopes. Higher-priority scopes come first in the list."""
+    scopes = [x for x in CONFIG.scopes.values() if x.writable]
+    scopes.reverse()
+    return scopes
 
 
 def writable_scope_names() -> List[str]:
@@ -1080,11 +1077,8 @@ def validate(
     """
     import jsonschema
 
-    # Validate a copy to avoid adding defaults
-    # This allows us to round-trip data without adding to it.
-    test_data = syaml.deepcopy(data)
     try:
-        spack.schema.Validator(schema).validate(test_data)
+        spack.schema.Validator(schema).validate(data)
     except jsonschema.ValidationError as e:
         if hasattr(e.instance, "lc"):
             line_number = e.instance.lc.line + 1
@@ -1093,7 +1087,7 @@ def validate(
         raise ConfigFormatError(e, data, filename, line_number) from e
     # return the validated data so that we can access the raw data
     # mostly relevant for environments
-    return test_data
+    return data
 
 
 def read_config_file(
@@ -1599,7 +1593,7 @@ def _config_from(scopes_or_paths: List[Union[ConfigScope, str]]) -> Configuratio
         path = os.path.normpath(scope_or_path)
         assert os.path.isdir(path), f'"{path}" must be a directory'
         name = os.path.basename(path)
-        scopes.append(ConfigScope(name, path))
+        scopes.append(DirectoryConfigScope(name, path))
 
     configuration = Configuration(*scopes)
     return configuration

lib/spack/spack/container/images.json

@@ -78,24 +78,17 @@
         "image": "quay.io/almalinuxorg/almalinux:8"
       }
     },
-    "centos:stream": {
+    "centos:stream9": {
       "bootstrap": {
-        "template": "container/centos_stream.dockerfile",
-        "image": "quay.io/centos/centos:stream"
+        "template": "container/centos_stream9.dockerfile",
+        "image": "quay.io/centos/centos:stream9"
       },
       "os_package_manager": "dnf_epel",
-      "build": "spack/centos-stream",
+      "build": "spack/centos-stream9",
       "final": {
-        "image": "quay.io/centos/centos:stream"
+        "image": "quay.io/centos/centos:stream9"
       }
     },
-    "centos:7": {
-      "bootstrap": {
-        "template": "container/centos_7.dockerfile"
-      },
-      "os_package_manager": "yum",
-      "build": "spack/centos7"
-    },
     "opensuse/leap:15": {
       "bootstrap": {
         "template": "container/leap-15.dockerfile"

lib/spack/spack/detection/__init__.py

@@ -2,7 +2,12 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-from .common import DetectedPackage, executable_prefix, update_configuration
+from .common import (
+    DetectedPackage,
+    executable_prefix,
+    set_virtuals_nonbuildable,
+    update_configuration,
+)
 from .path import by_path, executables_in_path
 from .test import detection_tests
 
@@ -12,5 +17,6 @@
     "executables_in_path",
     "executable_prefix",
     "update_configuration",
+    "set_virtuals_nonbuildable",
     "detection_tests",
 ]

lib/spack/spack/detection/common.py

@@ -252,6 +252,27 @@ def update_configuration(
     return all_new_specs
 
 
+def set_virtuals_nonbuildable(virtuals: Set[str], scope: Optional[str] = None) -> List[str]:
+    """Update packages:virtual:buildable:False for the provided virtual packages, if the property
+    is not set by the user. Returns the list of virtual packages that have been updated."""
+    packages = spack.config.get("packages")
+    new_config = {}
+    for virtual in virtuals:
+        # If the user has set the buildable prop do not override it
+        if virtual in packages and "buildable" in packages[virtual]:
+            continue
+        new_config[virtual] = {"buildable": False}
+
+    # Update the provided scope
+    spack.config.set(
+        "packages",
+        spack.config.merge_yaml(spack.config.get("packages", scope=scope), new_config),
+        scope=scope,
+    )
+
+    return list(new_config.keys())
+
+
 def _windows_drive() -> str:
     """Return Windows drive string extracted from the PROGRAMFILES environment variable,
     which is guaranteed to be defined for all logins.

lib/spack/spack/detection/path.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 import re
 import sys
 import warnings
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Set, Tuple
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Type
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem
 import llnl.util.lang
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class Finder:
     def default_path_hints(self) -> List[str]:
         return []
 
-    def search_patterns(self, *, pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase") -> List[str]:
+    def search_patterns(self, *, pkg: Type["spack.package_base.PackageBase"]) -> List[str]:
         """Returns the list of patterns used to match candidate files.
 
         Args:
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ def prefix_from_path(self, *, path: str) -> str:
         raise NotImplementedError("must be implemented by derived classes")
 
     def detect_specs(
-        self, *, pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase", paths: List[str]
+        self, *, pkg: Type["spack.package_base.PackageBase"], paths: List[str]
     ) -> List[DetectedPackage]:
         """Given a list of files matching the search patterns, returns a list of detected specs.
 
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ class ExecutablesFinder(Finder):
     def default_path_hints(self) -> List[str]:
         return spack.util.environment.get_path("PATH")
 
-    def search_patterns(self, *, pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase") -> List[str]:
+    def search_patterns(self, *, pkg: Type["spack.package_base.PackageBase"]) -> List[str]:
         result = []
         if hasattr(pkg, "executables") and hasattr(pkg, "platform_executables"):
             result = pkg.platform_executables()
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ class LibrariesFinder(Finder):
     DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH, DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH, and standard system library paths
     """
 
-    def search_patterns(self, *, pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase") -> List[str]:
+    def search_patterns(self, *, pkg: Type["spack.package_base.PackageBase"]) -> List[str]:
         result = []
         if hasattr(pkg, "libraries"):
             result = pkg.libraries

lib/spack/spack/directives.py

@@ -90,14 +90,14 @@ class OpenMpi(Package):
 _patch_order_index = 0
 
 
-SpecType = Union["spack.spec.Spec", str]
+SpecType = str
 DepType = Union[Tuple[str, ...], str]
 WhenType = Optional[Union["spack.spec.Spec", str, bool]]
 Patcher = Callable[[Union["spack.package_base.PackageBase", Dependency]], None]
 PatchesType = Optional[Union[Patcher, str, List[Union[Patcher, str]]]]
 
 
-SUPPORTED_LANGUAGES = ("fortran", "cxx")
+SUPPORTED_LANGUAGES = ("fortran", "cxx", "c")
 
 
 def _make_when_spec(value: WhenType) -> Optional["spack.spec.Spec"]:
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ def _execute_version(pkg, ver, **kwargs):
 
 def _depends_on(
     pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase",
-    spec: SpecType,
+    spec: "spack.spec.Spec",
     *,
     when: WhenType = None,
     type: DepType = dt.DEFAULT_TYPES,
@@ -485,11 +485,10 @@ def _depends_on(
     if not when_spec:
         return
 
-    dep_spec = spack.spec.Spec(spec)
-    if not dep_spec.name:
-        raise DependencyError("Invalid dependency specification in package '%s':" % pkg.name, spec)
-    if pkg.name == dep_spec.name:
-        raise CircularReferenceError("Package '%s' cannot depend on itself." % pkg.name)
+    if not spec.name:
+        raise DependencyError(f"Invalid dependency specification in package '{pkg.name}':", spec)
+    if pkg.name == spec.name:
+        raise CircularReferenceError(f"Package '{pkg.name}' cannot depend on itself.")
 
     depflag = dt.canonicalize(type)
 
@@ -505,7 +504,7 @@ def _depends_on(
     # ensure `Spec.virtual` is a valid thing to call in a directive.
     # For now, we comment out the following check to allow for virtual packages
     # with package files.
-    # if patches and dep_spec.virtual:
+    # if patches and spec.virtual:
     #     raise DependencyPatchError("Cannot patch a virtual dependency.")
 
     # ensure patches is a list
@@ -520,13 +519,13 @@ def _depends_on(
 
     # this is where we actually add the dependency to this package
     deps_by_name = pkg.dependencies.setdefault(when_spec, {})
-    dependency = deps_by_name.get(dep_spec.name)
+    dependency = deps_by_name.get(spec.name)
 
     if not dependency:
-        dependency = Dependency(pkg, dep_spec, depflag=depflag)
-        deps_by_name[dep_spec.name] = dependency
+        dependency = Dependency(pkg, spec, depflag=depflag)
+        deps_by_name[spec.name] = dependency
     else:
-        dependency.spec.constrain(dep_spec, deps=False)
+        dependency.spec.constrain(spec, deps=False)
         dependency.depflag |= depflag
 
     # apply patches to the dependency
@@ -591,12 +590,13 @@ def depends_on(
     @see The section "Dependency specs" in the Spack Packaging Guide.
 
     """
-    if spack.spec.Spec(spec).name in SUPPORTED_LANGUAGES:
+    dep_spec = spack.spec.Spec(spec)
+    if dep_spec.name in SUPPORTED_LANGUAGES:
         assert type == "build", "languages must be of 'build' type"
         return _language(lang_spec_str=spec, when=when)
 
     def _execute_depends_on(pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase"):
-        _depends_on(pkg, spec, when=when, type=type, patches=patches)
+        _depends_on(pkg, dep_spec, when=when, type=type, patches=patches)
 
     return _execute_depends_on
 
@@ -666,25 +666,24 @@ def extends(spec, when=None, type=("build", "run"), patches=None):
 
     keyword arguments can be passed to extends() so that extension
     packages can pass parameters to the extendee's extension
-    mechanism.
-
-    """
+    mechanism."""
 
     def _execute_extends(pkg):
         when_spec = _make_when_spec(when)
         if not when_spec:
             return
 
-        _depends_on(pkg, spec, when=when, type=type, patches=patches)
-        spec_obj = spack.spec.Spec(spec)
+        dep_spec = spack.spec.Spec(spec)
+
+        _depends_on(pkg, dep_spec, when=when, type=type, patches=patches)
 
         # When extending python, also add a dependency on python-venv. This is done so that
         # Spack environment views are Python virtual environments.
-        if spec_obj.name == "python" and not pkg.name == "python-venv":
-            _depends_on(pkg, "python-venv", when=when, type=("build", "run"))
+        if dep_spec.name == "python" and not pkg.name == "python-venv":
+            _depends_on(pkg, spack.spec.Spec("python-venv"), when=when, type=("build", "run"))
 
         # TODO: the values of the extendees dictionary are not used. Remove in next refactor.
-        pkg.extendees[spec_obj.name] = (spec_obj, None)
+        pkg.extendees[dep_spec.name] = (dep_spec, None)
 
     return _execute_extends
 

lib/spack/spack/environment/environment.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 import collections
 import collections.abc
 import contextlib
-import copy
+import errno
 import os
 import pathlib
 import re
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 from llnl.util.link_tree import ConflictingSpecsError
 from llnl.util.symlink import readlink, symlink
 
+import spack.caches
 import spack.cmd
 import spack.compilers
 import spack.concretize
@@ -268,9 +269,7 @@ def root(name):
 
 def exists(name):
     """Whether an environment with this name exists or not."""
-    if not valid_env_name(name):
-        return False
-    return os.path.isdir(root(name))
+    return valid_env_name(name) and os.path.isdir(_root(name))
 
 
 def active(name):
@@ -529,8 +528,8 @@ def _read_yaml(str_or_file):
         )
 
     filename = getattr(str_or_file, "name", None)
-    default_data = spack.config.validate(data, spack.schema.env.schema, filename)
-    return data, default_data
+    spack.config.validate(data, spack.schema.env.schema, filename)
+    return data
 
 
 def _write_yaml(data, str_or_file):
@@ -790,6 +789,23 @@ def regenerate(self, concrete_roots: List[Spec]) -> None:
         root_dirname = os.path.dirname(self.root)
         tmp_symlink_name = os.path.join(root_dirname, "._view_link")
 
+        # Remove self.root if is it an empty dir, since we need a symlink there. Note that rmdir
+        # fails if self.root is a symlink.
+        try:
+            os.rmdir(self.root)
+        except (FileNotFoundError, NotADirectoryError):
+            pass
+        except OSError as e:
+            if e.errno == errno.ENOTEMPTY:
+                msg = "it is a non-empty directory"
+            elif e.errno == errno.EACCES:
+                msg = "of insufficient permissions"
+            else:
+                raise
+            raise SpackEnvironmentViewError(
+                f"The environment view in {self.root} cannot not be created because {msg}."
+            ) from e
+
         # Create a new view
         try:
             fs.mkdirp(new_root)
@@ -921,7 +937,7 @@ def __init__(self, manifest_dir: Union[str, pathlib.Path]) -> None:
     def _load_manifest_file(self):
         """Instantiate and load the manifest file contents into memory."""
         with lk.ReadTransaction(self.txlock):
-            self.manifest = EnvironmentManifestFile(self.path)
+            self.manifest = EnvironmentManifestFile(self.path, self.name)
             with self.manifest.use_config():
                 self._read()
 
@@ -958,18 +974,25 @@ def write_transaction(self):
         """Get a write lock context manager for use in a `with` block."""
         return lk.WriteTransaction(self.txlock, acquire=self._re_read)
 
-    def _process_definition(self, item):
+    def _process_definition(self, entry):
         """Process a single spec definition item."""
-        entry = copy.deepcopy(item)
-        when = _eval_conditional(entry.pop("when", "True"))
-        assert len(entry) == 1
+        when_string = entry.get("when")
+        if when_string is not None:
+            when = _eval_conditional(when_string)
+            assert len([x for x in entry if x != "when"]) == 1
+        else:
+            when = True
+            assert len(entry) == 1
+
         if when:
-            name, spec_list = next(iter(entry.items()))
-            user_specs = SpecList(name, spec_list, self.spec_lists.copy())
-            if name in self.spec_lists:
-                self.spec_lists[name].extend(user_specs)
-            else:
-                self.spec_lists[name] = user_specs
+            for name, spec_list in entry.items():
+                if name == "when":
+                    continue
+                user_specs = SpecList(name, spec_list, self.spec_lists.copy())
+                if name in self.spec_lists:
+                    self.spec_lists[name].extend(user_specs)
+                else:
+                    self.spec_lists[name] = user_specs
 
     def _process_view(self, env_view: Optional[Union[bool, str, Dict]]):
         """Process view option(s), which can be boolean, string, or None.
@@ -2542,7 +2565,7 @@ def _concretize_task(packed_arguments) -> Tuple[int, Spec, float]:
 
 def make_repo_path(root):
     """Make a RepoPath from the repo subdirectories in an environment."""
-    path = spack.repo.RepoPath()
+    path = spack.repo.RepoPath(cache=spack.caches.MISC_CACHE)
 
     if os.path.isdir(root):
         for repo_root in os.listdir(root):
@@ -2551,7 +2574,7 @@ def make_repo_path(root):
             if not os.path.isdir(repo_root):
                 continue
 
-            repo = spack.repo.Repo(repo_root)
+            repo = spack.repo.from_path(repo_root)
             path.put_last(repo)
 
     return path
@@ -2752,10 +2775,11 @@ def from_lockfile(manifest_dir: Union[pathlib.Path, str]) -> "EnvironmentManifes
         manifest.flush()
         return manifest
 
-    def __init__(self, manifest_dir: Union[pathlib.Path, str]) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, manifest_dir: Union[pathlib.Path, str], name: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         self.manifest_dir = pathlib.Path(manifest_dir)
+        self.name = name or str(manifest_dir)
         self.manifest_file = self.manifest_dir / manifest_name
-        self.scope_name = f"env:{environment_name(self.manifest_dir)}"
+        self.scope_name = f"env:{self.name}"
         self.config_stage_dir = os.path.join(env_subdir_path(manifest_dir), "config")
 
         #: Configuration scopes associated with this environment. Note that these are not
@@ -2767,12 +2791,8 @@ def __init__(self, manifest_dir: Union[pathlib.Path, str]) -> None:
             raise SpackEnvironmentError(msg)
 
         with self.manifest_file.open() as f:
-            raw, with_defaults_added = _read_yaml(f)
+            self.yaml_content = _read_yaml(f)
 
-        #: Pristine YAML content, without defaults being added
-        self.pristine_yaml_content = raw
-        #: YAML content with defaults added by Spack, if they're missing
-        self.yaml_content = with_defaults_added
         self.changed = False
 
     def _all_matches(self, user_spec: str) -> List[str]:
@@ -2786,7 +2806,7 @@ def _all_matches(self, user_spec: str) -> List[str]:
             ValueError: if no equivalent match is found
         """
         result = []
-        for yaml_spec_str in self.pristine_configuration["specs"]:
+        for yaml_spec_str in self.configuration["specs"]:
             if Spec(yaml_spec_str) == Spec(user_spec):
                 result.append(yaml_spec_str)
 
@@ -2801,7 +2821,6 @@ def add_user_spec(self, user_spec: str) -> None:
         Args:
             user_spec: user spec to be appended
         """
-        self.pristine_configuration.setdefault("specs", []).append(user_spec)
         self.configuration.setdefault("specs", []).append(user_spec)
         self.changed = True
 
@@ -2816,7 +2835,6 @@ def remove_user_spec(self, user_spec: str) -> None:
         """
         try:
             for key in self._all_matches(user_spec):
-                self.pristine_configuration["specs"].remove(key)
                 self.configuration["specs"].remove(key)
         except ValueError as e:
             msg = f"cannot remove {user_spec} from {self}, no such spec exists"
@@ -2834,7 +2852,6 @@ def override_user_spec(self, user_spec: str, idx: int) -> None:
             SpackEnvironmentError: when the user spec cannot be overridden
         """
         try:
-            self.pristine_configuration["specs"][idx] = user_spec
             self.configuration["specs"][idx] = user_spec
         except ValueError as e:
             msg = f"cannot override {user_spec} from {self}"
@@ -2847,10 +2864,10 @@ def set_include_concrete(self, include_concrete: List[str]) -> None:
         Args:
             include_concrete: list of already existing concrete environments to include
         """
-        self.pristine_configuration[included_concrete_name] = []
+        self.configuration[included_concrete_name] = []
 
         for env_path in include_concrete:
-            self.pristine_configuration[included_concrete_name].append(env_path)
+            self.configuration[included_concrete_name].append(env_path)
 
         self.changed = True
 
@@ -2864,14 +2881,13 @@ def add_definition(self, user_spec: str, list_name: str) -> None:
         Raises:
             SpackEnvironmentError: is no valid definition exists already
         """
-        defs = self.pristine_configuration.get("definitions", [])
+        defs = self.configuration.get("definitions", [])
         msg = f"cannot add {user_spec} to the '{list_name}' definition, no valid list exists"
 
         for idx, item in self._iterate_on_definitions(defs, list_name=list_name, err_msg=msg):
             item[list_name].append(user_spec)
             break
 
-        self.configuration["definitions"][idx][list_name].append(user_spec)
         self.changed = True
 
     def remove_definition(self, user_spec: str, list_name: str) -> None:
@@ -2885,7 +2901,7 @@ def remove_definition(self, user_spec: str, list_name: str) -> None:
             SpackEnvironmentError: if the user spec cannot be removed from the list,
                 or the list does not exist
         """
-        defs = self.pristine_configuration.get("definitions", [])
+        defs = self.configuration.get("definitions", [])
         msg = (
             f"cannot remove {user_spec} from the '{list_name}' definition, "
             f"no valid list exists"
@@ -2898,7 +2914,6 @@ def remove_definition(self, user_spec: str, list_name: str) -> None:
             except ValueError:
                 pass
 
-        self.configuration["definitions"][idx][list_name].remove(user_spec)
         self.changed = True
 
     def override_definition(self, user_spec: str, *, override: str, list_name: str) -> None:
@@ -2913,7 +2928,7 @@ def override_definition(self, user_spec: str, *, override: str, list_name: str)
         Raises:
             SpackEnvironmentError: if the user spec cannot be overridden
         """
-        defs = self.pristine_configuration.get("definitions", [])
+        defs = self.configuration.get("definitions", [])
         msg = f"cannot override {user_spec} with {override} in the '{list_name}' definition"
 
         for idx, item in self._iterate_on_definitions(defs, list_name=list_name, err_msg=msg):
@@ -2924,7 +2939,6 @@ def override_definition(self, user_spec: str, *, override: str, list_name: str)
             except ValueError:
                 pass
 
-        self.configuration["definitions"][idx][list_name][sub_index] = override
         self.changed = True
 
     def _iterate_on_definitions(self, definitions, *, list_name, err_msg):
@@ -2956,7 +2970,6 @@ def set_default_view(self, view: Union[bool, str, pathlib.Path, Dict[str, str]])
                 True the default view is used for the environment, if False there's no view.
         """
         if isinstance(view, dict):
-            self.pristine_configuration["view"][default_view_name].update(view)
             self.configuration["view"][default_view_name].update(view)
             self.changed = True
             return
@@ -2964,15 +2977,13 @@ def set_default_view(self, view: Union[bool, str, pathlib.Path, Dict[str, str]])
         if not isinstance(view, bool):
             view = str(view)
 
-        self.pristine_configuration["view"] = view
         self.configuration["view"] = view
         self.changed = True
 
     def remove_default_view(self) -> None:
         """Removes the default view from the manifest file"""
-        view_data = self.pristine_configuration.get("view")
+        view_data = self.configuration.get("view")
         if isinstance(view_data, collections.abc.Mapping):
-            self.pristine_configuration["view"].pop(default_view_name)
             self.configuration["view"].pop(default_view_name)
             self.changed = True
             return
@@ -2985,17 +2996,12 @@ def flush(self) -> None:
             return
 
         with fs.write_tmp_and_move(os.path.realpath(self.manifest_file)) as f:
-            _write_yaml(self.pristine_yaml_content, f)
+            _write_yaml(self.yaml_content, f)
         self.changed = False
 
-    @property
-    def pristine_configuration(self):
-        """Return the dictionaries in the pristine YAML, without the top level attribute"""
-        return self.pristine_yaml_content[TOP_LEVEL_KEY]
-
     @property
     def configuration(self):
-        """Return the dictionaries in the YAML, without the top level attribute"""
+        """Return the dictionaries in the pristine YAML, without the top level attribute"""
         return self.yaml_content[TOP_LEVEL_KEY]
 
     def __len__(self):
@@ -3027,12 +3033,11 @@ def included_config_scopes(self) -> List[spack.config.ConfigScope]:
             SpackEnvironmentError: if the manifest includes a remote file but
                 no configuration stage directory has been identified
         """
-        scopes = []
+        scopes: List[spack.config.ConfigScope] = []
 
         # load config scopes added via 'include:', in reverse so that
         # highest-precedence scopes are last.
         includes = self[TOP_LEVEL_KEY].get("include", [])
-        env_name = environment_name(self.manifest_dir)
         missing = []
         for i, config_path in enumerate(reversed(includes)):
             # allow paths to contain spack config/environment variables, etc.
@@ -3095,24 +3100,22 @@ def included_config_scopes(self) -> List[spack.config.ConfigScope]:
 
             if os.path.isdir(config_path):
                 # directories are treated as regular ConfigScopes
-                config_name = "env:%s:%s" % (env_name, os.path.basename(config_path))
-                tty.debug("Creating ConfigScope {0} for '{1}'".format(config_name, config_path))
-                scope = spack.config.ConfigScope(config_name, config_path)
+                config_name = f"env:{self.name}:{os.path.basename(config_path)}"
+                tty.debug(f"Creating DirectoryConfigScope {config_name} for '{config_path}'")
+                scopes.append(spack.config.DirectoryConfigScope(config_name, config_path))
             elif os.path.exists(config_path):
                 # files are assumed to be SingleFileScopes
-                config_name = "env:%s:%s" % (env_name, config_path)
-                tty.debug(
-                    "Creating SingleFileScope {0} for '{1}'".format(config_name, config_path)
-                )
-                scope = spack.config.SingleFileScope(
-                    config_name, config_path, spack.schema.merged.schema
+                config_name = f"env:{self.name}:{config_path}"
+                tty.debug(f"Creating SingleFileScope {config_name} for '{config_path}'")
+                scopes.append(
+                    spack.config.SingleFileScope(
+                        config_name, config_path, spack.schema.merged.schema
+                    )
                 )
             else:
                 missing.append(config_path)
                 continue
 
-            scopes.append(scope)
-
         if missing:
             msg = "Detected {0} missing include path(s):".format(len(missing))
             msg += "\n   {0}".format("\n   ".join(missing))
@@ -3129,7 +3132,10 @@ def env_config_scopes(self) -> List[spack.config.ConfigScope]:
         scopes: List[spack.config.ConfigScope] = [
             *self.included_config_scopes,
             spack.config.SingleFileScope(
-                self.scope_name, str(self.manifest_file), spack.schema.env.schema, [TOP_LEVEL_KEY]
+                self.scope_name,
+                str(self.manifest_file),
+                spack.schema.env.schema,
+                yaml_path=[TOP_LEVEL_KEY],
             ),
         ]
         ensure_no_disallowed_env_config_mods(scopes)

lib/spack/spack/installer.py

@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ def dump_packages(spec: "spack.spec.Spec", path: str) -> None:
 
             # Create a source repo and get the pkg directory out of it.
             try:
-                source_repo = spack.repo.Repo(source_repo_root)
+                source_repo = spack.repo.from_path(source_repo_root)
                 source_pkg_dir = source_repo.dirname_for_package_name(node.name)
             except spack.repo.RepoError as err:
                 tty.debug(f"Failed to create source repo for {node.name}: {str(err)}")
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ def dump_packages(spec: "spack.spec.Spec", path: str) -> None:
         dest_repo_root = os.path.join(path, node.namespace)
         if not os.path.exists(dest_repo_root):
             spack.repo.create_repo(dest_repo_root)
-        repo = spack.repo.Repo(dest_repo_root)
+        repo = spack.repo.from_path(dest_repo_root)
 
         # Get the location of the package in the dest repo.
         dest_pkg_dir = repo.dirname_for_package_name(node.name)
@@ -1542,17 +1542,6 @@ def _add_tasks(self, request: BuildRequest, all_deps):
             tty.warn(f"Installation request refused: {str(err)}")
             return
 
-        # Skip out early if the spec is not being installed locally (i.e., if
-        # external or upstream).
-        #
-        # External and upstream packages need to get flagged as installed to
-        # ensure proper status tracking for environment build.
-        explicit = request.pkg.spec.dag_hash() in request.install_args.get("explicit", [])
-        not_local = _handle_external_and_upstream(request.pkg, explicit)
-        if not_local:
-            self._flag_installed(request.pkg)
-            return
-
         install_compilers = spack.config.get("config:install_missing_compilers", False)
 
         install_deps = request.install_args.get("install_deps")
@@ -2029,11 +2018,10 @@ def install(self) -> None:
             # Skip the installation if the spec is not being installed locally
             # (i.e., if external or upstream) BUT flag it as installed since
             # some package likely depends on it.
-            if not task.explicit:
-                if _handle_external_and_upstream(pkg, False):
-                    term_status.clear()
-                    self._flag_installed(pkg, task.dependents)
-                    continue
+            if _handle_external_and_upstream(pkg, task.explicit):
+                term_status.clear()
+                self._flag_installed(pkg, task.dependents)
+                continue
 
             # Flag a failed spec.  Do not need an (install) prefix lock since
             # assume using a separate (failed) prefix lock file.

lib/spack/spack/main.py

@@ -444,8 +444,9 @@ def make_argument_parser(**kwargs):
         "--config-scope",
         dest="config_scopes",
         action="append",
-        metavar="DIR",
-        help="add a custom configuration scope",
+        metavar="DIR|ENV",
+        help="add directory or environment as read-only configuration scope, without activating "
+        "the environment.",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
         "-d",

lib/spack/spack/operating_systems/mac_os.py

@@ -143,6 +143,7 @@ def __init__(self):
             "12": "monterey",
             "13": "ventura",
             "14": "sonoma",
+            "15": "sequoia",
         }
 
         version = macos_version()

lib/spack/spack/package_base.py

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 
 import spack.compilers
 import spack.config
+import spack.dependency
 import spack.deptypes as dt
 import spack.directives
 import spack.directory_layout
@@ -199,10 +200,10 @@ def __init__(cls, name, bases, attr_dict):
         # assumed to be detectable
         if hasattr(cls, "executables") or hasattr(cls, "libraries"):
             # Append a tag to each detectable package, so that finding them is faster
-            if hasattr(cls, "tags"):
-                getattr(cls, "tags").append(DetectablePackageMeta.TAG)
-            else:
+            if not hasattr(cls, "tags"):
                 setattr(cls, "tags", [DetectablePackageMeta.TAG])
+            elif DetectablePackageMeta.TAG not in cls.tags:
+                cls.tags.append(DetectablePackageMeta.TAG)
 
             @classmethod
             def platform_executables(cls):
@@ -748,11 +749,6 @@ def __init__(self, spec):
         self._fetch_time = 0.0
 
         self.win_rpath = fsys.WindowsSimulatedRPath(self)
-
-        if self.is_extension:
-            pkg_cls = spack.repo.PATH.get_pkg_class(self.extendee_spec.name)
-            pkg_cls(self.extendee_spec)._check_extendable()
-
         super().__init__()
 
     @classmethod
@@ -1141,10 +1137,9 @@ def _make_stage(self):
             if not link_format:
                 link_format = "build-{arch}-{hash:7}"
             stage_link = self.spec.format_path(link_format)
-            return DevelopStage(compute_stage_name(self.spec), dev_path, stage_link)
-
-        # To fetch the current version
-        source_stage = self._make_root_stage(self.fetcher)
+            source_stage = DevelopStage(compute_stage_name(self.spec), dev_path, stage_link)
+        else:
+            source_stage = self._make_root_stage(self.fetcher)
 
         # all_stages is source + resources + patches
         all_stages = StageComposite()
@@ -1473,10 +1468,8 @@ def do_fetch(self, mirror_only=False):
             return
 
         checksum = spack.config.get("config:checksum")
-        fetch = self.stage.needs_fetching
         if (
             checksum
-            and fetch
             and (self.version not in self.versions)
             and (not isinstance(self.version, GitVersion))
         ):
@@ -1583,13 +1576,11 @@ def do_patch(self):
                 tty.debug("Patching failed last time. Restaging.")
                 self.stage.restage()
             else:
-                # develop specs/ DIYStages may have patch failures but
-                # should never be restaged
-                msg = (
-                    "A patch failure was detected in %s." % self.name
-                    + " Build errors may occur due to this."
+                # develop specs may have patch failures but should never be restaged
+                tty.warn(
+                    f"A patch failure was detected in {self.name}."
+                    " Build errors may occur due to this."
                 )
-                tty.warn(msg)
                 return
 
         # If this file exists, then we already applied all the patches.
@@ -2393,10 +2384,6 @@ def do_deprecate(self, deprecator, link_fn):
         PackageBase.uninstall_by_spec(spec, force=True, deprecator=deprecator)
         link_fn(deprecator.prefix, spec.prefix)
 
-    def _check_extendable(self):
-        if not self.extendable:
-            raise ValueError("Package %s is not extendable!" % self.name)
-
     def view(self):
         """Create a view with the prefix of this package as the root.
         Extensions added to this view will modify the installation prefix of

lib/spack/spack/patch.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 import os.path
 import pathlib
 import sys
-from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Tuple, Type
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Tuple, Type, Union
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem
 from llnl.url import allowed_archive
@@ -65,6 +65,9 @@ def apply_patch(
         patch(*args)
 
 
+PatchPackageType = Union["spack.package_base.PackageBase", Type["spack.package_base.PackageBase"]]
+
+
 class Patch:
     """Base class for patches.
 
@@ -77,7 +80,7 @@ class Patch:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase",
+        pkg: PatchPackageType,
         path_or_url: str,
         level: int,
         working_dir: str,
@@ -159,7 +162,7 @@ class FilePatch(Patch):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase",
+        pkg: PatchPackageType,
         relative_path: str,
         level: int,
         working_dir: str,
@@ -183,7 +186,7 @@ def __init__(
         abs_path: Optional[str] = None
         # At different times we call FilePatch on instances and classes
         pkg_cls = pkg if inspect.isclass(pkg) else pkg.__class__
-        for cls in inspect.getmro(pkg_cls):
+        for cls in inspect.getmro(pkg_cls):  # type: ignore
             if not hasattr(cls, "module"):
                 # We've gone too far up the MRO
                 break
@@ -242,7 +245,7 @@ class UrlPatch(Patch):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase",
+        pkg: PatchPackageType,
         url: str,
         level: int = 1,
         *,
@@ -361,8 +364,9 @@ def from_dict(
     """
     repository = repository or spack.repo.PATH
     owner = dictionary.get("owner")
-    if "owner" not in dictionary:
-        raise ValueError("Invalid patch dictionary: %s" % dictionary)
+    if owner is None:
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid patch dictionary: {dictionary}")
+    assert isinstance(owner, str)
     pkg_cls = repository.get_pkg_class(owner)
 
     if "url" in dictionary:

lib/spack/spack/repo.py

@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@
 import traceback
 import types
 import uuid
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Set, Tuple, Union
+import warnings
+from typing import Any, Dict, Generator, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Type, Union
 
 import llnl.path
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
@@ -126,11 +127,35 @@ def exec_module(self, module):
 
 
 class ReposFinder:
-    """MetaPathFinder class that loads a Python module corresponding to a Spack package
+    """MetaPathFinder class that loads a Python module corresponding to a Spack package.
 
-    Return a loader based on the inspection of the current global repository list.
+    Returns a loader based on the inspection of the current repository list.
     """
 
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._repo_init = _path
+        self._repo = None
+
+    @property
+    def current_repository(self):
+        if self._repo is None:
+            self._repo = self._repo_init()
+        return self._repo
+
+    @current_repository.setter
+    def current_repository(self, value):
+        self._repo = value
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def switch_repo(self, substitute: "RepoType"):
+        """Switch the current repository list for the duration of the context manager."""
+        old = self.current_repository
+        try:
+            self.current_repository = substitute
+            yield
+        finally:
+            self.current_repository = old
+
     def find_spec(self, fullname, python_path, target=None):
         # "target" is not None only when calling importlib.reload()
         if target is not None:
@@ -149,9 +174,14 @@ def compute_loader(self, fullname):
         # namespaces are added to repo, and package modules are leaves.
         namespace, dot, module_name = fullname.rpartition(".")
 
-        # If it's a module in some repo, or if it is the repo's
-        # namespace, let the repo handle it.
-        for repo in PATH.repos:
+        # If it's a module in some repo, or if it is the repo's namespace, let the repo handle it.
+        is_repo_path = isinstance(self.current_repository, RepoPath)
+        if is_repo_path:
+            repos = self.current_repository.repos
+        else:
+            repos = [self.current_repository]
+
+        for repo in repos:
             # We are using the namespace of the repo and the repo contains the package
             if namespace == repo.full_namespace:
                 # With 2 nested conditionals we can call "repo.real_name" only once
@@ -165,7 +195,7 @@ def compute_loader(self, fullname):
 
         # No repo provides the namespace, but it is a valid prefix of
         # something in the RepoPath.
-        if PATH.by_namespace.is_prefix(fullname):
+        if is_repo_path and self.current_repository.by_namespace.is_prefix(fullname):
             return SpackNamespaceLoader()
 
         return None
@@ -560,7 +590,7 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         package_checker: FastPackageChecker,
         namespace: str,
-        cache: spack.util.file_cache.FileCache,
+        cache: "spack.caches.FileCacheType",
     ):
         self.checker = package_checker
         self.packages_path = self.checker.packages_path
@@ -645,33 +675,39 @@ class RepoPath:
     repository.
 
     Args:
-        repos (list): list Repo objects or paths to put in this RepoPath
+        repos: list Repo objects or paths to put in this RepoPath
+        cache: file cache associated with this repository
+        overrides: dict mapping package name to class attribute overrides for that package
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, *repos, **kwargs):
-        cache = kwargs.get("cache", spack.caches.MISC_CACHE)
-        self.repos = []
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *repos: Union[str, "Repo"],
+        cache: "spack.caches.FileCacheType",
+        overrides: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.repos: List[Repo] = []
         self.by_namespace = nm.NamespaceTrie()
-
-        self._provider_index = None
-        self._patch_index = None
-        self._tag_index = None
+        self._provider_index: Optional[spack.provider_index.ProviderIndex] = None
+        self._patch_index: Optional[spack.patch.PatchCache] = None
+        self._tag_index: Optional[spack.tag.TagIndex] = None
 
         # Add each repo to this path.
         for repo in repos:
             try:
                 if isinstance(repo, str):
-                    repo = Repo(repo, cache=cache)
+                    repo = Repo(repo, cache=cache, overrides=overrides)
+                repo.finder(self)
                 self.put_last(repo)
             except RepoError as e:
                 tty.warn(
-                    "Failed to initialize repository: '%s'." % repo,
+                    f"Failed to initialize repository: '{repo}'.",
                     e.message,
                     "To remove the bad repository, run this command:",
-                    "    spack repo rm %s" % repo,
+                    f"    spack repo rm {repo}",
                 )
 
-    def put_first(self, repo):
+    def put_first(self, repo: "Repo") -> None:
         """Add repo first in the search path."""
         if isinstance(repo, RepoPath):
             for r in reversed(repo.repos):
@@ -699,50 +735,34 @@ def remove(self, repo):
         if repo in self.repos:
             self.repos.remove(repo)
 
-    def get_repo(self, namespace, default=NOT_PROVIDED):
-        """Get a repository by namespace.
-
-        Arguments:
-
-            namespace:
-
-                Look up this namespace in the RepoPath, and return it if found.
-
-        Optional Arguments:
-
-            default:
-
-                If default is provided, return it when the namespace
-                isn't found.  If not, raise an UnknownNamespaceError.
-        """
+    def get_repo(self, namespace: str) -> "Repo":
+        """Get a repository by namespace."""
         full_namespace = python_package_for_repo(namespace)
         if full_namespace not in self.by_namespace:
-            if default == NOT_PROVIDED:
-                raise UnknownNamespaceError(namespace)
-            return default
+            raise UnknownNamespaceError(namespace)
         return self.by_namespace[full_namespace]
 
-    def first_repo(self):
+    def first_repo(self) -> Optional["Repo"]:
         """Get the first repo in precedence order."""
         return self.repos[0] if self.repos else None
 
     @llnl.util.lang.memoized
-    def _all_package_names_set(self, include_virtuals):
+    def _all_package_names_set(self, include_virtuals) -> Set[str]:
         return {name for repo in self.repos for name in repo.all_package_names(include_virtuals)}
 
     @llnl.util.lang.memoized
-    def _all_package_names(self, include_virtuals):
+    def _all_package_names(self, include_virtuals: bool) -> List[str]:
         """Return all unique package names in all repositories."""
         return sorted(self._all_package_names_set(include_virtuals), key=lambda n: n.lower())
 
-    def all_package_names(self, include_virtuals=False):
+    def all_package_names(self, include_virtuals: bool = False) -> List[str]:
         return self._all_package_names(include_virtuals)
 
-    def package_path(self, name):
+    def package_path(self, name: str) -> str:
         """Get path to package.py file for this repo."""
         return self.repo_for_pkg(name).package_path(name)
 
-    def all_package_paths(self):
+    def all_package_paths(self) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
         for name in self.all_package_names():
             yield self.package_path(name)
 
@@ -758,53 +778,52 @@ def packages_with_tags(self, *tags: str, full: bool = False) -> Set[str]:
             for pkg in repo.packages_with_tags(*tags)
         }
 
-    def all_package_classes(self):
+    def all_package_classes(self) -> Generator[Type["spack.package_base.PackageBase"], None, None]:
         for name in self.all_package_names():
             yield self.get_pkg_class(name)
 
     @property
-    def provider_index(self):
+    def provider_index(self) -> spack.provider_index.ProviderIndex:
         """Merged ProviderIndex from all Repos in the RepoPath."""
         if self._provider_index is None:
             self._provider_index = spack.provider_index.ProviderIndex(repository=self)
             for repo in reversed(self.repos):
                 self._provider_index.merge(repo.provider_index)
-
         return self._provider_index
 
     @property
-    def tag_index(self):
+    def tag_index(self) -> spack.tag.TagIndex:
         """Merged TagIndex from all Repos in the RepoPath."""
         if self._tag_index is None:
             self._tag_index = spack.tag.TagIndex(repository=self)
             for repo in reversed(self.repos):
                 self._tag_index.merge(repo.tag_index)
-
         return self._tag_index
 
     @property
-    def patch_index(self):
+    def patch_index(self) -> spack.patch.PatchCache:
         """Merged PatchIndex from all Repos in the RepoPath."""
         if self._patch_index is None:
             self._patch_index = spack.patch.PatchCache(repository=self)
             for repo in reversed(self.repos):
                 self._patch_index.update(repo.patch_index)
-
         return self._patch_index
 
     @autospec
-    def providers_for(self, vpkg_spec):
+    def providers_for(self, virtual_spec: "spack.spec.Spec") -> List["spack.spec.Spec"]:
         providers = [
             spec
-            for spec in self.provider_index.providers_for(vpkg_spec)
+            for spec in self.provider_index.providers_for(virtual_spec)
             if spec.name in self._all_package_names_set(include_virtuals=False)
         ]
         if not providers:
-            raise UnknownPackageError(vpkg_spec.fullname)
+            raise UnknownPackageError(virtual_spec.fullname)
         return providers
 
     @autospec
-    def extensions_for(self, extendee_spec):
+    def extensions_for(
+        self, extendee_spec: "spack.spec.Spec"
+    ) -> List["spack.package_base.PackageBase"]:
         return [
             pkg_cls(spack.spec.Spec(pkg_cls.name))
             for pkg_cls in self.all_package_classes()
@@ -815,7 +834,7 @@ def last_mtime(self):
         """Time a package file in this repo was last updated."""
         return max(repo.last_mtime() for repo in self.repos)
 
-    def repo_for_pkg(self, spec):
+    def repo_for_pkg(self, spec: Union[str, "spack.spec.Spec"]) -> "Repo":
         """Given a spec, get the repository for its package."""
         # We don't @_autospec this function b/c it's called very frequently
         # and we want to avoid parsing str's into Specs unnecessarily.
@@ -840,17 +859,20 @@ def repo_for_pkg(self, spec):
                 return repo
 
         # If the package isn't in any repo, return the one with
-        # highest precedence.  This is for commands like `spack edit`
+        # highest precedence. This is for commands like `spack edit`
         # that can operate on packages that don't exist yet.
-        return self.first_repo()
+        selected = self.first_repo()
+        if selected is None:
+            raise UnknownPackageError(name)
+        return selected
 
-    def get(self, spec):
+    def get(self, spec: "spack.spec.Spec") -> "spack.package_base.PackageBase":
         """Returns the package associated with the supplied spec."""
         msg = "RepoPath.get can only be called on concrete specs"
         assert isinstance(spec, spack.spec.Spec) and spec.concrete, msg
         return self.repo_for_pkg(spec).get(spec)
 
-    def get_pkg_class(self, pkg_name):
+    def get_pkg_class(self, pkg_name: str) -> Type["spack.package_base.PackageBase"]:
         """Find a class for the spec's package and return the class object."""
         return self.repo_for_pkg(pkg_name).get_pkg_class(pkg_name)
 
@@ -863,26 +885,26 @@ def dump_provenance(self, spec, path):
         """
         return self.repo_for_pkg(spec).dump_provenance(spec, path)
 
-    def dirname_for_package_name(self, pkg_name):
+    def dirname_for_package_name(self, pkg_name: str) -> str:
         return self.repo_for_pkg(pkg_name).dirname_for_package_name(pkg_name)
 
-    def filename_for_package_name(self, pkg_name):
+    def filename_for_package_name(self, pkg_name: str) -> str:
         return self.repo_for_pkg(pkg_name).filename_for_package_name(pkg_name)
 
-    def exists(self, pkg_name):
+    def exists(self, pkg_name: str) -> bool:
         """Whether package with the give name exists in the path's repos.
 
         Note that virtual packages do not "exist".
         """
         return any(repo.exists(pkg_name) for repo in self.repos)
 
-    def _have_name(self, pkg_name):
+    def _have_name(self, pkg_name: str) -> bool:
         have_name = pkg_name is not None
         if have_name and not isinstance(pkg_name, str):
-            raise ValueError("is_virtual(): expected package name, got %s" % type(pkg_name))
+            raise ValueError(f"is_virtual(): expected package name, got {type(pkg_name)}")
         return have_name
 
-    def is_virtual(self, pkg_name):
+    def is_virtual(self, pkg_name: str) -> bool:
         """Return True if the package with this name is virtual, False otherwise.
 
         This function use the provider index. If calling from a code block that
@@ -894,7 +916,7 @@ def is_virtual(self, pkg_name):
         have_name = self._have_name(pkg_name)
         return have_name and pkg_name in self.provider_index
 
-    def is_virtual_safe(self, pkg_name):
+    def is_virtual_safe(self, pkg_name: str) -> bool:
         """Return True if the package with this name is virtual, False otherwise.
 
         This function doesn't use the provider index.
@@ -915,18 +937,28 @@ class Repo:
     Each package repository must have a top-level configuration file
     called `repo.yaml`.
 
-    Currently, `repo.yaml` this must define:
+    Currently, `repo.yaml` must define:
 
     `namespace`:
         A Python namespace where the repository's packages should live.
 
+    `subdirectory`:
+        An optional subdirectory name where packages are placed
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, root, cache=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        root: str,
+        *,
+        cache: "spack.caches.FileCacheType",
+        overrides: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
         """Instantiate a package repository from a filesystem path.
 
         Args:
             root: the root directory of the repository
+            cache: file cache associated with this repository
+            overrides: dict mapping package name to class attribute overrides for that package
         """
         # Root directory, containing _repo.yaml and package dirs
         # Allow roots to by spack-relative by starting with '$spack'
@@ -939,20 +971,20 @@ def check(condition, msg):
 
         # Validate repository layout.
         self.config_file = os.path.join(self.root, repo_config_name)
-        check(os.path.isfile(self.config_file), "No %s found in '%s'" % (repo_config_name, root))
+        check(os.path.isfile(self.config_file), f"No {repo_config_name} found in '{root}'")
 
         # Read configuration and validate namespace
         config = self._read_config()
         check(
             "namespace" in config,
-            "%s must define a namespace." % os.path.join(root, repo_config_name),
+            f"{os.path.join(root, repo_config_name)} must define a namespace.",
         )
 
         self.namespace = config["namespace"]
         check(
             re.match(r"[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_.]+", self.namespace),
-            ("Invalid namespace '%s' in repo '%s'. " % (self.namespace, self.root))
-            + "Namespaces must be valid python identifiers separated by '.'",
+            f"Invalid namespace '{self.namespace}' in repo '{self.root}'. "
+            "Namespaces must be valid python identifiers separated by '.'",
         )
 
         # Set up 'full_namespace' to include the super-namespace
@@ -964,23 +996,26 @@ def check(condition, msg):
         packages_dir = config.get("subdirectory", packages_dir_name)
         self.packages_path = os.path.join(self.root, packages_dir)
         check(
-            os.path.isdir(self.packages_path),
-            "No directory '%s' found in '%s'" % (packages_dir, root),
+            os.path.isdir(self.packages_path), f"No directory '{packages_dir}' found in '{root}'"
         )
 
-        # These are internal cache variables.
-        self._modules = {}
-        self._classes = {}
-        self._instances = {}
+        # Class attribute overrides by package name
+        self.overrides = overrides or {}
+
+        # Optional reference to a RepoPath to influence module import from spack.pkg
+        self._finder: Optional[RepoPath] = None
 
         # Maps that goes from package name to corresponding file stat
-        self._fast_package_checker = None
+        self._fast_package_checker: Optional[FastPackageChecker] = None
 
         # Indexes for this repository, computed lazily
-        self._repo_index = None
-        self._cache = cache or spack.caches.MISC_CACHE
+        self._repo_index: Optional[RepoIndex] = None
+        self._cache = cache
 
-    def real_name(self, import_name):
+    def finder(self, value: RepoPath) -> None:
+        self._finder = value
+
+    def real_name(self, import_name: str) -> Optional[str]:
         """Allow users to import Spack packages using Python identifiers.
 
         A python identifier might map to many different Spack package
@@ -999,18 +1034,21 @@ def real_name(self, import_name):
             return import_name
 
         options = nm.possible_spack_module_names(import_name)
-        options.remove(import_name)
+        try:
+            options.remove(import_name)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
         for name in options:
             if name in self:
                 return name
         return None
 
-    def is_prefix(self, fullname):
+    def is_prefix(self, fullname: str) -> bool:
         """True if fullname is a prefix of this Repo's namespace."""
         parts = fullname.split(".")
         return self._names[: len(parts)] == parts
 
-    def _read_config(self):
+    def _read_config(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
         """Check for a YAML config file in this db's root directory."""
         try:
             with open(self.config_file) as reponame_file:
@@ -1021,14 +1059,14 @@ def _read_config(self):
                     or "repo" not in yaml_data
                     or not isinstance(yaml_data["repo"], dict)
                 ):
-                    tty.die("Invalid %s in repository %s" % (repo_config_name, self.root))
+                    tty.die(f"Invalid {repo_config_name} in repository {self.root}")
 
                 return yaml_data["repo"]
 
         except IOError:
-            tty.die("Error reading %s when opening %s" % (self.config_file, self.root))
+            tty.die(f"Error reading {self.config_file} when opening {self.root}")
 
-    def get(self, spec):
+    def get(self, spec: "spack.spec.Spec") -> "spack.package_base.PackageBase":
         """Returns the package associated with the supplied spec."""
         msg = "Repo.get can only be called on concrete specs"
         assert isinstance(spec, spack.spec.Spec) and spec.concrete, msg
@@ -1049,16 +1087,13 @@ def get(self, spec):
             # pass these through as their error messages will be fine.
             raise
         except Exception as e:
-            tty.debug(e)
-
             # Make sure other errors in constructors hit the error
             # handler by wrapping them
-            if spack.config.get("config:debug"):
-                sys.excepthook(*sys.exc_info())
-            raise FailedConstructorError(spec.fullname, *sys.exc_info())
+            tty.debug(e)
+            raise FailedConstructorError(spec.fullname, *sys.exc_info()) from e
 
     @autospec
-    def dump_provenance(self, spec, path):
+    def dump_provenance(self, spec: "spack.spec.Spec", path: str) -> None:
         """Dump provenance information for a spec to a particular path.
 
         This dumps the package file and any associated patch files.
@@ -1066,7 +1101,7 @@ def dump_provenance(self, spec, path):
         """
         if spec.namespace and spec.namespace != self.namespace:
             raise UnknownPackageError(
-                "Repository %s does not contain package %s." % (self.namespace, spec.fullname)
+                f"Repository {self.namespace} does not contain package {spec.fullname}."
             )
 
         package_path = self.filename_for_package_name(spec.name)
@@ -1083,17 +1118,13 @@ def dump_provenance(self, spec, path):
                     if os.path.exists(patch.path):
                         fs.install(patch.path, path)
                     else:
-                        tty.warn("Patch file did not exist: %s" % patch.path)
+                        warnings.warn(f"Patch file did not exist: {patch.path}")
 
         # Install the package.py file itself.
         fs.install(self.filename_for_package_name(spec.name), path)
 
-    def purge(self):
-        """Clear entire package instance cache."""
-        self._instances.clear()
-
     @property
-    def index(self):
+    def index(self) -> RepoIndex:
         """Construct the index for this repo lazily."""
         if self._repo_index is None:
             self._repo_index = RepoIndex(self._pkg_checker, self.namespace, cache=self._cache)
@@ -1103,42 +1134,40 @@ def index(self):
         return self._repo_index
 
     @property
-    def provider_index(self):
+    def provider_index(self) -> spack.provider_index.ProviderIndex:
         """A provider index with names *specific* to this repo."""
         return self.index["providers"]
 
     @property
-    def tag_index(self):
+    def tag_index(self) -> spack.tag.TagIndex:
         """Index of tags and which packages they're defined on."""
         return self.index["tags"]
 
     @property
-    def patch_index(self):
+    def patch_index(self) -> spack.patch.PatchCache:
         """Index of patches and packages they're defined on."""
         return self.index["patches"]
 
     @autospec
-    def providers_for(self, vpkg_spec):
+    def providers_for(self, vpkg_spec: "spack.spec.Spec") -> List["spack.spec.Spec"]:
         providers = self.provider_index.providers_for(vpkg_spec)
         if not providers:
             raise UnknownPackageError(vpkg_spec.fullname)
         return providers
 
     @autospec
-    def extensions_for(self, extendee_spec):
-        return [
-            pkg_cls(spack.spec.Spec(pkg_cls.name))
-            for pkg_cls in self.all_package_classes()
-            if pkg_cls(spack.spec.Spec(pkg_cls.name)).extends(extendee_spec)
-        ]
+    def extensions_for(
+        self, extendee_spec: "spack.spec.Spec"
+    ) -> List["spack.package_base.PackageBase"]:
+        result = [pkg_cls(spack.spec.Spec(pkg_cls.name)) for pkg_cls in self.all_package_classes()]
+        return [x for x in result if x.extends(extendee_spec)]
 
-    def dirname_for_package_name(self, pkg_name):
-        """Get the directory name for a particular package.  This is the
-        directory that contains its package.py file."""
+    def dirname_for_package_name(self, pkg_name: str) -> str:
+        """Given a package name, get the directory containing its package.py file."""
         _, unqualified_name = self.partition_package_name(pkg_name)
         return os.path.join(self.packages_path, unqualified_name)
 
-    def filename_for_package_name(self, pkg_name):
+    def filename_for_package_name(self, pkg_name: str) -> str:
         """Get the filename for the module we should load for a particular
         package.  Packages for a Repo live in
         ``$root/<package_name>/package.py``
@@ -1151,23 +1180,23 @@ def filename_for_package_name(self, pkg_name):
         return os.path.join(pkg_dir, package_file_name)
 
     @property
-    def _pkg_checker(self):
+    def _pkg_checker(self) -> FastPackageChecker:
         if self._fast_package_checker is None:
             self._fast_package_checker = FastPackageChecker(self.packages_path)
         return self._fast_package_checker
 
-    def all_package_names(self, include_virtuals=False):
+    def all_package_names(self, include_virtuals: bool = False) -> List[str]:
         """Returns a sorted list of all package names in the Repo."""
         names = sorted(self._pkg_checker.keys())
         if include_virtuals:
             return names
         return [x for x in names if not self.is_virtual(x)]
 
-    def package_path(self, name):
+    def package_path(self, name: str) -> str:
         """Get path to package.py file for this repo."""
         return os.path.join(self.packages_path, name, package_file_name)
 
-    def all_package_paths(self):
+    def all_package_paths(self) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
         for name in self.all_package_names():
             yield self.package_path(name)
 
@@ -1176,7 +1205,7 @@ def packages_with_tags(self, *tags: str) -> Set[str]:
         v.intersection_update(*(self.tag_index[tag.lower()] for tag in tags))
         return v
 
-    def all_package_classes(self):
+    def all_package_classes(self) -> Generator[Type["spack.package_base.PackageBase"], None, None]:
         """Iterator over all package *classes* in the repository.
 
         Use this with care, because loading packages is slow.
@@ -1184,7 +1213,7 @@ def all_package_classes(self):
         for name in self.all_package_names():
             yield self.get_pkg_class(name)
 
-    def exists(self, pkg_name):
+    def exists(self, pkg_name: str) -> bool:
         """Whether a package with the supplied name exists."""
         if pkg_name is None:
             return False
@@ -1201,28 +1230,22 @@ def last_mtime(self):
         """Time a package file in this repo was last updated."""
         return self._pkg_checker.last_mtime()
 
-    def is_virtual(self, pkg_name):
+    def is_virtual(self, pkg_name: str) -> bool:
         """Return True if the package with this name is virtual, False otherwise.
 
         This function use the provider index. If calling from a code block that
         is used to construct the provider index use the ``is_virtual_safe`` function.
-
-        Args:
-            pkg_name (str): name of the package we want to check
         """
         return pkg_name in self.provider_index
 
-    def is_virtual_safe(self, pkg_name):
+    def is_virtual_safe(self, pkg_name: str) -> bool:
         """Return True if the package with this name is virtual, False otherwise.
 
         This function doesn't use the provider index.
-
-        Args:
-            pkg_name (str): name of the package we want to check
         """
         return not self.exists(pkg_name) or self.get_pkg_class(pkg_name).virtual
 
-    def get_pkg_class(self, pkg_name):
+    def get_pkg_class(self, pkg_name: str) -> Type["spack.package_base.PackageBase"]:
         """Get the class for the package out of its module.
 
         First loads (or fetches from cache) a module for the
@@ -1234,7 +1257,8 @@ def get_pkg_class(self, pkg_name):
         fullname = f"{self.full_namespace}.{pkg_name}"
 
         try:
-            module = importlib.import_module(fullname)
+            with REPOS_FINDER.switch_repo(self._finder or self):
+                module = importlib.import_module(fullname)
         except ImportError:
             raise UnknownPackageError(fullname)
         except Exception as e:
@@ -1245,26 +1269,21 @@ def get_pkg_class(self, pkg_name):
         if not inspect.isclass(cls):
             tty.die(f"{pkg_name}.{class_name} is not a class")
 
-        new_cfg_settings = (
-            spack.config.get("packages").get(pkg_name, {}).get("package_attributes", {})
-        )
-
+        # Clear any prior changes to class attributes in case the class was loaded from the
+        # same repo, but with different overrides
         overridden_attrs = getattr(cls, "overridden_attrs", {})
         attrs_exclusively_from_config = getattr(cls, "attrs_exclusively_from_config", [])
-        # Clear any prior changes to class attributes in case the config has
-        # since changed
         for key, val in overridden_attrs.items():
             setattr(cls, key, val)
         for key in attrs_exclusively_from_config:
             delattr(cls, key)
 
-        # Keep track of every class attribute that is overridden by the config:
-        # if the config changes between calls to this method, we make sure to
-        # restore the original config values (in case the new config no longer
-        # sets attributes that it used to)
+        # Keep track of every class attribute that is overridden: if different overrides
+        # dictionaries are used on the same physical repo, we make sure to restore the original
+        # config values
         new_overridden_attrs = {}
         new_attrs_exclusively_from_config = set()
-        for key, val in new_cfg_settings.items():
+        for key, val in self.overrides.get(pkg_name, {}).items():
             if hasattr(cls, key):
                 new_overridden_attrs[key] = getattr(cls, key)
             else:
@@ -1291,13 +1310,13 @@ def partition_package_name(self, pkg_name: str) -> Tuple[str, str]:
 
         return namespace, pkg_name
 
-    def __str__(self):
-        return "[Repo '%s' at '%s']" % (self.namespace, self.root)
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Repo '{self.namespace}' at {self.root}"
 
-    def __repr__(self):
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return self.__str__()
 
-    def __contains__(self, pkg_name):
+    def __contains__(self, pkg_name: str) -> bool:
         return self.exists(pkg_name)
 
 
@@ -1373,12 +1392,17 @@ def create_repo(root, namespace=None, subdir=packages_dir_name):
     return full_path, namespace
 
 
+def from_path(path: str) -> "Repo":
+    """Returns a repository from the path passed as input. Injects the global misc cache."""
+    return Repo(path, cache=spack.caches.MISC_CACHE)
+
+
 def create_or_construct(path, namespace=None):
     """Create a repository, or just return a Repo if it already exists."""
     if not os.path.exists(path):
         fs.mkdirp(path)
         create_repo(path, namespace)
-    return Repo(path)
+    return from_path(path)
 
 
 def _path(configuration=None):
@@ -1387,7 +1411,9 @@ def _path(configuration=None):
     return create(configuration=configuration)
 
 
-def create(configuration):
+def create(
+    configuration: Union["spack.config.Configuration", llnl.util.lang.Singleton]
+) -> RepoPath:
     """Create a RepoPath from a configuration object.
 
     Args:
@@ -1396,7 +1422,17 @@ def create(configuration):
     repo_dirs = configuration.get("repos")
     if not repo_dirs:
         raise NoRepoConfiguredError("Spack configuration contains no package repositories.")
-    return RepoPath(*repo_dirs)
+
+    overrides = {}
+    for pkg_name, data in configuration.get("packages").items():
+        if pkg_name == "all":
+            continue
+        value = data.get("package_attributes", {})
+        if not value:
+            continue
+        overrides[pkg_name] = value
+
+    return RepoPath(*repo_dirs, cache=spack.caches.MISC_CACHE, overrides=overrides)
 
 
 #: Singleton repo path instance
@@ -1413,20 +1449,20 @@ def all_package_names(include_virtuals=False):
 
 
 @contextlib.contextmanager
-def use_repositories(*paths_and_repos, **kwargs):
+def use_repositories(
+    *paths_and_repos: Union[str, Repo], override: bool = True
+) -> Generator[RepoPath, None, None]:
     """Use the repositories passed as arguments within the context manager.
 
     Args:
         *paths_and_repos: paths to the repositories to be used, or
             already constructed Repo objects
-        override (bool): if True use only the repositories passed as input,
+        override: if True use only the repositories passed as input,
             if False add them to the top of the list of current repositories.
     Returns:
         Corresponding RepoPath object
     """
     global PATH
-    # TODO (Python 2.7): remove this kwargs on deprecation of Python 2.7 support
-    override = kwargs.get("override", True)
     paths = [getattr(x, "root", x) for x in paths_and_repos]
     scope_name = "use-repo-{}".format(uuid.uuid4())
     repos_key = "repos:" if override else "repos"
@@ -1435,7 +1471,8 @@ def use_repositories(*paths_and_repos, **kwargs):
     )
     PATH, saved = create(configuration=spack.config.CONFIG), PATH
     try:
-        yield PATH
+        with REPOS_FINDER.switch_repo(PATH):  # type: ignore
+            yield PATH
     finally:
         spack.config.CONFIG.remove_scope(scope_name=scope_name)
         PATH = saved
@@ -1535,10 +1572,9 @@ class UnknownNamespaceError(UnknownEntityError):
     """Raised when we encounter an unknown namespace"""
 
     def __init__(self, namespace, name=None):
-        msg, long_msg = "Unknown namespace: {}".format(namespace), None
+        msg, long_msg = f"Unknown namespace: {namespace}", None
         if name == "yaml":
-            long_msg = "Did you mean to specify a filename with './{}.{}'?"
-            long_msg = long_msg.format(namespace, name)
+            long_msg = f"Did you mean to specify a filename with './{namespace}.{name}'?"
         super().__init__(msg, long_msg)
 
 

lib/spack/spack/solver/asp.py

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 
 import llnl.util.lang
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
+from llnl.util.lang import elide_list
 
 import spack
 import spack.binary_distribution
@@ -621,8 +622,9 @@ def _external_config_with_implicit_externals(configuration):
 
 
 class ErrorHandler:
-    def __init__(self, model):
+    def __init__(self, model, input_specs: List[spack.spec.Spec]):
         self.model = model
+        self.input_specs = input_specs
         self.full_model = None
 
     def multiple_values_error(self, attribute, pkg):
@@ -709,12 +711,13 @@ def handle_error(self, msg, *args):
         return msg
 
     def message(self, errors) -> str:
-        messages = [
-            f"  {idx+1: 2}. {self.handle_error(msg, *args)}"
+        input_specs = ", ".join(elide_list([f"`{s}`" for s in self.input_specs], 5))
+        header = f"failed to concretize {input_specs} for the following reasons:"
+        messages = (
+            f"    {idx+1:2}. {self.handle_error(msg, *args)}"
             for idx, (_, msg, args) in enumerate(errors)
-        ]
-        header = "concretization failed for the following reasons:\n"
-        return "\n".join([header] + messages)
+        )
+        return "\n".join((header, *messages))
 
     def raise_if_errors(self):
         initial_error_args = extract_args(self.model, "error")
@@ -750,7 +753,7 @@ def on_model(model):
                 f"unexpected error during concretization [{str(e)}]. "
                 f"Please report a bug at https://github.com/spack/spack/issues"
             )
-            raise spack.error.SpackError(msg)
+            raise spack.error.SpackError(msg) from e
         raise UnsatisfiableSpecError(msg)
 
 
@@ -846,8 +849,6 @@ def solve(self, setup, specs, reuse=None, output=None, control=None, allow_depre
         parent_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
         self.control.load(os.path.join(parent_dir, "concretize.lp"))
         self.control.load(os.path.join(parent_dir, "heuristic.lp"))
-        if spack.config.CONFIG.get("concretizer:duplicates:strategy", "none") != "none":
-            self.control.load(os.path.join(parent_dir, "heuristic_separate.lp"))
         self.control.load(os.path.join(parent_dir, "display.lp"))
         if not setup.concretize_everything:
             self.control.load(os.path.join(parent_dir, "when_possible.lp"))
@@ -896,7 +897,7 @@ def on_model(model):
             min_cost, best_model = min(models)
 
             # first check for errors
-            error_handler = ErrorHandler(best_model)
+            error_handler = ErrorHandler(best_model, specs)
             error_handler.raise_if_errors()
 
             # build specs from spec attributes in the model
@@ -1882,11 +1883,8 @@ def _spec_clauses(
                             )
 
                 clauses.append(f.variant_value(spec.name, vname, value))
-
                 if variant.propagate:
-                    clauses.append(
-                        f.variant_propagation_candidate(spec.name, vname, value, spec.name)
-                    )
+                    clauses.append(f.propagate(spec.name, fn.variant_value(vname, value)))
 
                 # Tell the concretizer that this is a possible value for the
                 # variant, to account for things like int/str values where we
@@ -1919,9 +1917,12 @@ def _spec_clauses(
         for flag_type, flags in spec.compiler_flags.items():
             for flag in flags:
                 clauses.append(f.node_flag(spec.name, flag_type, flag))
-                clauses.append(f.node_flag_source(spec.name, flag_type, spec.name))
                 if not spec.concrete and flag.propagate is True:
-                    clauses.append(f.node_flag_propagate(spec.name, flag_type))
+                    clauses.append(
+                        f.propagate(
+                            spec.name, fn.node_flag(flag_type, flag), fn.edge_types("link", "run")
+                        )
+                    )
 
         # dependencies
         if spec.concrete:
@@ -2746,9 +2747,7 @@ class _Head:
     node_compiler = fn.attr("node_compiler_set")
     node_compiler_version = fn.attr("node_compiler_version_set")
     node_flag = fn.attr("node_flag_set")
-    node_flag_source = fn.attr("node_flag_source")
-    node_flag_propagate = fn.attr("node_flag_propagate")
-    variant_propagation_candidate = fn.attr("variant_propagation_candidate")
+    propagate = fn.attr("propagate")
 
 
 class _Body:
@@ -2763,9 +2762,7 @@ class _Body:
     node_compiler = fn.attr("node_compiler")
     node_compiler_version = fn.attr("node_compiler_version")
     node_flag = fn.attr("node_flag")
-    node_flag_source = fn.attr("node_flag_source")
-    node_flag_propagate = fn.attr("node_flag_propagate")
-    variant_propagation_candidate = fn.attr("variant_propagation_candidate")
+    propagate = fn.attr("propagate")
 
 
 class ProblemInstanceBuilder:
@@ -3239,6 +3236,39 @@ def requires(self, impose: str, *, when: str):
         self.runtime_conditions.add((imposed_spec, when_spec))
         self.reset()
 
+    def propagate(self, constraint_str: str, *, when: str):
+        msg = "the 'propagate' method can be called only with pkg('*')"
+        assert self.current_package == "*", msg
+
+        when_spec = spack.spec.Spec(when)
+        assert when_spec.name is None, "only anonymous when specs are accepted"
+
+        placeholder = "XXX"
+        node_variable = "node(ID, Package)"
+        when_spec.name = placeholder
+
+        body_clauses = self._setup.spec_clauses(when_spec, body=True)
+        body_str = (
+            f"  {f',{os.linesep}  '.join(str(x) for x in body_clauses)},\n"
+            f"  not external({node_variable}),\n"
+            f"  not runtime(Package)"
+        ).replace(f'"{placeholder}"', f"{node_variable}")
+
+        constraint_spec = spack.spec.Spec(constraint_str)
+        assert constraint_spec.name is None, "only anonymous constraint specs are accepted"
+
+        constraint_spec.name = placeholder
+        constraint_clauses = self._setup.spec_clauses(constraint_spec, body=False)
+        for clause in constraint_clauses:
+            if clause.args[0] == "node_compiler_version_satisfies":
+                self._setup.compiler_version_constraints.add(constraint_spec.compiler)
+                args = f'"{constraint_spec.compiler.name}", "{constraint_spec.compiler.versions}"'
+                head_str = f"propagate({node_variable}, node_compiler_version_satisfies({args}))"
+                rule = f"{head_str} :-\n{body_str}.\n\n"
+                self.rules.append(rule)
+
+        self.reset()
+
     def consume_facts(self):
         """Consume the facts collected by this object, and emits rules and
         facts for the runtimes.
@@ -3318,6 +3348,8 @@ def hash(self, node, h):
     def node(self, node):
         if node not in self._specs:
             self._specs[node] = spack.spec.Spec(node.pkg)
+            for flag_type in spack.spec.FlagMap.valid_compiler_flags():
+                self._specs[node].compiler_flags[flag_type] = []
 
     def _arch(self, node):
         arch = self._specs[node].architecture
@@ -3370,9 +3402,6 @@ def node_flag(self, node, flag_type, flag):
     def node_flag_source(self, node, flag_type, source):
         self._flag_sources[(node, flag_type)].add(source)
 
-    def no_flags(self, node, flag_type):
-        self._specs[node].compiler_flags[flag_type] = []
-
     def external_spec_selected(self, node, idx):
         """This means that the external spec and index idx has been selected for this package."""
         packages_yaml = _external_config_with_implicit_externals(spack.config.CONFIG)
@@ -3465,7 +3494,7 @@ def reorder_flags(self):
                 ordered_compiler_flags = list(llnl.util.lang.dedupe(from_compiler + from_sources))
                 compiler_flags = spec.compiler_flags.get(flag_type, [])
 
-                msg = "%s does not equal %s" % (set(compiler_flags), set(ordered_compiler_flags))
+                msg = f"{set(compiler_flags)} does not equal {set(ordered_compiler_flags)}"
                 assert set(compiler_flags) == set(ordered_compiler_flags), msg
 
                 spec.compiler_flags.update({flag_type: ordered_compiler_flags})
@@ -3535,9 +3564,8 @@ def build_specs(self, function_tuples):
                 # do not bother calling actions on it except for node_flag_source,
                 # since node_flag_source is tracking information not in the spec itself
                 spec = self._specs.get(args[0])
-                if spec and spec.concrete:
-                    if name != "node_flag_source":
-                        continue
+                if spec and spec.concrete and name != "node_flag_source":
+                    continue
 
             action(*args)
 

lib/spack/spack/solver/concretize.lp

@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
 :- attr("variant_value", PackageNode, _, _), not attr("node", PackageNode).
 :- attr("node_flag_compiler_default", PackageNode), not attr("node", PackageNode).
 :- attr("node_flag", PackageNode, _, _), not attr("node", PackageNode).
-:- attr("no_flags", PackageNode, _), not attr("node", PackageNode).
 :- attr("external_spec_selected", PackageNode, _), not attr("node", PackageNode).
 :- attr("depends_on", ParentNode, _, _), not attr("node", ParentNode).
 :- attr("depends_on", _, ChildNode, _), not attr("node", ChildNode).
@@ -612,25 +611,18 @@ do_not_impose(EffectID, node(X, Package))
 % Virtual dependency weights
 %-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-% A provider may have different possible weights depending on whether it's an external
-% or not, or on preferences expressed in packages.yaml etc. This rule ensures that
+% A provider has different possible weights depending on its preference. This rule ensures that
 % we select the weight, among the possible ones, that minimizes the overall objective function.
 1 { provider_weight(DependencyNode, VirtualNode, Weight) :
     possible_provider_weight(DependencyNode, VirtualNode, Weight, _) } 1
  :- provider(DependencyNode, VirtualNode), internal_error("Package provider weights must be unique").
 
-% A provider that is an external can use a weight of 0
-possible_provider_weight(DependencyNode, VirtualNode, 0, "external")
-  :- provider(DependencyNode, VirtualNode),
-     external(DependencyNode).
-
-% A provider mentioned in the default configuration can use a weight
-% according to its priority in the list of providers
+% Any configured provider has a weight based on index in the preference list
 possible_provider_weight(node(ProviderID, Provider), node(VirtualID, Virtual), Weight, "default")
   :- provider(node(ProviderID, Provider), node(VirtualID, Virtual)),
      default_provider_preference(Virtual, Provider, Weight).
 
-% Any provider can use 100 as a weight, which is very high and discourage its use
+% Any non-configured provider has a default weight of 100
 possible_provider_weight(node(ProviderID, Provider), VirtualNode, 100, "fallback")
   :- provider(node(ProviderID, Provider), VirtualNode).
 
@@ -812,37 +804,6 @@ node_has_variant(node(ID, Package), Variant) :-
   pkg_fact(Package, variant(Variant)),
   attr("node", node(ID, Package)).
 
-% Variant propagation is forwarded to dependencies
-attr("variant_propagation_candidate", PackageNode, Variant, Value, Source) :-
-  attr("node", PackageNode),
-  depends_on(ParentNode, PackageNode),
-  attr("variant_value", node(_, Source), Variant, Value),
-  attr("variant_propagation_candidate", ParentNode, Variant, _, Source).
-
-% If the node is a candidate, and it has the variant and value,
-% then those variant and value should be propagated
-attr("variant_propagate", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value, Source) :-
-  attr("variant_propagation_candidate", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value, Source),
-  node_has_variant(node(ID, Package), Variant),
-  pkg_fact(Package, variant_possible_value(Variant, Value)),
-  not attr("variant_set", node(ID, Package), Variant).
-
-% Propagate the value, if there is the corresponding attribute
-attr("variant_value", PackageNode, Variant, Value) :- attr("variant_propagate", PackageNode, Variant, Value, _).
-
-% If a variant is propagated, we cannot have extraneous values (this is for multi valued variants)
-variant_is_propagated(PackageNode, Variant) :- attr("variant_propagate", PackageNode, Variant, _, _).
-:- variant_is_propagated(PackageNode, Variant),
-   attr("variant_value", PackageNode, Variant, Value),
-   not attr("variant_propagate", PackageNode, Variant, Value, _).
-
-% Cannot receive different values from different sources on the same variant
-error(100, "{0} and {1} cannot both propagate variant '{2}' to package {3} with values '{4}' and '{5}'", Source1, Source2, Variant, Package, Value1, Value2) :-
-  attr("variant_propagate", node(X, Package), Variant, Value1, Source1),
-  attr("variant_propagate", node(X, Package), Variant, Value2, Source2),
-  node_has_variant(node(X, Package), Variant),
-  Value1 < Value2, Source1 < Source2.
-
 % a variant cannot be set if it is not a variant on the package
 error(100, "Cannot set variant '{0}' for package '{1}' because the variant condition cannot be satisfied for the given spec", Variant, Package)
   :- attr("variant_set", node(X, Package), Variant),
@@ -920,7 +881,7 @@ variant_not_default(node(ID, Package), Variant, Value)
     % variants set explicitly on the CLI don't count as non-default
     not attr("variant_set", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value),
     % variant values forced by propagation don't count as non-default
-    not attr("variant_propagate", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value, _),
+    not propagate(node(ID, Package), variant_value(Variant, Value)),
     % variants set on externals that we could use don't count as non-default
     % this makes spack prefer to use an external over rebuilding with the
     % default configuration
@@ -933,7 +894,7 @@ variant_default_not_used(node(ID, Package), Variant, Value)
   :- variant_default_value(Package, Variant, Value),
      node_has_variant(node(ID, Package), Variant),
      not attr("variant_value", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value),
-     not attr("variant_propagate", node(ID, Package), Variant, _, _),
+     not propagate(node(ID, Package), variant_value(Variant, _)),
      attr("node", node(ID, Package)).
 
 % The variant is set in an external spec
@@ -990,6 +951,101 @@ pkg_fact(Package, variant_single_value("dev_path"))
 #defined variant_default_value/3.
 #defined variant_default_value_from_packages_yaml/3.
 
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+% Propagation semantics
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+% Propagation roots have a corresponding attr("propagate", ...)
+propagate(RootNode, PropagatedAttribute) :- attr("propagate", RootNode, PropagatedAttribute).
+propagate(RootNode, PropagatedAttribute, EdgeTypes) :- attr("propagate", RootNode, PropagatedAttribute, EdgeTypes).
+
+
+% Propagate an attribute along edges to child nodes
+propagate(ChildNode, PropagatedAttribute) :-
+  propagate(ParentNode, PropagatedAttribute),
+  depends_on(ParentNode, ChildNode).
+
+propagate(ChildNode, PropagatedAttribute, edge_types(DepType1, DepType2)) :-
+  propagate(ParentNode, PropagatedAttribute, edge_types(DepType1, DepType2)),
+  depends_on(ParentNode, ChildNode),
+  1 { attr("depends_on", ParentNode, ChildNode, DepType1);  attr("depends_on", ParentNode, ChildNode, DepType2) }.
+
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+% Activation of propagated values
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+%----
+% Variants
+%----
+
+% If a variant is propagated, and can be accepted, set its value
+attr("variant_value", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value) :-
+  propagate(node(ID, Package), variant_value(Variant, Value)),
+  node_has_variant(node(ID, Package), Variant),
+  pkg_fact(Package, variant_possible_value(Variant, Value)),
+  not attr("variant_set", node(ID, Package), Variant).
+
+% If a variant is propagated, we cannot have extraneous values
+variant_is_propagated(PackageNode, Variant) :-
+  attr("variant_value", PackageNode, Variant, Value),
+  propagate(PackageNode, variant_value(Variant, Value)),
+  not attr("variant_set", PackageNode, Variant).
+
+:- variant_is_propagated(PackageNode, Variant),
+   attr("variant_value", PackageNode, Variant, Value),
+   not propagate(PackageNode, variant_value(Variant, Value)).
+
+%----
+% Flags
+%----
+
+% A propagated flag implies:
+% 1. The same flag type is not set on this node
+% 2. This node has the same compiler as the propagation source
+
+propagated_flag(node(PackageID, Package), node_flag(FlagType, Flag), SourceNode) :-
+  propagate(node(PackageID, Package), node_flag(FlagType, Flag), _),
+  not attr("node_flag_set", node(PackageID, Package), FlagType, _),
+  % Same compiler as propagation source
+  node_compiler(node(PackageID, Package), CompilerID),
+  node_compiler(SourceNode, CompilerID),
+  attr("propagate", SourceNode, node_flag(FlagType, Flag), _),
+  node(PackageID, Package) != SourceNode,
+  not runtime(Package).
+
+attr("node_flag", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag) :- propagated_flag(PackageNode, node_flag(FlagType, Flag), _).
+attr("node_flag_source", PackageNode, FlagType, SourceNode) :- propagated_flag(PackageNode, node_flag(FlagType, _), SourceNode).
+
+% Cannot propagate the same flag from two distinct sources
+error(100, "{0} and {1} cannot both propagate compiler flags '{2}' to {3}", Source1, Source2, Package, FlagType) :-
+  propagated_flag(node(ID, Package), node_flag(FlagType, _), node(_, Source1)),
+  propagated_flag(node(ID, Package), node_flag(FlagType, _), node(_, Source2)),
+  Source1 < Source2.
+
+%----
+% Compiler constraints
+%----
+
+attr("node_compiler_version_satisfies", node(ID, Package), Compiler, Version) :-
+  propagate(node(ID, Package), node_compiler_version_satisfies(Compiler, Version)),
+  node_compiler(node(ID, Package), CompilerID),
+  compiler_name(CompilerID, Compiler),
+  not runtime(Package),
+  not external(Package).
+
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+% Runtimes
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+% Check whether the DAG has any built package
+has_built_packages() :- build(X), not external(X).
+
+% If we build packages, the runtime nodes must use an available compiler
+1 { node_compiler(PackageNode, CompilerID) : build(PackageNode), not external(PackageNode) } :-
+  has_built_packages(),
+  runtime(RuntimePackage),
+  node_compiler(node(_, RuntimePackage), CompilerID).
+
 %-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 % Platform semantics
 %-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1091,10 +1147,18 @@ attr("node_target", PackageNode, Target)
  :- attr("node", PackageNode), attr("node_target_set", PackageNode, Target).
 
 % each node has the weight of its assigned target
-node_target_weight(node(ID, Package), Weight)
- :- attr("node", node(ID, Package)),
-    attr("node_target", node(ID, Package), Target),
-    target_weight(Target, Weight).
+target_weight(Target, 0)
+ :- attr("node", PackageNode),
+    attr("node_target", PackageNode, Target),
+    attr("node_target_set", PackageNode, Target).
+
+node_target_weight(PackageNode, MinWeight)
+ :- attr("node", PackageNode),
+    attr("node_target", PackageNode, Target),
+    target(Target),
+    MinWeight = #min { Weight : target_weight(Target, Weight) }.
+
+:- attr("node_target", PackageNode, Target), not node_target_weight(PackageNode, _).
 
 % compatibility rules for targets among nodes
 node_target_match(ParentNode, DependencyNode)
@@ -1156,12 +1220,12 @@ error(10, "No valid compiler for {0} satisfies '%{1}'", Package, Compiler)
 
 % If the compiler of a node must satisfy a constraint, then its version
 % must be chosen among the ones that satisfy said constraint
-error(100, "No valid version for '{0}' compiler '{1}' satisfies '@{2}'", Package, Compiler, Constraint)
+error(100, "Package {0} cannot satisfy '%{1}@{2}'", Package, Compiler, Constraint)
   :- attr("node", node(X, Package)),
      attr("node_compiler_version_satisfies", node(X, Package), Compiler, Constraint),
-		 not compiler_version_satisfies(Compiler, Constraint, _).
+	 not compiler_version_satisfies(Compiler, Constraint, _).
 
-error(100, "No valid version for '{0}' compiler '{1}' satisfies '@{2}'", Package, Compiler, Constraint)
+error(100, "Package {0} cannot satisfy '%{1}@{2}'", Package, Compiler, Constraint)
   :- attr("node", node(X, Package)),
      attr("node_compiler_version_satisfies", node(X, Package), Compiler, Constraint),
      not compiler_version_satisfies(Compiler, Constraint, ID),
@@ -1242,45 +1306,9 @@ error(100, "Compiler {1}@{2} requested for {0} cannot be found. Set install_miss
 % Compiler flags
 %-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-% propagate flags when compiler match
-can_inherit_flags(PackageNode, DependencyNode, FlagType)
-  :- same_compiler(PackageNode, DependencyNode),
-     not attr("node_flag_set", DependencyNode, FlagType, _),
-     flag_type(FlagType).
-
-same_compiler(PackageNode, DependencyNode)
-  :- depends_on(PackageNode, DependencyNode),
-     node_compiler(PackageNode, CompilerID),
-     node_compiler(DependencyNode, CompilerID),
-     compiler_id(CompilerID).
-
-node_flag_inherited(DependencyNode, FlagType, Flag)
-  :- attr("node_flag_set", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag),
-     can_inherit_flags(PackageNode, DependencyNode, FlagType),
-     attr("node_flag_propagate", PackageNode, FlagType).
-
-% Ensure propagation
-:- node_flag_inherited(PackageNode, FlagType, Flag),
-   can_inherit_flags(PackageNode, DependencyNode, FlagType),
-   attr("node_flag_propagate", PackageNode, FlagType).
-
-error(100, "{0} and {1} cannot both propagate compiler flags '{2}' to {3}", Source1, Source2, Package, FlagType) :-
-  depends_on(Source1, Package),
-  depends_on(Source2, Package),
-  attr("node_flag_propagate", Source1, FlagType),
-  attr("node_flag_propagate", Source2, FlagType),
-  can_inherit_flags(Source1, Package, FlagType),
-  can_inherit_flags(Source2, Package, FlagType),
-  Source1 < Source2.
-
 % remember where flags came from
-attr("node_flag_source", PackageNode, FlagType, PackageNode)
-  :- attr("node_flag_set", PackageNode, FlagType, _).
-
-attr("node_flag_source", DependencyNode, FlagType, Q)
-  :- attr("node_flag_source", PackageNode, FlagType, Q),
-     node_flag_inherited(DependencyNode, FlagType, _),
-     attr("node_flag_propagate", PackageNode, FlagType).
+attr("node_flag_source", PackageNode, FlagType, PackageNode) :- attr("node_flag_set", PackageNode, FlagType, _).
+attr("node_flag_source", PackageNode, FlagType, PackageNode) :- attr("node_flag", PackageNode, FlagType, _), attr("hash", PackageNode, _).
 
 % compiler flags from compilers.yaml are put on nodes if compiler matches
 attr("node_flag", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag)
@@ -1300,15 +1328,8 @@ attr("node_flag_compiler_default", PackageNode)
      compiler_name(CompilerID, CompilerName),
      compiler_version(CompilerID, Version).
 
-% if a flag is set to something or inherited, it's included
+% Flag set to something
 attr("node_flag", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag) :- attr("node_flag_set", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag).
-attr("node_flag", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag) :- node_flag_inherited(PackageNode, FlagType, Flag).
-
-% if no node flags are set for a type, there are no flags.
-attr("no_flags", PackageNode, FlagType)
-  :- not attr("node_flag", PackageNode, FlagType, _),
-     attr("node", PackageNode),
-     flag_type(FlagType).
 
 #defined compiler_flag/3.
 
@@ -1497,7 +1518,7 @@ opt_criterion(45, "preferred providers (non-roots)").
 }.
 
 % Try to minimize the number of compiler mismatches in the DAG.
-opt_criterion(40, "compiler mismatches that are not from CLI").
+opt_criterion(40, "compiler mismatches that are not required").
 #minimize{ 0@240: #true }.
 #minimize{ 0@40: #true }.
 #minimize{
@@ -1507,7 +1528,7 @@ opt_criterion(40, "compiler mismatches that are not from CLI").
       not runtime(Dependency)
 }.
 
-opt_criterion(39, "compiler mismatches that are not from CLI").
+opt_criterion(39, "compiler mismatches that are required").
 #minimize{ 0@239: #true }.
 #minimize{ 0@39: #true }.
 #minimize{

lib/spack/spack/solver/heuristic.lp

@@ -4,21 +4,35 @@
 % SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 
 %=============================================================================
-% Heuristic to speed-up solves (node with ID 0)
+% Heuristic to speed-up solves
 %=============================================================================
 
+% No duplicates by default (most of them will be true)
+#heuristic attr("node",         node(PackageID, Package)). [100, init]
+#heuristic attr("node",         node(PackageID, Package)). [  2, factor]
+#heuristic attr("virtual_node", node(VirtualID, Virtual)). [100, init]
+#heuristic attr("node",         node(1..X-1, Package)) : max_dupes(Package, X), not virtual(Package), X > 1. [-1, sign]
+#heuristic attr("virtual_node", node(1..X-1, Package)) : max_dupes(Package, X), virtual(Package)    , X > 1. [-1, sign]
 
-%-----------------
-% Domain heuristic
-%-----------------
+% Pick preferred version
+#heuristic attr("version", node(PackageID, Package), Version) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, Weight)), attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)).             [40, init]
+#heuristic version_weight(node(PackageID, Package), 0)        : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, 0     )), attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)).             [ 1, sign]
+#heuristic attr("version", node(PackageID, Package), Version) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, 0     )), attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)).             [ 1, sign]
+#heuristic attr("version", node(PackageID, Package), Version) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, Weight)), attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)), Weight > 0. [-1, sign]
 
-% Root node
-#heuristic attr("version", node(0, Package), Version) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, 0)), attr("root", node(0, Package)). [35, true]
-#heuristic version_weight(node(0, Package), 0) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, 0)), attr("root", node(0, Package)). [35, true]
-#heuristic attr("variant_value", node(0, Package), Variant, Value) : variant_default_value(Package, Variant, Value), attr("root", node(0, Package)). [35, true]
-#heuristic attr("node_target", node(0, Package), Target) : target_weight(Target, 0), attr("root", node(0, Package)). [35, true]
-#heuristic node_target_weight(node(0, Package), 0) : attr("root", node(0, Package)). [35, true]
-#heuristic node_compiler(node(0, Package), CompilerID) : compiler_weight(ID, 0), compiler_id(ID), attr("root", node(0, Package)). [35, true]
+% Use default variants
+#heuristic attr("variant_value", node(PackageID, Package), Variant, Value) : variant_default_value(Package, Variant, Value),     attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)). [40, true]
+#heuristic attr("variant_value", node(PackageID, Package), Variant, Value) : not variant_default_value(Package, Variant, Value), attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)). [40, false]
 
-% Providers
-#heuristic attr("node", node(0, Package)) : default_provider_preference(Virtual, Package, 0), possible_in_link_run(Package). [30, true]
+% Use default operating system and platform
+#heuristic attr("node_os", node(PackageID, Package), OS) : os(OS, 0), attr("root", node(PackageID, Package)). [40, true]
+#heuristic attr("node_platform", node(PackageID, Package), Platform) : allowed_platform(Platform), attr("root", node(PackageID, Package)). [40, true]
+
+% Use default targets
+#heuristic attr("node_target", node(PackageID, Package), Target) : target_weight(Target, Weight), attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)). [30, init]
+#heuristic attr("node_target", node(PackageID, Package), Target) : target_weight(Target, Weight), attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)). [ 2, factor]
+#heuristic attr("node_target", node(PackageID, Package), Target) : target_weight(Target,      0), attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)). [ 1, sign]
+#heuristic attr("node_target", node(PackageID, Package), Target) : target_weight(Target, Weight), attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)), Weight > 0. [-1, sign]
+
+% Use the default compilers
+#heuristic node_compiler(node(PackageID, Package), ID) : compiler_weight(ID, 0), compiler_id(ID), attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)). [30, init]

lib/spack/spack/solver/heuristic_separate.lp

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-% Copyright 2013-2024 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
-% Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
-%
-% SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-
-%=============================================================================
-% Heuristic to speed-up solves (node with ID > 0)
-%=============================================================================
-
-% node(ID, _)
-#heuristic attr("version", node(ID, Package), Version) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, 0)), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), ID > 0. [25-5*ID, true]
-#heuristic version_weight(node(ID, Package), 0) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, 0)), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), ID > 0. [25-5*ID, true]
-#heuristic attr("variant_value", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value) : variant_default_value(Package, Variant, Value), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), ID > 0. [25-5*ID, true]
-#heuristic attr("node_target", node(ID, Package), Target) : pkg_fact(Package, target_weight(Target, 0)), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), ID > 0. [25-5*ID, true]
-#heuristic node_target_weight(node(ID, Package), 0) : attr("node", node(ID, Package)), ID > 0. [25-5*ID, true]
-#heuristic node_compiler(node(ID, Package), CompilerID) : compiler_weight(CompilerID, 0), compiler_id(CompilerID), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), ID > 0. [25-5*ID, true]
-
-% node(ID, _), split build dependencies
-#heuristic attr("version", node(ID, Package), Version) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, 0)), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), multiple_unification_sets(Package), ID > 0. [25, true]
-#heuristic version_weight(node(ID, Package), 0) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, 0)), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), multiple_unification_sets(Package), ID > 0. [25, true]
-#heuristic attr("variant_value", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value) : variant_default_value(Package, Variant, Value), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), multiple_unification_sets(Package), ID > 0. [25, true]
-#heuristic attr("node_target", node(ID, Package), Target) : pkg_fact(Package, target_weight(Target, 0)), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), multiple_unification_sets(Package), ID > 0. [25, true]
-#heuristic node_target_weight(node(ID, Package), 0) : attr("node", node(ID, Package)), multiple_unification_sets(Package), ID > 0. [25, true]
-#heuristic node_compiler(node(ID, Package), CompilerID) : compiler_weight(CompilerID, 0), compiler_id(CompilerID), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), multiple_unification_sets(Package), ID > 0. [25, true]

lib/spack/spack/solver/libc_compatibility.lp

@@ -18,9 +18,6 @@ error(100, "Cannot reuse {0} since we cannot determine libc compatibility", Reus
      ReusedPackage != LibcPackage,
      not attr("compatible_libc", node(R, ReusedPackage), LibcPackage, LibcVersion).
 
-% Check whether the DAG has any built package
-has_built_packages() :- build(X), not external(X).
-
 % A libc is needed in the DAG
 :- has_built_packages(), not provider(_, node(0, "libc")).
 

lib/spack/spack/solver/os_compatibility.lp

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 %=============================================================================
 
 % macOS
+os_compatible("sequoia", "sonoma").
 os_compatible("sonoma", "ventura").
 os_compatible("ventura", "monterey").
 os_compatible("monterey", "bigsur").

lib/spack/spack/spec.py

@@ -1332,6 +1332,12 @@ def tree(
     if color is None:
         color = clr.get_color_when()
 
+    # reduce deptypes over all in-edges when covering nodes
+    if show_types and cover == "nodes":
+        deptype_lookup: Dict[str, dt.DepFlag] = collections.defaultdict(dt.DepFlag)
+        for edge in traverse.traverse_edges(specs, cover="edges", deptype=deptypes, root=False):
+            deptype_lookup[edge.spec.dag_hash()] |= edge.depflag
+
     for d, dep_spec in traverse.traverse_tree(
         sorted(specs), cover=cover, deptype=deptypes, depth_first=depth_first, key=key
     ):
@@ -1358,11 +1364,7 @@ def tree(
 
         if show_types:
             if cover == "nodes":
-                # when only covering nodes, we merge dependency types
-                # from all dependents before showing them.
-                depflag = 0
-                for ds in node.edges_from_dependents():
-                    depflag |= ds.depflag
+                depflag = deptype_lookup[dep_spec.spec.dag_hash()]
             else:
                 # when covering edges or paths, we show dependency
                 # types only for the edge through which we visited
@@ -4258,29 +4260,21 @@ def __getitem__(self, name: str):
             csv = query_parameters.pop().strip()
             query_parameters = re.split(r"\s*,\s*", csv)
 
-        # In some cases a package appears multiple times in the same DAG for *distinct*
-        # specs. For example, a build-type dependency may itself depend on a package
-        # the current spec depends on, but their specs may differ. Therefore we iterate
-        # in an order here that prioritizes the build, test and runtime dependencies;
-        # only when we don't find the package do we consider the full DAG.
         order = lambda: itertools.chain(
-            self.traverse(deptype="link"),
-            self.dependencies(deptype=dt.BUILD | dt.RUN | dt.TEST),
-            self.traverse(),  # fall back to a full search
+            self.traverse_edges(deptype=dt.LINK, order="breadth", cover="edges"),
+            self.edges_to_dependencies(depflag=dt.BUILD | dt.RUN | dt.TEST),
+            self.traverse_edges(deptype=dt.ALL, order="breadth", cover="edges"),
         )
 
+        # Consider runtime dependencies and direct build/test deps before transitive dependencies,
+        # and prefer matches closest to the root.
         try:
             child: Spec = next(
-                itertools.chain(
-                    # Regular specs
-                    (x for x in order() if x.name == name),
-                    (
-                        x
-                        for x in order()
-                        if (not x.virtual)
-                        and any(name in edge.virtuals for edge in x.edges_from_dependents())
-                    ),
-                    (x for x in order() if (not x.virtual) and x.package.provides(name)),
+                e.spec
+                for e in itertools.chain(
+                    (e for e in order() if e.spec.name == name or name in e.virtuals),
+                    # for historical reasons
+                    (e for e in order() if e.spec.concrete and e.spec.package.provides(name)),
                 )
             )
         except StopIteration:
@@ -4656,7 +4650,7 @@ def colored_str(self):
         spec_str = " ^".join(root_str + sorted_dependencies)
         return spec_str.strip()
 
-    def install_status(self):
+    def install_status(self) -> InstallStatus:
         """Helper for tree to print DB install status."""
         if not self.concrete:
             return InstallStatus.absent

lib/spack/spack/spec_list.py

@@ -212,10 +212,7 @@ def _expand_matrix_constraints(matrix_config):
     results = []
     for combo in itertools.product(*expanded_rows):
         # Construct a combined spec to test against excludes
-        flat_combo = [constraint for constraint_list in combo for constraint in constraint_list]
-
-        # Resolve abstract hashes so we can exclude by their concrete properties
-        flat_combo = [Spec(x).lookup_hash() for x in flat_combo]
+        flat_combo = [Spec(constraint) for constraints in combo for constraint in constraints]
 
         test_spec = flat_combo[0].copy()
         for constraint in flat_combo[1:]:
@@ -231,7 +228,9 @@ def _expand_matrix_constraints(matrix_config):
             spack.variant.substitute_abstract_variants(test_spec)
         except spack.variant.UnknownVariantError:
             pass
-        if any(test_spec.satisfies(x) for x in excludes):
+
+        # Resolve abstract hashes for exclusion criteria
+        if any(test_spec.lookup_hash().satisfies(x) for x in excludes):
             continue
 
         if sigil:

lib/spack/spack/stage.py

@@ -346,8 +346,6 @@ class Stage(LockableStagingDir):
     similar, and are intended to persist for only one run of spack.
     """
 
-    #: Most staging is managed by Spack. DIYStage is one exception.
-    needs_fetching = True
     requires_patch_success = True
 
     def __init__(
@@ -772,8 +770,6 @@ def __init__(self):
                 "cache_mirror",
                 "steal_source",
                 "disable_mirrors",
-                "needs_fetching",
-                "requires_patch_success",
             ]
         )
 
@@ -812,6 +808,10 @@ def path(self):
     def archive_file(self):
         return self[0].archive_file
 
+    @property
+    def requires_patch_success(self):
+        return self[0].requires_patch_success
+
     @property
     def keep(self):
         return self[0].keep
@@ -822,64 +822,7 @@ def keep(self, value):
             item.keep = value
 
 
-class DIYStage:
-    """
-    Simple class that allows any directory to be a spack stage.  Consequently,
-    it does not expect or require that the source path adhere to the standard
-    directory naming convention.
-    """
-
-    needs_fetching = False
-    requires_patch_success = False
-
-    def __init__(self, path):
-        if path is None:
-            raise ValueError("Cannot construct DIYStage without a path.")
-        elif not os.path.isdir(path):
-            raise StagePathError("The stage path directory does not exist:", path)
-
-        self.archive_file = None
-        self.path = path
-        self.source_path = path
-        self.created = True
-
-    # DIY stages do nothing as context managers.
-    def __enter__(self):
-        pass
-
-    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
-        pass
-
-    def fetch(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        tty.debug("No need to fetch for DIY.")
-
-    def check(self):
-        tty.debug("No checksum needed for DIY.")
-
-    def expand_archive(self):
-        tty.debug("Using source directory: {0}".format(self.source_path))
-
-    @property
-    def expanded(self):
-        """Returns True since the source_path must exist."""
-        return True
-
-    def restage(self):
-        raise RestageError("Cannot restage a DIY stage.")
-
-    def create(self):
-        self.created = True
-
-    def destroy(self):
-        # No need to destroy DIY stage.
-        pass
-
-    def cache_local(self):
-        tty.debug("Sources for DIY stages are not cached")
-
-
 class DevelopStage(LockableStagingDir):
-    needs_fetching = False
     requires_patch_success = False
 
     def __init__(self, name, dev_path, reference_link):

lib/spack/spack/store.py

@@ -371,7 +371,6 @@ def use_store(
         data.update(extra_data)
 
     # Swap the store with the one just constructed and return it
-    ensure_singleton_created()
     spack.config.CONFIG.push_scope(
         spack.config.InternalConfigScope(name=scope_name, data={"config": {"install_tree": data}})
     )

lib/spack/spack/subprocess_context.py

@@ -79,9 +79,11 @@ def restore(self):
         self.test_state.restore()
         spack.main.spack_working_dir = self.spack_working_dir
         env = pickle.load(self.serialized_env) if _SERIALIZE else self.env
-        pkg = pickle.load(self.serialized_pkg) if _SERIALIZE else self.pkg
         if env:
             spack.environment.activate(env)
+        # Order of operation is important, since the package might be retrieved
+        # from a repo defined within the environment configuration
+        pkg = pickle.load(self.serialized_pkg) if _SERIALIZE else self.pkg
         return pkg
 
 

lib/spack/spack/test/architecture.py

@@ -213,7 +213,9 @@ def test_satisfy_strict_constraint_when_not_concrete(architecture_tuple, constra
     str(archspec.cpu.host().family) != "x86_64", reason="tests are for x86_64 uarch ranges"
 )
 def test_concretize_target_ranges(root_target_range, dep_target_range, result, monkeypatch):
-    spec = Spec(f"a %gcc@10 foobar=bar target={root_target_range} ^b target={dep_target_range}")
+    spec = Spec(
+        f"pkg-a %gcc@10 foobar=bar target={root_target_range} ^pkg-b target={dep_target_range}"
+    )
     with spack.concretize.disable_compiler_existence_check():
         spec.concretize()
-    assert spec.target == spec["b"].target == result
+    assert spec.target == spec["pkg-b"].target == result

lib/spack/spack/test/bindist.py

@@ -105,18 +105,18 @@ def config_directory(tmpdir_factory):
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope="function")
-def default_config(tmpdir, config_directory, monkeypatch, install_mockery_mutable_config):
-    # This fixture depends on install_mockery_mutable_config to ensure
+def default_config(tmpdir, config_directory, monkeypatch, install_mockery):
+    # This fixture depends on install_mockery to ensure
     # there is a clear order of initialization. The substitution of the
     # config scopes here is done on top of the substitution that comes with
-    # install_mockery_mutable_config
+    # install_mockery
     mutable_dir = tmpdir.mkdir("mutable_config").join("tmp")
     config_directory.copy(mutable_dir)
 
     cfg = spack.config.Configuration(
         *[
-            spack.config.ConfigScope(name, str(mutable_dir))
-            for name in ["site/%s" % platform.system().lower(), "site", "user"]
+            spack.config.DirectoryConfigScope(name, str(mutable_dir))
+            for name in [f"site/{platform.system().lower()}", "site", "user"]
         ]
     )
 
@@ -398,9 +398,7 @@ def fake_dag_hash(spec, length=None):
     return "tal4c7h4z0gqmixb1eqa92mjoybxn5l6"[:length]
 
 
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures(
-    "install_mockery_mutable_config", "mock_packages", "mock_fetch", "test_mirror"
-)
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("install_mockery", "mock_packages", "mock_fetch", "test_mirror")
 def test_spec_needs_rebuild(monkeypatch, tmpdir):
     """Make sure needs_rebuild properly compares remote hash
     against locally computed one, avoiding unnecessary rebuilds"""
@@ -429,7 +427,7 @@ def test_spec_needs_rebuild(monkeypatch, tmpdir):
     assert rebuild
 
 
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("install_mockery_mutable_config", "mock_packages", "mock_fetch")
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("install_mockery", "mock_packages", "mock_fetch")
 def test_generate_index_missing(monkeypatch, tmpdir, mutable_config):
     """Ensure spack buildcache index only reports available packages"""
 
@@ -587,9 +585,7 @@ def test_update_sbang(tmpdir, test_mirror):
     str(archspec.cpu.host().family) != "x86_64",
     reason="test data uses gcc 4.5.0 which does not support aarch64",
 )
-def test_install_legacy_buildcache_layout(
-    mutable_config, compiler_factory, install_mockery_mutable_config
-):
+def test_install_legacy_buildcache_layout(mutable_config, compiler_factory, install_mockery):
     """Legacy buildcache layout involved a nested archive structure
     where the .spack file contained a repeated spec.json and another
     compressed archive file containing the install tree.  This test

lib/spack/spack/test/bootstrap.py

@@ -228,3 +228,25 @@ def test_source_is_disabled(mutable_config):
     spack.config.add("bootstrap:trusted:{0}:{1}".format(conf["name"], False))
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
         spack.bootstrap.core.source_is_enabled_or_raise(conf)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.regression("45247")
+def test_use_store_does_not_try_writing_outside_root(tmp_path, monkeypatch, mutable_config):
+    """Tests that when we use the 'use_store' context manager, there is no attempt at creating
+    a Store outside the given root.
+    """
+    initial_store = mutable_config.get("config:install_tree:root")
+    user_store = tmp_path / "store"
+
+    fn = spack.store.Store.__init__
+
+    def _checked_init(self, root, *args, **kwargs):
+        fn(self, root, *args, **kwargs)
+        assert self.root == str(user_store)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(spack.store.Store, "__init__", _checked_init)
+
+    spack.store.reinitialize()
+    with spack.store.use_store(user_store):
+        assert spack.config.CONFIG.get("config:install_tree:root") == str(user_store)
+    assert spack.config.CONFIG.get("config:install_tree:root") == initial_store

lib/spack/spack/test/build_environment.py

@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ def _set_wrong_cc(x):
 
 
 def test_setup_dependent_package_inherited_modules(
-    config, working_env, mock_packages, install_mockery, mock_fetch
+    working_env, mock_packages, install_mockery, mock_fetch
 ):
     # This will raise on regression
     s = spack.spec.Spec("cmake-client-inheritor").concretized()
@@ -457,14 +457,14 @@ def test_parallel_false_is_not_propagating(default_mock_concretization):
     # a foobar=bar (parallel = False)
     # |
     # b (parallel =True)
-    s = default_mock_concretization("a foobar=bar")
+    s = default_mock_concretization("pkg-a foobar=bar")
 
     spack.build_environment.set_package_py_globals(s.package, context=Context.BUILD)
-    assert s["a"].package.module.make_jobs == 1
+    assert s["pkg-a"].package.module.make_jobs == 1
 
-    spack.build_environment.set_package_py_globals(s["b"].package, context=Context.BUILD)
-    assert s["b"].package.module.make_jobs == spack.build_environment.determine_number_of_jobs(
-        parallel=s["b"].package.parallel
+    spack.build_environment.set_package_py_globals(s["pkg-b"].package, context=Context.BUILD)
+    assert s["pkg-b"].package.module.make_jobs == spack.build_environment.determine_number_of_jobs(
+        parallel=s["pkg-b"].package.parallel
     )
 
 

lib/spack/spack/test/build_systems.py

@@ -94,10 +94,10 @@ def test_negative_ninja_check(self, input_dir, test_dir, concretize_and_setup):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.not_on_windows("autotools not available on windows")
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("config", "mock_packages")
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("mock_packages")
 class TestAutotoolsPackage:
     def test_with_or_without(self, default_mock_concretization):
-        s = default_mock_concretization("a")
+        s = default_mock_concretization("pkg-a")
         options = s.package.with_or_without("foo")
 
         # Ensure that values that are not representing a feature
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ def activate(value):
         assert "--without-lorem-ipsum" in options
 
     def test_none_is_allowed(self, default_mock_concretization):
-        s = default_mock_concretization("a foo=none")
+        s = default_mock_concretization("pkg-a foo=none")
         options = s.package.with_or_without("foo")
 
         # Ensure that values that are not representing a feature
@@ -139,11 +139,9 @@ def test_none_is_allowed(self, default_mock_concretization):
         assert "--without-baz" in options
         assert "--no-fee" in options
 
-    def test_libtool_archive_files_are_deleted_by_default(
-        self, default_mock_concretization, mutable_database
-    ):
+    def test_libtool_archive_files_are_deleted_by_default(self, mutable_database):
         # Install a package that creates a mock libtool archive
-        s = default_mock_concretization("libtool-deletion")
+        s = Spec("libtool-deletion").concretized()
         s.package.do_install(explicit=True)
 
         # Assert the libtool archive is not there and we have
@@ -154,25 +152,23 @@ def test_libtool_archive_files_are_deleted_by_default(
         assert libtool_deletion_log
 
     def test_libtool_archive_files_might_be_installed_on_demand(
-        self, mutable_database, monkeypatch, default_mock_concretization
+        self, mutable_database, monkeypatch
     ):
         # Install a package that creates a mock libtool archive,
         # patch its package to preserve the installation
-        s = default_mock_concretization("libtool-deletion")
+        s = Spec("libtool-deletion").concretized()
         monkeypatch.setattr(type(s.package.builder), "install_libtool_archives", True)
         s.package.do_install(explicit=True)
 
         # Assert libtool archives are installed
         assert os.path.exists(s.package.builder.libtool_archive_file)
 
-    def test_autotools_gnuconfig_replacement(self, default_mock_concretization, mutable_database):
+    def test_autotools_gnuconfig_replacement(self, mutable_database):
         """
         Tests whether only broken config.sub and config.guess are replaced with
         files from working alternatives from the gnuconfig package.
         """
-        s = default_mock_concretization(
-            "autotools-config-replacement +patch_config_files +gnuconfig"
-        )
+        s = Spec("autotools-config-replacement +patch_config_files +gnuconfig").concretized()
         s.package.do_install()
 
         with open(os.path.join(s.prefix.broken, "config.sub")) as f:
@@ -187,15 +183,11 @@ def test_autotools_gnuconfig_replacement(self, default_mock_concretization, muta
         with open(os.path.join(s.prefix.working, "config.guess")) as f:
             assert "gnuconfig version of config.guess" not in f.read()
 
-    def test_autotools_gnuconfig_replacement_disabled(
-        self, default_mock_concretization, mutable_database
-    ):
+    def test_autotools_gnuconfig_replacement_disabled(self, mutable_database):
         """
         Tests whether disabling patch_config_files
         """
-        s = default_mock_concretization(
-            "autotools-config-replacement ~patch_config_files +gnuconfig"
-        )
+        s = Spec("autotools-config-replacement ~patch_config_files +gnuconfig").concretized()
         s.package.do_install()
 
         with open(os.path.join(s.prefix.broken, "config.sub")) as f:

lib/spack/spack/test/ci.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-import itertools
 import os
 import subprocess
 
@@ -11,15 +10,12 @@
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
 
 import spack.ci as ci
-import spack.ci_needs_workaround as cinw
-import spack.ci_optimization as ci_opt
 import spack.config
 import spack.environment as ev
 import spack.error
 import spack.paths as spack_paths
 import spack.util.git
 import spack.util.gpg
-import spack.util.spack_yaml as syaml
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
@@ -203,165 +199,7 @@ def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
     assert "Unable to merge {0}".format(c1) in err
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("obj, proto", [({}, [])])
-def test_ci_opt_argument_checking(obj, proto):
-    """Check that matches() and subkeys() return False when `proto` is not a dict."""
-    assert not ci_opt.matches(obj, proto)
-    assert not ci_opt.subkeys(obj, proto)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("yaml", [{"extends": 1}])
-def test_ci_opt_add_extends_non_sequence(yaml):
-    """Check that add_extends() exits if 'extends' is not a sequence."""
-    yaml_copy = yaml.copy()
-    ci_opt.add_extends(yaml, None)
-    assert yaml == yaml_copy
-
-
-def test_ci_workarounds():
-    fake_root_spec = "x" * 544
-    fake_spack_ref = "x" * 40
-
-    common_variables = {"SPACK_IS_PR_PIPELINE": "False"}
-
-    common_before_script = [
-        'git clone "https://github.com/spack/spack"',
-        " && ".join(("pushd ./spack", 'git checkout "{ref}"'.format(ref=fake_spack_ref), "popd")),
-        '. "./spack/share/spack/setup-env.sh"',
-    ]
-
-    def make_build_job(name, deps, stage, use_artifact_buildcache, optimize, use_dependencies):
-        variables = common_variables.copy()
-        variables["SPACK_JOB_SPEC_PKG_NAME"] = name
-
-        result = {
-            "stage": stage,
-            "tags": ["tag-0", "tag-1"],
-            "artifacts": {
-                "paths": ["jobs_scratch_dir", "cdash_report", name + ".spec.json", name],
-                "when": "always",
-            },
-            "retry": {"max": 2, "when": ["always"]},
-            "after_script": ['rm -rf "./spack"'],
-            "script": ["spack ci rebuild"],
-            "image": {"name": "spack/centos7", "entrypoint": [""]},
-        }
-
-        if optimize:
-            result["extends"] = [".c0", ".c1"]
-        else:
-            variables["SPACK_ROOT_SPEC"] = fake_root_spec
-            result["before_script"] = common_before_script
-
-        result["variables"] = variables
-
-        if use_dependencies:
-            result["dependencies"] = list(deps) if use_artifact_buildcache else []
-        else:
-            result["needs"] = [{"job": dep, "artifacts": use_artifact_buildcache} for dep in deps]
-
-        return {name: result}
-
-    def make_rebuild_index_job(use_artifact_buildcache, optimize, use_dependencies):
-        result = {
-            "stage": "stage-rebuild-index",
-            "script": "spack buildcache update-index s3://mirror",
-            "tags": ["tag-0", "tag-1"],
-            "image": {"name": "spack/centos7", "entrypoint": [""]},
-            "after_script": ['rm -rf "./spack"'],
-        }
-
-        if optimize:
-            result["extends"] = ".c0"
-        else:
-            result["before_script"] = common_before_script
-
-        return {"rebuild-index": result}
-
-    def make_factored_jobs(optimize):
-        return (
-            {
-                ".c0": {"before_script": common_before_script},
-                ".c1": {"variables": {"SPACK_ROOT_SPEC": fake_root_spec}},
-            }
-            if optimize
-            else {}
-        )
-
-    def make_stage_list(num_build_stages):
-        return {
-            "stages": (
-                ["-".join(("stage", str(i))) for i in range(num_build_stages)]
-                + ["stage-rebuild-index"]
-            )
-        }
-
-    def make_yaml_obj(use_artifact_buildcache, optimize, use_dependencies):
-        result = {}
-
-        result.update(
-            make_build_job(
-                "pkg-a", [], "stage-0", use_artifact_buildcache, optimize, use_dependencies
-            )
-        )
-
-        result.update(
-            make_build_job(
-                "pkg-b", ["pkg-a"], "stage-1", use_artifact_buildcache, optimize, use_dependencies
-            )
-        )
-
-        result.update(
-            make_build_job(
-                "pkg-c",
-                ["pkg-a", "pkg-b"],
-                "stage-2",
-                use_artifact_buildcache,
-                optimize,
-                use_dependencies,
-            )
-        )
-
-        result.update(make_rebuild_index_job(use_artifact_buildcache, optimize, use_dependencies))
-
-        result.update(make_factored_jobs(optimize))
-
-        result.update(make_stage_list(3))
-
-        return result
-
-    # test every combination of:
-    #     use artifact buildcache: true or false
-    #     run optimization pass: true or false
-    #     convert needs to dependencies: true or false
-    for use_ab in (False, True):
-        original = make_yaml_obj(
-            use_artifact_buildcache=use_ab, optimize=False, use_dependencies=False
-        )
-
-        for opt, deps in itertools.product(*(((False, True),) * 2)):
-            # neither optimizing nor converting needs->dependencies
-            if not (opt or deps):
-                # therefore, nothing to test
-                continue
-
-            predicted = make_yaml_obj(
-                use_artifact_buildcache=use_ab, optimize=opt, use_dependencies=deps
-            )
-
-            actual = original.copy()
-            if opt:
-                actual = ci_opt.optimizer(actual)
-            if deps:
-                actual = cinw.needs_to_dependencies(actual)
-
-            predicted = syaml.dump_config(ci_opt.sort_yaml_obj(predicted), default_flow_style=True)
-            actual = syaml.dump_config(ci_opt.sort_yaml_obj(actual), default_flow_style=True)
-
-            assert predicted == actual
-
-
-def test_get_spec_filter_list(mutable_mock_env_path, config, mutable_mock_repo):
+def test_get_spec_filter_list(mutable_mock_env_path, mutable_mock_repo):
     """Test that given an active environment and list of touched pkgs,
     we get the right list of possibly-changed env specs"""
     e1 = ev.create("test")
@@ -415,7 +253,7 @@ def test_get_spec_filter_list(mutable_mock_env_path, config, mutable_mock_repo):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.regression("29947")
-def test_affected_specs_on_first_concretization(mutable_mock_env_path, mock_packages, config):
+def test_affected_specs_on_first_concretization(mutable_mock_env_path, mock_packages):
     e = ev.create("first_concretization")
     e.add("mpileaks~shared")
     e.add("mpileaks+shared")
@@ -484,12 +322,12 @@ def test_ci_run_standalone_tests_missing_requirements(
 
 @pytest.mark.not_on_windows("Reliance on bash script not supported on Windows")
 def test_ci_run_standalone_tests_not_installed_junit(
-    tmp_path, repro_dir, working_env, default_mock_concretization, mock_test_stage, capfd
+    tmp_path, repro_dir, working_env, mock_test_stage, capfd, mock_packages
 ):
     log_file = tmp_path / "junit.xml"
     args = {
         "log_file": str(log_file),
-        "job_spec": default_mock_concretization("printing-package"),
+        "job_spec": spack.spec.Spec("printing-package").concretized(),
         "repro_dir": str(repro_dir),
         "fail_fast": True,
     }
@@ -502,13 +340,13 @@ def test_ci_run_standalone_tests_not_installed_junit(
 
 @pytest.mark.not_on_windows("Reliance on bash script not supported on Windows")
 def test_ci_run_standalone_tests_not_installed_cdash(
-    tmp_path, repro_dir, working_env, default_mock_concretization, mock_test_stage, capfd
+    tmp_path, repro_dir, working_env, mock_test_stage, capfd, mock_packages
 ):
     """Test run_standalone_tests with cdash and related options."""
     log_file = tmp_path / "junit.xml"
     args = {
         "log_file": str(log_file),
-        "job_spec": default_mock_concretization("printing-package"),
+        "job_spec": spack.spec.Spec("printing-package").concretized(),
         "repro_dir": str(repro_dir),
     }
 

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/buildcache.py

@@ -48,11 +48,6 @@ def mock_get_specs_multiarch(database, monkeypatch):
     monkeypatch.setattr(spack.binary_distribution, "update_cache_and_get_specs", lambda: specs)
 
 
-def test_buildcache_preview_just_runs():
-    # TODO: remove in Spack 0.21
-    buildcache("preview", "mpileaks")
-
-
 @pytest.mark.db
 @pytest.mark.regression("13757")
 def test_buildcache_list_duplicates(mock_get_specs, capsys):
@@ -189,12 +184,7 @@ def test_buildcache_autopush(tmp_path, install_mockery, mock_fetch):
 
 
 def test_buildcache_sync(
-    mutable_mock_env_path,
-    install_mockery_mutable_config,
-    mock_packages,
-    mock_fetch,
-    mock_stage,
-    tmpdir,
+    mutable_mock_env_path, install_mockery, mock_packages, mock_fetch, mock_stage, tmpdir
 ):
     """
     Make sure buildcache sync works in an environment-aware manner, ignoring
@@ -323,7 +313,7 @@ def manifest_insert(manifest, spec, dest_url):
 
 def test_buildcache_create_install(
     mutable_mock_env_path,
-    install_mockery_mutable_config,
+    install_mockery,
     mock_packages,
     mock_fetch,
     mock_stage,

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/checksum.py

@@ -83,7 +83,6 @@ def test_checksum_args(arguments, expected):
     assert check == expected
 
 
-@pytest.mark.not_on_windows("Not supported on Windows (yet)")
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "arguments,expected",
     [

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/ci.py

@@ -106,24 +106,24 @@ def test_specs_staging(config, tmpdir):
 
 """
     builder = repo.MockRepositoryBuilder(tmpdir)
-    builder.add_package("g")
-    builder.add_package("f")
-    builder.add_package("e")
-    builder.add_package("d", dependencies=[("f", None, None), ("g", None, None)])
-    builder.add_package("c")
-    builder.add_package("b", dependencies=[("d", None, None), ("e", None, None)])
-    builder.add_package("a", dependencies=[("b", None, None), ("c", None, None)])
+    builder.add_package("pkg-g")
+    builder.add_package("pkg-f")
+    builder.add_package("pkg-e")
+    builder.add_package("pkg-d", dependencies=[("pkg-f", None, None), ("pkg-g", None, None)])
+    builder.add_package("pkg-c")
+    builder.add_package("pkg-b", dependencies=[("pkg-d", None, None), ("pkg-e", None, None)])
+    builder.add_package("pkg-a", dependencies=[("pkg-b", None, None), ("pkg-c", None, None)])
 
     with repo.use_repositories(builder.root):
-        spec_a = Spec("a").concretized()
+        spec_a = Spec("pkg-a").concretized()
 
         spec_a_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a)
-        spec_b_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["b"])
-        spec_c_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["c"])
-        spec_d_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["d"])
-        spec_e_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["e"])
-        spec_f_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["f"])
-        spec_g_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["g"])
+        spec_b_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["pkg-b"])
+        spec_c_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["pkg-c"])
+        spec_d_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["pkg-d"])
+        spec_e_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["pkg-e"])
+        spec_f_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["pkg-f"])
+        spec_g_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["pkg-g"])
 
         spec_labels, dependencies, stages = ci.stage_spec_jobs([spec_a])
 
@@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ def test_ci_rebuild_mock_success(
     tmpdir,
     working_env,
     mutable_mock_env_path,
-    install_mockery_mutable_config,
+    install_mockery,
     mock_gnupghome,
     mock_stage,
     mock_fetch,
@@ -782,7 +782,7 @@ def test_ci_rebuild_mock_failure_to_push(
     tmpdir,
     working_env,
     mutable_mock_env_path,
-    install_mockery_mutable_config,
+    install_mockery,
     mock_gnupghome,
     mock_stage,
     mock_fetch,
@@ -820,7 +820,7 @@ def test_ci_rebuild(
     tmpdir,
     working_env,
     mutable_mock_env_path,
-    install_mockery_mutable_config,
+    install_mockery,
     mock_packages,
     monkeypatch,
     mock_gnupghome,
@@ -1019,7 +1019,7 @@ def fake_dl_method(spec, *args, **kwargs):
 def test_ci_generate_mirror_override(
     tmpdir,
     mutable_mock_env_path,
-    install_mockery_mutable_config,
+    install_mockery,
     mock_packages,
     mock_fetch,
     mock_stage,
@@ -1104,7 +1104,7 @@ def test_ci_generate_mirror_override(
 def test_push_to_build_cache(
     tmpdir,
     mutable_mock_env_path,
-    install_mockery_mutable_config,
+    install_mockery,
     mock_packages,
     mock_fetch,
     mock_stage,
@@ -1290,7 +1290,7 @@ def test_ci_generate_override_runner_attrs(
 spack:
   specs:
     - flatten-deps
-    - a
+    - pkg-a
   mirrors:
     some-mirror: https://my.fake.mirror
   ci:
@@ -1307,12 +1307,12 @@ def test_ci_generate_override_runner_attrs(
         - match:
             - dependency-install
         - match:
-            - a
+            - pkg-a
           build-job:
             tags:
               - specific-a-2
         - match:
-            - a
+            - pkg-a
           build-job-remove:
             tags:
               - toplevel2
@@ -1372,8 +1372,8 @@ def test_ci_generate_override_runner_attrs(
             assert global_vars["SPACK_CHECKOUT_VERSION"] == git_version or "v0.20.0.test0"
 
             for ci_key in yaml_contents.keys():
-                if ci_key.startswith("a"):
-                    # Make sure a's attributes override variables, and all the
+                if ci_key.startswith("pkg-a"):
+                    # Make sure pkg-a's attributes override variables, and all the
                     # scripts.  Also, make sure the 'toplevel' tag doesn't
                     # appear twice, but that a's specific extra tag does appear
                     the_elt = yaml_contents[ci_key]
@@ -1432,55 +1432,6 @@ def test_ci_generate_override_runner_attrs(
                     assert the_elt["after_script"][0] == "post step one"
 
 
-def test_ci_generate_with_workarounds(
-    tmpdir, mutable_mock_env_path, install_mockery, mock_packages, monkeypatch, ci_base_environment
-):
-    """Make sure the post-processing cli workarounds do what they should"""
-    filename = str(tmpdir.join("spack.yaml"))
-    with open(filename, "w") as f:
-        f.write(
-            """\
-spack:
-  specs:
-    - callpath%gcc@=9.5
-  mirrors:
-    some-mirror: https://my.fake.mirror
-  ci:
-    pipeline-gen:
-    - submapping:
-      - match: ['%gcc@9.5']
-        build-job:
-          tags:
-            - donotcare
-          image: donotcare
-    enable-artifacts-buildcache: true
-"""
-        )
-
-    with tmpdir.as_cwd():
-        env_cmd("create", "test", "./spack.yaml")
-        outputfile = str(tmpdir.join(".gitlab-ci.yml"))
-
-        with ev.read("test"):
-            ci_cmd("generate", "--output-file", outputfile, "--dependencies")
-
-            with open(outputfile) as f:
-                contents = f.read()
-                yaml_contents = syaml.load(contents)
-
-                found_one = False
-                non_rebuild_keys = ["workflow", "stages", "variables", "rebuild-index"]
-
-                for ci_key in yaml_contents.keys():
-                    if ci_key not in non_rebuild_keys:
-                        found_one = True
-                        job_obj = yaml_contents[ci_key]
-                        assert "needs" not in job_obj
-                        assert "dependencies" in job_obj
-
-                assert found_one is True
-
-
 @pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check
 def test_ci_rebuild_index(
     tmpdir,
@@ -1830,7 +1781,7 @@ def test_ci_generate_read_broken_specs_url(
     tmpdir, mutable_mock_env_path, install_mockery, mock_packages, monkeypatch, ci_base_environment
 ):
     """Verify that `broken-specs-url` works as intended"""
-    spec_a = Spec("a")
+    spec_a = Spec("pkg-a")
     spec_a.concretize()
     a_dag_hash = spec_a.dag_hash()
 
@@ -1856,7 +1807,7 @@ def test_ci_generate_read_broken_specs_url(
 spack:
   specs:
     - flatten-deps
-    - a
+    - pkg-a
   mirrors:
     some-mirror: https://my.fake.mirror
   ci:
@@ -1864,9 +1815,9 @@ def test_ci_generate_read_broken_specs_url(
     pipeline-gen:
     - submapping:
       - match:
-          - a
+          - pkg-a
           - flatten-deps
-          - b
+          - pkg-b
           - dependency-install
         build-job:
           tags:

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/common/arguments.py

@@ -72,7 +72,6 @@ def test_parse_spec_flags_with_spaces(specs, cflags, propagation, negated_varian
         assert "~{0}".format(v) in s
 
 
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("config")
 def test_match_spec_env(mock_packages, mutable_mock_env_path):
     """
     Concretize a spec with non-default options in an environment. Make
@@ -81,44 +80,42 @@ def test_match_spec_env(mock_packages, mutable_mock_env_path):
     """
     # Initial sanity check: we are planning on choosing a non-default
     # value, so make sure that is in fact not the default.
-    check_defaults = spack.cmd.parse_specs(["a"], concretize=True)[0]
+    check_defaults = spack.cmd.parse_specs(["pkg-a"], concretize=True)[0]
     assert not check_defaults.satisfies("foobar=baz")
 
     e = ev.create("test")
-    e.add("a foobar=baz")
+    e.add("pkg-a foobar=baz")
     e.concretize()
     with e:
-        env_spec = spack.cmd.matching_spec_from_env(spack.cmd.parse_specs(["a"])[0])
+        env_spec = spack.cmd.matching_spec_from_env(spack.cmd.parse_specs(["pkg-a"])[0])
         assert env_spec.satisfies("foobar=baz")
         assert env_spec.concrete
 
 
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("config")
 def test_multiple_env_match_raises_error(mock_packages, mutable_mock_env_path):
     e = ev.create("test")
-    e.add("a foobar=baz")
-    e.add("a foobar=fee")
+    e.add("pkg-a foobar=baz")
+    e.add("pkg-a foobar=fee")
     e.concretize()
     with e:
         with pytest.raises(ev.SpackEnvironmentError) as exc_info:
-            spack.cmd.matching_spec_from_env(spack.cmd.parse_specs(["a"])[0])
+            spack.cmd.matching_spec_from_env(spack.cmd.parse_specs(["pkg-a"])[0])
 
     assert "matches multiple specs" in exc_info.value.message
 
 
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("config")
 def test_root_and_dep_match_returns_root(mock_packages, mutable_mock_env_path):
     e = ev.create("test")
-    e.add("b@0.9")
-    e.add("a foobar=bar")  # Depends on b, should choose b@1.0
+    e.add("pkg-b@0.9")
+    e.add("pkg-a foobar=bar")  # Depends on b, should choose b@1.0
     e.concretize()
     with e:
         # This query matches the root b and b as a dependency of a. In that
         # case the root instance should be preferred.
-        env_spec1 = spack.cmd.matching_spec_from_env(spack.cmd.parse_specs(["b"])[0])
+        env_spec1 = spack.cmd.matching_spec_from_env(spack.cmd.parse_specs(["pkg-b"])[0])
         assert env_spec1.satisfies("@0.9")
 
-        env_spec2 = spack.cmd.matching_spec_from_env(spack.cmd.parse_specs(["b@1.0"])[0])
+        env_spec2 = spack.cmd.matching_spec_from_env(spack.cmd.parse_specs(["pkg-b@1.0"])[0])
         assert env_spec2
 
 

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/concretize.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 from spack import spack_version
 from spack.main import SpackCommand
 
-pytestmark = pytest.mark.usefixtures("config", "mutable_mock_repo")
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.usefixtures("mutable_config", "mutable_mock_repo")
 
 env = SpackCommand("env")
 add = SpackCommand("add")
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ def test_concretize_root_test_dependencies_are_concretized(unify, mutable_mock_e
 
     with ev.read("test") as e:
         e.unify = unify
-        add("a")
-        add("b")
+        add("pkg-a")
+        add("pkg-b")
         concretize("--test", "root")
         assert e.matching_spec("test-dependency")
 

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/config.py

@@ -640,4 +640,4 @@ def update_config(data):
         config("update", "-y", "config")
 
     with ev.Environment(str(tmpdir)) as e:
-        assert not e.manifest.pristine_yaml_content["spack"]["config"]["ccache"]
+        assert not e.manifest.yaml_content["spack"]["config"]["ccache"]

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/deconcretize.py

@@ -12,29 +12,29 @@
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope="function")
-def test_env(mutable_mock_env_path, config, mock_packages):
+def test_env(mutable_mock_env_path, mock_packages):
     ev.create("test")
     with ev.read("test") as e:
-        e.add("a@2.0 foobar=bar ^b@1.0")
-        e.add("a@1.0 foobar=bar ^b@0.9")
+        e.add("pkg-a@2.0 foobar=bar ^pkg-b@1.0")
+        e.add("pkg-a@1.0 foobar=bar ^pkg-b@0.9")
         e.concretize()
         e.write()
 
 
 def test_deconcretize_dep(test_env):
     with ev.read("test") as e:
-        deconcretize("-y", "b@1.0")
+        deconcretize("-y", "pkg-b@1.0")
         specs = [s for s, _ in e.concretized_specs()]
 
     assert len(specs) == 1
-    assert specs[0].satisfies("a@1.0")
+    assert specs[0].satisfies("pkg-a@1.0")
 
 
 def test_deconcretize_all_dep(test_env):
     with ev.read("test") as e:
         with pytest.raises(SpackCommandError):
-            deconcretize("-y", "b")
-        deconcretize("-y", "--all", "b")
+            deconcretize("-y", "pkg-b")
+        deconcretize("-y", "--all", "pkg-b")
         specs = [s for s, _ in e.concretized_specs()]
 
     assert len(specs) == 0
@@ -42,27 +42,27 @@ def test_deconcretize_all_dep(test_env):
 
 def test_deconcretize_root(test_env):
     with ev.read("test") as e:
-        output = deconcretize("-y", "--root", "b@1.0")
+        output = deconcretize("-y", "--root", "pkg-b@1.0")
         assert "No matching specs to deconcretize" in output
         assert len(e.concretized_order) == 2
 
-        deconcretize("-y", "--root", "a@2.0")
+        deconcretize("-y", "--root", "pkg-a@2.0")
         specs = [s for s, _ in e.concretized_specs()]
 
     assert len(specs) == 1
-    assert specs[0].satisfies("a@1.0")
+    assert specs[0].satisfies("pkg-a@1.0")
 
 
 def test_deconcretize_all_root(test_env):
     with ev.read("test") as e:
         with pytest.raises(SpackCommandError):
-            deconcretize("-y", "--root", "a")
+            deconcretize("-y", "--root", "pkg-a")
 
-        output = deconcretize("-y", "--root", "--all", "b")
+        output = deconcretize("-y", "--root", "--all", "pkg-b")
         assert "No matching specs to deconcretize" in output
         assert len(e.concretized_order) == 2
 
-        deconcretize("-y", "--root", "--all", "a")
+        deconcretize("-y", "--root", "--all", "pkg-a")
         specs = [s for s, _ in e.concretized_specs()]
 
     assert len(specs) == 0

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/deprecate.py

@@ -14,8 +14,6 @@
 deprecate = SpackCommand("deprecate")
 find = SpackCommand("find")
 
-pytestmark = pytest.mark.not_on_windows("does not run on windows")
-
 
 def test_deprecate(mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, install_mockery):
     install("libelf@0.8.13")

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/dev_build.py

@@ -20,10 +20,7 @@
 install = SpackCommand("install")
 env = SpackCommand("env")
 
-pytestmark = [
-    pytest.mark.not_on_windows("does not run on windows"),
-    pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check,
-]
+pytestmark = [pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check]
 
 
 def test_dev_build_basics(tmpdir, install_mockery):
@@ -96,7 +93,7 @@ def test_dev_build_until_last_phase(tmpdir, install_mockery):
     assert os.path.exists(str(tmpdir))
 
 
-def test_dev_build_before_until(tmpdir, install_mockery, capsys):
+def test_dev_build_before_until(tmpdir, install_mockery):
     spec = spack.spec.Spec(f"dev-build-test-install@0.0.0 dev_path={tmpdir}").concretized()
 
     with tmpdir.as_cwd():
@@ -129,7 +126,7 @@ def test_dev_build_drop_in(tmpdir, mock_packages, monkeypatch, install_mockery,
     monkeypatch.setattr(os, "execvp", print_spack_cc)
     with tmpdir.as_cwd():
         output = dev_build("-b", "edit", "--drop-in", "sh", "dev-build-test-install@0.0.0")
-        assert "lib/spack/env" in output
+        assert os.path.join("lib", "spack", "env") in output
 
 
 def test_dev_build_fails_already_installed(tmpdir, install_mockery):

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/diff.py

@@ -181,7 +181,6 @@ def test_diff_cmd(install_mockery, mock_fetch, mock_archive, mock_packages):
     assert ["hash", "mpileaks %s" % specB.dag_hash()] in c["b_not_a"]
 
 
-@pytest.mark.not_on_windows("Not supported on Windows (yet)")
 def test_load_first(install_mockery, mock_fetch, mock_archive, mock_packages):
     """Test with and without the --first option"""
     install_cmd("mpileaks")

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/edit.py

@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@
 
 
 def test_edit_packages(monkeypatch, mock_packages: spack.repo.RepoPath):
-    """Test spack edit a b"""
-    path_a = mock_packages.filename_for_package_name("a")
-    path_b = mock_packages.filename_for_package_name("b")
+    """Test spack edit pkg-a pkg-b"""
+    path_a = mock_packages.filename_for_package_name("pkg-a")
+    path_b = mock_packages.filename_for_package_name("pkg-b")
     called = False
 
     def editor(*args: str, **kwargs):
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def editor(*args: str, **kwargs):
         assert args[1] == path_b
 
     monkeypatch.setattr(spack.util.editor, "editor", editor)
-    edit("a", "b")
+    edit("pkg-a", "pkg-b")
     assert called
 
 

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/env.py

@@ -28,7 +28,9 @@
 import spack.package_base
 import spack.paths
 import spack.repo
+import spack.store
 import spack.util.spack_json as sjson
+import spack.util.spack_yaml
 from spack.cmd.env import _env_create
 from spack.main import SpackCommand, SpackCommandError
 from spack.spec import Spec
@@ -40,7 +42,7 @@
 # TODO-27021
 # everything here uses the mock_env_path
 pytestmark = [
-    pytest.mark.usefixtures("mutable_mock_env_path", "config", "mutable_mock_repo"),
+    pytest.mark.usefixtures("mutable_config", "mutable_mock_env_path", "mutable_mock_repo"),
     pytest.mark.maybeslow,
     pytest.mark.not_on_windows("Envs unsupported on Window"),
 ]
@@ -501,7 +503,7 @@ def test_env_install_two_specs_same_dep(install_mockery, mock_fetch, tmpdir, cap
                 """\
 spack:
   specs:
-  - a
+  - pkg-a
   - depb
 """
             )
@@ -520,8 +522,8 @@ def test_env_install_two_specs_same_dep(install_mockery, mock_fetch, tmpdir, cap
     depb = spack.store.STORE.db.query_one("depb", installed=True)
     assert depb, "Expected depb to be installed"
 
-    a = spack.store.STORE.db.query_one("a", installed=True)
-    assert a, "Expected a to be installed"
+    a = spack.store.STORE.db.query_one("pkg-a", installed=True)
+    assert a, "Expected pkg-a to be installed"
 
 
 def test_remove_after_concretize():
@@ -812,7 +814,6 @@ def test_init_from_yaml(environment_from_manifest):
     assert not e2.specs_by_hash
 
 
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("config")
 def test_env_view_external_prefix(tmp_path, mutable_database, mock_packages):
     fake_prefix = tmp_path / "a-prefix"
     fake_bin = fake_prefix / "bin"
@@ -825,7 +826,7 @@ def test_env_view_external_prefix(tmp_path, mutable_database, mock_packages):
         """\
 spack:
   specs:
-  - a
+  - pkg-a
   view: true
 """
     )
@@ -833,9 +834,9 @@ def test_env_view_external_prefix(tmp_path, mutable_database, mock_packages):
     external_config = io.StringIO(
         """\
 packages:
-  a:
+  pkg-a:
     externals:
-    - spec: a@2.0
+    - spec: pkg-a@2.0
       prefix: {a_prefix}
     buildable: false
 """.format(
@@ -1559,7 +1560,6 @@ def test_uninstall_removes_from_env(mock_stage, mock_fetch, install_mockery):
     assert not test.user_specs
 
 
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("config")
 def test_indirect_build_dep(tmp_path):
     """Simple case of X->Y->Z where Y is a build/link dep and Z is a
     build-only dep. Make sure this concrete DAG is preserved when writing the
@@ -1587,7 +1587,6 @@ def test_indirect_build_dep(tmp_path):
         assert x_env_spec == x_concretized
 
 
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("config")
 def test_store_different_build_deps(tmp_path):
     r"""Ensure that an environment can store two instances of a build-only
     dependency::
@@ -2328,7 +2327,7 @@ def test_stack_yaml_force_remove_from_matrix(tmpdir):
             assert mpileaks_spec not in after_conc
 
 
-def test_stack_concretize_extraneous_deps(tmpdir, config, mock_packages):
+def test_stack_concretize_extraneous_deps(tmpdir, mock_packages):
     # FIXME: The new concretizer doesn't handle yet soft
     # FIXME: constraints for stacks
     # FIXME: This now works for statically-determinable invalid deps
@@ -2367,7 +2366,7 @@ def test_stack_concretize_extraneous_deps(tmpdir, config, mock_packages):
                 assert concrete.satisfies("^mpi")
 
 
-def test_stack_concretize_extraneous_variants(tmpdir, config, mock_packages):
+def test_stack_concretize_extraneous_variants(tmpdir, mock_packages):
     filename = str(tmpdir.join("spack.yaml"))
     with open(filename, "w") as f:
         f.write(
@@ -2399,7 +2398,7 @@ def test_stack_concretize_extraneous_variants(tmpdir, config, mock_packages):
                 assert concrete.variants["shared"].value == user.variants["shared"].value
 
 
-def test_stack_concretize_extraneous_variants_with_dash(tmpdir, config, mock_packages):
+def test_stack_concretize_extraneous_variants_with_dash(tmpdir, mock_packages):
     filename = str(tmpdir.join("spack.yaml"))
     with open(filename, "w") as f:
         f.write(
@@ -3750,7 +3749,7 @@ def test_environment_query_spec_by_hash(mock_stage, mock_fetch, install_mockery)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("lockfile", ["v1", "v2", "v3"])
-def test_read_old_lock_and_write_new(config, tmpdir, lockfile):
+def test_read_old_lock_and_write_new(tmpdir, lockfile):
     # v1 lockfiles stored by a coarse DAG hash that did not include build deps.
     # They could not represent multiple build deps with different build hashes.
     #
@@ -3816,7 +3815,7 @@ def test_read_old_lock_and_write_new(config, tmpdir, lockfile):
     assert old_hashes == hashes
 
 
-def test_read_v1_lock_creates_backup(config, tmp_path):
+def test_read_v1_lock_creates_backup(tmp_path):
     """When reading a version-1 lockfile, make sure that a backup of that file
     is created.
     """
@@ -4199,7 +4198,7 @@ def test_env_include_packages_url(
         assert "openmpi" in cfg["all"]["providers"]["mpi"]
 
 
-def test_relative_view_path_on_command_line_is_made_absolute(tmp_path, config):
+def test_relative_view_path_on_command_line_is_made_absolute(tmp_path):
     with fs.working_dir(str(tmp_path)):
         env("create", "--with-view", "view", "--dir", "env")
         environment = ev.Environment(os.path.join(".", "env"))

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/extensions.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ def python_database(mock_packages, mutable_database):
 
 @pytest.mark.not_on_windows("All Fetchers Failed")
 @pytest.mark.db
-def test_extensions(mock_packages, python_database, config, capsys):
+def test_extensions(mock_packages, python_database, capsys):
     ext2 = Spec("py-extension2").concretized()
 
     def check_output(ni):

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/external.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 from llnl.util.filesystem import getuid, touch
 
 import spack
+import spack.cmd.external
 import spack.detection
 import spack.detection.path
 from spack.main import SpackCommand
@@ -311,3 +312,29 @@ def test_failures_in_scanning_do_not_result_in_an_error(
     assert "cmake" in output
     assert "3.23.3" in output
     assert "3.19.1" not in output
+
+
+def test_detect_virtuals(mock_executable, mutable_config, monkeypatch):
+    """Test whether external find --not-buildable sets virtuals as non-buildable (unless user
+    config sets them to buildable)"""
+    mpich = mock_executable("mpichversion", output="echo MPICH Version:    4.0.2")
+    prefix = os.path.dirname(mpich)
+    external("find", "--path", prefix, "--not-buildable", "mpich")
+
+    # Check that mpich was correctly detected
+    mpich = mutable_config.get("packages:mpich")
+    assert mpich["buildable"] is False
+    assert Spec(mpich["externals"][0]["spec"]).satisfies("mpich@4.0.2")
+
+    # Check that the virtual package mpi was marked as non-buildable
+    assert mutable_config.get("packages:mpi:buildable") is False
+
+    # Delete the mpich entry, and set mpi explicitly to buildable
+    mutable_config.set("packages:mpich", {})
+    mutable_config.set("packages:mpi:buildable", True)
+
+    # Run the detection again
+    external("find", "--path", prefix, "--not-buildable", "mpich")
+
+    # Check that the mpi:buildable entry was not overwritten
+    assert mutable_config.get("packages:mpi:buildable") is True

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/fetch.py

@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@
 from spack.main import SpackCommand, SpackCommandError
 
 # everything here uses the mock_env_path
-pytestmark = pytest.mark.usefixtures("mutable_mock_env_path", "config", "mutable_mock_repo")
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.usefixtures(
+    "mutable_mock_env_path", "mutable_config", "mutable_mock_repo"
+)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/find.py

@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ def test_find_command_basic_usage(database):
 @pytest.mark.not_on_windows("envirnment is not yet supported on windows")
 @pytest.mark.regression("9875")
 def test_find_prefix_in_env(
-    mutable_mock_env_path, install_mockery, mock_fetch, mock_packages, mock_archive, config
+    mutable_mock_env_path, install_mockery, mock_fetch, mock_packages, mock_archive
 ):
     """Test `find` formats requiring concrete specs work in environments."""
     env("create", "test")
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ def test_find_prefix_in_env(
         # Would throw error on regression
 
 
-def test_find_specs_include_concrete_env(mutable_mock_env_path, config, mutable_mock_repo, tmpdir):
+def test_find_specs_include_concrete_env(mutable_mock_env_path, mutable_mock_repo, tmpdir):
     path = tmpdir.join("spack.yaml")
 
     with tmpdir.as_cwd():
@@ -393,9 +393,7 @@ def test_find_specs_include_concrete_env(mutable_mock_env_path, config, mutable_
     assert "libelf" in output
 
 
-def test_find_specs_nested_include_concrete_env(
-    mutable_mock_env_path, config, mutable_mock_repo, tmpdir
-):
+def test_find_specs_nested_include_concrete_env(mutable_mock_env_path, mutable_mock_repo, tmpdir):
     path = tmpdir.join("spack.yaml")
 
     with tmpdir.as_cwd():
@@ -434,7 +432,7 @@ def test_find_loaded(database, working_env):
     output = find("--loaded", "--group")
     assert output == ""
 
-    os.environ[uenv.spack_loaded_hashes_var] = ":".join(
+    os.environ[uenv.spack_loaded_hashes_var] = os.pathsep.join(
         [x.dag_hash() for x in spack.store.STORE.db.query()]
     )
     output = find("--loaded")

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/gc.py

@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@
 
 
 @pytest.mark.db
-def test_gc_without_build_dependency(config, mutable_database):
+def test_gc_without_build_dependency(mutable_database):
     assert "There are no unused specs." in gc("-yb")
     assert "There are no unused specs." in gc("-y")
 
 
 @pytest.mark.db
-def test_gc_with_build_dependency(config, mutable_database):
+def test_gc_with_build_dependency(mutable_database):
     s = spack.spec.Spec("simple-inheritance")
     s.concretize()
     s.package.do_install(fake=True, explicit=True)
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def test_gc_with_build_dependency(config, mutable_database):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.db
-def test_gc_with_environment(config, mutable_database, mutable_mock_env_path):
+def test_gc_with_environment(mutable_database, mutable_mock_env_path):
     s = spack.spec.Spec("simple-inheritance")
     s.concretize()
     s.package.do_install(fake=True, explicit=True)
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ def test_gc_with_environment(config, mutable_database, mutable_mock_env_path):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.db
-def test_gc_with_build_dependency_in_environment(config, mutable_database, mutable_mock_env_path):
+def test_gc_with_build_dependency_in_environment(mutable_database, mutable_mock_env_path):
     s = spack.spec.Spec("simple-inheritance")
     s.concretize()
     s.package.do_install(fake=True, explicit=True)
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def test_gc_with_build_dependency_in_environment(config, mutable_database, mutab
 
 
 @pytest.mark.db
-def test_gc_except_any_environments(config, mutable_database, mutable_mock_env_path):
+def test_gc_except_any_environments(mutable_database, mutable_mock_env_path):
     """Tests whether the garbage collector can remove all specs except those still needed in some
     environment (needed in the sense of roots + link/run deps)."""
     assert mutable_database.query_local("zmpi")
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ def test_gc_except_any_environments(config, mutable_database, mutable_mock_env_p
 
 
 @pytest.mark.db
-def test_gc_except_specific_environments(config, mutable_database, mutable_mock_env_path):
+def test_gc_except_specific_environments(mutable_database, mutable_mock_env_path):
     s = spack.spec.Spec("simple-inheritance")
     s.concretize()
     s.package.do_install(fake=True, explicit=True)
@@ -125,14 +125,14 @@ def test_gc_except_specific_environments(config, mutable_database, mutable_mock_
 
 
 @pytest.mark.db
-def test_gc_except_nonexisting_dir_env(config, mutable_database, mutable_mock_env_path, tmpdir):
+def test_gc_except_nonexisting_dir_env(mutable_database, mutable_mock_env_path, tmpdir):
     output = gc("-ye", tmpdir.strpath, fail_on_error=False)
     assert "No such environment" in output
     gc.returncode == 1
 
 
 @pytest.mark.db
-def test_gc_except_specific_dir_env(config, mutable_database, mutable_mock_env_path, tmpdir):
+def test_gc_except_specific_dir_env(mutable_database, mutable_mock_env_path, tmpdir):
     s = spack.spec.Spec("simple-inheritance")
     s.concretize()
     s.package.do_install(fake=True, explicit=True)

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/info.py

@@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ def test_info_noversion(mock_packages, print_buffer):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "pkg_query,expected", [("zlib", "False"), ("gcc", "True (version, variants)")]
+    "pkg_query,expected", [("zlib", "False"), ("find-externals1", "True (version)")]
 )
-def test_is_externally_detectable(pkg_query, expected, parser, print_buffer):
+def test_is_externally_detectable(mock_packages, pkg_query, expected, parser, print_buffer):
     args = parser.parse_args(["--detectable", pkg_query])
     spack.cmd.info.info(parser, args)
 

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/install.py

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ def noop(*args, **kwargs):
 
 
 def test_install_package_and_dependency(
-    tmpdir, mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, config, install_mockery
+    tmpdir, mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, install_mockery
 ):
     log = "test"
     with tmpdir.as_cwd():
@@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ def check(pkg):
         assert pkg.run_tests
 
     monkeypatch.setattr(spack.package_base.PackageBase, "unit_test_check", check)
-    install("--test=all", "a")
+    install("--test=all", "pkg-a")
 
 
 def test_install_package_already_installed(
-    tmpdir, mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, config, install_mockery
+    tmpdir, mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, install_mockery
 ):
     with tmpdir.as_cwd():
         install("libdwarf")
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ def test_package_output(tmpdir, capsys, install_mockery, mock_fetch):
 
 @pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check
 def test_install_output_on_build_error(
-    mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, config, install_mockery, capfd
+    mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, install_mockery, capfd
 ):
     """
     This test used to assume receiving full output, but since we've updated
@@ -163,9 +163,7 @@ def test_install_output_on_build_error(
 
 
 @pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check
-def test_install_output_on_python_error(
-    mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, config, install_mockery
-):
+def test_install_output_on_python_error(mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, install_mockery):
     out = install("failing-build", fail_on_error=False)
     assert isinstance(install.error, spack.build_environment.ChildError)
     assert install.error.name == "InstallError"
@@ -173,7 +171,7 @@ def test_install_output_on_python_error(
 
 
 @pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check
-def test_install_with_source(mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, config, install_mockery):
+def test_install_with_source(mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, install_mockery):
     """Verify that source has been copied into place."""
     install("--source", "--keep-stage", "trivial-install-test-package")
     spec = Spec("trivial-install-test-package").concretized()
@@ -183,7 +181,7 @@ def test_install_with_source(mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, config, in
     )
 
 
-def test_install_env_variables(mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, config, install_mockery):
+def test_install_env_variables(mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, install_mockery):
     spec = Spec("libdwarf")
     spec.concretize()
     install("libdwarf")
@@ -191,9 +189,7 @@ def test_install_env_variables(mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, config,
 
 
 @pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check
-def test_show_log_on_error(
-    mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, config, install_mockery, capfd
-):
+def test_show_log_on_error(mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, install_mockery, capfd):
     """
     Make sure --show-log-on-error works.
     """
@@ -206,7 +202,7 @@ def test_show_log_on_error(
     assert "See build log for details:" in out
 
 
-def test_install_overwrite(mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, config, install_mockery):
+def test_install_overwrite(mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, install_mockery):
     # Try to install a spec and then to reinstall it.
     spec = Spec("libdwarf")
     spec.concretize()
@@ -240,9 +236,7 @@ def test_install_overwrite(mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, config, inst
     assert fs.hash_directory(spec.prefix, ignore=ignores) != bad_md5
 
 
-def test_install_overwrite_not_installed(
-    mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, config, install_mockery
-):
+def test_install_overwrite_not_installed(mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, install_mockery):
     # Try to install a spec and then to reinstall it.
     spec = Spec("libdwarf")
     spec.concretize()
@@ -277,9 +271,7 @@ def test_install_commit(mock_git_version_info, install_mockery, mock_packages, m
     assert content == "[0]"  # contents are weird for another test
 
 
-def test_install_overwrite_multiple(
-    mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, config, install_mockery
-):
+def test_install_overwrite_multiple(mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, install_mockery):
     # Try to install a spec and then to reinstall it.
     libdwarf = Spec("libdwarf")
     libdwarf.concretize()
@@ -337,18 +329,14 @@ def test_install_overwrite_multiple(
     assert cm_hash != bad_cmake_md5
 
 
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures(
-    "mock_packages", "mock_archive", "mock_fetch", "config", "install_mockery"
-)
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("mock_packages", "mock_archive", "mock_fetch", "install_mockery")
 def test_install_conflicts(conflict_spec):
     # Make sure that spec with conflicts raises a SpackError
     with pytest.raises(SpackError):
         install(conflict_spec)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures(
-    "mock_packages", "mock_archive", "mock_fetch", "config", "install_mockery"
-)
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("mock_packages", "mock_archive", "mock_fetch", "install_mockery")
 def test_install_invalid_spec(invalid_spec):
     # Make sure that invalid specs raise a SpackError
     with pytest.raises(SpecSyntaxError, match="unexpected tokens"):
@@ -390,9 +378,7 @@ def test_install_from_file(spec, concretize, error_code, tmpdir):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures(
-    "mock_packages", "mock_archive", "mock_fetch", "config", "install_mockery"
-)
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("mock_packages", "mock_archive", "mock_fetch", "install_mockery")
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "exc_typename,msg",
     [("RuntimeError", "something weird happened"), ("ValueError", "spec is not concrete")],
@@ -448,7 +434,6 @@ def test_junit_output_with_errors(
     mock_archive,
     mock_fetch,
     install_mockery,
-    config,
     tmpdir,
     monkeypatch,
 ):
@@ -509,9 +494,7 @@ def test_install_mix_cli_and_files(clispecs, filespecs, tmpdir):
     assert install.returncode == 0
 
 
-def test_extra_files_are_archived(
-    mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, config, install_mockery
-):
+def test_extra_files_are_archived(mock_packages, mock_archive, mock_fetch, install_mockery):
     s = Spec("archive-files")
     s.concretize()
 
@@ -570,100 +553,96 @@ def test_cdash_upload_build_error(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, capfd):
 @pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check
 def test_cdash_upload_clean_build(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, capfd):
     # capfd interferes with Spack's capturing of e.g., Build.xml output
-    with capfd.disabled():
-        with tmpdir.as_cwd():
-            install("--log-file=cdash_reports", "--log-format=cdash", "a")
-            report_dir = tmpdir.join("cdash_reports")
-            assert report_dir in tmpdir.listdir()
-            report_file = report_dir.join("a_Build.xml")
-            assert report_file in report_dir.listdir()
-            content = report_file.open().read()
-            assert "</Build>" in content
-            assert "<Text>" not in content
+    with capfd.disabled(), tmpdir.as_cwd():
+        install("--log-file=cdash_reports", "--log-format=cdash", "pkg-a")
+        report_dir = tmpdir.join("cdash_reports")
+        assert report_dir in tmpdir.listdir()
+        report_file = report_dir.join("pkg-a_Build.xml")
+        assert report_file in report_dir.listdir()
+        content = report_file.open().read()
+        assert "</Build>" in content
+        assert "<Text>" not in content
 
 
 @pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check
 def test_cdash_upload_extra_params(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, capfd):
     # capfd interferes with Spack's capture of e.g., Build.xml output
-    with capfd.disabled():
-        with tmpdir.as_cwd():
-            install(
-                "--log-file=cdash_reports",
-                "--log-format=cdash",
-                "--cdash-build=my_custom_build",
-                "--cdash-site=my_custom_site",
-                "--cdash-track=my_custom_track",
-                "a",
-            )
-            report_dir = tmpdir.join("cdash_reports")
-            assert report_dir in tmpdir.listdir()
-            report_file = report_dir.join("a_Build.xml")
-            assert report_file in report_dir.listdir()
-            content = report_file.open().read()
-            assert 'Site BuildName="my_custom_build - a"' in content
-            assert 'Name="my_custom_site"' in content
-            assert "-my_custom_track" in content
+    with capfd.disabled(), tmpdir.as_cwd():
+        install(
+            "--log-file=cdash_reports",
+            "--log-format=cdash",
+            "--cdash-build=my_custom_build",
+            "--cdash-site=my_custom_site",
+            "--cdash-track=my_custom_track",
+            "pkg-a",
+        )
+        report_dir = tmpdir.join("cdash_reports")
+        assert report_dir in tmpdir.listdir()
+        report_file = report_dir.join("pkg-a_Build.xml")
+        assert report_file in report_dir.listdir()
+        content = report_file.open().read()
+        assert 'Site BuildName="my_custom_build - pkg-a"' in content
+        assert 'Name="my_custom_site"' in content
+        assert "-my_custom_track" in content
 
 
 @pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check
 def test_cdash_buildstamp_param(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, capfd):
     # capfd interferes with Spack's capture of e.g., Build.xml output
-    with capfd.disabled():
-        with tmpdir.as_cwd():
-            cdash_track = "some_mocked_track"
-            buildstamp_format = "%Y%m%d-%H%M-{0}".format(cdash_track)
-            buildstamp = time.strftime(buildstamp_format, time.localtime(int(time.time())))
-            install(
-                "--log-file=cdash_reports",
-                "--log-format=cdash",
-                "--cdash-buildstamp={0}".format(buildstamp),
-                "a",
-            )
-            report_dir = tmpdir.join("cdash_reports")
-            assert report_dir in tmpdir.listdir()
-            report_file = report_dir.join("a_Build.xml")
-            assert report_file in report_dir.listdir()
-            content = report_file.open().read()
-            assert buildstamp in content
+    with capfd.disabled(), tmpdir.as_cwd():
+        cdash_track = "some_mocked_track"
+        buildstamp_format = "%Y%m%d-%H%M-{0}".format(cdash_track)
+        buildstamp = time.strftime(buildstamp_format, time.localtime(int(time.time())))
+        install(
+            "--log-file=cdash_reports",
+            "--log-format=cdash",
+            "--cdash-buildstamp={0}".format(buildstamp),
+            "pkg-a",
+        )
+        report_dir = tmpdir.join("cdash_reports")
+        assert report_dir in tmpdir.listdir()
+        report_file = report_dir.join("pkg-a_Build.xml")
+        assert report_file in report_dir.listdir()
+        content = report_file.open().read()
+        assert buildstamp in content
 
 
 @pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check
 def test_cdash_install_from_spec_json(
-    tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, capfd, mock_packages, mock_archive, config
+    tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, capfd, mock_packages, mock_archive
 ):
     # capfd interferes with Spack's capturing
-    with capfd.disabled():
-        with tmpdir.as_cwd():
-            spec_json_path = str(tmpdir.join("spec.json"))
+    with capfd.disabled(), tmpdir.as_cwd():
+        spec_json_path = str(tmpdir.join("spec.json"))
 
-            pkg_spec = Spec("a")
-            pkg_spec.concretize()
+        pkg_spec = Spec("pkg-a")
+        pkg_spec.concretize()
 
-            with open(spec_json_path, "w") as fd:
-                fd.write(pkg_spec.to_json(hash=ht.dag_hash))
+        with open(spec_json_path, "w") as fd:
+            fd.write(pkg_spec.to_json(hash=ht.dag_hash))
 
-            install(
-                "--log-format=cdash",
-                "--log-file=cdash_reports",
-                "--cdash-build=my_custom_build",
-                "--cdash-site=my_custom_site",
-                "--cdash-track=my_custom_track",
-                "-f",
-                spec_json_path,
-            )
+        install(
+            "--log-format=cdash",
+            "--log-file=cdash_reports",
+            "--cdash-build=my_custom_build",
+            "--cdash-site=my_custom_site",
+            "--cdash-track=my_custom_track",
+            "-f",
+            spec_json_path,
+        )
 
-            report_dir = tmpdir.join("cdash_reports")
-            assert report_dir in tmpdir.listdir()
-            report_file = report_dir.join("a_Configure.xml")
-            assert report_file in report_dir.listdir()
-            content = report_file.open().read()
-            install_command_regex = re.compile(
-                r"<ConfigureCommand>(.+)</ConfigureCommand>", re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL
-            )
-            m = install_command_regex.search(content)
-            assert m
-            install_command = m.group(1)
-            assert "a@" in install_command
+        report_dir = tmpdir.join("cdash_reports")
+        assert report_dir in tmpdir.listdir()
+        report_file = report_dir.join("pkg-a_Configure.xml")
+        assert report_file in report_dir.listdir()
+        content = report_file.open().read()
+        install_command_regex = re.compile(
+            r"<ConfigureCommand>(.+)</ConfigureCommand>", re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL
+        )
+        m = install_command_regex.search(content)
+        assert m
+        install_command = m.group(1)
+        assert "pkg-a@" in install_command
 
 
 @pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check
@@ -795,15 +774,15 @@ def test_install_no_add_in_env(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, mutable_mock
     #                 ^libdwarf
     #         ^mpich
     #     libelf@0.8.10
-    #     a~bvv
-    #         ^b
-    #     a
-    #         ^b
+    #     pkg-a~bvv
+    #         ^pkg-b
+    #     pkg-a
+    #         ^pkg-b
     e = ev.create("test", with_view=False)
     e.add("mpileaks")
     e.add("libelf@0.8.10")  # so env has both root and dep libelf specs
-    e.add("a")
-    e.add("a ~bvv")
+    e.add("pkg-a")
+    e.add("pkg-a ~bvv")
     e.concretize()
     e.write()
     env_specs = e.all_specs()
@@ -814,9 +793,9 @@ def test_install_no_add_in_env(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, mutable_mock
 
     # First find and remember some target concrete specs in the environment
     for e_spec in env_specs:
-        if e_spec.satisfies(Spec("a ~bvv")):
+        if e_spec.satisfies(Spec("pkg-a ~bvv")):
             a_spec = e_spec
-        elif e_spec.name == "b":
+        elif e_spec.name == "pkg-b":
             b_spec = e_spec
         elif e_spec.satisfies(Spec("mpi")):
             mpi_spec = e_spec
@@ -839,8 +818,8 @@ def test_install_no_add_in_env(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, mutable_mock
         assert "You can add specs to the environment with 'spack add " in inst_out
 
         # Without --add, ensure that two packages "a" get installed
-        inst_out = install("a", output=str)
-        assert len([x for x in e.all_specs() if x.installed and x.name == "a"]) == 2
+        inst_out = install("pkg-a", output=str)
+        assert len([x for x in e.all_specs() if x.installed and x.name == "pkg-a"]) == 2
 
         # Install an unambiguous dependency spec (that already exists as a dep
         # in the environment) and make sure it gets installed (w/ deps),
@@ -873,7 +852,7 @@ def test_install_no_add_in_env(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, mutable_mock
         # root of the environment as well as installed.
         assert b_spec not in e.roots()
 
-        install("--add", "b")
+        install("--add", "pkg-b")
 
         assert b_spec in e.roots()
         assert b_spec not in e.uninstalled_specs()
@@ -908,7 +887,7 @@ def test_cdash_auth_token(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, monkeypatch, capf
     # capfd interferes with Spack's capturing
     with tmpdir.as_cwd(), capfd.disabled():
         monkeypatch.setenv("SPACK_CDASH_AUTH_TOKEN", "asdf")
-        out = install("-v", "--log-file=cdash_reports", "--log-format=cdash", "a")
+        out = install("-v", "--log-file=cdash_reports", "--log-format=cdash", "pkg-a")
         assert "Using CDash auth token from environment" in out
 
 
@@ -916,54 +895,42 @@ def test_cdash_auth_token(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, monkeypatch, capf
 @pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check
 def test_cdash_configure_warning(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, capfd):
     # capfd interferes with Spack's capturing of e.g., Build.xml output
-    with capfd.disabled():
-        with tmpdir.as_cwd():
-            # Test would fail if install raised an error.
+    with capfd.disabled(), tmpdir.as_cwd():
+        # Test would fail if install raised an error.
 
-            # Ensure that even on non-x86_64 architectures, there are no
-            # dependencies installed
-            spec = spack.spec.Spec("configure-warning").concretized()
-            spec.clear_dependencies()
-            specfile = "./spec.json"
-            with open(specfile, "w") as f:
-                f.write(spec.to_json())
+        # Ensure that even on non-x86_64 architectures, there are no
+        # dependencies installed
+        spec = Spec("configure-warning").concretized()
+        spec.clear_dependencies()
+        specfile = "./spec.json"
+        with open(specfile, "w") as f:
+            f.write(spec.to_json())
 
-            install("--log-file=cdash_reports", "--log-format=cdash", specfile)
-            # Verify Configure.xml exists with expected contents.
-            report_dir = tmpdir.join("cdash_reports")
-            assert report_dir in tmpdir.listdir()
-            report_file = report_dir.join("Configure.xml")
-            assert report_file in report_dir.listdir()
-            content = report_file.open().read()
-            assert "foo: No such file or directory" in content
+        install("--log-file=cdash_reports", "--log-format=cdash", specfile)
+        # Verify Configure.xml exists with expected contents.
+        report_dir = tmpdir.join("cdash_reports")
+        assert report_dir in tmpdir.listdir()
+        report_file = report_dir.join("Configure.xml")
+        assert report_file in report_dir.listdir()
+        content = report_file.open().read()
+        assert "foo: No such file or directory" in content
 
 
 @pytest.mark.not_on_windows("ArchSpec gives test platform debian rather than windows")
 def test_compiler_bootstrap(
-    install_mockery_mutable_config,
-    mock_packages,
-    mock_fetch,
-    mock_archive,
-    mutable_config,
-    monkeypatch,
+    install_mockery, mock_packages, mock_fetch, mock_archive, mutable_config, monkeypatch
 ):
     monkeypatch.setattr(spack.concretize.Concretizer, "check_for_compiler_existence", False)
     spack.config.set("config:install_missing_compilers", True)
     assert CompilerSpec("gcc@=12.0") not in compilers.all_compiler_specs()
 
     # Test succeeds if it does not raise an error
-    install("a%gcc@=12.0")
+    install("pkg-a%gcc@=12.0")
 
 
 @pytest.mark.not_on_windows("Binary mirrors not supported on windows")
 def test_compiler_bootstrap_from_binary_mirror(
-    install_mockery_mutable_config,
-    mock_packages,
-    mock_fetch,
-    mock_archive,
-    mutable_config,
-    monkeypatch,
-    tmpdir,
+    install_mockery, mock_packages, mock_fetch, mock_archive, mutable_config, monkeypatch, tmpdir
 ):
     """
     Make sure installing compiler from buildcache registers compiler
@@ -992,19 +959,14 @@ def test_compiler_bootstrap_from_binary_mirror(
     # Now make sure that when the compiler is installed from binary mirror,
     # it also gets configured as a compiler.  Test succeeds if it does not
     # raise an error
-    install("--no-check-signature", "--cache-only", "--only", "dependencies", "b%gcc@=10.2.0")
-    install("--no-cache", "--only", "package", "b%gcc@10.2.0")
+    install("--no-check-signature", "--cache-only", "--only", "dependencies", "pkg-b%gcc@=10.2.0")
+    install("--no-cache", "--only", "package", "pkg-b%gcc@10.2.0")
 
 
 @pytest.mark.not_on_windows("ArchSpec gives test platform debian rather than windows")
 @pytest.mark.regression("16221")
 def test_compiler_bootstrap_already_installed(
-    install_mockery_mutable_config,
-    mock_packages,
-    mock_fetch,
-    mock_archive,
-    mutable_config,
-    monkeypatch,
+    install_mockery, mock_packages, mock_fetch, mock_archive, mutable_config, monkeypatch
 ):
     monkeypatch.setattr(spack.concretize.Concretizer, "check_for_compiler_existence", False)
     spack.config.set("config:install_missing_compilers", True)
@@ -1013,7 +975,7 @@ def test_compiler_bootstrap_already_installed(
 
     # Test succeeds if it does not raise an error
     install("gcc@=12.0")
-    install("a%gcc@=12.0")
+    install("pkg-a%gcc@=12.0")
 
 
 def test_install_fails_no_args(tmpdir):
@@ -1104,13 +1066,7 @@ def test_installation_fail_tests(install_mockery, mock_fetch, name, method):
 
 @pytest.mark.not_on_windows("Buildcache not supported on windows")
 def test_install_use_buildcache(
-    capsys,
-    mock_packages,
-    mock_fetch,
-    mock_archive,
-    mock_binary_index,
-    tmpdir,
-    install_mockery_mutable_config,
+    capsys, mock_packages, mock_fetch, mock_archive, mock_binary_index, tmpdir, install_mockery
 ):
     """
     Make sure installing with use-buildcache behaves correctly.
@@ -1183,19 +1139,19 @@ def install_use_buildcache(opt):
 @pytest.mark.not_on_windows("Windows logger I/O operation on closed file when install fails")
 @pytest.mark.regression("34006")
 @pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check
-def test_padded_install_runtests_root(install_mockery_mutable_config, mock_fetch):
+def test_padded_install_runtests_root(install_mockery, mock_fetch):
     spack.config.set("config:install_tree:padded_length", 255)
     output = install("--test=root", "--no-cache", "test-build-callbacks", fail_on_error=False)
     assert output.count("method not implemented") == 1
 
 
 @pytest.mark.regression("35337")
-def test_report_filename_for_cdash(install_mockery_mutable_config, mock_fetch):
+def test_report_filename_for_cdash(install_mockery, mock_fetch):
     """Test that the temporary file used to write the XML for CDash is not the upload URL"""
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     spack.cmd.install.setup_parser(parser)
     args = parser.parse_args(
-        ["--cdash-upload-url", "https://blahblah/submit.php?project=debugging", "a"]
+        ["--cdash-upload-url", "https://blahblah/submit.php?project=debugging", "pkg-a"]
     )
     specs = spack.cmd.install.concrete_specs_from_cli(args, {})
     filename = spack.cmd.install.report_filename(args, specs)