node_flag_propagation_candidate: special cases for multiple node attrs

Compiler flag test still fail

.github/workflows/bootstrap.yml

@@ -159,6 +159,9 @@ jobs:
           brew install cmake bison@2.7 tree
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@b4ffde65f46336ab88eb53be808477a3936bae11
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@65d7f2d534ac1bc67fcd62888c5f4f3d2cb2b236 # @v2
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.12"
       - name: Bootstrap clingo
         run: |
           source share/spack/setup-env.sh

.github/workflows/build-containers.yml

@@ -38,12 +38,11 @@ jobs:
         # Meaning of the various items in the matrix list
         # 0: Container name (e.g. ubuntu-bionic)
         # 1: Platforms to build for
-        # 2: Base image (e.g. ubuntu:18.04)
+        # 2: Base image (e.g. ubuntu:22.04)
         dockerfile: [[amazon-linux, 'linux/amd64,linux/arm64', 'amazonlinux:2'],
                      [centos7, 'linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/ppc64le', 'centos:7'],
                      [centos-stream, 'linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/ppc64le', 'centos:stream'],
                      [leap15, 'linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/ppc64le', 'opensuse/leap:15'],
-                     [ubuntu-bionic, 'linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/ppc64le', 'ubuntu:18.04'],
                      [ubuntu-focal, 'linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/ppc64le', 'ubuntu:20.04'],
                      [ubuntu-jammy, 'linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/ppc64le', 'ubuntu:22.04'],
                      [almalinux8, 'linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/ppc64le', 'almalinux:8'],
@@ -58,18 +57,20 @@ jobs:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@b4ffde65f46336ab88eb53be808477a3936bae11 # @v2
 
-      - name: Set Container Tag Normal (Nightly)
-        run: |
-          container="${{ matrix.dockerfile[0] }}:latest"
-          echo "container=${container}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          echo "versioned=${container}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-
-        # On a new release create a container with the same tag as the release.
-      - name: Set Container Tag on Release
-        if: github.event_name == 'release'
-        run: |
-          versioned="${{matrix.dockerfile[0]}}:${GITHUB_REF##*/}"
-          echo "versioned=${versioned}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - uses: docker/metadata-action@96383f45573cb7f253c731d3b3ab81c87ef81934
+        id: docker_meta
+        with:
+          images: |
+              ghcr.io/${{ github.repository_owner }}/${{ matrix.dockerfile[0] }}
+              ${{ github.repository_owner }}/${{ matrix.dockerfile[0] }}
+          tags: |
+              type=schedule,pattern=nightly
+              type=schedule,pattern=develop
+              type=semver,pattern={{version}}
+              type=semver,pattern={{major}}.{{minor}}
+              type=semver,pattern={{major}}
+              type=ref,event=branch
+              type=ref,event=pr
 
       - name: Generate the Dockerfile
         env:
@@ -92,13 +93,13 @@ jobs:
           path: dockerfiles
 
       - name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@68827325e0b33c7199eb31dd4e31fbe9023e06e3 # @v1
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@68827325e0b33c7199eb31dd4e31fbe9023e06e3
 
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@f95db51fddba0c2d1ec667646a06c2ce06100226 # @v1
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@f95db51fddba0c2d1ec667646a06c2ce06100226
 
       - name: Log in to GitHub Container Registry
-        uses: docker/login-action@343f7c4344506bcbf9b4de18042ae17996df046d # @v1
+        uses: docker/login-action@343f7c4344506bcbf9b4de18042ae17996df046d
         with:
           registry: ghcr.io
           username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -106,21 +107,18 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Log in to DockerHub
         if: github.event_name != 'pull_request'
-        uses: docker/login-action@343f7c4344506bcbf9b4de18042ae17996df046d # @v1
+        uses: docker/login-action@343f7c4344506bcbf9b4de18042ae17996df046d
         with:
           username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
           password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Build & Deploy ${{ matrix.dockerfile[0] }}
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@0565240e2d4ab88bba5387d719585280857ece09 # @v2
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@0565240e2d4ab88bba5387d719585280857ece09
         with:
           context: dockerfiles/${{ matrix.dockerfile[0] }}
           platforms: ${{ matrix.dockerfile[1] }}
           push: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' }}
           cache-from: type=gha
           cache-to: type=gha,mode=max
-          tags: |
-            spack/${{ env.container }}
-            spack/${{ env.versioned }}
-            ghcr.io/spack/${{ env.container }}
-            ghcr.io/spack/${{ env.versioned }}
+          tags: ${{ steps.docker_meta.outputs.tags }}
+          labels: ${{ steps.docker_meta.outputs.labels }}

etc/spack/defaults/config.yaml

@@ -229,3 +229,11 @@ config:
   flags:
     # Whether to keep -Werror flags active in package builds.
     keep_werror: 'none'
+
+  # A mapping of aliases that can be used to define new commands. For instance,
+  # `sp: spec -I` will define a new command `sp` that will execute `spec` with
+  # the `-I` argument. Aliases cannot override existing commands.
+  aliases:
+    concretise: concretize
+    containerise: containerize
+    rm: remove

etc/spack/defaults/modules.yaml

@@ -46,10 +46,12 @@ modules:
     tcl:
       all:
         autoload: direct
+      hide_implicits: true
 
     # Default configurations if lmod is enabled
     lmod:
       all:
         autoload: direct
+      hide_implicits: true
       hierarchy:
         - mpi

lib/spack/docs/basic_usage.rst

@@ -1526,6 +1526,30 @@ any MPI implementation will do.  If another package depends on
 error.  Likewise, if you try to plug in some package that doesn't
 provide MPI, Spack will raise an error.
 
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+Explicit binding of virtual dependencies
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+There are packages that provide more than just one virtual dependency. When interacting with them, users
+might want to utilize just a subset of what they could provide, and use other providers for virtuals they
+need.
+
+It is possible to be more explicit and tell Spack which dependency should provide which virtual, using a
+special syntax:
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+   $ spack spec strumpack ^[virtuals=mpi] intel-parallel-studio+mkl ^[virtuals=lapack] openblas
+
+Concretizing the spec above produces the following DAG:
+
+.. figure:: images/strumpack_virtuals.svg
+   :scale: 60 %
+   :align: center
+
+where ``intel-parallel-studio`` *could* provide ``mpi``, ``lapack``, and ``blas`` but is used only for the former. The ``lapack``
+and ``blas`` dependencies are satisfied by ``openblas``.
+
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 Specifying Specs by Hash
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

lib/spack/docs/binary_caches.rst

@@ -155,6 +155,33 @@ List of popular build caches
 
 * `Extreme-scale Scientific Software Stack (E4S) <https://e4s-project.github.io/>`_: `build cache <https://oaciss.uoregon.edu/e4s/inventory.html>`_
 
+----------
+Relocation
+----------
+
+When using buildcaches across different machines, it is likely that the install
+root will be different from the one used to build the binaries.
+
+To address this issue, Spack automatically relocates all paths encoded in binaries
+and scripts to their new location upon install.
+
+Note that there are some cases where this is not possible: if binaries are built in
+a relatively short path, and then installed to a longer path, there may not be enough
+space in the binary to encode the new path. In this case, Spack will fail to install
+the package from the build cache, and a source build is required.
+
+To reduce the likelihood of this happening, it is highly recommended to add padding to
+the install root during the build, as specified in the :ref:`config <config-yaml>`
+section of the configuration:
+
+.. code-block:: yaml
+
+   config:
+     install_tree:
+       root: /opt/spack
+       padded_length: 128
+
+
 
 -----------------------------------------
 OCI / Docker V2 registries as build cache
@@ -216,29 +243,34 @@ other system dependencies. However, they are still compatible with tools like
     are `alternative drivers <https://docs.docker.com/storage/storagedriver/>`_.
 
 ------------------------------------
-Using a buildcache in GitHub Actions
+Spack build cache for GitHub Actions
 ------------------------------------
 
-GitHub Actions is a popular CI/CD platform for building and testing software,
-but each CI job has limited resources, making from source builds too slow for
-many applications. Spack build caches can be used to share binaries between CI
-runs, speeding up CI significantly.
+To significantly speed up Spack in GitHub Actions, binaries can be cached in
+GitHub Packages. This service is an OCI registry that can be linked to a GitHub
+repository.
 
 A typical workflow is to include a ``spack.yaml`` environment in your repository
-that specifies the packages to install:
+that specifies the packages to install, the target architecture, and the build
+cache to use under ``mirrors``:
 
 .. code-block:: yaml
 
     spack:
-      specs: [pkg-x, pkg-y]
-    packages:
-      all:
-        require: target=x86_64_v2
-    mirrors:
-      github_packages: oci://ghcr.io/<user>/<repo>
+      specs:
+      - python@3.11
+      config:
+        install_tree:
+          root: /opt/spack
+          padded_length: 128
+      packages:
+        all:
+          require: target=x86_64_v2
+      mirrors:
+        local-buildcache: oci://ghcr.io/<organization>/<repository>
 
-And a GitHub action that sets up Spack, installs packages from the build cache
-or from sources, and pushes newly built binaries to the build cache:
+A GitHub action can then be used to install the packages and push them to the
+build cache:
 
 .. code-block:: yaml
 
@@ -252,26 +284,35 @@ or from sources, and pushes newly built binaries to the build cache:
     jobs:
       example:
         runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+        permissions:
+          packages: write
         steps:
         - name: Checkout
           uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
-        - name: Install Spack
-          run: |
-            git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/spack/spack.git
-            echo "$PWD/spack/bin/" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
+        - name: Checkout Spack
+          uses: actions/checkout@v3
+          with:
+            repository: spack/spack
+            path: spack
+
+        - name: Setup Spack
+          run: echo "$PWD/spack/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
         - name: Concretize
           run: spack -e . concretize
 
         - name: Install
-          run: spack -e . install --no-check-signature --fail-fast
+          run: spack -e . install --no-check-signature
+
+        - name: Run tests
+            run: ./my_view/bin/python3 -c 'print("hello world")'
 
         - name: Push to buildcache
           run: |
-            spack -e . mirror set --oci-username <user> --oci-password "${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}" github_packages
-            spack -e . buildcache push --base-image ubuntu:22.04 --unsigned --update-index github_packages
-            if: always()
+            spack -e . mirror set --oci-username ${{ github.actor }} --oci-password "${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}" local-buildcache
+            spack -e . buildcache push --base-image ubuntu:22.04 --unsigned --update-index local-buildcache
+          if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
 
 The first time this action runs, it will build the packages from source and
 push them to the build cache. Subsequent runs will pull the binaries from the
@@ -281,15 +322,15 @@ over source builds.
 The build cache entries appear in the GitHub Packages section of your repository,
 and contain instructions for pulling and running them with ``docker`` or ``podman``.
 
-----------
-Relocation
-----------
 
-Initial build and later installation do not necessarily happen at the same
-location. Spack provides a relocation capability and corrects for RPATHs and
-non-relocatable scripts. However, many packages compile paths into binary
-artifacts directly. In such cases, the build instructions of this package would
-need to be adjusted for better re-locatability.
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+Using Spack's public build cache for GitHub Actions
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Spack offers a public build cache for GitHub Actions with a set of common packages,
+which lets you get started quickly. See the following resources for more information:
+
+* `spack/github-actions-buildcache <https://github.com/spack/github-actions-buildcache>`_
 
 .. _cmd-spack-buildcache:
 

lib/spack/docs/build_settings.rst

@@ -526,56 +526,52 @@ Package Preferences
 In some cases package requirements can be too strong, and package
 preferences are the better option. Package preferences do not impose
 constraints on packages for particular versions or variants values,
-they rather only set defaults -- the concretizer is free to change
-them if it must due to other constraints. Also note that package
-preferences are of lower priority than reuse of already installed
-packages.
+they rather only set defaults. The concretizer is free to change
+them if it must, due to other constraints, and also prefers reusing
+installed packages over building new ones that are a better match for
+preferences.
 
-Here's an example ``packages.yaml`` file that sets preferred packages:
+Most package preferences (``compilers``, ``target`` and ``providers``)
+can only be set globally under the ``all`` section of ``packages.yaml``:
+
+.. code-block:: yaml
+
+   packages:
+     all:
+       compiler: [gcc@12.2.0, clang@12:, oneapi@2023:]
+       target: [x86_64_v3]
+       providers:
+         mpi: [mvapich2, mpich, openmpi]
+
+These preferences override Spack's default and effectively reorder priorities
+when looking for the best compiler, target or virtual package provider. Each
+preference takes an ordered list of spec constraints, with earlier entries in
+the list being preferred over later entries.
+
+In the example above all packages prefer to be compiled with ``gcc@12.2.0``,
+to target the ``x86_64_v3`` microarchitecture and to use ``mvapich2`` if they
+depend on ``mpi``.
+
+The ``variants`` and ``version`` preferences can be set under
+package specific sections of the ``packages.yaml`` file:
 
 .. code-block:: yaml
 
    packages:
      opencv:
-       compiler: [gcc@4.9]
        variants: +debug
      gperftools:
        version: [2.2, 2.4, 2.3]
-     all:
-       compiler: [gcc@4.4.7, 'gcc@4.6:', intel, clang, pgi]
-       target: [sandybridge]
-       providers:
-         mpi: [mvapich2, mpich, openmpi]
 
-At a high level, this example is specifying how packages are preferably
-concretized.  The opencv package should prefer using GCC 4.9 and
-be built with debug options.  The gperftools package should prefer version
-2.2 over 2.4.  Every package on the system should prefer mvapich2 for
-its MPI and GCC 4.4.7 (except for opencv, which overrides this by preferring GCC 4.9).
-These options are used to fill in implicit defaults.  Any of them can be overwritten
-on the command line if explicitly requested.
+In this case, the preference for ``opencv`` is to build with debug options, while
+``gperftools`` prefers version 2.2 over 2.4.
 
-Package preferences accept the follow keys or components under
-the specific package (or ``all``) section: ``compiler``, ``variants``,
-``version``, ``providers``, and ``target``.  Each component has an
-ordered list of spec ``constraints``, with earlier entries in the
-list being preferred over later entries.
+Any preference can be overwritten on the command line if explicitly requested.
 
-Sometimes a package installation may have constraints that forbid
-the first concretization rule, in which case Spack will use the first
-legal concretization rule.  Going back to the example, if a user
-requests gperftools 2.3 or later, then Spack will install version 2.4
-as the 2.4 version of gperftools is preferred over 2.3.
-
-An explicit concretization rule in the preferred section will always
-take preference over unlisted concretizations.  In the above example,
-xlc isn't listed in the compiler list.  Every listed compiler from
-gcc to pgi will thus be preferred over the xlc compiler.
-
-The syntax for the ``provider`` section differs slightly from other
-concretization rules.  A provider lists a value that packages may
-``depends_on`` (e.g, MPI) and a list of rules for fulfilling that
-dependency.
+Preferences cannot overcome explicit constraints, as they only set a preferred
+ordering among homogeneous attribute values. Going back to the example, if
+``gperftools@2.3:`` was requested, then Spack will install version 2.4
+since the most preferred version 2.2 is prohibited by the version constraint.
 
 .. _package_permissions:
 

lib/spack/docs/config_yaml.rst

@@ -304,3 +304,17 @@ To work properly, this requires your terminal to reset its title after
 Spack has finished its work, otherwise Spack's status information will
 remain in the terminal's title indefinitely. Most terminals should already
 be set up this way and clear Spack's status information.
+
+-----------
+``aliases``
+-----------
+
+Aliases can be used to define new Spack commands. They can be either shortcuts
+for longer commands or include specific arguments for convenience. For instance,
+if users want to use ``spack install``'s ``-v`` argument all the time, they can
+create a new alias called ``inst`` that will always call ``install -v``:
+
+.. code-block:: yaml
+
+   aliases:
+     inst: install -v

lib/spack/docs/images/strumpack_virtuals.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
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+<text text-anchor="middle" x="2178.0696" y="-1147.8" font-family="Monaco" font-size="24.00" fill="#000000">netlib-scalapack@2.2.0%gcc@9.4.0/hkcrbrt</text>
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lib/spack/docs/module_file_support.rst

@@ -519,11 +519,11 @@ inspections and customize them per-module-set.
 
   modules:
     prefix_inspections:
-      bin:
+      ./bin:
         - PATH
-      man:
+      ./man:
         - MANPATH
-      '':
+      ./:
         - CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH
 
 Prefix inspections are only applied if the relative path inside the
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ the view.
        view_relative_modules:
          use_view: my_view
        prefix_inspections:
-         bin:
+         ./bin:
            - PATH
      view:
        my_view:

lib/spack/docs/packaging_guide.rst

@@ -2352,7 +2352,7 @@ the following at the command line of a bash shell:
 
 .. code-block:: console
 
-   $ for i in {1..12}; do nohup spack install -j 4 mpich@3.3.2 >> mpich_install.txt 2>&1 &; done
+   $ for i in {1..12}; do nohup spack install -j 4 mpich@3.3.2 >> mpich_install.txt 2>&1 & done
 
 .. note::
 
@@ -2974,6 +2974,33 @@ The ``provides("mpi")`` call tells Spack that the ``mpich`` package
 can be used to satisfy the dependency of any package that
 ``depends_on("mpi")``.
 
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+Providing multiple virtuals simultaneously
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Packages can provide more than one virtual dependency. Sometimes, due to implementation details,
+there are subsets of those virtuals that need to be provided together by the same package.
+
+A well-known example is ``openblas``, which provides both the ``lapack`` and ``blas`` API in a single ``libopenblas``
+library. A package that needs ``lapack`` and ``blas`` must either use ``openblas`` to provide both, or not use
+``openblas`` at all. It cannot pick one or the other.
+
+To express this constraint in a package, the two virtual dependencies must be listed in the same ``provides`` directive:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   provides('blas', 'lapack')
+
+This makes it impossible to select ``openblas`` as a provider for one of the two
+virtual dependencies and not for the other. If you try to, Spack will report an error:
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+   $ spack spec netlib-scalapack  ^[virtuals=lapack] openblas ^[virtuals=blas] atlas
+   ==> Error: concretization failed for the following reasons:
+
+      1. Package 'openblas' needs to provide both 'lapack' and 'blas' together, but provides only 'lapack'
+
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 Versioned Interfaces
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -3476,6 +3503,56 @@ is equivalent to:
 Constraints from nested context managers are also combined together, but they are rarely
 needed or recommended.
 
+.. _default_args:
+
+------------------------
+Common default arguments
+------------------------
+
+Similarly, if directives have a common set of default arguments, you can
+group them together in a ``with default_args()`` block:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   class PyExample(PythonPackage):
+
+       with default_args(type=("build", "run")):
+           depends_on("py-foo")
+           depends_on("py-foo@2:", when="@2:")
+           depends_on("py-bar")
+           depends_on("py-bz")
+
+The above is short for:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   class PyExample(PythonPackage):
+
+       depends_on("py-foo", type=("build", "run"))
+       depends_on("py-foo@2:", when="@2:", type=("build", "run"))
+       depends_on("py-bar", type=("build", "run"))
+       depends_on("py-bz", type=("build", "run"))
+
+.. note::
+
+   The ``with when()`` context manager is composable, while ``with default_args()``
+   merely overrides the default. For example:
+
+   .. code-block:: python
+
+      with default_args(when="+feature"):
+          depends_on("foo")
+          depends_on("bar")
+          depends_on("baz", when="+baz")
+
+   is equivalent to:
+
+   .. code-block:: python
+
+      depends_on("foo", when="+feature")
+      depends_on("bar", when="+feature")
+      depends_on("baz", when="+baz")  # Note: not when="+feature+baz"
+
 .. _install-method:
 
 ------------------

lib/spack/external/__init__.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 * Homepage: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/archspec
 * Usage: Labeling, comparison and detection of microarchitectures
-* Version: 0.2.1 (commit df43a1834460bf94516136951c4729a3100603ec)
+* Version: 0.2.2 (commit 1dc58a5776dd77e6fc6e4ba5626af5b1fb24996e)
 
 astunparse
 ----------------

lib/spack/external/archspec/__init__.py

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 """Init file to avoid namespace packages"""
-__version__ = "0.2.1"
+__version__ = "0.2.2"

lib/spack/external/archspec/json/cpu/microarchitectures.json

@@ -2318,6 +2318,26 @@
         ]
       }
     },
+    "power10": {
+      "from": ["power9"],
+      "vendor": "IBM",
+      "generation": 10,
+      "features": [],
+      "compilers": {
+        "gcc": [
+          {
+            "versions": "11.1:",
+            "flags": "-mcpu={name} -mtune={name}"
+          }
+        ],
+        "clang": [
+          {
+            "versions": "11.0:",
+            "flags": "-mcpu={name} -mtune={name}"
+          }
+        ]
+      }
+    },
     "ppc64le": {
       "from": [],
       "vendor": "generic",
@@ -2405,6 +2425,29 @@
         ]
       }
     },
+    "power10le": {
+      "from": ["power9le"],
+      "vendor": "IBM",
+      "generation": 10,
+      "features": [],
+      "compilers": {
+        "gcc": [
+          {
+            "name": "power10",
+            "versions": "11.1:",
+            "flags": "-mcpu={name} -mtune={name}"
+          }
+        ],
+        "clang": [
+          {
+            "versions": "11.0:",
+            "family": "ppc64le",
+            "name": "power10",
+            "flags": "-mcpu={name} -mtune={name}"
+          }
+        ]
+      }
+    },
     "aarch64": {
       "from": [],
       "vendor": "generic",
@@ -2592,6 +2635,37 @@
         ]
       }
     },
+    "armv9.0a": {
+      "from": ["armv8.5a"],
+      "vendor": "generic",
+      "features": [],
+      "compilers": {
+        "gcc": [
+          {
+            "versions": "12:",
+            "flags": "-march=armv9-a -mtune=generic"
+          }
+        ],
+        "clang": [
+          {
+            "versions": "14:",
+            "flags": "-march=armv9-a -mtune=generic"
+          }
+        ],
+        "apple-clang": [
+          {
+            "versions": ":",
+            "flags": "-march=armv9-a -mtune=generic"
+          }
+        ],
+        "arm": [
+          {
+            "versions": ":",
+            "flags": "-march=armv9-a -mtune=generic"
+          }
+        ]
+      }
+    },
     "thunderx2": {
       "from": ["armv8.1a"],
       "vendor": "Cavium",
@@ -2813,8 +2887,12 @@
           ],
           "arm" : [
               {
-                  "versions": "20:",
+                  "versions": "20:21.9",
                   "flags" : "-march=armv8.2-a+fp16+rcpc+dotprod+crypto"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "22:",
+                  "flags" : "-mcpu=neoverse-n1"
               }
           ],
           "nvhpc" : [
@@ -2942,7 +3020,7 @@
               },
 	            {
                   "versions": "22:",
-                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.4-a+sve+ssbs+fp16+bf16+crypto+i8mm+rng"
+                  "flags" : "-mcpu=neoverse-v1"
               }
           ],
           "nvhpc" : [
@@ -2954,6 +3032,126 @@
           ]
       }
     },
+    "neoverse_v2": {
+      "from": ["neoverse_n1", "armv9.0a"],
+      "vendor": "ARM",
+      "features": [
+          "fp",
+	  "asimd",
+	  "evtstrm",
+	  "aes",
+	  "pmull",
+	  "sha1",
+	  "sha2",
+	  "crc32",
+	  "atomics",
+	  "fphp",
+	  "asimdhp",
+	  "cpuid",
+	  "asimdrdm",
+	  "jscvt",
+	  "fcma",
+	  "lrcpc",
+	  "dcpop",
+	  "sha3",
+	  "sm3",
+	  "sm4",
+	  "asimddp",
+	  "sha512",
+	  "sve",
+	  "asimdfhm",
+	  "dit",
+	  "uscat",
+	  "ilrcpc",
+	  "flagm",
+	  "ssbs",
+	  "sb",
+	  "paca",
+	  "pacg",
+	  "dcpodp",
+	  "sve2",
+	  "sveaes",
+	  "svepmull",
+	  "svebitperm",
+	  "svesha3",
+	  "svesm4",
+	  "flagm2",
+	  "frint",
+	  "svei8mm",
+	  "svebf16",
+	  "i8mm",
+	  "bf16",
+	  "dgh",
+	  "bti"
+      ],
+      "compilers" : {
+          "gcc": [
+              {
+                  "versions": "4.8:5.99",
+                  "flags": "-march=armv8-a"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "6:6.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.1-a"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "7.0:7.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.2-a -mtune=cortex-a72"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "8.0:8.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.4-a+sve -mtune=cortex-a72"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "9.0:9.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.5-a+sve -mtune=cortex-a76"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "10.0:11.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.5-a+sve+sve2+i8mm+bf16 -mtune=cortex-a77"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "12.0:12.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv9-a+i8mm+bf16 -mtune=cortex-a710"
+              },
+	      {
+                  "versions": "13.0:",
+                  "flags" : "-mcpu=neoverse-v2"
+              }
+          ],
+          "clang" : [
+              {
+                  "versions": "9.0:10.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.5-a+sve"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "11.0:13.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.5-a+sve+sve2+i8mm+bf16"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "14.0:15.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv9-a+i8mm+bf16"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "16.0:",
+                  "flags" : "-mcpu=neoverse-v2"
+              }
+          ],
+          "arm" : [
+              {
+                  "versions": "23.04.0:",
+                  "flags" : "-mcpu=neoverse-v2"
+              }
+          ],
+          "nvhpc" : [
+              {
+                  "versions": "23.3:",
+                  "name": "neoverse-v2",
+                  "flags": "-tp {name}"
+              }
+          ]
+      }
+    },
     "m1": {
       "from": ["armv8.4a"],
       "vendor": "Apple",

lib/spack/spack/bootstrap/config.py

@@ -143,7 +143,9 @@ def _bootstrap_config_scopes() -> Sequence["spack.config.ConfigScope"]:
 def _add_compilers_if_missing() -> None:
     arch = spack.spec.ArchSpec.frontend_arch()
     if not spack.compilers.compilers_for_arch(arch):
-        new_compilers = spack.compilers.find_new_compilers()
+        new_compilers = spack.compilers.find_new_compilers(
+            mixed_toolchain=sys.platform == "darwin"
+        )
         if new_compilers:
             spack.compilers.add_compilers_to_config(new_compilers, init_config=False)
 

lib/spack/spack/bootstrap/core.py

@@ -291,6 +291,10 @@ def try_import(self, module: str, abstract_spec_str: str) -> bool:
         with spack_python_interpreter():
             # Add hint to use frontend operating system on Cray
             concrete_spec = spack.spec.Spec(abstract_spec_str + " ^" + spec_for_current_python())
+            # This is needed to help the old concretizer taking the `setuptools` dependency
+            # only when bootstrapping from sources on Python 3.12
+            if spec_for_current_python() == "python@3.12":
+                concrete_spec.constrain("+force_setuptools")
 
             if module == "clingo":
                 # TODO: remove when the old concretizer is deprecated  # pylint: disable=fixme

lib/spack/spack/build_environment.py

@@ -1016,10 +1016,17 @@ def get_env_modifications(self) -> EnvironmentModifications:
                 self._make_runnable(dspec, env)
 
             if self.should_setup_run_env & flag:
+                run_env_mods = EnvironmentModifications()
                 for spec in dspec.dependents(deptype=dt.LINK | dt.RUN):
                     if id(spec) in self.nodes_in_subdag:
-                        pkg.setup_dependent_run_environment(env, spec)
-                pkg.setup_run_environment(env)
+                        pkg.setup_dependent_run_environment(run_env_mods, spec)
+                pkg.setup_run_environment(run_env_mods)
+                if self.context == Context.BUILD:
+                    # Don't let the runtime environment of comiler like dependencies leak into the
+                    # build env
+                    run_env_mods.drop("CC", "CXX", "F77", "FC")
+                env.extend(run_env_mods)
+
         return env
 
     def _make_buildtime_detectable(self, dep: spack.spec.Spec, env: EnvironmentModifications):

lib/spack/spack/ci.py

@@ -46,7 +46,22 @@
 from spack.reporters import CDash, CDashConfiguration
 from spack.reporters.cdash import build_stamp as cdash_build_stamp
 
-JOB_RETRY_CONDITIONS = ["always"]
+# See https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/yaml/#retry for descriptions of conditions
+JOB_RETRY_CONDITIONS = [
+    # "always",
+    "unknown_failure",
+    "script_failure",
+    "api_failure",
+    "stuck_or_timeout_failure",
+    "runner_system_failure",
+    "runner_unsupported",
+    "stale_schedule",
+    # "job_execution_timeout",
+    "archived_failure",
+    "unmet_prerequisites",
+    "scheduler_failure",
+    "data_integrity_failure",
+]
 
 TEMP_STORAGE_MIRROR_NAME = "ci_temporary_mirror"
 SPACK_RESERVED_TAGS = ["public", "protected", "notary"]

lib/spack/spack/cmd/commands.py

@@ -796,7 +796,9 @@ def names(args: Namespace, out: IO) -> None:
     commands = copy.copy(spack.cmd.all_commands())
 
     if args.aliases:
-        commands.extend(spack.main.aliases.keys())
+        aliases = spack.config.get("config:aliases")
+        if aliases:
+            commands.extend(aliases.keys())
 
     colify(commands, output=out)
 
@@ -812,8 +814,10 @@ def bash(args: Namespace, out: IO) -> None:
     parser = spack.main.make_argument_parser()
     spack.main.add_all_commands(parser)
 
-    aliases = ";".join(f"{key}:{val}" for key, val in spack.main.aliases.items())
-    out.write(f'SPACK_ALIASES="{aliases}"\n\n')
+    aliases_config = spack.config.get("config:aliases")
+    if aliases_config:
+        aliases = ";".join(f"{key}:{val}" for key, val in aliases_config.items())
+        out.write(f'SPACK_ALIASES="{aliases}"\n\n')
 
     writer = BashCompletionWriter(parser.prog, out, args.aliases)
     writer.write(parser)

lib/spack/spack/cmd/compiler.py

@@ -31,6 +31,19 @@ def setup_parser(subparser):
         aliases=["add"],
         help="search the system for compilers to add to Spack configuration",
     )
+    mixed_toolchain_group = find_parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
+    mixed_toolchain_group.add_argument(
+        "--mixed-toolchain",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=sys.platform == "darwin",
+        help="Allow mixed toolchains (for example: clang, clang++, gfortran)",
+    )
+    mixed_toolchain_group.add_argument(
+        "--no-mixed-toolchain",
+        action="store_false",
+        dest="mixed_toolchain",
+        help="Do not allow mixed toolchains (for example: clang, clang++, gfortran)",
+    )
     find_parser.add_argument("add_paths", nargs=argparse.REMAINDER)
     find_parser.add_argument(
         "--scope",
@@ -86,7 +99,9 @@ def compiler_find(args):
 
     # Below scope=None because we want new compilers that don't appear
     # in any other configuration.
-    new_compilers = spack.compilers.find_new_compilers(paths, scope=None)
+    new_compilers = spack.compilers.find_new_compilers(
+        paths, scope=None, mixed_toolchain=args.mixed_toolchain
+    )
     if new_compilers:
         spack.compilers.add_compilers_to_config(new_compilers, scope=args.scope, init_config=False)
         n = len(new_compilers)

lib/spack/spack/cmd/config.py

@@ -407,7 +407,9 @@ def config_prefer_upstream(args):
     pkgs = {}
     for spec in pref_specs:
         # Collect all the upstream compilers and versions for this package.
-        pkg = pkgs.get(spec.name, {"version": [], "compiler": []})
+        pkg = pkgs.get(spec.name, {"version": []})
+        all = pkgs.get("all", {"compiler": []})
+        pkgs["all"] = all
         pkgs[spec.name] = pkg
 
         # We have no existing variant if this is our first added version.
@@ -418,8 +420,8 @@ def config_prefer_upstream(args):
             pkg["version"].append(version)
 
         compiler = str(spec.compiler)
-        if compiler not in pkg["compiler"]:
-            pkg["compiler"].append(compiler)
+        if compiler not in all["compiler"]:
+            all["compiler"].append(compiler)
 
         # Get and list all the variants that differ from the default.
         variants = []

lib/spack/spack/cmd/dev_build.py

@@ -99,10 +99,7 @@ def dev_build(self, args):
 
     spec = specs[0]
     if not spack.repo.PATH.exists(spec.name):
-        tty.die(
-            "No package for '{0}' was found.".format(spec.name),
-            "  Use `spack create` to create a new package",
-        )
+        raise spack.repo.UnknownPackageError(spec.name)
 
     if not spec.versions.concrete_range_as_version:
         tty.die(

lib/spack/spack/cmd/edit.py

@@ -43,10 +43,7 @@ def edit_package(name, repo_path, namespace):
         if not os.access(path, os.R_OK):
             tty.die("Insufficient permissions on '%s'!" % path)
     else:
-        tty.die(
-            "No package for '{0}' was found.".format(spec.name),
-            "  Use `spack create` to create a new package",
-        )
+        raise spack.repo.UnknownPackageError(spec.name)
 
     editor(path)
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/env.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 import argparse
 import os
+import shlex
 import shutil
 import sys
 import tempfile
@@ -144,10 +145,13 @@ def create_temp_env_directory():
     return tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="spack-")
 
 
-def env_activate(args):
-    if not args.activate_env and not args.dir and not args.temp:
-        tty.die("spack env activate requires an environment name, directory, or --temp")
+def _tty_info(msg):
+    """tty.info like function that prints the equivalent printf statement for eval."""
+    decorated = f'{colorize("@*b{==>}")} {msg}\n'
+    print(f"printf {shlex.quote(decorated)};")
 
+
+def env_activate(args):
     if not args.shell:
         spack.cmd.common.shell_init_instructions(
             "spack env activate", "    eval `spack env activate {sh_arg} [...]`"
@@ -160,12 +164,25 @@ def env_activate(args):
 
     env_name_or_dir = args.activate_env or args.dir
 
+    # When executing `spack env activate` without further arguments, activate
+    # the default environment. It's created when it doesn't exist yet.
+    if not env_name_or_dir and not args.temp:
+        short_name = "default"
+        if not ev.exists(short_name):
+            ev.create(short_name)
+            action = "Created and activated"
+        else:
+            action = "Activated"
+        env_path = ev.root(short_name)
+        _tty_info(f"{action} default environment in {env_path}")
+
     # Temporary environment
-    if args.temp:
+    elif args.temp:
         env = create_temp_env_directory()
         env_path = os.path.abspath(env)
         short_name = os.path.basename(env_path)
         ev.create_in_dir(env).write(regenerate=False)
+        _tty_info(f"Created and activated temporary environment in {env_path}")
 
     # Managed environment
     elif ev.exists(env_name_or_dir) and not args.dir:
@@ -385,7 +402,7 @@ def env_remove(args):
         try:
             env = ev.read(env_name)
             read_envs.append(env)
-        except spack.config.ConfigFormatError:
+        except (spack.config.ConfigFormatError, ev.SpackEnvironmentConfigError):
             bad_envs.append(env_name)
 
     if not args.yes_to_all:
@@ -553,8 +570,8 @@ def env_update_setup_parser(subparser):
 def env_update(args):
     manifest_file = ev.manifest_file(args.update_env)
     backup_file = manifest_file + ".bkp"
-    needs_update = not ev.is_latest_format(manifest_file)
 
+    needs_update = not ev.is_latest_format(manifest_file)
     if not needs_update:
         tty.msg('No update needed for the environment "{0}"'.format(args.update_env))
         return
@@ -672,18 +689,31 @@ def env_depfile(args):
     # Currently only make is supported.
     spack.cmd.require_active_env(cmd_name="env depfile")
 
+    env = ev.active_environment()
+
     # What things do we build when running make? By default, we build the
     # root specs. If specific specs are provided as input, we build those.
     filter_specs = spack.cmd.parse_specs(args.specs) if args.specs else None
     template = spack.tengine.make_environment().get_template(os.path.join("depfile", "Makefile"))
     model = depfile.MakefileModel.from_env(
-        ev.active_environment(),
+        env,
         filter_specs=filter_specs,
         pkg_buildcache=depfile.UseBuildCache.from_string(args.use_buildcache[0]),
         dep_buildcache=depfile.UseBuildCache.from_string(args.use_buildcache[1]),
         make_prefix=args.make_prefix,
         jobserver=args.jobserver,
     )
+
+    # Warn in case we're generating a depfile for an empty environment. We don't automatically
+    # concretize; the user should do that explicitly. Could be changed in the future if requested.
+    if model.empty:
+        if not env.user_specs:
+            tty.warn("no specs in the environment")
+        elif filter_specs is not None:
+            tty.warn("no concrete matching specs found in environment")
+        else:
+            tty.warn("environment is not concretized. Run `spack concretize` first")
+
     makefile = template.render(model.to_dict())
 
     # Finally write to stdout/file.

lib/spack/spack/cmd/tutorial.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 
 
 # tutorial configuration parameters
-tutorial_branch = "releases/v0.20"
+tutorial_branch = "releases/v0.21"
 tutorial_mirror = "file:///mirror"
 tutorial_key = os.path.join(spack.paths.share_path, "keys", "tutorial.pub")
 

lib/spack/spack/compilers/__init__.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 import itertools
 import multiprocessing.pool
 import os
-from typing import Dict, List
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
 
 import archspec.cpu
 
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import spack.compiler
 import spack.config
 import spack.error
+import spack.operating_systems
 import spack.paths
 import spack.platforms
 import spack.spec
@@ -223,13 +224,16 @@ def all_compiler_specs(scope=None, init_config=True):
     ]
 
 
-def find_compilers(path_hints=None):
+def find_compilers(
+    path_hints: Optional[List[str]] = None, *, mixed_toolchain=False
+) -> List["spack.compiler.Compiler"]:
     """Return the list of compilers found in the paths given as arguments.
 
     Args:
-        path_hints (list or None): list of path hints where to look for.
-            A sensible default based on the ``PATH`` environment variable
-            will be used if the value is None
+        path_hints: list of path hints where to look for. A sensible default based on the ``PATH``
+            environment variable will be used if the value is None
+        mixed_toolchain: allow mixing compilers from different toolchains if otherwise missing for
+            a certain language
     """
     if path_hints is None:
         path_hints = get_path("PATH")
@@ -250,7 +254,7 @@ def find_compilers(path_hints=None):
     finally:
         tp.close()
 
-    def valid_version(item):
+    def valid_version(item: Tuple[Optional[DetectVersionArgs], Optional[str]]) -> bool:
         value, error = item
         if error is None:
             return True
@@ -262,25 +266,37 @@ def valid_version(item):
             pass
         return False
 
-    def remove_errors(item):
+    def remove_errors(
+        item: Tuple[Optional[DetectVersionArgs], Optional[str]]
+    ) -> DetectVersionArgs:
         value, _ = item
+        assert value is not None
         return value
 
-    return make_compiler_list(map(remove_errors, filter(valid_version, detected_versions)))
+    return make_compiler_list(
+        [remove_errors(detected) for detected in detected_versions if valid_version(detected)],
+        mixed_toolchain=mixed_toolchain,
+    )
 
 
-def find_new_compilers(path_hints=None, scope=None):
+def find_new_compilers(
+    path_hints: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+    scope: Optional[str] = None,
+    *,
+    mixed_toolchain: bool = False,
+):
     """Same as ``find_compilers`` but return only the compilers that are not
     already in compilers.yaml.
 
     Args:
-        path_hints (list or None): list of path hints where to look for.
-            A sensible default based on the ``PATH`` environment variable
-            will be used if the value is None
-        scope (str): scope to look for a compiler. If None consider the
-            merged configuration.
+        path_hints: list of path hints where to look for. A sensible default based on the ``PATH``
+            environment variable will be used if the value is None
+        scope: scope to look for a compiler. If None consider the merged configuration.
+        mixed_toolchain: allow mixing compilers from different toolchains if otherwise missing for
+            a certain language
     """
-    compilers = find_compilers(path_hints)
+    compilers = find_compilers(path_hints, mixed_toolchain=mixed_toolchain)
+
     return select_new_compilers(compilers, scope)
 
 
@@ -638,7 +654,9 @@ def all_compiler_types():
 )
 
 
-def arguments_to_detect_version_fn(operating_system, paths):
+def arguments_to_detect_version_fn(
+    operating_system: spack.operating_systems.OperatingSystem, paths: List[str]
+) -> List[DetectVersionArgs]:
     """Returns a list of DetectVersionArgs tuples to be used in a
     corresponding function to detect compiler versions.
 
@@ -646,8 +664,7 @@ def arguments_to_detect_version_fn(operating_system, paths):
     function by providing a method called with the same name.
 
     Args:
-        operating_system (spack.operating_systems.OperatingSystem): the operating system
-            on which we are looking for compilers
+        operating_system: the operating system on which we are looking for compilers
         paths: paths to search for compilers
 
     Returns:
@@ -656,10 +673,10 @@ def arguments_to_detect_version_fn(operating_system, paths):
         compilers in this OS.
     """
 
-    def _default(search_paths):
-        command_arguments = []
+    def _default(search_paths: List[str]) -> List[DetectVersionArgs]:
+        command_arguments: List[DetectVersionArgs] = []
         files_to_be_tested = fs.files_in(*search_paths)
-        for compiler_name in spack.compilers.supported_compilers_for_host_platform():
+        for compiler_name in supported_compilers_for_host_platform():
             compiler_cls = class_for_compiler_name(compiler_name)
 
             for language in ("cc", "cxx", "f77", "fc"):
@@ -684,7 +701,9 @@ def _default(search_paths):
     return fn(paths)
 
 
-def detect_version(detect_version_args):
+def detect_version(
+    detect_version_args: DetectVersionArgs,
+) -> Tuple[Optional[DetectVersionArgs], Optional[str]]:
     """Computes the version of a compiler and adds it to the information
     passed as input.
 
@@ -693,8 +712,7 @@ def detect_version(detect_version_args):
     needs to be checked by the code dispatching the calls.
 
     Args:
-        detect_version_args (DetectVersionArgs): information on the
-            compiler for which we should detect the version.
+        detect_version_args: information on the compiler for which we should detect the version.
 
     Returns:
         A ``(DetectVersionArgs, error)`` tuple. If ``error`` is ``None`` the
@@ -710,7 +728,7 @@ def _default(fn_args):
         path = fn_args.path
 
         # Get compiler names and the callback to detect their versions
-        callback = getattr(compiler_cls, "{0}_version".format(language))
+        callback = getattr(compiler_cls, f"{language}_version")
 
         try:
             version = callback(path)
@@ -736,13 +754,15 @@ def _default(fn_args):
     return fn(detect_version_args)
 
 
-def make_compiler_list(detected_versions):
+def make_compiler_list(
+    detected_versions: List[DetectVersionArgs], mixed_toolchain: bool = False
+) -> List["spack.compiler.Compiler"]:
     """Process a list of detected versions and turn them into a list of
     compiler specs.
 
     Args:
-        detected_versions (list): list of DetectVersionArgs containing a
-            valid version
+        detected_versions: list of DetectVersionArgs containing a valid version
+        mixed_toolchain: allow mixing compilers from different toolchains if langauge is missing
 
     Returns:
         list: list of Compiler objects
@@ -751,7 +771,7 @@ def make_compiler_list(detected_versions):
     sorted_compilers = sorted(detected_versions, key=group_fn)
 
     # Gather items in a dictionary by the id, name variation and language
-    compilers_d = {}
+    compilers_d: Dict[CompilerID, Dict[NameVariation, dict]] = {}
     for sort_key, group in itertools.groupby(sorted_compilers, key=group_fn):
         compiler_id, name_variation, language = sort_key
         by_compiler_id = compilers_d.setdefault(compiler_id, {})
@@ -760,7 +780,7 @@ def make_compiler_list(detected_versions):
 
     def _default_make_compilers(cmp_id, paths):
         operating_system, compiler_name, version = cmp_id
-        compiler_cls = spack.compilers.class_for_compiler_name(compiler_name)
+        compiler_cls = class_for_compiler_name(compiler_name)
         spec = spack.spec.CompilerSpec(compiler_cls.name, f"={version}")
         paths = [paths.get(x, None) for x in ("cc", "cxx", "f77", "fc")]
         # TODO: johnwparent - revist the following line as per discussion at:
@@ -782,13 +802,14 @@ def _default_make_compilers(cmp_id, paths):
         getattr(variation, "suffix", None),
     )
 
-    compilers = []
+    # Flatten to a list of compiler id, primary variation and compiler dictionary
+    flat_compilers: List[Tuple[CompilerID, NameVariation, dict]] = []
     for compiler_id, by_compiler_id in compilers_d.items():
         ordered = sorted(by_compiler_id, key=sort_fn)
         selected_variation = ordered[0]
         selected = by_compiler_id[selected_variation]
 
-        # fill any missing parts from subsequent entries
+        # Fill any missing parts from subsequent entries (without mixing toolchains)
         for lang in ["cxx", "f77", "fc"]:
             if lang not in selected:
                 next_lang = next(
@@ -797,14 +818,63 @@ def _default_make_compilers(cmp_id, paths):
                 if next_lang:
                     selected[lang] = next_lang
 
-        operating_system, _, _ = compiler_id
-        make_compilers = getattr(operating_system, "make_compilers", _default_make_compilers)
+        flat_compilers.append((compiler_id, selected_variation, selected))
 
-        compilers.extend(make_compilers(compiler_id, selected))
+    # Next, fill out the blanks of missing compilers by creating a mixed toolchain (if requested)
+    if mixed_toolchain:
+        make_mixed_toolchain(flat_compilers)
+
+    # Finally, create the compiler list
+    compilers = []
+    for compiler_id, _, compiler in flat_compilers:
+        make_compilers = getattr(compiler_id.os, "make_compilers", _default_make_compilers)
+        compilers.extend(make_compilers(compiler_id, compiler))
 
     return compilers
 
 
+def make_mixed_toolchain(compilers: List[Tuple[CompilerID, NameVariation, dict]]) -> None:
+    """Add missing compilers across toolchains when they are missing for a particular language.
+    This currently only adds the most sensible gfortran to (apple)-clang if it doesn't have a
+    fortran compiler (no flang)."""
+
+    # First collect the clangs that are missing a fortran compiler
+    clangs_without_flang = [
+        (id, variation, compiler)
+        for id, variation, compiler in compilers
+        if id.compiler_name in ("clang", "apple-clang")
+        and "f77" not in compiler
+        and "fc" not in compiler
+    ]
+    if not clangs_without_flang:
+        return
+
+    # Filter on GCCs with fortran compiler
+    gccs_with_fortran = [
+        (id, variation, compiler)
+        for id, variation, compiler in compilers
+        if id.compiler_name == "gcc" and "f77" in compiler and "fc" in compiler
+    ]
+
+    # Sort these GCCs by "best variation" (no prefix / suffix first)
+    gccs_with_fortran.sort(
+        key=lambda x: (getattr(x[1], "prefix", None), getattr(x[1], "suffix", None))
+    )
+
+    # Attach the optimal GCC fortran compiler to the clangs that don't have one
+    for clang_id, _, clang_compiler in clangs_without_flang:
+        gcc_compiler = next(
+            (gcc[2] for gcc in gccs_with_fortran if gcc[0].os == clang_id.os), None
+        )
+
+        if not gcc_compiler:
+            continue
+
+        # Update the fc / f77 entries
+        clang_compiler["f77"] = gcc_compiler["f77"]
+        clang_compiler["fc"] = gcc_compiler["fc"]
+
+
 def is_mixed_toolchain(compiler):
     """Returns True if the current compiler is a mixed toolchain,
     False otherwise.

lib/spack/spack/compilers/aocc.py

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 
 import os
 import re
-import sys
 
 import llnl.util.lang
 
@@ -114,17 +113,6 @@ def extract_version_from_output(cls, output):
             return ".".join(match.groups())
         return "unknown"
 
-    @classmethod
-    def fc_version(cls, fortran_compiler):
-        if sys.platform == "darwin":
-            return cls.default_version("clang")
-
-        return cls.default_version(fortran_compiler)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def f77_version(cls, f77):
-        return cls.fc_version(f77)
-
     @property
     def stdcxx_libs(self):
         return ("-lstdc++",)

lib/spack/spack/compilers/clang.py

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 
 import os
 import re
-import sys
 
 import llnl.util.lang
 
@@ -39,10 +38,10 @@ class Clang(Compiler):
     cxx_names = ["clang++"]
 
     # Subclasses use possible names of Fortran 77 compiler
-    f77_names = ["flang", "gfortran", "xlf_r"]
+    f77_names = ["flang"]
 
     # Subclasses use possible names of Fortran 90 compiler
-    fc_names = ["flang", "gfortran", "xlf90_r"]
+    fc_names = ["flang"]
 
     version_argument = "--version"
 
@@ -182,16 +181,3 @@ def extract_version_from_output(cls, output):
         if match:
             ver = match.group(match.lastindex)
         return ver
-
-    @classmethod
-    def fc_version(cls, fc):
-        # We could map from gcc/gfortran version to clang version, but on macOS
-        # we normally mix any version of gfortran with any version of clang.
-        if sys.platform == "darwin":
-            return cls.default_version("clang")
-        else:
-            return cls.default_version(fc)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def f77_version(cls, f77):
-        return cls.fc_version(f77)

lib/spack/spack/config.py

@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@
 SECTION_SCHEMAS = {
     "compilers": spack.schema.compilers.schema,
     "concretizer": spack.schema.concretizer.schema,
+    "definitions": spack.schema.definitions.schema,
     "mirrors": spack.schema.mirrors.schema,
     "repos": spack.schema.repos.schema,
     "packages": spack.schema.packages.schema,
@@ -994,6 +995,7 @@ def read_config_file(filename, schema=None):
                 key = next(iter(data))
                 schema = _ALL_SCHEMAS[key]
             validate(data, schema)
+
         return data
 
     except StopIteration:

lib/spack/spack/database.py

@@ -1522,14 +1522,18 @@ def _query(
         # TODO: like installed and known that can be queried?  Or are
         # TODO: these really special cases that only belong here?
 
-        # Just look up concrete specs with hashes; no fancy search.
-        if isinstance(query_spec, spack.spec.Spec) and query_spec.concrete:
-            # TODO: handling of hashes restriction is not particularly elegant.
-            hash_key = query_spec.dag_hash()
-            if hash_key in self._data and (not hashes or hash_key in hashes):
-                return [self._data[hash_key].spec]
-            else:
-                return []
+        if query_spec is not any:
+            if not isinstance(query_spec, spack.spec.Spec):
+                query_spec = spack.spec.Spec(query_spec)
+
+            # Just look up concrete specs with hashes; no fancy search.
+            if query_spec.concrete:
+                # TODO: handling of hashes restriction is not particularly elegant.
+                hash_key = query_spec.dag_hash()
+                if hash_key in self._data and (not hashes or hash_key in hashes):
+                    return [self._data[hash_key].spec]
+                else:
+                    return []
 
         # Abstract specs require more work -- currently we test
         # against everything.
@@ -1537,6 +1541,9 @@ def _query(
         start_date = start_date or datetime.datetime.min
         end_date = end_date or datetime.datetime.max
 
+        # save specs whose name doesn't match for last, to avoid a virtual check
+        deferred = []
+
         for key, rec in self._data.items():
             if hashes is not None and rec.spec.dag_hash() not in hashes:
                 continue
@@ -1561,8 +1568,26 @@ def _query(
                 if not (start_date < inst_date < end_date):
                     continue
 
-            if query_spec is any or rec.spec.satisfies(query_spec):
+            if query_spec is any:
                 results.append(rec.spec)
+                continue
+
+            # check anon specs and exact name matches first
+            if not query_spec.name or rec.spec.name == query_spec.name:
+                if rec.spec.satisfies(query_spec):
+                    results.append(rec.spec)
+
+            # save potential virtual matches for later, but not if we already found a match
+            elif not results:
+                deferred.append(rec.spec)
+
+        # Checking for virtuals is expensive, so we save it for last and only if needed.
+        # If we get here, we didn't find anything in the DB that matched by name.
+        # If we did fine something, the query spec can't be virtual b/c we matched an actual
+        # package installation, so skip the virtual check entirely. If we *didn't* find anything,
+        # check all the deferred specs *if* the query is virtual.
+        if not results and query_spec is not any and deferred and query_spec.virtual:
+            results = [spec for spec in deferred if spec.satisfies(query_spec)]
 
         return results
 

lib/spack/spack/detection/path.py

@@ -15,9 +15,12 @@
 from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Set, Tuple
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem
+import llnl.util.lang
 import llnl.util.tty
 
+import spack.util.elf as elf_utils
 import spack.util.environment
+import spack.util.environment as environment
 import spack.util.ld_so_conf
 
 from .common import (
@@ -57,6 +60,11 @@ def common_windows_package_paths(pkg_cls=None) -> List[str]:
     return paths
 
 
+def file_identifier(path):
+    s = os.stat(path)
+    return (s.st_dev, s.st_ino)
+
+
 def executables_in_path(path_hints: List[str]) -> Dict[str, str]:
     """Get the paths of all executables available from the current PATH.
 
@@ -75,12 +83,40 @@ def executables_in_path(path_hints: List[str]) -> Dict[str, str]:
     return path_to_dict(search_paths)
 
 
+def get_elf_compat(path):
+    """For ELF files, get a triplet (EI_CLASS, EI_DATA, e_machine) and see if
+    it is host-compatible."""
+    # On ELF platforms supporting, we try to be a bit smarter when it comes to shared
+    # libraries, by dropping those that are not host compatible.
+    with open(path, "rb") as f:
+        elf = elf_utils.parse_elf(f, only_header=True)
+        return (elf.is_64_bit, elf.is_little_endian, elf.elf_hdr.e_machine)
+
+
+def accept_elf(path, host_compat):
+    """Accept an ELF file if the header matches the given compat triplet,
+    obtained with :py:func:`get_elf_compat`. In case it's not an ELF (e.g.
+    static library, or some arbitrary file, fall back to is_readable_file)."""
+    # Fast path: assume libraries at least have .so in their basename.
+    # Note: don't replace with splitext, because of libsmth.so.1.2.3 file names.
+    if ".so" not in os.path.basename(path):
+        return llnl.util.filesystem.is_readable_file(path)
+    try:
+        return host_compat == get_elf_compat(path)
+    except (OSError, elf_utils.ElfParsingError):
+        return llnl.util.filesystem.is_readable_file(path)
+
+
 def libraries_in_ld_and_system_library_path(
     path_hints: Optional[List[str]] = None,
 ) -> Dict[str, str]:
-    """Get the paths of all libraries available from LD_LIBRARY_PATH,
-    LIBRARY_PATH, DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH, DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH, and
-    standard system library paths.
+    """Get the paths of all libraries available from ``path_hints`` or the
+    following defaults:
+
+    - Environment variables (Linux: ``LD_LIBRARY_PATH``, Darwin: ``DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH``,
+      and ``DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH``)
+    - Dynamic linker default paths (glibc: ld.so.conf, musl: ld-musl-<arch>.path)
+    - Default system library paths.
 
     For convenience, this is constructed as a dictionary where the keys are
     the library paths and the values are the names of the libraries
@@ -94,17 +130,45 @@ def libraries_in_ld_and_system_library_path(
             constructed based on the set of LD_LIBRARY_PATH, LIBRARY_PATH,
             DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH, and DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH environment
             variables as well as the standard system library paths.
+        path_hints (list): list of paths to be searched. If ``None``, the default
+            system paths are used.
     """
-    default_lib_search_paths = (
-        spack.util.environment.get_path("LD_LIBRARY_PATH")
-        + spack.util.environment.get_path("DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH")
-        + spack.util.environment.get_path("DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH")
-        + spack.util.ld_so_conf.host_dynamic_linker_search_paths()
-    )
-    path_hints = path_hints if path_hints is not None else default_lib_search_paths
+    if path_hints:
+        search_paths = llnl.util.filesystem.search_paths_for_libraries(*path_hints)
+    else:
+        search_paths = []
 
-    search_paths = llnl.util.filesystem.search_paths_for_libraries(*path_hints)
-    return path_to_dict(search_paths)
+        # Environment variables
+        if sys.platform == "darwin":
+            search_paths.extend(environment.get_path("DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH"))
+            search_paths.extend(environment.get_path("DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH"))
+        elif sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+            search_paths.extend(environment.get_path("LD_LIBRARY_PATH"))
+
+        # Dynamic linker paths
+        search_paths.extend(spack.util.ld_so_conf.host_dynamic_linker_search_paths())
+
+        # Drop redundant paths
+        search_paths = list(filter(os.path.isdir, search_paths))
+
+    # Make use we don't doubly list /usr/lib and /lib etc
+    search_paths = list(llnl.util.lang.dedupe(search_paths, key=file_identifier))
+
+    try:
+        host_compat = get_elf_compat(sys.executable)
+        accept = lambda path: accept_elf(path, host_compat)
+    except (OSError, elf_utils.ElfParsingError):
+        accept = llnl.util.filesystem.is_readable_file
+
+    path_to_lib = {}
+    # Reverse order of search directories so that a lib in the first
+    # search path entry overrides later entries
+    for search_path in reversed(search_paths):
+        for lib in os.listdir(search_path):
+            lib_path = os.path.join(search_path, lib)
+            if accept(lib_path):
+                path_to_lib[lib_path] = lib
+    return path_to_lib
 
 
 def libraries_in_windows_paths(path_hints: Optional[List[str]] = None) -> Dict[str, str]:

lib/spack/spack/directives.py

@@ -137,6 +137,7 @@ class DirectiveMeta(type):
     _directive_dict_names: Set[str] = set()
     _directives_to_be_executed: List[str] = []
     _when_constraints_from_context: List[str] = []
+    _default_args: List[dict] = []
 
     def __new__(cls, name, bases, attr_dict):
         # Initialize the attribute containing the list of directives
@@ -199,6 +200,16 @@ def pop_from_context():
         """Pop the last constraint from the context"""
         return DirectiveMeta._when_constraints_from_context.pop()
 
+    @staticmethod
+    def push_default_args(default_args):
+        """Push default arguments"""
+        DirectiveMeta._default_args.append(default_args)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def pop_default_args():
+        """Pop default arguments"""
+        return DirectiveMeta._default_args.pop()
+
     @staticmethod
     def directive(dicts=None):
         """Decorator for Spack directives.
@@ -259,7 +270,13 @@ def _decorator(decorated_function):
             directive_names.append(decorated_function.__name__)
 
             @functools.wraps(decorated_function)
-            def _wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            def _wrapper(*args, **_kwargs):
+                # First merge default args with kwargs
+                kwargs = dict()
+                for default_args in DirectiveMeta._default_args:
+                    kwargs.update(default_args)
+                kwargs.update(_kwargs)
+
                 # Inject when arguments from the context
                 if DirectiveMeta._when_constraints_from_context:
                     # Check that directives not yet supporting the when= argument
@@ -573,17 +590,21 @@ def _execute_extends(pkg):
     return _execute_extends
 
 
-@directive("provided")
-def provides(*specs, **kwargs):
-    """Allows packages to provide a virtual dependency.  If a package provides
-    'mpi', other packages can declare that they depend on "mpi", and spack
-    can use the providing package to satisfy the dependency.
+@directive(dicts=("provided", "provided_together"))
+def provides(*specs, when: Optional[str] = None):
+    """Allows packages to provide a virtual dependency.
+
+    If a package provides "mpi", other packages can declare that they depend on "mpi",
+    and spack can use the providing package to satisfy the dependency.
+
+    Args:
+        *specs: virtual specs provided by this package
+        when: condition when this provides clause needs to be considered
     """
 
     def _execute_provides(pkg):
         import spack.parser  # Avoid circular dependency
 
-        when = kwargs.get("when")
         when_spec = make_when_spec(when)
         if not when_spec:
             return
@@ -591,15 +612,18 @@ def _execute_provides(pkg):
         # ``when`` specs for ``provides()`` need a name, as they are used
         # to build the ProviderIndex.
         when_spec.name = pkg.name
+        spec_objs = [spack.spec.Spec(x) for x in specs]
+        spec_names = [x.name for x in spec_objs]
+        if len(spec_names) > 1:
+            pkg.provided_together.setdefault(when_spec, []).append(set(spec_names))
 
-        for string in specs:
-            for provided_spec in spack.parser.parse(string):
-                if pkg.name == provided_spec.name:
-                    raise CircularReferenceError("Package '%s' cannot provide itself." % pkg.name)
+        for provided_spec in spec_objs:
+            if pkg.name == provided_spec.name:
+                raise CircularReferenceError("Package '%s' cannot provide itself." % pkg.name)
 
-                if provided_spec not in pkg.provided:
-                    pkg.provided[provided_spec] = set()
-                pkg.provided[provided_spec].add(when_spec)
+            if provided_spec not in pkg.provided:
+                pkg.provided[provided_spec] = set()
+            pkg.provided[provided_spec].add(when_spec)
 
     return _execute_provides
 

lib/spack/spack/environment/__init__.py

@@ -339,6 +339,7 @@
 from .environment import (
     TOP_LEVEL_KEY,
     Environment,
+    SpackEnvironmentConfigError,
     SpackEnvironmentError,
     SpackEnvironmentViewError,
     activate,
@@ -372,6 +373,7 @@
 __all__ = [
     "TOP_LEVEL_KEY",
     "Environment",
+    "SpackEnvironmentConfigError",
     "SpackEnvironmentError",
     "SpackEnvironmentViewError",
     "activate",

lib/spack/spack/environment/depfile.py

@@ -232,6 +232,10 @@ def to_dict(self):
             "pkg_ids": " ".join(self.all_pkg_identifiers),
         }
 
+    @property
+    def empty(self):
+        return len(self.roots) == 0
+
     @staticmethod
     def from_env(
         env: ev.Environment,
@@ -254,15 +258,10 @@ def from_env(
             jobserver: when enabled, make will invoke Spack with jobserver support. For
                 dry-run this should be disabled.
         """
-        # If no specs are provided as a filter, build all the specs in the environment.
-        if filter_specs:
-            entrypoints = [env.matching_spec(s) for s in filter_specs]
-        else:
-            entrypoints = [s for _, s in env.concretized_specs()]
-
+        roots = env.all_matching_specs(*filter_specs) if filter_specs else env.concrete_roots()
         visitor = DepfileSpecVisitor(pkg_buildcache, dep_buildcache)
         traverse.traverse_breadth_first_with_visitor(
-            entrypoints, traverse.CoverNodesVisitor(visitor, key=lambda s: s.dag_hash())
+            roots, traverse.CoverNodesVisitor(visitor, key=lambda s: s.dag_hash())
         )
 
-        return MakefileModel(env, entrypoints, visitor.adjacency_list, make_prefix, jobserver)
+        return MakefileModel(env, roots, visitor.adjacency_list, make_prefix, jobserver)

lib/spack/spack/environment/environment.py

@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ def create_in_dir(
 
         manifest.flush()
 
-    except spack.config.ConfigFormatError as e:
+    except (spack.config.ConfigFormatError, SpackEnvironmentConfigError) as e:
         shutil.rmtree(manifest_dir)
         raise e
 
@@ -396,7 +396,13 @@ def all_environments():
 
 def _read_yaml(str_or_file):
     """Read YAML from a file for round-trip parsing."""
-    data = syaml.load_config(str_or_file)
+    try:
+        data = syaml.load_config(str_or_file)
+    except syaml.SpackYAMLError as e:
+        raise SpackEnvironmentConfigError(
+            f"Invalid environment configuration detected: {e.message}"
+        )
+
     filename = getattr(str_or_file, "name", None)
     default_data = spack.config.validate(data, spack.schema.env.schema, filename)
     return data, default_data
@@ -781,10 +787,18 @@ def _re_read(self):
         """Reinitialize the environment object."""
         self.clear(re_read=True)
         self.manifest = EnvironmentManifestFile(self.path)
-        self._read()
+        self._read(re_read=True)
 
-    def _read(self):
-        self._construct_state_from_manifest()
+    def _read(self, re_read=False):
+        # If the manifest has included files, then some of the information
+        # (e.g., definitions) MAY be in those files. So we need to ensure
+        # the config is populated with any associated spec lists in order
+        # to fully construct the manifest state.
+        includes = self.manifest[TOP_LEVEL_KEY].get("include", [])
+        if includes and not re_read:
+            prepare_config_scope(self)
+
+        self._construct_state_from_manifest(re_read)
 
         if os.path.exists(self.lock_path):
             with open(self.lock_path) as f:
@@ -798,21 +812,30 @@ def write_transaction(self):
         """Get a write lock context manager for use in a `with` block."""
         return lk.WriteTransaction(self.txlock, acquire=self._re_read)
 
-    def _construct_state_from_manifest(self):
+    def _process_definition(self, item):
+        """Process a single spec definition item."""
+        entry = copy.deepcopy(item)
+        when = _eval_conditional(entry.pop("when", "True"))
+        assert len(entry) == 1
+        if when:
+            name, spec_list = next(iter(entry.items()))
+            user_specs = SpecList(name, spec_list, self.spec_lists.copy())
+            if name in self.spec_lists:
+                self.spec_lists[name].extend(user_specs)
+            else:
+                self.spec_lists[name] = user_specs
+
+    def _construct_state_from_manifest(self, re_read=False):
         """Read manifest file and set up user specs."""
         self.spec_lists = collections.OrderedDict()
+
+        if not re_read:
+            for item in spack.config.get("definitions", []):
+                self._process_definition(item)
+
         env_configuration = self.manifest[TOP_LEVEL_KEY]
         for item in env_configuration.get("definitions", []):
-            entry = copy.deepcopy(item)
-            when = _eval_conditional(entry.pop("when", "True"))
-            assert len(entry) == 1
-            if when:
-                name, spec_list = next(iter(entry.items()))
-                user_specs = SpecList(name, spec_list, self.spec_lists.copy())
-                if name in self.spec_lists:
-                    self.spec_lists[name].extend(user_specs)
-                else:
-                    self.spec_lists[name] = user_specs
+            self._process_definition(item)
 
         spec_list = env_configuration.get(user_speclist_name, [])
         user_specs = SpecList(
@@ -857,7 +880,9 @@ def clear(self, re_read=False):
                 yaml, and need to be maintained when re-reading an existing
                 environment.
         """
-        self.spec_lists = {user_speclist_name: SpecList()}  # specs from yaml
+        self.spec_lists = collections.OrderedDict()
+        self.spec_lists[user_speclist_name] = SpecList()
+
         self.dev_specs = {}  # dev-build specs from yaml
         self.concretized_user_specs = []  # user specs from last concretize
         self.concretized_order = []  # roots of last concretize, in order
@@ -1006,7 +1031,8 @@ def included_config_scopes(self):
 
             elif include_url.scheme:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    "Unsupported URL scheme for environment include: {}".format(config_path)
+                    f"Unsupported URL scheme ({include_url.scheme}) for "
+                    f"environment include: {config_path}"
                 )
 
             # treat relative paths as relative to the environment
@@ -1068,8 +1094,10 @@ def update_stale_references(self, from_list=None):
             from_list = next(iter(self.spec_lists.keys()))
         index = list(self.spec_lists.keys()).index(from_list)
 
-        # spec_lists is an OrderedDict, all list entries after the modified
-        # list may refer to the modified list. Update stale references
+        # spec_lists is an OrderedDict to ensure lists read from the manifest
+        # are maintainted in order, hence, all list entries after the modified
+        # list may refer to the modified list requiring stale references to be
+        # updated.
         for i, (name, speclist) in enumerate(
             list(self.spec_lists.items())[index + 1 :], index + 1
         ):
@@ -1167,7 +1195,7 @@ def change_existing_spec(
     def remove(self, query_spec, list_name=user_speclist_name, force=False):
         """Remove specs from an environment that match a query_spec"""
         err_msg_header = (
-            f"cannot remove {query_spec} from '{list_name}' definition "
+            f"Cannot remove '{query_spec}' from '{list_name}' definition "
             f"in {self.manifest.manifest_file}"
         )
         query_spec = Spec(query_spec)
@@ -1198,11 +1226,10 @@ def remove(self, query_spec, list_name=user_speclist_name, force=False):
                 list_to_change.remove(spec)
                 self.update_stale_references(list_name)
                 new_specs = set(self.user_specs)
-            except spack.spec_list.SpecListError:
+            except spack.spec_list.SpecListError as e:
                 # define new specs list
                 new_specs = set(self.user_specs)
-                msg = f"Spec '{spec}' is part of a spec matrix and "
-                msg += f"cannot be removed from list '{list_to_change}'."
+                msg = str(e)
                 if force:
                     msg += " It will be removed from the concrete specs."
                     # Mock new specs, so we can remove this spec from concrete spec lists
@@ -1525,7 +1552,11 @@ def _concretize_separately(self, tests=False):
         batch = []
         for j, (i, concrete, duration) in enumerate(
             spack.util.parallel.imap_unordered(
-                _concretize_task, args, processes=num_procs, debug=tty.is_debug()
+                _concretize_task,
+                args,
+                processes=num_procs,
+                debug=tty.is_debug(),
+                maxtaskperchild=1,
             )
         ):
             batch.append((i, concrete))
@@ -2063,7 +2094,7 @@ def matching_spec(self, spec):
 
     def removed_specs(self):
         """Tuples of (user spec, concrete spec) for all specs that will be
-        removed on nexg concretize."""
+        removed on next concretize."""
         needed = set()
         for s, c in self.concretized_specs():
             if s in self.user_specs:
@@ -2722,7 +2753,7 @@ def override_user_spec(self, user_spec: str, idx: int) -> None:
         self.changed = True
 
     def add_definition(self, user_spec: str, list_name: str) -> None:
-        """Appends a user spec to the first active definition mathing the name passed as argument.
+        """Appends a user spec to the first active definition matching the name passed as argument.
 
         Args:
             user_spec: user spec to be appended
@@ -2935,3 +2966,7 @@ class SpackEnvironmentError(spack.error.SpackError):
 
 class SpackEnvironmentViewError(SpackEnvironmentError):
     """Class for errors regarding view generation."""
+
+
+class SpackEnvironmentConfigError(SpackEnvironmentError):
+    """Class for Spack environment-specific configuration errors."""

lib/spack/spack/extensions.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 """Service functions and classes to implement the hooks
 for Spack's command extensions.
 """
+import difflib
 import importlib
 import os
 import re
@@ -176,10 +177,19 @@ class CommandNotFoundError(spack.error.SpackError):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, cmd_name):
-        super().__init__(
+        msg = (
             "{0} is not a recognized Spack command or extension command;"
             " check with `spack commands`.".format(cmd_name)
         )
+        long_msg = None
+
+        similar = difflib.get_close_matches(cmd_name, spack.cmd.all_commands())
+
+        if 1 <= len(similar) <= 5:
+            long_msg = "\nDid you mean one of the following commands?\n  "
+            long_msg += "\n  ".join(similar)
+
+        super().__init__(msg, long_msg)
 
 
 class ExtensionNamingError(spack.error.SpackError):

lib/spack/spack/graph.py

@@ -528,10 +528,15 @@ def node_entry(self, node):
 
     def edge_entry(self, edge):
         colormap = {"build": "dodgerblue", "link": "crimson", "run": "goldenrod"}
+        label = ""
+        if edge.virtuals:
+            label = f" xlabel=\"virtuals={','.join(edge.virtuals)}\""
         return (
             edge.parent.dag_hash(),
             edge.spec.dag_hash(),
-            f"[color=\"{':'.join(colormap[x] for x in dt.flag_to_tuple(edge.depflag))}\"]",
+            f"[color=\"{':'.join(colormap[x] for x in dt.flag_to_tuple(edge.depflag))}\""
+            + label
+            + "]",
         )
 
 

lib/spack/spack/hooks/module_file_generation.py

@@ -3,17 +3,22 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 
+from typing import Optional, Set
+
 from llnl.util import tty
 
 import spack.config
 import spack.modules
+import spack.spec
 
 
-def _for_each_enabled(spec, method_name, explicit=None):
+def _for_each_enabled(
+    spec: spack.spec.Spec, method_name: str, explicit: Optional[bool] = None
+) -> None:
     """Calls a method for each enabled module"""
-    set_names = set(spack.config.get("modules", {}).keys())
+    set_names: Set[str] = set(spack.config.get("modules", {}).keys())
     for name in set_names:
-        enabled = spack.config.get("modules:%s:enable" % name)
+        enabled = spack.config.get(f"modules:{name}:enable")
         if not enabled:
             tty.debug("NO MODULE WRITTEN: list of enabled module files is empty")
             continue
@@ -28,7 +33,7 @@ def _for_each_enabled(spec, method_name, explicit=None):
                 tty.warn(msg.format(method_name, str(e)))
 
 
-def post_install(spec, explicit):
+def post_install(spec, explicit: bool):
     import spack.environment as ev  # break import cycle
 
     if ev.active_environment():

lib/spack/spack/main.py

@@ -16,11 +16,13 @@
 import os.path
 import pstats
 import re
+import shlex
 import signal
 import subprocess as sp
 import sys
 import traceback
 import warnings
+from typing import List, Tuple
 
 import archspec.cpu
 
@@ -49,9 +51,6 @@
 #: names of profile statistics
 stat_names = pstats.Stats.sort_arg_dict_default
 
-#: top-level aliases for Spack commands
-aliases = {"concretise": "concretize", "containerise": "containerize", "rm": "remove"}
-
 #: help levels in order of detail (i.e., number of commands shown)
 levels = ["short", "long"]
 
@@ -359,7 +358,10 @@ def add_command(self, cmd_name):
             module = spack.cmd.get_module(cmd_name)
 
             # build a list of aliases
-            alias_list = [k for k, v in aliases.items() if v == cmd_name]
+            alias_list = []
+            aliases = spack.config.get("config:aliases")
+            if aliases:
+                alias_list = [k for k, v in aliases.items() if shlex.split(v)[0] == cmd_name]
 
             subparser = self.subparsers.add_parser(
                 cmd_name,
@@ -670,7 +672,6 @@ def __init__(self, command_name, subprocess=False):
                 Windows, where it is always False.
         """
         self.parser = make_argument_parser()
-        self.command = self.parser.add_command(command_name)
         self.command_name = command_name
         # TODO: figure out how to support this on windows
         self.subprocess = subprocess if sys.platform != "win32" else False
@@ -702,13 +703,14 @@ def __call__(self, *argv, **kwargs):
 
         if self.subprocess:
             p = sp.Popen(
-                [spack.paths.spack_script, self.command_name] + prepend + list(argv),
+                [spack.paths.spack_script] + prepend + [self.command_name] + list(argv),
                 stdout=sp.PIPE,
                 stderr=sp.STDOUT,
             )
             out, self.returncode = p.communicate()
             out = out.decode()
         else:
+            command = self.parser.add_command(self.command_name)
             args, unknown = self.parser.parse_known_args(
                 prepend + [self.command_name] + list(argv)
             )
@@ -716,7 +718,7 @@ def __call__(self, *argv, **kwargs):
             out = io.StringIO()
             try:
                 with log_output(out, echo=True):
-                    self.returncode = _invoke_command(self.command, self.parser, args, unknown)
+                    self.returncode = _invoke_command(command, self.parser, args, unknown)
 
             except SystemExit as e:
                 self.returncode = e.code
@@ -870,6 +872,46 @@ def restore_macos_dyld_vars():
             os.environ[dyld_var] = os.environ[stored_var_name]
 
 
+def resolve_alias(cmd_name: str, cmd: List[str]) -> Tuple[str, List[str]]:
+    """Resolves aliases in the given command.
+
+    Args:
+        cmd_name: command name.
+        cmd: command line arguments.
+
+    Returns:
+        new command name and arguments.
+    """
+    all_commands = spack.cmd.all_commands()
+    aliases = spack.config.get("config:aliases")
+
+    if aliases:
+        for key, value in aliases.items():
+            if " " in key:
+                tty.warn(
+                    f"Alias '{key}' (mapping to '{value}') contains a space"
+                    ", which is not supported."
+                )
+            if key in all_commands:
+                tty.warn(
+                    f"Alias '{key}' (mapping to '{value}') attempts to override"
+                    " built-in command."
+                )
+
+    if cmd_name not in all_commands:
+        alias = None
+
+        if aliases:
+            alias = aliases.get(cmd_name)
+
+        if alias is not None:
+            alias_parts = shlex.split(alias)
+            cmd_name = alias_parts[0]
+            cmd = alias_parts + cmd[1:]
+
+    return cmd_name, cmd
+
+
 def _main(argv=None):
     """Logic for the main entry point for the Spack command.
 
@@ -962,7 +1004,7 @@ def _main(argv=None):
 
     # Try to load the particular command the caller asked for.
     cmd_name = args.command[0]
-    cmd_name = aliases.get(cmd_name, cmd_name)
+    cmd_name, args.command = resolve_alias(cmd_name, args.command)
 
     # set up a bootstrap context, if asked.
     # bootstrap context needs to include parsing the command, b/c things
@@ -974,10 +1016,10 @@ def _main(argv=None):
         bootstrap_context = bootstrap.ensure_bootstrap_configuration()
 
     with bootstrap_context:
-        return finish_parse_and_run(parser, cmd_name, env_format_error)
+        return finish_parse_and_run(parser, cmd_name, args.command, env_format_error)
 
 
-def finish_parse_and_run(parser, cmd_name, env_format_error):
+def finish_parse_and_run(parser, cmd_name, cmd, env_format_error):
     """Finish parsing after we know the command to run."""
     # add the found command to the parser and re-run then re-parse
     command = parser.add_command(cmd_name)

lib/spack/spack/modules/__init__.py

@@ -7,10 +7,15 @@
 include Tcl non-hierarchical modules, Lua hierarchical modules, and others.
 """
 
-from .common import disable_modules
+from typing import Dict, Type
+
+from .common import BaseModuleFileWriter, disable_modules
 from .lmod import LmodModulefileWriter
 from .tcl import TclModulefileWriter
 
 __all__ = ["TclModulefileWriter", "LmodModulefileWriter", "disable_modules"]
 
-module_types = {"tcl": TclModulefileWriter, "lmod": LmodModulefileWriter}
+module_types: Dict[str, Type[BaseModuleFileWriter]] = {
+    "tcl": TclModulefileWriter,
+    "lmod": LmodModulefileWriter,
+}

lib/spack/spack/modules/common.py

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 import os.path
 import re
 import string
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import List, Optional
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
 import spack.projections as proj
 import spack.repo
 import spack.schema.environment
+import spack.spec
 import spack.store
 import spack.tengine as tengine
 import spack.util.environment
@@ -395,16 +396,14 @@ class BaseConfiguration:
 
     default_projections = {"all": "{name}/{version}-{compiler.name}-{compiler.version}"}
 
-    def __init__(self, spec, module_set_name, explicit=None):
+    def __init__(self, spec: spack.spec.Spec, module_set_name: str, explicit: bool) -> None:
         # Module where type(self) is defined
-        self.module = inspect.getmodule(self)
+        m = inspect.getmodule(self)
+        assert m is not None  # make mypy happy
+        self.module = m
         # Spec for which we want to generate a module file
         self.spec = spec
         self.name = module_set_name
-        # Software installation has been explicitly asked (get this information from
-        # db when querying an existing module, like during a refresh or rm operations)
-        if explicit is None:
-            explicit = spec._installed_explicitly()
         self.explicit = explicit
         # Dictionary of configuration options that should be applied
         # to the spec
@@ -458,7 +457,11 @@ def suffixes(self):
             if constraint in self.spec:
                 suffixes.append(suffix)
         suffixes = list(dedupe(suffixes))
-        if self.hash:
+        # For hidden modules we can always add a fixed length hash as suffix, since it guards
+        # against file name clashes, and the module is not exposed to the user anyways.
+        if self.hidden:
+            suffixes.append(self.spec.dag_hash(length=7))
+        elif self.hash:
             suffixes.append(self.hash)
         return suffixes
 
@@ -551,8 +554,7 @@ def exclude_env_vars(self):
     def _create_list_for(self, what):
         include = []
         for item in self.conf[what]:
-            conf = type(self)(item, self.name)
-            if not conf.excluded:
+            if not self.module.make_configuration(item, self.name).excluded:
                 include.append(item)
         return include
 
@@ -731,7 +733,9 @@ def environment_modifications(self):
         # for that to work, globals have to be set on the package modules, and the
         # whole chain of setup_dependent_package has to be followed from leaf to spec.
         # So: just run it here, but don't collect env mods.
-        spack.build_environment.SetupContext(context=Context.RUN).set_all_package_py_globals()
+        spack.build_environment.SetupContext(
+            spec, context=Context.RUN
+        ).set_all_package_py_globals()
 
         # Then run setup_dependent_run_environment before setup_run_environment.
         for dep in spec.dependencies(deptype=("link", "run")):
@@ -824,8 +828,7 @@ def autoload(self):
     def _create_module_list_of(self, what):
         m = self.conf.module
         name = self.conf.name
-        explicit = self.conf.explicit
-        return [m.make_layout(x, name, explicit).use_name for x in getattr(self.conf, what)]
+        return [m.make_layout(x, name).use_name for x in getattr(self.conf, what)]
 
     @tengine.context_property
     def verbose(self):
@@ -834,12 +837,19 @@ def verbose(self):
 
 
 class BaseModuleFileWriter:
-    def __init__(self, spec, module_set_name, explicit=None):
+    default_template: str
+    hide_cmd_format: str
+    modulerc_header: List[str]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, spec: spack.spec.Spec, module_set_name: str, explicit: Optional[bool] = None
+    ) -> None:
         self.spec = spec
 
         # This class is meant to be derived. Get the module of the
         # actual writer.
         self.module = inspect.getmodule(self)
+        assert self.module is not None  # make mypy happy
         m = self.module
 
         # Create the triplet of configuration/layout/context

lib/spack/spack/modules/lmod.py

@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@
 import collections
 import itertools
 import os.path
-import posixpath
-from typing import Any, Dict, List
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
 import llnl.util.lang as lang
@@ -24,18 +23,19 @@
 
 
 #: lmod specific part of the configuration
-def configuration(module_set_name):
-    config_path = "modules:%s:lmod" % module_set_name
-    config = spack.config.get(config_path, {})
-    return config
+def configuration(module_set_name: str) -> dict:
+    return spack.config.get(f"modules:{module_set_name}:lmod", {})
 
 
 # Caches the configuration {spec_hash: configuration}
-configuration_registry: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+configuration_registry: Dict[Tuple[str, str, bool], BaseConfiguration] = {}
 
 
-def make_configuration(spec, module_set_name, explicit):
+def make_configuration(
+    spec: spack.spec.Spec, module_set_name: str, explicit: Optional[bool] = None
+) -> BaseConfiguration:
     """Returns the lmod configuration for spec"""
+    explicit = bool(spec._installed_explicitly()) if explicit is None else explicit
     key = (spec.dag_hash(), module_set_name, explicit)
     try:
         return configuration_registry[key]
@@ -45,16 +45,18 @@ def make_configuration(spec, module_set_name, explicit):
         )
 
 
-def make_layout(spec, module_set_name, explicit):
+def make_layout(
+    spec: spack.spec.Spec, module_set_name: str, explicit: Optional[bool] = None
+) -> BaseFileLayout:
     """Returns the layout information for spec"""
-    conf = make_configuration(spec, module_set_name, explicit)
-    return LmodFileLayout(conf)
+    return LmodFileLayout(make_configuration(spec, module_set_name, explicit))
 
 
-def make_context(spec, module_set_name, explicit):
+def make_context(
+    spec: spack.spec.Spec, module_set_name: str, explicit: Optional[bool] = None
+) -> BaseContext:
     """Returns the context information for spec"""
-    conf = make_configuration(spec, module_set_name, explicit)
-    return LmodContext(conf)
+    return LmodContext(make_configuration(spec, module_set_name, explicit))
 
 
 def guess_core_compilers(name, store=False) -> List[spack.spec.CompilerSpec]:
@@ -97,10 +99,7 @@ def guess_core_compilers(name, store=False) -> List[spack.spec.CompilerSpec]:
 class LmodConfiguration(BaseConfiguration):
     """Configuration class for lmod module files."""
 
-    # Note: Posixpath is used here as well as below as opposed to
-    # os.path.join due to spack.spec.Spec.format
-    # requiring forward slash path seperators at this stage
-    default_projections = {"all": posixpath.join("{name}", "{version}")}
+    default_projections = {"all": "{name}/{version}"}
 
     @property
     def core_compilers(self) -> List[spack.spec.CompilerSpec]:
@@ -274,19 +273,16 @@ def filename(self):
         hierarchy_name = os.path.join(*parts)
 
         # Compute the absolute path
-        fullname = os.path.join(
+        return os.path.join(
             self.arch_dirname,  # root for lmod files on this architecture
             hierarchy_name,  # relative path
-            ".".join([self.use_name, self.extension]),  # file name
+            f"{self.use_name}.{self.extension}",  # file name
         )
-        return fullname
 
     @property
     def modulerc(self):
         """Returns the modulerc file associated with current module file"""
-        return os.path.join(
-            os.path.dirname(self.filename), ".".join([".modulerc", self.extension])
-        )
+        return os.path.join(os.path.dirname(self.filename), f".modulerc.{self.extension}")
 
     def token_to_path(self, name, value):
         """Transforms a hierarchy token into the corresponding path part.
@@ -319,9 +315,7 @@ def path_part_fmt(token):
         # we need to append a hash to the version to distinguish
         # among flavors of the same library (e.g. openblas~openmp vs.
         # openblas+openmp)
-        path = path_part_fmt(token=value)
-        path = "-".join([path, value.dag_hash(length=7)])
-        return path
+        return f"{path_part_fmt(token=value)}-{value.dag_hash(length=7)}"
 
     @property
     def available_path_parts(self):
@@ -333,8 +327,7 @@ def available_path_parts(self):
         # List of services that are part of the hierarchy
         hierarchy = self.conf.hierarchy_tokens
         # Tokenize each part that is both in the hierarchy and available
-        parts = [self.token_to_path(x, available[x]) for x in hierarchy if x in available]
-        return parts
+        return [self.token_to_path(x, available[x]) for x in hierarchy if x in available]
 
     @property
     @lang.memoized
@@ -452,7 +445,7 @@ def missing(self):
     @lang.memoized
     def unlocked_paths(self):
         """Returns the list of paths that are unlocked unconditionally."""
-        layout = make_layout(self.spec, self.conf.name, self.conf.explicit)
+        layout = make_layout(self.spec, self.conf.name)
         return [os.path.join(*parts) for parts in layout.unlocked_paths[None]]
 
     @tengine.context_property
@@ -460,7 +453,7 @@ def conditionally_unlocked_paths(self):
         """Returns the list of paths that are unlocked conditionally.
         Each item in the list is a tuple with the structure (condition, path).
         """
-        layout = make_layout(self.spec, self.conf.name, self.conf.explicit)
+        layout = make_layout(self.spec, self.conf.name)
         value = []
         conditional_paths = layout.unlocked_paths
         conditional_paths.pop(None)
@@ -482,9 +475,9 @@ def manipulate_path(token):
 class LmodModulefileWriter(BaseModuleFileWriter):
     """Writer class for lmod module files."""
 
-    default_template = posixpath.join("modules", "modulefile.lua")
+    default_template = "modules/modulefile.lua"
 
-    modulerc_header: list = []
+    modulerc_header = []
 
     hide_cmd_format = 'hide_version("%s")'
 

lib/spack/spack/modules/tcl.py

@@ -7,28 +7,29 @@
 non-hierarchical modules.
 """
 import os.path
-import posixpath
-from typing import Any, Dict
+from typing import Dict, Optional, Tuple
 
 import spack.config
+import spack.spec
 import spack.tengine as tengine
 
 from .common import BaseConfiguration, BaseContext, BaseFileLayout, BaseModuleFileWriter
 
 
 #: Tcl specific part of the configuration
-def configuration(module_set_name):
-    config_path = "modules:%s:tcl" % module_set_name
-    config = spack.config.get(config_path, {})
-    return config
+def configuration(module_set_name: str) -> dict:
+    return spack.config.get(f"modules:{module_set_name}:tcl", {})
 
 
 # Caches the configuration {spec_hash: configuration}
-configuration_registry: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+configuration_registry: Dict[Tuple[str, str, bool], BaseConfiguration] = {}
 
 
-def make_configuration(spec, module_set_name, explicit):
+def make_configuration(
+    spec: spack.spec.Spec, module_set_name: str, explicit: Optional[bool] = None
+) -> BaseConfiguration:
     """Returns the tcl configuration for spec"""
+    explicit = bool(spec._installed_explicitly()) if explicit is None else explicit
     key = (spec.dag_hash(), module_set_name, explicit)
     try:
         return configuration_registry[key]
@@ -38,16 +39,18 @@ def make_configuration(spec, module_set_name, explicit):
         )
 
 
-def make_layout(spec, module_set_name, explicit):
+def make_layout(
+    spec: spack.spec.Spec, module_set_name: str, explicit: Optional[bool] = None
+) -> BaseFileLayout:
     """Returns the layout information for spec"""
-    conf = make_configuration(spec, module_set_name, explicit)
-    return TclFileLayout(conf)
+    return TclFileLayout(make_configuration(spec, module_set_name, explicit))
 
 
-def make_context(spec, module_set_name, explicit):
+def make_context(
+    spec: spack.spec.Spec, module_set_name: str, explicit: Optional[bool] = None
+) -> BaseContext:
     """Returns the context information for spec"""
-    conf = make_configuration(spec, module_set_name, explicit)
-    return TclContext(conf)
+    return TclContext(make_configuration(spec, module_set_name, explicit))
 
 
 class TclConfiguration(BaseConfiguration):
@@ -75,10 +78,7 @@ def prerequisites(self):
 class TclModulefileWriter(BaseModuleFileWriter):
     """Writer class for tcl module files."""
 
-    # Note: Posixpath is used here as opposed to
-    # os.path.join due to spack.spec.Spec.format
-    # requiring forward slash path seperators at this stage
-    default_template = posixpath.join("modules", "modulefile.tcl")
+    default_template = "modules/modulefile.tcl"
 
     modulerc_header = ["#%Module4.7"]
 

lib/spack/spack/multimethod.py

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 """
 import functools
 import inspect
+from contextlib import contextmanager
 
 from llnl.util.lang import caller_locals
 
@@ -271,6 +272,13 @@ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
         spack.directives.DirectiveMeta.pop_from_context()
 
 
+@contextmanager
+def default_args(**kwargs):
+    spack.directives.DirectiveMeta.push_default_args(kwargs)
+    yield
+    spack.directives.DirectiveMeta.pop_default_args()
+
+
 class MultiMethodError(spack.error.SpackError):
     """Superclass for multimethod dispatch errors"""
 

lib/spack/spack/oci/image.py

@@ -9,8 +9,10 @@
 
 import spack.spec
 
-# all the building blocks
-alphanumeric = r"[a-z0-9]+"
+# notice: Docker is more strict (no uppercase allowed). We parse image names *with* uppercase
+# and normalize, so: example.com/Organization/Name -> example.com/organization/name. Tags are
+# case sensitive though.
+alphanumeric_with_uppercase = r"[a-zA-Z0-9]+"
 separator = r"(?:[._]|__|[-]+)"
 localhost = r"localhost"
 domainNameComponent = r"(?:[a-zA-Z0-9]|[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9-]*[a-zA-Z0-9])"
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@
 domainAndPort = rf"{host}{optionalPort}"
 
 # image name
-pathComponent = rf"{alphanumeric}(?:{separator}{alphanumeric})*"
+pathComponent = rf"{alphanumeric_with_uppercase}(?:{separator}{alphanumeric_with_uppercase})*"
 remoteName = rf"{pathComponent}(?:\/{pathComponent})*"
 namePat = rf"(?:{domainAndPort}\/)?{remoteName}"
 
@@ -130,6 +132,11 @@ def from_string(cls, string) -> "ImageReference":
             name = f"{domain}/{name}"
             domain = "index.docker.io"
 
+        # Lowercase the image name. This is enforced by Docker, although the OCI spec isn't clear?
+        # We do this anyways, cause for example in Github Actions the <organization>/<repository>
+        # part can have uppercase, and may be interpolated when specifying the relevant OCI image.
+        name = name.lower()
+
         if not tag:
             tag = "latest"
 

lib/spack/spack/package.py

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
     UpstreamPackageError,
 )
 from spack.mixins import filter_compiler_wrappers
-from spack.multimethod import when
+from spack.multimethod import default_args, when
 from spack.package_base import (
     DependencyConflictError,
     build_system_flags,

lib/spack/spack/parser.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 Here is the EBNF grammar for a spec::
 
-    spec          = [name] [node_options] { ^ node } |
+    spec          = [name] [node_options] { ^[edge_properties] node } |
                     [name] [node_options] hash |
                     filename
 
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@
                      [name] [node_options] hash |
                      filename
 
-    node_options  = [@(version_list|version_pair)] [%compiler] { variant }
+    node_options    = [@(version_list|version_pair)] [%compiler] { variant }
+    edge_properties = [ { bool_variant | key_value } ]
 
     hash          = / id
     filename      = (.|/|[a-zA-Z0-9-_]*/)([a-zA-Z0-9-_./]*)(.json|.yaml)
@@ -64,6 +65,7 @@
 
 from llnl.util.tty import color
 
+import spack.deptypes
 import spack.error
 import spack.spec
 import spack.version
@@ -126,6 +128,8 @@ class TokenType(TokenBase):
     """
 
     # Dependency
+    START_EDGE_PROPERTIES = r"(?:\^\[)"
+    END_EDGE_PROPERTIES = r"(?:\])"
     DEPENDENCY = r"(?:\^)"
     # Version
     VERSION_HASH_PAIR = rf"(?:@(?:{GIT_VERSION_PATTERN})=(?:{VERSION}))"
@@ -280,16 +284,15 @@ def next_spec(
         initial_spec = initial_spec or spack.spec.Spec()
         root_spec = SpecNodeParser(self.ctx).parse(initial_spec)
         while True:
-            if self.ctx.accept(TokenType.DEPENDENCY):
-                dependency = SpecNodeParser(self.ctx).parse()
-
-                if dependency is None:
-                    msg = (
-                        "this dependency sigil needs to be followed by a package name "
-                        "or a node attribute (version, variant, etc.)"
-                    )
-                    raise SpecParsingError(msg, self.ctx.current_token, self.literal_str)
+            if self.ctx.accept(TokenType.START_EDGE_PROPERTIES):
+                edge_properties = EdgeAttributeParser(self.ctx, self.literal_str).parse()
+                edge_properties.setdefault("depflag", 0)
+                edge_properties.setdefault("virtuals", ())
+                dependency = self._parse_node(root_spec)
+                root_spec._add_dependency(dependency, **edge_properties)
 
+            elif self.ctx.accept(TokenType.DEPENDENCY):
+                dependency = self._parse_node(root_spec)
                 root_spec._add_dependency(dependency, depflag=0, virtuals=())
 
             else:
@@ -297,6 +300,18 @@ def next_spec(
 
         return root_spec
 
+    def _parse_node(self, root_spec):
+        dependency = SpecNodeParser(self.ctx).parse()
+        if dependency is None:
+            msg = (
+                "the dependency sigil and any optional edge attributes must be followed by a "
+                "package name or a node attribute (version, variant, etc.)"
+            )
+            raise SpecParsingError(msg, self.ctx.current_token, self.literal_str)
+        if root_spec.concrete:
+            raise spack.spec.RedundantSpecError(root_spec, "^" + str(dependency))
+        return dependency
+
     def all_specs(self) -> List["spack.spec.Spec"]:
         """Return all the specs that remain to be parsed"""
         return list(iter(self.next_spec, None))
@@ -438,6 +453,41 @@ def parse(self, initial_spec: "spack.spec.Spec") -> "spack.spec.Spec":
         return initial_spec
 
 
+class EdgeAttributeParser:
+    __slots__ = "ctx", "literal_str"
+
+    def __init__(self, ctx, literal_str):
+        self.ctx = ctx
+        self.literal_str = literal_str
+
+    def parse(self):
+        attributes = {}
+        while True:
+            if self.ctx.accept(TokenType.KEY_VALUE_PAIR):
+                name, value = self.ctx.current_token.value.split("=", maxsplit=1)
+                name = name.strip("'\" ")
+                value = value.strip("'\" ").split(",")
+                attributes[name] = value
+                if name not in ("deptypes", "virtuals"):
+                    msg = (
+                        "the only edge attributes that are currently accepted "
+                        'are "deptypes" and "virtuals"'
+                    )
+                    raise SpecParsingError(msg, self.ctx.current_token, self.literal_str)
+            # TODO: Add code to accept bool variants here as soon as use variants are implemented
+            elif self.ctx.accept(TokenType.END_EDGE_PROPERTIES):
+                break
+            else:
+                msg = "unexpected token in edge attributes"
+                raise SpecParsingError(msg, self.ctx.next_token, self.literal_str)
+
+        # Turn deptypes=... to depflag representation
+        if "deptypes" in attributes:
+            deptype_string = attributes.pop("deptypes")
+            attributes["depflag"] = spack.deptypes.canonicalize(deptype_string)
+        return attributes
+
+
 def parse(text: str) -> List["spack.spec.Spec"]:
     """Parse text into a list of strings
 

lib/spack/spack/provider_index.py

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 """Classes and functions to manage providers of virtual dependencies"""
-import itertools
 from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Set
 
 import spack.error
@@ -11,33 +10,6 @@
 import spack.util.spack_json as sjson
 
 
-def _cross_provider_maps(lmap, rmap):
-    """Return a dictionary that combines constraint requests from both input.
-
-    Args:
-        lmap: main provider map
-        rmap: provider map with additional constraints
-    """
-    # TODO: this is pretty darned nasty, and inefficient, but there
-    # TODO: are not that many vdeps in most specs.
-    result = {}
-    for lspec, rspec in itertools.product(lmap, rmap):
-        try:
-            constrained = lspec.constrained(rspec)
-        except spack.error.UnsatisfiableSpecError:
-            continue
-
-        # lp and rp are left and right provider specs.
-        for lp_spec, rp_spec in itertools.product(lmap[lspec], rmap[rspec]):
-            if lp_spec.name == rp_spec.name:
-                try:
-                    const = lp_spec.constrained(rp_spec, deps=False)
-                    result.setdefault(constrained, set()).add(const)
-                except spack.error.UnsatisfiableSpecError:
-                    continue
-    return result
-
-
 class _IndexBase:
     #: This is a dict of dicts used for finding providers of particular
     #: virtual dependencies. The dict of dicts looks like:
@@ -81,29 +53,6 @@ def providers_for(self, virtual_spec):
     def __contains__(self, name):
         return name in self.providers
 
-    def satisfies(self, other):
-        """Determine if the providers of virtual specs are compatible.
-
-        Args:
-            other: another provider index
-
-        Returns:
-            True if the providers are compatible, False otherwise.
-        """
-        common = set(self.providers) & set(other.providers)
-        if not common:
-            return True
-
-        # This ensures that some provider in other COULD satisfy the
-        # vpkg constraints on self.
-        result = {}
-        for name in common:
-            crossed = _cross_provider_maps(self.providers[name], other.providers[name])
-            if crossed:
-                result[name] = crossed
-
-        return all(c in result for c in common)
-
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return self.providers == other.providers
 

lib/spack/spack/repo.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 import abc
 import collections.abc
 import contextlib
+import difflib
 import errno
 import functools
 import importlib
@@ -1516,7 +1517,18 @@ def __init__(self, name, repo=None):
                 long_msg = "Did you mean to specify a filename with './{0}'?"
                 long_msg = long_msg.format(name)
             else:
-                long_msg = "You may need to run 'spack clean -m'."
+                long_msg = "Use 'spack create' to create a new package."
+
+                if not repo:
+                    repo = spack.repo.PATH
+
+                # We need to compare the base package name
+                pkg_name = name.rsplit(".", 1)[-1]
+                similar = difflib.get_close_matches(pkg_name, repo.all_package_names())
+
+                if 1 <= len(similar) <= 5:
+                    long_msg += "\n\nDid you mean one of the following packages?\n  "
+                    long_msg += "\n  ".join(similar)
 
         super().__init__(msg, long_msg)
         self.name = name

lib/spack/spack/schema/__init__.py

@@ -62,3 +62,25 @@ def _deprecated_properties(validator, deprecated, instance, schema):
 
 
 Validator = llnl.util.lang.Singleton(_make_validator)
+
+spec_list_schema = {
+    "type": "array",
+    "default": [],
+    "items": {
+        "anyOf": [
+            {
+                "type": "object",
+                "additionalProperties": False,
+                "properties": {
+                    "matrix": {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
+                    },
+                    "exclude": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
+                },
+            },
+            {"type": "string"},
+            {"type": "null"},
+        ]
+    },
+}

lib/spack/spack/schema/config.py

@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@
             "url_fetch_method": {"type": "string", "enum": ["urllib", "curl"]},
             "additional_external_search_paths": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
             "binary_index_ttl": {"type": "integer", "minimum": 0},
+            "aliases": {"type": "object", "patternProperties": {r"\w[\w-]*": {"type": "string"}}},
         },
         "deprecatedProperties": {
             "properties": ["terminal_title"],

lib/spack/spack/schema/definitions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Copyright 2013-2023 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
+# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+
+"""Schema for definitions
+
+.. literalinclude:: _spack_root/lib/spack/spack/schema/definitions.py
+   :lines: 13-
+"""
+
+import spack.schema
+
+#: Properties for inclusion in other schemas
+properties = {
+    "definitions": {
+        "type": "array",
+        "default": [],
+        "items": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {"when": {"type": "string"}},
+            "patternProperties": {r"^(?!when$)\w*": spack.schema.spec_list_schema},
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+#: Full schema with metadata
+schema = {
+    "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+    "title": "Spack definitions configuration file schema",
+    "type": "object",
+    "additionalProperties": False,
+    "properties": properties,
+}

lib/spack/spack/schema/env.py

@@ -12,34 +12,11 @@
 
 import spack.schema.gitlab_ci  # DEPRECATED
 import spack.schema.merged
-import spack.schema.packages
 import spack.schema.projections
 
 #: Top level key in a manifest file
 TOP_LEVEL_KEY = "spack"
 
-spec_list_schema = {
-    "type": "array",
-    "default": [],
-    "items": {
-        "anyOf": [
-            {
-                "type": "object",
-                "additionalProperties": False,
-                "properties": {
-                    "matrix": {
-                        "type": "array",
-                        "items": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
-                    },
-                    "exclude": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
-                },
-            },
-            {"type": "string"},
-            {"type": "null"},
-        ]
-    },
-}
-
 projections_scheme = spack.schema.projections.properties["projections"]
 
 schema = {
@@ -75,16 +52,7 @@
                             }
                         },
                     },
-                    "definitions": {
-                        "type": "array",
-                        "default": [],
-                        "items": {
-                            "type": "object",
-                            "properties": {"when": {"type": "string"}},
-                            "patternProperties": {r"^(?!when$)\w*": spec_list_schema},
-                        },
-                    },
-                    "specs": spec_list_schema,
+                    "specs": spack.schema.spec_list_schema,
                     "view": {
                         "anyOf": [
                             {"type": "boolean"},

lib/spack/spack/schema/merged.py

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 import spack.schema.concretizer
 import spack.schema.config
 import spack.schema.container
+import spack.schema.definitions
 import spack.schema.mirrors
 import spack.schema.modules
 import spack.schema.packages
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@
     spack.schema.config.properties,
     spack.schema.container.properties,
     spack.schema.ci.properties,
+    spack.schema.definitions.properties,
     spack.schema.mirrors.properties,
     spack.schema.modules.properties,
     spack.schema.packages.properties,

lib/spack/spack/schema/packages.py

@@ -8,6 +8,66 @@
    :lines: 13-
 """
 
+permissions = {
+    "type": "object",
+    "additionalProperties": False,
+    "properties": {
+        "read": {"type": "string", "enum": ["user", "group", "world"]},
+        "write": {"type": "string", "enum": ["user", "group", "world"]},
+        "group": {"type": "string"},
+    },
+}
+
+variants = {"oneOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}}]}
+
+requirements = {
+    "oneOf": [
+        # 'require' can be a list of requirement_groups.
+        # each requirement group is a list of one or more
+        # specs. Either at least one or exactly one spec
+        # in the group must be satisfied (depending on
+        # whether you use "any_of" or "one_of",
+        # repectively)
+        {
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {
+                "oneOf": [
+                    {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "additionalProperties": False,
+                        "properties": {
+                            "one_of": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
+                            "any_of": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
+                            "spec": {"type": "string"},
+                            "message": {"type": "string"},
+                            "when": {"type": "string"},
+                        },
+                    },
+                    {"type": "string"},
+                ]
+            },
+        },
+        # Shorthand for a single requirement group with
+        # one member
+        {"type": "string"},
+    ]
+}
+
+permissions = {
+    "type": "object",
+    "additionalProperties": False,
+    "properties": {
+        "read": {"type": "string", "enum": ["user", "group", "world"]},
+        "write": {"type": "string", "enum": ["user", "group", "world"]},
+        "group": {"type": "string"},
+    },
+}
+
+package_attributes = {
+    "type": "object",
+    "additionalProperties": False,
+    "patternProperties": {r"\w+": {}},
+}
 
 #: Properties for inclusion in other schemas
 properties = {
@@ -15,57 +75,14 @@
         "type": "object",
         "default": {},
         "additionalProperties": False,
-        "patternProperties": {
-            r"\w[\w-]*": {  # package name
+        "properties": {
+            "all": {  # package name
                 "type": "object",
                 "default": {},
                 "additionalProperties": False,
                 "properties": {
-                    "require": {
-                        "oneOf": [
-                            # 'require' can be a list of requirement_groups.
-                            # each requirement group is a list of one or more
-                            # specs. Either at least one or exactly one spec
-                            # in the group must be satisfied (depending on
-                            # whether you use "any_of" or "one_of",
-                            # repectively)
-                            {
-                                "type": "array",
-                                "items": {
-                                    "oneOf": [
-                                        {
-                                            "type": "object",
-                                            "additionalProperties": False,
-                                            "properties": {
-                                                "one_of": {
-                                                    "type": "array",
-                                                    "items": {"type": "string"},
-                                                },
-                                                "any_of": {
-                                                    "type": "array",
-                                                    "items": {"type": "string"},
-                                                },
-                                                "spec": {"type": "string"},
-                                                "message": {"type": "string"},
-                                                "when": {"type": "string"},
-                                            },
-                                        },
-                                        {"type": "string"},
-                                    ]
-                                },
-                            },
-                            # Shorthand for a single requirement group with
-                            # one member
-                            {"type": "string"},
-                        ]
-                    },
-                    "version": {
-                        "type": "array",
-                        "default": [],
-                        # version strings (type should be string, number is still possible
-                        # but deprecated. this is to avoid issues with e.g. 3.10 -> 3.1)
-                        "items": {"anyOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "number"}]},
-                    },
+                    "require": requirements,
+                    "version": {},  # Here only to warn users on ignored properties
                     "target": {
                         "type": "array",
                         "default": [],
@@ -78,22 +95,10 @@
                         "items": {"type": "string"},
                     },  # compiler specs
                     "buildable": {"type": "boolean", "default": True},
-                    "permissions": {
-                        "type": "object",
-                        "additionalProperties": False,
-                        "properties": {
-                            "read": {"type": "string", "enum": ["user", "group", "world"]},
-                            "write": {"type": "string", "enum": ["user", "group", "world"]},
-                            "group": {"type": "string"},
-                        },
-                    },
+                    "permissions": permissions,
                     # If 'get_full_repo' is promoted to a Package-level
                     # attribute, it could be useful to set it here
-                    "package_attributes": {
-                        "type": "object",
-                        "additionalProperties": False,
-                        "patternProperties": {r"\w+": {}},
-                    },
+                    "package_attributes": package_attributes,
                     "providers": {
                         "type": "object",
                         "default": {},
@@ -106,12 +111,40 @@
                             }
                         },
                     },
-                    "variants": {
-                        "oneOf": [
-                            {"type": "string"},
-                            {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
-                        ]
+                    "variants": variants,
+                },
+                "deprecatedProperties": {
+                    "properties": ["version"],
+                    "message": "setting version preferences in the 'all' section of packages.yaml "
+                    "is deprecated and will be removed in v0.22\n\n\tThese preferences "
+                    "will be ignored by Spack. You can set them only in package specific sections "
+                    "of the same file.\n",
+                    "error": False,
+                },
+            }
+        },
+        "patternProperties": {
+            r"(?!^all$)(^\w[\w-]*)": {  # package name
+                "type": "object",
+                "default": {},
+                "additionalProperties": False,
+                "properties": {
+                    "require": requirements,
+                    "version": {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "default": [],
+                        # version strings
+                        "items": {"anyOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "number"}]},
                     },
+                    "target": {},  # Here only to warn users on ignored properties
+                    "compiler": {},  # Here only to warn users on ignored properties
+                    "buildable": {"type": "boolean", "default": True},
+                    "permissions": permissions,
+                    # If 'get_full_repo' is promoted to a Package-level
+                    # attribute, it could be useful to set it here
+                    "package_attributes": package_attributes,
+                    "providers": {},  # Here only to warn users on ignored properties
+                    "variants": variants,
                     "externals": {
                         "type": "array",
                         "items": {
@@ -127,6 +160,14 @@
                         },
                     },
                 },
+                "deprecatedProperties": {
+                    "properties": ["target", "compiler", "providers"],
+                    "message": "setting compiler, target or provider preferences in a package "
+                    "specific section of packages.yaml is deprecated, and will be removed in "
+                    "v0.22.\n\n\tThese preferences will be ignored by Spack. You "
+                    "can set them only in the 'all' section of the same file.\n",
+                    "error": False,
+                },
             }
         },
     }

lib/spack/spack/solver/asp.py

@@ -8,11 +8,12 @@
 import enum
 import itertools
 import os
+import pathlib
 import pprint
 import re
 import types
 import warnings
-from typing import Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Callable, Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence, Set, Tuple, Union
 
 import archspec.cpu
 
@@ -337,6 +338,13 @@ def __getattr__(self, name):
 
 fn = AspFunctionBuilder()
 
+TransformFunction = Callable[[spack.spec.Spec, List[AspFunction]], List[AspFunction]]
+
+
+def remove_node(spec: spack.spec.Spec, facts: List[AspFunction]) -> List[AspFunction]:
+    """Transformation that removes all "node" and "virtual_node" from the input list of facts."""
+    return list(filter(lambda x: x.args[0] not in ("node", "virtual_node"), facts))
+
 
 def _create_counter(specs, tests):
     strategy = spack.config.CONFIG.get("concretizer:duplicates:strategy", "none")
@@ -684,7 +692,7 @@ def extract_args(model, predicate_name):
 class ErrorHandler:
     def __init__(self, model):
         self.model = model
-        self.error_args = extract_args(model, "error")
+        self.full_model = None
 
     def multiple_values_error(self, attribute, pkg):
         return f'Cannot select a single "{attribute}" for package "{pkg}"'
@@ -692,6 +700,48 @@ def multiple_values_error(self, attribute, pkg):
     def no_value_error(self, attribute, pkg):
         return f'Cannot select a single "{attribute}" for package "{pkg}"'
 
+    def _get_cause_tree(
+        self,
+        cause: Tuple[str, str],
+        conditions: Dict[str, str],
+        condition_causes: List[Tuple[Tuple[str, str], Tuple[str, str]]],
+        seen: Set,
+        indent: str = "        ",
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        """
+        Implementation of recursion for self.get_cause_tree. Much of this operates on tuples
+        (condition_id, set_id) in which the latter idea means that the condition represented by
+        the former held in the condition set represented by the latter.
+        """
+        seen = set(seen) | set(cause)
+        parents = [c for e, c in condition_causes if e == cause and c not in seen]
+        local = "required because %s " % conditions[cause[0]]
+
+        return [indent + local] + [
+            c
+            for parent in parents
+            for c in self._get_cause_tree(
+                parent, conditions, condition_causes, seen, indent=indent + "  "
+            )
+        ]
+
+    def get_cause_tree(self, cause: Tuple[str, str]) -> List[str]:
+        """
+        Get the cause tree associated with the given cause.
+
+        Arguments:
+            cause: The root cause of the tree (final condition)
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of strings describing the causes, formatted to display tree structure.
+        """
+        conditions: Dict[str, str] = dict(extract_args(self.full_model, "condition_reason"))
+        condition_causes: List[Tuple[Tuple[str, str], Tuple[str, str]]] = list(
+            ((Effect, EID), (Cause, CID))
+            for Effect, EID, Cause, CID in extract_args(self.full_model, "condition_cause")
+        )
+        return self._get_cause_tree(cause, conditions, condition_causes, set())
+
     def handle_error(self, msg, *args):
         """Handle an error state derived by the solver."""
         if msg == "multiple_values_error":
@@ -700,14 +750,31 @@ def handle_error(self, msg, *args):
         if msg == "no_value_error":
             return self.no_value_error(*args)
 
+        try:
+            idx = args.index("startcauses")
+        except ValueError:
+            msg_args = args
+            causes = []
+        else:
+            msg_args = args[:idx]
+            cause_args = args[idx + 1 :]
+            cause_args_conditions = cause_args[::2]
+            cause_args_ids = cause_args[1::2]
+            causes = list(zip(cause_args_conditions, cause_args_ids))
+
+        msg = msg.format(*msg_args)
+
         # For variant formatting, we sometimes have to construct specs
         # to format values properly. Find/replace all occurances of
         # Spec(...) with the string representation of the spec mentioned
-        msg = msg.format(*args)
         specs_to_construct = re.findall(r"Spec\(([^)]*)\)", msg)
         for spec_str in specs_to_construct:
             msg = msg.replace("Spec(%s)" % spec_str, str(spack.spec.Spec(spec_str)))
 
+        for cause in set(causes):
+            for c in self.get_cause_tree(cause):
+                msg += f"\n{c}"
+
         return msg
 
     def message(self, errors) -> str:
@@ -719,11 +786,31 @@ def message(self, errors) -> str:
         return "\n".join([header] + messages)
 
     def raise_if_errors(self):
-        if not self.error_args:
+        initial_error_args = extract_args(self.model, "error")
+        if not initial_error_args:
             return
 
+        error_causation = clingo.Control()
+
+        parent_dir = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent
+        errors_lp = parent_dir / "error_messages.lp"
+
+        def on_model(model):
+            self.full_model = model.symbols(shown=True, terms=True)
+
+        with error_causation.backend() as backend:
+            for atom in self.model:
+                atom_id = backend.add_atom(atom)
+                backend.add_rule([atom_id], [], choice=False)
+
+            error_causation.load(str(errors_lp))
+            error_causation.ground([("base", []), ("error_messages", [])])
+            _ = error_causation.solve(on_model=on_model)
+
+        # No choices so there will be only one model
+        error_args = extract_args(self.full_model, "error")
         errors = sorted(
-            [(int(priority), msg, args) for priority, msg, *args in self.error_args], reverse=True
+            [(int(priority), msg, args) for priority, msg, *args in error_args], reverse=True
         )
         msg = self.message(errors)
         raise UnsatisfiableSpecError(msg)
@@ -861,6 +948,12 @@ def visit(node):
         self.control.load(os.path.join(parent_dir, "display.lp"))
         if not setup.concretize_everything:
             self.control.load(os.path.join(parent_dir, "when_possible.lp"))
+
+        for spec in specs:
+            if self._compiler_flags_has_propagation(spec.compiler_flags):
+                self.control.load(os.path.join(parent_dir, "propagation.lp"))
+                break
+
         timer.stop("load")
 
         # Grounding is the first step in the solve -- it turns our facts
@@ -924,7 +1017,7 @@ def on_model(model):
                 if sym.name not in ("attr", "error", "opt_criterion"):
                     tty.debug(
                         "UNKNOWN SYMBOL: %s(%s)"
-                        % (sym.name, ", ".join(intermediate_repr(sym.arguments)))
+                        % (sym.name, ", ".join([str(s) for s in intermediate_repr(sym.arguments)]))
                     )
 
         elif cores:
@@ -941,6 +1034,12 @@ def on_model(model):
 
         return result, timer, self.control.statistics
 
+    def _compiler_flags_has_propagation(self, flags):
+        for _, flag_vals in flags.items():
+            if any(val.propagate for val in flag_vals):
+                return True
+        return False
+
 
 class ConcreteSpecsByHash(collections.abc.Mapping):
     """Mapping containing concrete specs keyed by DAG hash.
@@ -1116,7 +1215,7 @@ def conflict_rules(self, pkg):
         default_msg = "{0}: '{1}' conflicts with '{2}'"
         no_constraint_msg = "{0}: conflicts with '{1}'"
         for trigger, constraints in pkg.conflicts.items():
-            trigger_msg = "conflict trigger %s" % str(trigger)
+            trigger_msg = f"conflict is triggered when {str(trigger)}"
             trigger_spec = spack.spec.Spec(trigger)
             trigger_id = self.condition(
                 trigger_spec, name=trigger_spec.name or pkg.name, msg=trigger_msg
@@ -1128,7 +1227,11 @@ def conflict_rules(self, pkg):
                         conflict_msg = no_constraint_msg.format(pkg.name, trigger)
                     else:
                         conflict_msg = default_msg.format(pkg.name, trigger, constraint)
-                constraint_msg = "conflict constraint %s" % str(constraint)
+
+                spec_for_msg = (
+                    spack.spec.Spec(pkg.name) if constraint == spack.spec.Spec() else constraint
+                )
+                constraint_msg = f"conflict applies to spec {str(spec_for_msg)}"
                 constraint_id = self.condition(constraint, name=pkg.name, msg=constraint_msg)
                 self.gen.fact(
                     fn.pkg_fact(pkg.name, fn.conflict(trigger_id, constraint_id, conflict_msg))
@@ -1167,32 +1270,9 @@ def compiler_facts(self):
         matches = sorted(indexed_possible_compilers, key=lambda x: ppk(x[1].spec))
 
         for weight, (compiler_id, cspec) in enumerate(matches):
-            f = fn.default_compiler_preference(compiler_id, weight)
+            f = fn.compiler_weight(compiler_id, weight)
             self.gen.fact(f)
 
-    def package_compiler_defaults(self, pkg):
-        """Facts about packages' compiler prefs."""
-
-        packages = spack.config.get("packages")
-        pkg_prefs = packages.get(pkg.name)
-        if not pkg_prefs or "compiler" not in pkg_prefs:
-            return
-
-        compiler_list = self.possible_compilers
-        compiler_list = sorted(compiler_list, key=lambda x: (x.name, x.version), reverse=True)
-        ppk = spack.package_prefs.PackagePrefs(pkg.name, "compiler", all=False)
-        matches = sorted(compiler_list, key=lambda x: ppk(x.spec))
-
-        for i, compiler in enumerate(reversed(matches)):
-            self.gen.fact(
-                fn.pkg_fact(
-                    pkg.name,
-                    fn.node_compiler_preference(
-                        compiler.spec.name, compiler.spec.version, -i * 100
-                    ),
-                )
-            )
-
     def package_requirement_rules(self, pkg):
         rules = self.requirement_rules_from_package_py(pkg)
         rules.extend(self.requirement_rules_from_packages_yaml(pkg))
@@ -1284,9 +1364,6 @@ def pkg_rules(self, pkg, tests):
         # conflicts
         self.conflict_rules(pkg)
 
-        # default compilers for this package
-        self.package_compiler_defaults(pkg)
-
         # virtuals
         self.package_provider_rules(pkg)
 
@@ -1310,7 +1387,7 @@ def trigger_rules(self):
         self.gen.h2("Trigger conditions")
         for name in self._trigger_cache:
             cache = self._trigger_cache[name]
-            for spec_str, (trigger_id, requirements) in cache.items():
+            for (spec_str, _), (trigger_id, requirements) in cache.items():
                 self.gen.fact(fn.pkg_fact(name, fn.trigger_id(trigger_id)))
                 self.gen.fact(fn.pkg_fact(name, fn.trigger_msg(spec_str)))
                 for predicate in requirements:
@@ -1323,7 +1400,7 @@ def effect_rules(self):
         self.gen.h2("Imposed requirements")
         for name in self._effect_cache:
             cache = self._effect_cache[name]
-            for spec_str, (effect_id, requirements) in cache.items():
+            for (spec_str, _), (effect_id, requirements) in cache.items():
                 self.gen.fact(fn.pkg_fact(name, fn.effect_id(effect_id)))
                 self.gen.fact(fn.pkg_fact(name, fn.effect_msg(spec_str)))
                 for predicate in requirements:
@@ -1422,18 +1499,26 @@ def variant_rules(self, pkg):
 
             self.gen.newline()
 
-    def condition(self, required_spec, imposed_spec=None, name=None, msg=None, node=False):
+    def condition(
+        self,
+        required_spec: spack.spec.Spec,
+        imposed_spec: Optional[spack.spec.Spec] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        msg: Optional[str] = None,
+        transform_required: Optional[TransformFunction] = None,
+        transform_imposed: Optional[TransformFunction] = remove_node,
+    ):
         """Generate facts for a dependency or virtual provider condition.
 
         Arguments:
-            required_spec (spack.spec.Spec): the spec that triggers this condition
-            imposed_spec (spack.spec.Spec or None): the spec with constraints that
-                are imposed when this condition is triggered
-            name (str or None): name for `required_spec` (required if
-                required_spec is anonymous, ignored if not)
-            msg (str or None): description of the condition
-            node (bool): if False does not emit "node" or "virtual_node" requirements
-                from the imposed spec
+            required_spec: the constraints that triggers this condition
+            imposed_spec: the constraints that are imposed when this condition is triggered
+            name: name for `required_spec` (required if required_spec is anonymous, ignored if not)
+            msg: description of the condition
+            transform_required: transformation applied to facts from the required spec. Defaults
+                to leave facts as they are.
+            transform_imposed: transformation applied to facts from the imposed spec. Defaults
+                to removing "node" and "virtual_node" facts.
         Returns:
             int: id of the condition created by this function
         """
@@ -1451,10 +1536,14 @@ def condition(self, required_spec, imposed_spec=None, name=None, msg=None, node=
 
         cache = self._trigger_cache[named_cond.name]
 
-        named_cond_key = str(named_cond)
+        named_cond_key = (str(named_cond), transform_required)
         if named_cond_key not in cache:
             trigger_id = next(self._trigger_id_counter)
             requirements = self.spec_clauses(named_cond, body=True, required_from=name)
+
+            if transform_required:
+                requirements = transform_required(named_cond, requirements)
+
             cache[named_cond_key] = (trigger_id, requirements)
         trigger_id, requirements = cache[named_cond_key]
         self.gen.fact(fn.pkg_fact(named_cond.name, fn.condition_trigger(condition_id, trigger_id)))
@@ -1463,14 +1552,14 @@ def condition(self, required_spec, imposed_spec=None, name=None, msg=None, node=
             return condition_id
 
         cache = self._effect_cache[named_cond.name]
-        imposed_spec_key = str(imposed_spec)
+        imposed_spec_key = (str(imposed_spec), transform_imposed)
         if imposed_spec_key not in cache:
             effect_id = next(self._effect_id_counter)
             requirements = self.spec_clauses(imposed_spec, body=False, required_from=name)
-            if not node:
-                requirements = list(
-                    filter(lambda x: x.args[0] not in ("node", "virtual_node"), requirements)
-                )
+
+            if transform_imposed:
+                requirements = transform_imposed(imposed_spec, requirements)
+
             cache[imposed_spec_key] = (effect_id, requirements)
         effect_id, requirements = cache[imposed_spec_key]
         self.gen.fact(fn.pkg_fact(named_cond.name, fn.condition_effect(condition_id, effect_id)))
@@ -1501,6 +1590,17 @@ def package_provider_rules(self, pkg):
                 )
             self.gen.newline()
 
+        for when, sets_of_virtuals in pkg.provided_together.items():
+            condition_id = self.condition(
+                when, name=pkg.name, msg="Virtuals are provided together"
+            )
+            for set_id, virtuals_together in enumerate(sets_of_virtuals):
+                for name in virtuals_together:
+                    self.gen.fact(
+                        fn.pkg_fact(pkg.name, fn.provided_together(condition_id, set_id, name))
+                    )
+            self.gen.newline()
+
     def package_dependencies_rules(self, pkg):
         """Translate 'depends_on' directives into ASP logic."""
         for _, conditions in sorted(pkg.dependencies.items()):
@@ -1519,21 +1619,32 @@ def package_dependencies_rules(self, pkg):
                 if not depflag:
                     continue
 
-                msg = "%s depends on %s" % (pkg.name, dep.spec.name)
+                msg = f"{pkg.name} depends on {dep.spec}"
                 if cond != spack.spec.Spec():
-                    msg += " when %s" % cond
+                    msg += f" when {cond}"
                 else:
                     pass
 
-                condition_id = self.condition(cond, dep.spec, pkg.name, msg)
-                self.gen.fact(
-                    fn.pkg_fact(pkg.name, fn.dependency_condition(condition_id, dep.spec.name))
-                )
+                def track_dependencies(input_spec, requirements):
+                    return requirements + [fn.attr("track_dependencies", input_spec.name)]
 
-                for t in dt.ALL_FLAGS:
-                    if t & depflag:
-                        # there is a declared dependency of type t
-                        self.gen.fact(fn.dependency_type(condition_id, dt.flag_to_string(t)))
+                def dependency_holds(input_spec, requirements):
+                    return remove_node(input_spec, requirements) + [
+                        fn.attr(
+                            "dependency_holds", pkg.name, input_spec.name, dt.flag_to_string(t)
+                        )
+                        for t in dt.ALL_FLAGS
+                        if t & depflag
+                    ]
+
+                self.condition(
+                    cond,
+                    dep.spec,
+                    name=pkg.name,
+                    msg=msg,
+                    transform_required=track_dependencies,
+                    transform_imposed=dependency_holds,
+                )
 
                 self.gen.newline()
 
@@ -1548,6 +1659,7 @@ def virtual_preferences(self, pkg_name, func):
             for i, provider in enumerate(providers):
                 provider_name = spack.spec.Spec(provider).name
                 func(vspec, provider_name, i)
+            self.gen.newline()
 
     def provider_defaults(self):
         self.gen.h2("Default virtual providers")
@@ -1628,8 +1740,17 @@ def emit_facts_from_requirement_rules(self, rules: List[RequirementRule]):
                     when_spec = spack.spec.Spec(pkg_name)
 
                 try:
+                    # With virtual we want to emit "node" and "virtual_node" in imposed specs
+                    transform: Optional[TransformFunction] = remove_node
+                    if virtual:
+                        transform = None
+
                     member_id = self.condition(
-                        required_spec=when_spec, imposed_spec=spec, name=pkg_name, node=virtual
+                        required_spec=when_spec,
+                        imposed_spec=spec,
+                        name=pkg_name,
+                        transform_imposed=transform,
+                        msg=f"{spec_str} is a requirement for package {pkg_name}",
                     )
                 except Exception as e:
                     # Do not raise if the rule comes from the 'all' subsection, since usability
@@ -1692,8 +1813,16 @@ def external_packages(self):
             # Declare external conditions with a local index into packages.yaml
             for local_idx, spec in enumerate(external_specs):
                 msg = "%s available as external when satisfying %s" % (spec.name, spec)
-                condition_id = self.condition(spec, msg=msg)
-                self.gen.fact(fn.pkg_fact(pkg_name, fn.possible_external(condition_id, local_idx)))
+
+                def external_imposition(input_spec, _):
+                    return [fn.attr("external_conditions_hold", input_spec.name, local_idx)]
+
+                self.condition(
+                    spec,
+                    spack.spec.Spec(spec.name),
+                    msg=msg,
+                    transform_imposed=external_imposition,
+                )
                 self.possible_versions[spec.name].add(spec.version)
                 self.gen.newline()
 
@@ -1723,8 +1852,8 @@ def preferred_variants(self, pkg_name):
                     fn.variant_default_value_from_packages_yaml(pkg_name, variant.name, value)
                 )
 
-    def target_preferences(self, pkg_name):
-        key_fn = spack.package_prefs.PackagePrefs(pkg_name, "target")
+    def target_preferences(self):
+        key_fn = spack.package_prefs.PackagePrefs("all", "target")
 
         if not self.target_specs_cache:
             self.target_specs_cache = [
@@ -1734,17 +1863,25 @@ def target_preferences(self, pkg_name):
 
         package_targets = self.target_specs_cache[:]
         package_targets.sort(key=key_fn)
-
-        offset = 0
-        best_default = self.default_targets[0][1]
         for i, preferred in enumerate(package_targets):
-            if str(preferred.architecture.target) == best_default and i != 0:
-                offset = 100
-            self.gen.fact(
-                fn.pkg_fact(
-                    pkg_name, fn.target_weight(str(preferred.architecture.target), i + offset)
-                )
-            )
+            self.gen.fact(fn.target_weight(str(preferred.architecture.target), i))
+
+    def flag_defaults(self):
+        self.gen.h2("Compiler flag defaults")
+
+        # types of flags that can be on specs
+        for flag in spack.spec.FlagMap.valid_compiler_flags():
+            self.gen.fact(fn.flag_type(flag))
+        self.gen.newline()
+
+        # flags from compilers.yaml
+        compilers = all_compilers_in_config()
+        for compiler in compilers:
+            for name, flags in compiler.flags.items():
+                for flag in flags:
+                    self.gen.fact(
+                        fn.compiler_version_flag(compiler.name, compiler.version, name, flag)
+                    )
 
     def spec_clauses(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """Wrap a call to `_spec_clauses()` into a try/except block that
@@ -1796,8 +1933,8 @@ class Head:
             node_compiler_version = fn.attr("node_compiler_version_set")
             node_flag = fn.attr("node_flag_set")
             node_flag_source = fn.attr("node_flag_source")
-            node_flag_propagate = fn.attr("node_flag_propagate")
-            variant_propagate = fn.attr("variant_propagate")
+            node_flag_propagation_candidate = fn.attr("node_flag_propagation_candidate")
+            variant_propagation_candidate = fn.attr("variant_propagation_candidate")
 
         class Body:
             node = fn.attr("node")
@@ -1810,8 +1947,8 @@ class Body:
             node_compiler_version = fn.attr("node_compiler_version")
             node_flag = fn.attr("node_flag")
             node_flag_source = fn.attr("node_flag_source")
-            node_flag_propagate = fn.attr("node_flag_propagate")
-            variant_propagate = fn.attr("variant_propagate")
+            node_flag_propagation_candidate = fn.attr("node_flag_propagation_candidate")
+            variant_propagation_candidate = fn.attr("variant_propagation_candidate")
 
         f = Body if body else Head
 
@@ -1860,7 +1997,9 @@ class Body:
                 clauses.append(f.variant_value(spec.name, vname, value))
 
                 if variant.propagate:
-                    clauses.append(f.variant_propagate(spec.name, vname, value, spec.name))
+                    clauses.append(
+                        f.variant_propagation_candidate(spec.name, vname, value, spec.name)
+                    )
 
                 # Tell the concretizer that this is a possible value for the
                 # variant, to account for things like int/str values where we
@@ -1893,7 +2032,9 @@ class Body:
                 clauses.append(f.node_flag(spec.name, flag_type, flag))
                 clauses.append(f.node_flag_source(spec.name, flag_type, spec.name))
                 if not spec.concrete and flag.propagate is True:
-                    clauses.append(f.node_flag_propagate(spec.name, flag_type))
+                    clauses.append(
+                        f.node_flag_propagation_candidate(spec.name, flag_type, flag, spec.name)
+                    )
 
         # dependencies
         if spec.concrete:
@@ -1902,6 +2043,16 @@ class Body:
                 clauses.append(fn.attr("package_hash", spec.name, spec._package_hash))
             clauses.append(fn.attr("hash", spec.name, spec.dag_hash()))
 
+        edges = spec.edges_from_dependents()
+        virtuals = [x for x in itertools.chain.from_iterable([edge.virtuals for edge in edges])]
+        if not body:
+            for virtual in virtuals:
+                clauses.append(fn.attr("provider_set", spec.name, virtual))
+                clauses.append(fn.attr("virtual_node", virtual))
+        else:
+            for virtual in virtuals:
+                clauses.append(fn.attr("virtual_on_incoming_edges", spec.name, virtual))
+
         # add all clauses from dependencies
         if transitive:
             # TODO: Eventually distinguish 2 deps on the same pkg (build and link)
@@ -2188,6 +2339,8 @@ def target_defaults(self, specs):
 
         self.default_targets = list(sorted(set(self.default_targets)))
 
+        self.target_preferences()
+
     def virtual_providers(self):
         self.gen.h2("Virtual providers")
         msg = (
@@ -2509,7 +2662,6 @@ def setup(
             self.pkg_rules(pkg, tests=self.tests)
             self.gen.h2("Package preferences: %s" % pkg)
             self.preferred_variants(pkg)
-            self.target_preferences(pkg)
 
         self.gen.h1("Develop specs")
         # Inject dev_path from environment
@@ -2535,20 +2687,45 @@ def setup(
         self.define_target_constraints()
 
     def literal_specs(self, specs):
-        for idx, spec in enumerate(specs):
+        for spec in specs:
             self.gen.h2("Spec: %s" % str(spec))
-            self.gen.fact(fn.literal(idx))
+            condition_id = next(self._condition_id_counter)
+            trigger_id = next(self._trigger_id_counter)
 
-            self.gen.fact(fn.literal(idx, "virtual_root" if spec.virtual else "root", spec.name))
-            for clause in self.spec_clauses(spec):
-                self.gen.fact(fn.literal(idx, *clause.args))
-                if clause.args[0] == "variant_set":
-                    self.gen.fact(
-                        fn.literal(idx, "variant_default_value_from_cli", *clause.args[1:])
+            # Special condition triggered by "literal_solved"
+            self.gen.fact(fn.literal(trigger_id))
+            self.gen.fact(fn.pkg_fact(spec.name, fn.condition_trigger(condition_id, trigger_id)))
+            self.gen.fact(fn.condition_reason(condition_id, f"{spec} requested from CLI"))
+
+            # Effect imposes the spec
+            imposed_spec_key = str(spec), None
+            cache = self._effect_cache[spec.name]
+            msg = (
+                "literal specs have different requirements. clear cache before computing literals"
+            )
+            assert imposed_spec_key not in cache, msg
+            effect_id = next(self._effect_id_counter)
+            requirements = self.spec_clauses(spec)
+            root_name = spec.name
+            for clause in requirements:
+                clause_name = clause.args[0]
+                if clause_name == "variant_set":
+                    requirements.append(
+                        fn.attr("variant_default_value_from_cli", *clause.args[1:])
                     )
+                elif clause_name in ("node", "virtual_node", "hash"):
+                    # These facts are needed to compute the "condition_set" of the root
+                    pkg_name = clause.args[1]
+                    self.gen.fact(fn.mentioned_in_literal(trigger_id, root_name, pkg_name))
+
+            requirements.append(fn.attr("virtual_root" if spec.virtual else "root", spec.name))
+            cache[imposed_spec_key] = (effect_id, requirements)
+            self.gen.fact(fn.pkg_fact(spec.name, fn.condition_effect(condition_id, effect_id)))
 
             if self.concretize_everything:
-                self.gen.fact(fn.solve_literal(idx))
+                self.gen.fact(fn.solve_literal(trigger_id))
+
+        self.effect_rules()
 
     def validate_and_define_versions_from_requirements(
         self, *, allow_deprecated: bool, require_checksum: bool
@@ -3124,10 +3301,11 @@ def __init__(self, provided, conflicts):
         msg = (
             "Spack concretizer internal error. Please submit a bug report and include the "
             "command, environment if applicable and the following error message."
-            f"\n    {provided} is unsatisfiable, errors are:"
+            f"\n    {provided} is unsatisfiable"
         )
 
-        msg += "".join([f"\n    {conflict}" for conflict in conflicts])
+        if conflicts:
+            msg += ", errors are:" + "".join([f"\n    {conflict}" for conflict in conflicts])
 
         super(spack.error.UnsatisfiableSpecError, self).__init__(msg)
 

lib/spack/spack/solver/concretize.lp

@@ -10,9 +10,8 @@
 % ID of the nodes in the "root" link-run sub-DAG
 #const min_dupe_id = 0.
 
-#const link_run = 0.
-#const direct_link_run =1.
-#const direct_build = 2.
+#const direct_link_run = 0.
+#const direct_build = 1.
 
 % Allow clingo to create nodes
 { attr("node", node(0..X-1, Package))         } :- max_dupes(Package, X), not virtual(Package).
@@ -30,23 +29,21 @@
 :- attr("variant_value", PackageNode, _, _), not attr("node", PackageNode).
 :- attr("node_flag_compiler_default", PackageNode), not attr("node", PackageNode).
 :- attr("node_flag", PackageNode, _, _), not attr("node", PackageNode).
-:- attr("node_flag_source", PackageNode, _, _), not attr("node", PackageNode).
 :- attr("no_flags", PackageNode, _), not attr("node", PackageNode).
 :- attr("external_spec_selected", PackageNode, _), not attr("node", PackageNode).
 :- attr("depends_on", ParentNode, _, _), not attr("node", ParentNode).
 :- attr("depends_on", _, ChildNode, _), not attr("node", ChildNode).
 :- attr("node_flag_source", ParentNode, _, _), not attr("node", ParentNode).
 :- attr("node_flag_source", _, _, ChildNode), not attr("node", ChildNode).
+:- attr("virtual_node", VirtualNode), not provider(_, VirtualNode), internal_error("virtual node with no provider").
+:- provider(_, VirtualNode), not attr("virtual_node", VirtualNode), internal_error("provider with no virtual node").
+:- provider(PackageNode, _), not attr("node", PackageNode), internal_error("provider with no real node").
 
-:- attr("virtual_node", VirtualNode), not provider(_, VirtualNode).
-:- provider(_, VirtualNode), not attr("virtual_node", VirtualNode).
-:- provider(PackageNode, _), not attr("node", PackageNode).
-
-:- attr("root", node(ID, PackageNode)), ID > min_dupe_id.
+:- attr("root", node(ID, PackageNode)), ID > min_dupe_id, internal_error("root with a non-minimal duplicate ID").
 
 % Nodes in the "root" unification set cannot depend on non-root nodes if the dependency is "link" or "run"
-:- attr("depends_on", node(min_dupe_id, Package), node(ID, _), "link"), ID != min_dupe_id, unification_set("root", node(min_dupe_id, Package)).
-:- attr("depends_on", node(min_dupe_id, Package), node(ID, _), "run"),  ID != min_dupe_id, unification_set("root", node(min_dupe_id, Package)).
+:- attr("depends_on", node(min_dupe_id, Package), node(ID, _), "link"), ID != min_dupe_id, unification_set("root", node(min_dupe_id, Package)), internal_error("link dependency out of the root unification set").
+:- attr("depends_on", node(min_dupe_id, Package), node(ID, _), "run"),  ID != min_dupe_id, unification_set("root", node(min_dupe_id, Package)), internal_error("run dependency out of the root unification set").
 
 % Rules on "unification sets", i.e. on sets of nodes allowing a single configuration of any given package
 unify(SetID, PackageName) :- unification_set(SetID, node(_, PackageName)).
@@ -86,22 +83,24 @@ unification_set(SetID, VirtualNode)
 %----
 
 % In the "root" unification set only ID = 0 are allowed
-:- unification_set("root", node(ID, _)), ID != 0.
+:- unification_set("root", node(ID, _)), ID != 0, internal_error("root unification set has node with non-zero unification set ID").
 
 % In the "root" unification set we allow only packages from the link-run possible subDAG
-:- unification_set("root", node(_, Package)), not possible_in_link_run(Package), not virtual(Package).
+:- unification_set("root", node(_, Package)), not possible_in_link_run(Package), not virtual(Package), internal_error("package outside possible link/run graph in root unification set").
 
 % Each node must belong to at least one unification set
-:- attr("node", PackageNode), not unification_set(_, PackageNode).
+:- attr("node", PackageNode), not unification_set(_, PackageNode), internal_error("node belongs to no unification set").
 
 % Cannot have a node with an ID, if lower ID of the same package are not used
 :- attr("node", node(ID1, Package)),
    not attr("node", node(ID2, Package)),
-   max_dupes(Package, X), ID1=0..X-1, ID2=0..X-1, ID2 < ID1.
+   max_dupes(Package, X), ID1=0..X-1, ID2=0..X-1, ID2 < ID1,
+   internal_error("node skipped id number").
 
 :- attr("virtual_node", node(ID1, Package)),
    not attr("virtual_node", node(ID2, Package)),
-   max_dupes(Package, X), ID1=0..X-1, ID2=0..X-1, ID2 < ID1.
+   max_dupes(Package, X), ID1=0..X-1, ID2=0..X-1, ID2 < ID1,
+   internal_error("virtual node skipped id number").
 
 %-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 % Map literal input specs to facts that drive the solve
@@ -113,26 +112,30 @@ unification_set(SetID, VirtualNode)
 multiple_nodes_attribute("node_flag_source").
 multiple_nodes_attribute("depends_on").
 multiple_nodes_attribute("virtual_on_edge").
+multiple_nodes_attribute("provider_set").
 
-% Map constraint on the literal ID to facts on the node
-attr(Name, node(min_dupe_id, A1))             :- literal(LiteralID, Name, A1), solve_literal(LiteralID).
-attr(Name, node(min_dupe_id, A1), A2)         :- literal(LiteralID, Name, A1, A2), solve_literal(LiteralID).
-attr(Name, node(min_dupe_id, A1), A2, A3)     :- literal(LiteralID, Name, A1, A2, A3), solve_literal(LiteralID), not multiple_nodes_attribute(Name).
-attr(Name, node(min_dupe_id, A1), A2, A3, A4) :- literal(LiteralID, Name, A1, A2, A3, A4), solve_literal(LiteralID).
+trigger_condition_holds(TriggerID, node(min_dupe_id, Package)) :-
+  solve_literal(TriggerID),
+  pkg_fact(Package, condition_trigger(_, TriggerID)),
+  literal(TriggerID).
 
-% Special cases where nodes occur in arguments other than A1
-attr("node_flag_source", node(min_dupe_id, A1), A2, node(min_dupe_id, A3)) :- literal(LiteralID, "node_flag_source", A1, A2, A3), solve_literal(LiteralID).
-attr("depends_on",       node(min_dupe_id, A1), node(min_dupe_id, A2), A3) :- literal(LiteralID, "depends_on",       A1, A2, A3), solve_literal(LiteralID).
+trigger_node(TriggerID, Node, Node) :-
+  trigger_condition_holds(TriggerID, Node),
+  literal(TriggerID).
+
+% Since we trigger the existence of literal nodes from a condition, we need to construct
+% the condition_set/2 manually below
+mentioned_in_literal(Root, Mentioned) :- mentioned_in_literal(TriggerID, Root, Mentioned), solve_literal(TriggerID).
+condition_set(node(min_dupe_id, Root), node(min_dupe_id, Mentioned)) :-  mentioned_in_literal(Root, Mentioned).
 
 % Discriminate between "roots" that have been explicitly requested, and roots that are deduced from "virtual roots"
-explicitly_requested_root(node(min_dupe_id, A1)) :- literal(LiteralID, "root", A1), solve_literal(LiteralID).
+explicitly_requested_root(node(min_dupe_id, Package)) :-
+  solve_literal(TriggerID),
+  trigger_and_effect(Package, TriggerID, EffectID),
+  imposed_constraint(EffectID, "root", Package).
 
 #defined concretize_everything/0.
 #defined literal/1.
-#defined literal/3.
-#defined literal/4.
-#defined literal/5.
-#defined literal/6.
 
 % Attributes for node packages which must have a single value
 attr_single_value("version").
@@ -230,7 +233,8 @@ possible_version_weight(node(ID, Package), Weight)
 
 1 { version_weight(node(ID, Package), Weight) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, Weight)) } 1
   :- attr("version", node(ID, Package), Version),
-     attr("node", node(ID, Package)).
+     attr("node", node(ID, Package)),
+     internal_error("version weights must exist and be unique").
 
 % node_version_satisfies implies that exactly one of the satisfying versions
 % is the package's version, and vice versa.
@@ -244,7 +248,8 @@ possible_version_weight(node(ID, Package), Weight)
 % bound on the choice rule to avoid false positives with the error below
 1 { attr("version", node(ID, Package), Version) : pkg_fact(Package, version_satisfies(Constraint, Version)) }
   :- attr("node_version_satisfies", node(ID, Package), Constraint),
-     pkg_fact(Package, version_satisfies(Constraint, _)).
+     pkg_fact(Package, version_satisfies(Constraint, _)),
+     internal_error("must choose a single version to satisfy version constraints").
 
 % More specific error message if the version cannot satisfy some constraint
 % Otherwise covered by `no_version_error` and `versions_conflict_error`.
@@ -313,9 +318,11 @@ trigger_condition_holds(ID, RequestorNode) :-
   attr(Name, node(X, A1))             : condition_requirement(ID, Name, A1),             condition_nodes(ID, PackageNode, node(X, A1));
   attr(Name, node(X, A1), A2)         : condition_requirement(ID, Name, A1, A2),         condition_nodes(ID, PackageNode, node(X, A1));
   attr(Name, node(X, A1), A2, A3)     : condition_requirement(ID, Name, A1, A2, A3),     condition_nodes(ID, PackageNode, node(X, A1)), not multiple_nodes_attribute(Name);
-  attr(Name, node(X, A1), A2, A3, A4) : condition_requirement(ID, Name, A1, A2, A3, A4), condition_nodes(ID, PackageNode, node(X, A1));
+  attr(Name, node(X, A1), A2, A3, A4) : condition_requirement(ID, Name, A1, A2, A3, A4), condition_nodes(ID, PackageNode, node(X, A1)), not multiple_nodes_attribute(Name);
   % Special cases
   attr("node_flag_source", node(X, A1), A2, node(Y, A3)) : condition_requirement(ID, "node_flag_source", A1, A2, A3), condition_nodes(ID, PackageNode, node(X, A1)), condition_nodes(ID, PackageNode, node(Y, A3));
+  attr("node_flag_propagation_candidate", node(X, A1), A2, A3, node(Y, A4)) : condition_reuqirement(ID, "node_flag_propagation_candidate", A1, A2, A3, A4), condition_nodes(ID, PackageNode, node(X, A1)), condition_nodes(ID, PackageNode, node(Y, A4));
+  % if the structure of the program ever could change so that node_flag_source can be in a condition, we will need a case for it here.
   not cannot_hold(ID, PackageNode).
 
 condition_holds(ConditionID, node(X, Package))
@@ -357,7 +364,7 @@ imposed_nodes(ConditionID, PackageNode, node(X, A1))
 
 % Conditions that hold impose may impose constraints on other specs
 attr(Name, node(X, A1))             :- impose(ID, PackageNode), imposed_constraint(ID, Name, A1),             imposed_nodes(ID, PackageNode, node(X, A1)).
-attr(Name, node(X, A1), A2)         :- impose(ID, PackageNode), imposed_constraint(ID, Name, A1, A2),         imposed_nodes(ID, PackageNode, node(X, A1)).
+attr(Name, node(X, A1), A2)         :- impose(ID, PackageNode), imposed_constraint(ID, Name, A1, A2),         imposed_nodes(ID, PackageNode, node(X, A1)), not multiple_nodes_attribute(Name).
 attr(Name, node(X, A1), A2, A3)     :- impose(ID, PackageNode), imposed_constraint(ID, Name, A1, A2, A3),     imposed_nodes(ID, PackageNode, node(X, A1)), not multiple_nodes_attribute(Name).
 attr(Name, node(X, A1), A2, A3, A4) :- impose(ID, PackageNode), imposed_constraint(ID, Name, A1, A2, A3, A4), imposed_nodes(ID, PackageNode, node(X, A1)).
 
@@ -368,6 +375,25 @@ attr("node_flag_source", node(X, A1), A2, node(Y, A3))
      imposed_constraint(ID, "node_flag_source", A1, A2, A3),
      condition_set(node(Y, A3), node(X, A1)).
 
+% For node flag propagation, we need to look at the condition_set of the source, since it is the ancestor
+% of the package on which we want to impose the constraint
+attr("node_flag_propagation_candidate", node(X, A1), A2, A3, node(Y, A4))
+  :- impose(ID, node(X, A1)),
+     imposed_constraint(ID, "node_flag_propagation_candidate", A1, A2, A3, A4),
+     condition_set(node(Y, A4), node(X, A1)).
+
+% if the structure of the program ever could change so that node_flag_source can be in a condition, we will need a case for it here.
+
+% Provider set is relevant only for literals, since it's the only place where `^[virtuals=foo] bar`
+% might appear in the HEAD of a rule
+attr("provider_set", node(min_dupe_id, Provider), node(min_dupe_id, Virtual))
+  :- solve_literal(TriggerID),
+     trigger_and_effect(_, TriggerID, EffectID),
+     impose(EffectID, _),
+     imposed_constraint(EffectID, "provider_set", Provider, Virtual).
+
+provider(ProviderNode, VirtualNode) :- attr("provider_set", ProviderNode, VirtualNode).
+
 % Here we can't use the condition set because it's a recursive definition, that doesn't define the
 % node index, and leads to unsatisfiability. Hence we say that one and only one node index must
 % satisfy the dependency.
@@ -427,24 +453,11 @@ depends_on(PackageNode, DependencyNode) :- attr("depends_on", PackageNode, Depen
 % concrete. We chop off dependencies for externals, and dependencies of
 % concrete specs don't need to be resolved -- they arise from the concrete
 % specs themselves.
-dependency_holds(node(NodeID, Package), Dependency, Type) :-
-  pkg_fact(Package, dependency_condition(ID, Dependency)),
-  dependency_type(ID, Type),
-  build(node(NodeID, Package)),
-  not external(node(NodeID, Package)),
-  condition_holds(ID, node(NodeID, Package)).
-
-% We cut off dependencies of externals (as we don't really know them).
-% Don't impose constraints on dependencies that don't exist.
-do_not_impose(EffectID, node(NodeID, Package)) :-
-  not dependency_holds(node(NodeID, Package), Dependency, _),
-  attr("node", node(NodeID, Package)),
-  pkg_fact(Package, dependency_condition(ID, Dependency)),
-  pkg_fact(Package, condition_effect(ID, EffectID)).
+attr("track_dependencies", Node) :- build(Node), not external(Node).
 
 % If a dependency holds on a package node, there must be one and only one dependency node satisfying it
 1 { attr("depends_on", PackageNode, node(0..Y-1, Dependency), Type) : max_dupes(Dependency, Y) } 1
-  :- dependency_holds(PackageNode, Dependency, Type),
+  :- attr("dependency_holds", PackageNode, Dependency, Type),
      not virtual(Dependency).
 
 % all nodes in the graph must be reachable from some root
@@ -476,10 +489,25 @@ error(1, Msg)
 % Virtual dependencies
 %-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+% If the provider is set from the command line, its weight is 0
+possible_provider_weight(ProviderNode, VirtualNode, 0, "Set on the command line")
+  :- attr("provider_set", ProviderNode, VirtualNode).
+
+% Enforces all virtuals to be provided, if multiple of them are provided together
+error(100, "Package '{0}' needs to provide both '{1}' and '{2}' together, but provides only '{1}'", Package, Virtual1, Virtual2)
+:- condition_holds(ID, node(X, Package)),
+   pkg_fact(Package, provided_together(ID, SetID, Virtual1)),
+   pkg_fact(Package, provided_together(ID, SetID, Virtual2)),
+   Virtual1 != Virtual2,
+   attr("virtual_on_incoming_edges", node(X, Package), Virtual1),
+   not attr("virtual_on_incoming_edges", node(X, Package), Virtual2),
+   attr("virtual_node", node(_, Virtual1)),
+   attr("virtual_node", node(_, Virtual2)).
+
 % if a package depends on a virtual, it's not external and we have a
 % provider for that virtual then it depends on the provider
 node_depends_on_virtual(PackageNode, Virtual, Type)
-  :- dependency_holds(PackageNode, Virtual, Type),
+  :- attr("dependency_holds", PackageNode, Virtual, Type),
      virtual(Virtual),
      not external(PackageNode).
 
@@ -489,11 +517,14 @@ node_depends_on_virtual(PackageNode, Virtual) :- node_depends_on_virtual(Package
   :- node_depends_on_virtual(PackageNode, Virtual, Type).
 
 attr("virtual_on_edge", PackageNode, ProviderNode, Virtual)
-  :- dependency_holds(PackageNode, Virtual, Type),
+  :- attr("dependency_holds", PackageNode, Virtual, Type),
      attr("depends_on", PackageNode, ProviderNode, Type),
      provider(ProviderNode, node(_, Virtual)),
      not external(PackageNode).
 
+attr("virtual_on_incoming_edges", ProviderNode, Virtual)
+  :- attr("virtual_on_edge", _, ProviderNode, Virtual).
+
 % dependencies on virtuals also imply that the virtual is a virtual node
 1 { attr("virtual_node", node(0..X-1, Virtual)) : max_dupes(Virtual, X) }
   :- node_depends_on_virtual(PackageNode, Virtual).
@@ -501,6 +532,10 @@ attr("virtual_on_edge", PackageNode, ProviderNode, Virtual)
 % If there's a virtual node, we must select one and only one provider.
 % The provider must be selected among the possible providers.
 
+error(100, "'{0}' cannot be a provider for the '{1}' virtual", Package, Virtual)
+  :-  attr("provider_set", node(min_dupe_id, Package), node(min_dupe_id, Virtual)),
+      not virtual_condition_holds( node(min_dupe_id, Package), Virtual).
+
 error(100, "Cannot find valid provider for virtual {0}", Virtual)
   :- attr("virtual_node", node(X, Virtual)),
      not provider(_, node(X, Virtual)).
@@ -521,20 +556,6 @@ attr("root", PackageNode) :- attr("virtual_root", VirtualNode), provider(Package
     attr("node", PackageNode), virtual_condition_holds(PackageNode, Virtual) } 1
   :- attr("virtual_node", node(X, Virtual)).
 
-% If a spec is selected as a provider, it is for all the virtual it could provide
-:- provider(PackageNode, node(X, Virtual1)),
-   virtual_condition_holds(PackageNode, Virtual2),
-   Virtual2 != Virtual1,
-   unification_set(SetID, PackageNode),
-   unification_set(SetID, node(X, Virtual2)),
-   not provider(PackageNode, node(X, Virtual2)).
-
-% If a spec is a dependency, and could provide a needed virtual, it must be a provider
-:- node_depends_on_virtual(PackageNode, Virtual),
-   depends_on(PackageNode, PossibleProviderNode),
-   virtual_condition_holds(PossibleProviderNode, Virtual),
-   not attr("virtual_on_edge", PackageNode, PossibleProviderNode, Virtual).
-
 % The provider provides the virtual if some provider condition holds.
 virtual_condition_holds(node(ProviderID, Provider), Virtual) :- virtual_condition_holds(ID, node(ProviderID, Provider), Virtual).
 virtual_condition_holds(ID, node(ProviderID, Provider), Virtual) :-
@@ -561,6 +582,8 @@ do_not_impose(EffectID, node(X, Package))
    not virtual_condition_holds(PackageNode, Virtual),
    internal_error("Virtual when provides not respected").
 
+#defined provided_together/4.
+
 %-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 % Virtual dependency weights
 %-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -577,21 +600,15 @@ possible_provider_weight(DependencyNode, VirtualNode, 0, "external")
   :- provider(DependencyNode, VirtualNode),
      external(DependencyNode).
 
-% A provider mentioned in packages.yaml can use a weight
-% according to its priority in the list of providers
-possible_provider_weight(node(DependencyID, Dependency), node(VirtualID, Virtual), Weight, "packages_yaml")
-  :- provider(node(DependencyID, Dependency), node(VirtualID, Virtual)),
-     depends_on(node(ID, Package), node(DependencyID, Dependency)),
-     pkg_fact(Package, provider_preference(Virtual, Dependency, Weight)).
-
 % A provider mentioned in the default configuration can use a weight
 % according to its priority in the list of providers
-possible_provider_weight(node(DependencyID, Dependency), node(VirtualID, Virtual), Weight, "default")
-  :- provider(node(DependencyID, Dependency), node(VirtualID, Virtual)),
-     default_provider_preference(Virtual, Dependency, Weight).
+possible_provider_weight(node(ProviderID, Provider), node(VirtualID, Virtual), Weight, "default")
+  :- provider(node(ProviderID, Provider), node(VirtualID, Virtual)),
+     default_provider_preference(Virtual, Provider, Weight).
 
 % Any provider can use 100 as a weight, which is very high and discourage its use
-possible_provider_weight(node(DependencyID, Dependency), VirtualNode, 100, "fallback") :- provider(node(DependencyID, Dependency), VirtualNode).
+possible_provider_weight(node(ProviderID, Provider), VirtualNode, 100, "fallback")
+  :- provider(node(ProviderID, Provider), VirtualNode).
 
 % do not warn if generated program contains none of these.
 #defined virtual/1.
@@ -609,11 +626,11 @@ possible_provider_weight(node(DependencyID, Dependency), VirtualNode, 100, "fall
     pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, Weight, "external")) }
     :- external(node(ID, Package)).
 
-error(100, "Attempted to use external for '{0}' which does not satisfy any configured external spec", Package)
+error(100, "Attempted to use external for '{0}' which does not satisfy any configured external spec version", Package)
   :- external(node(ID, Package)),
      not external_version(node(ID, Package), _, _).
 
-error(100, "Attempted to use external for '{0}' which does not satisfy any configured external spec", Package)
+error(100, "Attempted to use external for '{0}' which does not satisfy a unique configured external spec version", Package)
   :- external(node(ID, Package)),
      2 { external_version(node(ID, Package), Version, Weight) }.
 
@@ -642,18 +659,15 @@ external(PackageNode) :- attr("external_spec_selected", PackageNode, _).
 
 % determine if an external spec has been selected
 attr("external_spec_selected", node(ID, Package), LocalIndex) :-
-    external_conditions_hold(node(ID, Package), LocalIndex),
+    attr("external_conditions_hold", node(ID, Package), LocalIndex),
     attr("node", node(ID, Package)),
     not attr("hash", node(ID, Package), _).
 
-external_conditions_hold(node(PackageID, Package), LocalIndex) :-
-    pkg_fact(Package, possible_external(ID, LocalIndex)), condition_holds(ID, node(PackageID, Package)).
-
 % it cannot happen that a spec is external, but none of the external specs
 % conditions hold.
 error(100, "Attempted to use external for '{0}' which does not satisfy any configured external spec", Package)
  :- external(node(ID, Package)),
-    not external_conditions_hold(node(ID, Package), _).
+    not attr("external_conditions_hold", node(ID, Package), _).
 
 %-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 % Config required semantics
@@ -707,7 +721,7 @@ requirement_group_satisfied(node(ID, Package), X) :-
   activate_requirement(node(NodeID1, Package1), RequirementID),
   pkg_fact(Package1, condition_effect(ConditionID, EffectID)),
   imposed_constraint(EffectID, "node_flag_source", Package1, FlagType, Package2),
-  imposed_packages(NodeID2, Package2).
+  imposed_nodes(EffectID, node(NodeID2, Package2), node(NodeID1, Package1)).
 
 requirement_weight(node(ID, Package), Group, W) :-
   W = #min {
@@ -754,23 +768,36 @@ node_has_variant(node(ID, Package), Variant) :-
   pkg_fact(Package, variant(Variant)),
   attr("node", node(ID, Package)).
 
-attr("variant_propagate", PackageNode, Variant, Value, Source) :-
+% Variant propagation is forwarded to dependencies
+attr("variant_propagation_candidate", PackageNode, Variant, Value, Source) :-
   attr("node", PackageNode),
   depends_on(ParentNode, PackageNode),
-  attr("variant_propagate", ParentNode, Variant, Value, Source),
-  not attr("variant_set", PackageNode, Variant).
+  attr("variant_value", node(_, Source), Variant, Value),
+  attr("variant_propagation_candidate", ParentNode, Variant, _, Source).
 
-attr("variant_value", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value) :-
-  attr("node", node(ID, Package)),
+% If the node is a candidate, and it has the variant and value,
+% then those variant and value should be propagated
+attr("variant_propagate", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value, Source) :-
+  attr("variant_propagation_candidate", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value, Source),
   node_has_variant(node(ID, Package), Variant),
-  attr("variant_propagate", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value, _),
-  pkg_fact(Package, variant_possible_value(Variant, Value)).
+  pkg_fact(Package, variant_possible_value(Variant, Value)),
+  not attr("variant_set", node(ID, Package), Variant).
 
+% Propagate the value, if there is the corresponding attribute
+attr("variant_value", PackageNode, Variant, Value) :- attr("variant_propagate", PackageNode, Variant, Value, _).
+
+% If a variant is propagated, we cannot have extraneous values (this is for multi valued variants)
+variant_is_propagated(PackageNode, Variant) :- attr("variant_propagate", PackageNode, Variant, _, _).
+:- variant_is_propagated(PackageNode, Variant),
+   attr("variant_value", PackageNode, Variant, Value),
+   not attr("variant_propagate", PackageNode, Variant, Value, _).
+
+% Cannot receive different values from different sources on the same variant
 error(100, "{0} and {1} cannot both propagate variant '{2}' to package {3} with values '{4}' and '{5}'", Source1, Source2, Variant, Package, Value1, Value2) :-
   attr("variant_propagate", node(X, Package), Variant, Value1, Source1),
   attr("variant_propagate", node(X, Package), Variant, Value2, Source2),
   node_has_variant(node(X, Package), Variant),
-  Value1 < Value2.
+  Value1 < Value2, Source1 < Source2.
 
 % a variant cannot be set if it is not a variant on the package
 error(100, "Cannot set variant '{0}' for package '{1}' because the variant condition cannot be satisfied for the given spec", Variant, Package)
@@ -866,13 +893,15 @@ variant_default_not_used(node(ID, Package), Variant, Value)
   :- variant_default_value(Package, Variant, Value),
      node_has_variant(node(ID, Package), Variant),
      not attr("variant_value", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value),
+     not attr("variant_propagate", node(ID, Package), Variant, _, _),
      attr("node", node(ID, Package)).
 
 % The variant is set in an external spec
 external_with_variant_set(node(NodeID, Package), Variant, Value)
  :- attr("variant_value", node(NodeID, Package), Variant, Value),
-    condition_requirement(ID, "variant_value", Package, Variant, Value),
-    pkg_fact(Package, possible_external(ID, _)),
+    condition_requirement(TriggerID, "variant_value", Package, Variant, Value),
+    trigger_and_effect(Package, TriggerID, EffectID),
+    imposed_constraint(EffectID, "external_conditions_hold", Package, _),
     external(node(NodeID, Package)),
     attr("node", node(NodeID, Package)).
 
@@ -1048,7 +1077,7 @@ attr("node_target", PackageNode, Target)
 node_target_weight(node(ID, Package), Weight)
  :- attr("node", node(ID, Package)),
     attr("node_target", node(ID, Package), Target),
-    pkg_fact(Package, target_weight(Target, Weight)).
+    target_weight(Target, Weight).
 
 % compatibility rules for targets among nodes
 node_target_match(ParentNode, DependencyNode)
@@ -1170,23 +1199,17 @@ compiler_mismatch_required(PackageNode, DependencyNode)
 #defined allow_compiler/2.
 
 % compilers weighted by preference according to packages.yaml
-compiler_weight(node(ID, Package), Weight)
+node_compiler_weight(node(ID, Package), Weight)
  :- node_compiler(node(ID, Package), CompilerID),
     compiler_name(CompilerID, Compiler),
     compiler_version(CompilerID, V),
-    pkg_fact(Package, node_compiler_preference(Compiler, V, Weight)).
-compiler_weight(node(ID, Package), Weight)
+    compiler_weight(CompilerID, Weight).
+
+node_compiler_weight(node(ID, Package), 100)
  :- node_compiler(node(ID, Package), CompilerID),
     compiler_name(CompilerID, Compiler),
     compiler_version(CompilerID, V),
-    not pkg_fact(Package, node_compiler_preference(Compiler, V, _)),
-    default_compiler_preference(CompilerID, Weight).
-compiler_weight(node(ID, Package), 100)
- :- node_compiler(node(ID, Package), CompilerID),
-    compiler_name(CompilerID, Compiler),
-    compiler_version(CompilerID, V),
-    not pkg_fact(Package, node_compiler_preference(Compiler, V, _)),
-    not default_compiler_preference(CompilerID, _).
+    not compiler_weight(CompilerID, _).
 
 % For the time being, be strict and reuse only if the compiler match one we have on the system
 error(100, "Compiler {1}@{2} requested for {0} cannot be found. Set install_missing_compilers:true if intended.", Package, Compiler, Version)
@@ -1194,52 +1217,22 @@ error(100, "Compiler {1}@{2} requested for {0} cannot be found. Set install_miss
     not node_compiler(node(ID, Package), _).
 
 #defined node_compiler_preference/4.
-#defined default_compiler_preference/3.
+#defined compiler_weight/3.
 
 %-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 % Compiler flags
 %-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-% propagate flags when compiler match
-can_inherit_flags(PackageNode, DependencyNode, FlagType)
-  :- same_compiler(PackageNode, DependencyNode),
-     not attr("node_flag_set", DependencyNode, FlagType, _),
-     flag_type(FlagType).
-
 same_compiler(PackageNode, DependencyNode)
   :- depends_on(PackageNode, DependencyNode),
      node_compiler(PackageNode, CompilerID),
      node_compiler(DependencyNode, CompilerID),
      compiler_id(CompilerID).
 
-node_flag_inherited(DependencyNode, FlagType, Flag)
-  :- attr("node_flag_set", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag),
-     can_inherit_flags(PackageNode, DependencyNode, FlagType),
-     attr("node_flag_propagate", PackageNode, FlagType).
-
-% Ensure propagation
-:- node_flag_inherited(PackageNode, FlagType, Flag),
-   can_inherit_flags(PackageNode, DependencyNode, FlagType),
-   attr("node_flag_propagate", PackageNode, FlagType).
-
-error(100, "{0} and {1} cannot both propagate compiler flags '{2}' to {3}", Source1, Source2, Package, FlagType) :-
-  depends_on(Source1, Package),
-  depends_on(Source2, Package),
-  attr("node_flag_propagate", Source1, FlagType),
-  attr("node_flag_propagate", Source2, FlagType),
-  can_inherit_flags(Source1, Package, FlagType),
-  can_inherit_flags(Source2, Package, FlagType),
-  Source1 < Source2.
-
 % remember where flags came from
 attr("node_flag_source", PackageNode, FlagType, PackageNode)
   :- attr("node_flag_set", PackageNode, FlagType, _).
 
-attr("node_flag_source", DependencyNode, FlagType, Q)
-  :- attr("node_flag_source", PackageNode, FlagType, Q),
-     node_flag_inherited(DependencyNode, FlagType, _),
-     attr("node_flag_propagate", PackageNode, FlagType).
-
 % compiler flags from compilers.yaml are put on nodes if compiler matches
 attr("node_flag", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag)
   :- compiler_flag(CompilerID, FlagType, Flag),
@@ -1260,7 +1253,30 @@ attr("node_flag_compiler_default", PackageNode)
 
 % if a flag is set to something or inherited, it's included
 attr("node_flag", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag) :- attr("node_flag_set", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag).
-attr("node_flag", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag) :- node_flag_inherited(PackageNode, FlagType, Flag).
+
+attr("node_flag_propagate", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag, Source) :-
+  attr("node_flag_propagation_candidate", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag, Source),
+  not attr("node_flag_set", PackageNode, FlagType, _).
+
+% source is a node() attribute
+attr("node_flag_propagation_candidate", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag, Source) :-
+  same_compiler(ParentNode, PackageNode),
+  attr("node_flag_propagation_candidate", ParentNode, FlagType, _, Source),
+  attr("node_flag", Source, FlagType, Flag),
+  flag_type(FlagType).
+
+error(100, "{0} and {1} cannot both propagate compiler flags '{2}' to {3}", Source1, Source2, PackageNode, FlagType) :-
+  same_compiler(Source1, PackageNode),
+  same_compiler(Source2, PackageNode),
+  attr("node_flag_propagate", _, FlagType, _, Source1),
+  attr("node_flag_propagate", _, FlagType, _, Source2),
+  Source1 < Source2.
+
+attr("node_flag_source", PackageNode, FlagType, Q)
+  :- attr("node_flag_propagate", PackageNode, FlagType, _, Q).
+
+attr("node_flag", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag) :- attr("node_flag_propagate", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag, _).
+
 
 % if no node flags are set for a type, there are no flags.
 attr("no_flags", PackageNode, FlagType)
@@ -1518,7 +1534,7 @@ opt_criterion(15, "non-preferred compilers").
 #minimize{ 0@15: #true }.
 #minimize{
     Weight@15+Priority,PackageNode
-    : compiler_weight(PackageNode, Weight),
+    : node_compiler_weight(PackageNode, Weight),
       build_priority(PackageNode, Priority)
 }.
 

lib/spack/spack/solver/display.lp

@@ -24,4 +24,29 @@
 #show error/5.
 #show error/6.
 
+% for error causation
+#show condition_reason/2.
+
+% For error messages to use later
+#show pkg_fact/2.
+#show condition_holds/2.
+#show imposed_constraint/3.
+#show imposed_constraint/4.
+#show imposed_constraint/5.
+#show imposed_constraint/6.
+#show condition_requirement/3.
+#show condition_requirement/4.
+#show condition_requirement/5.
+#show condition_requirement/6.
+#show node_has_variant/2.
+#show build/1.
+#show external/1.
+#show external_version/3.
+#show trigger_and_effect/3.
+#show unification_set/2.
+#show provider/2.
+#show condition_nodes/3.
+#show trigger_node/3.
+#show imposed_nodes/3.
+
 % debug

lib/spack/spack/solver/error_messages.lp

@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+% Copyright 2013-2023 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
+% Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
+%
+% SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+
+%=============================================================================
+% This logic program adds detailed error messages to Spack's concretizer
+%=============================================================================
+
+#program error_messages.
+
+% Create a causal tree between trigger conditions by locating the effect conditions
+% that are triggers for another condition. Condition2 is caused by Condition1
+condition_cause(Condition2, ID2, Condition1, ID1) :-
+  condition_holds(Condition2, node(ID2, Package2)),
+  pkg_fact(Package2, condition_trigger(Condition2, Trigger)),
+  condition_requirement(Trigger, Name, Package),
+  condition_nodes(Trigger, TriggerNode, node(ID, Package)),
+  trigger_node(Trigger, TriggerNode, node(ID2, Package2)),
+  attr(Name, node(ID, Package)),
+  condition_holds(Condition1, node(ID1, Package1)),
+  pkg_fact(Package1, condition_effect(Condition1, Effect)),
+  imposed_constraint(Effect, Name, Package),
+  imposed_nodes(Effect, node(ID1, Package1), node(ID, Package)).
+
+condition_cause(Condition2, ID2, Condition1, ID1) :-
+  condition_holds(Condition2, node(ID2, Package2)),
+  pkg_fact(Package2, condition_trigger(Condition2, Trigger)),
+  condition_requirement(Trigger, Name, Package, A1),
+  condition_nodes(Trigger, TriggerNode, node(ID, Package)),
+  trigger_node(Trigger, TriggerNode, node(ID2, Package2)),
+  attr(Name, node(ID, Package), A1),
+  condition_holds(Condition1, node(ID1, Package1)),
+  pkg_fact(Package1, condition_effect(Condition1, Effect)),
+  imposed_constraint(Effect, Name, Package, A1),
+  imposed_nodes(Effect, node(ID1, Package1), node(ID, Package)).
+
+condition_cause(Condition2, ID2, Condition1, ID1) :-
+  condition_holds(Condition2, node(ID2, Package2)),
+  pkg_fact(Package2, condition_trigger(Condition2, Trigger)),
+  condition_requirement(Trigger, Name, Package, A1, A2),
+  condition_nodes(Trigger, TriggerNode, node(ID, Package)),
+  trigger_node(Trigger, TriggerNode, node(ID2, Package2)),
+  attr(Name, node(ID, Package), A1, A2),
+  condition_holds(Condition1, node(ID1, Package1)),
+  pkg_fact(Package1, condition_effect(Condition1, Effect)),
+  imposed_constraint(Effect, Name, Package, A1, A2),
+  imposed_nodes(Effect, node(ID1, Package1), node(ID, Package)).
+
+condition_cause(Condition2, ID2, Condition1, ID1) :-
+  condition_holds(Condition2, node(ID2, Package2)),
+  pkg_fact(Package2, condition_trigger(Condition2, Trigger)),
+  condition_requirement(Trigger, Name, Package, A1, A2, A3),
+  condition_nodes(Trigger, TriggerNode, node(ID, Package)),
+  trigger_node(Trigger, TriggerNode, node(ID2, Package2)),
+  attr(Name, node(ID, Package), A1, A2, A3),
+  condition_holds(Condition1, node(ID1, Package1)),
+  pkg_fact(Package1, condition_effect(Condition1, Effect)),
+  imposed_constraint(Effect, Name, Package, A1, A2, A3),
+  imposed_nodes(Effect, node(ID1, Package1), node(ID, Package)).
+
+% special condition cause for dependency conditions
+% we can't simply impose the existence of the node for dependency conditions
+% because we need to allow for the choice of which dupe ID the node gets
+condition_cause(Condition2, ID2, Condition1, ID1) :-
+  condition_holds(Condition2, node(ID2, Package2)),
+  pkg_fact(Package2, condition_trigger(Condition2, Trigger)),
+  condition_requirement(Trigger, "node", Package),
+  condition_nodes(Trigger, TriggerNode, node(ID, Package)),
+  trigger_node(Trigger, TriggerNode, node(ID2, Package2)),
+  attr("node", node(ID, Package)),
+  condition_holds(Condition1, node(ID1, Package1)),
+  pkg_fact(Package1, condition_effect(Condition1, Effect)),
+  imposed_constraint(Effect, "dependency_holds", Parent, Package, Type),
+  imposed_nodes(Effect, node(ID1, Package1), node(ID, Package)),
+  attr("depends_on", node(X, Parent), node(ID, Package), Type).
+
+% The literal startcauses is used to separate the variables that are part of the error from the
+% ones describing the causal tree of the error. After startcauses, each successive pair must be
+% a condition and a condition_set id for which it holds.
+
+% More specific error message if the version cannot satisfy some constraint
+% Otherwise covered by `no_version_error` and `versions_conflict_error`.
+error(1, "Cannot satisfy '{0}@{1}'", Package, Constraint, startcauses, ConstraintCause, CauseID)
+  :- attr("node_version_satisfies", node(ID, Package), Constraint),
+     pkg_fact(TriggerPkg, condition_effect(ConstraintCause, EffectID)),
+     imposed_constraint(EffectID, "node_version_satisfies", Package, Constraint),
+     condition_holds(ConstraintCause, node(CauseID, TriggerPkg)),
+     attr("version", node(ID, Package), Version),
+     not pkg_fact(Package, version_satisfies(Constraint, Version)).
+
+error(0, "Cannot satisfy '{0}@{1}' and '{0}@{2}", Package, Constraint1, Constraint2, startcauses, Cause1, C1ID, Cause2, C2ID)
+  :- attr("node_version_satisfies", node(ID, Package), Constraint1),
+     pkg_fact(TriggerPkg1, condition_effect(Cause1, EffectID1)),
+     imposed_constraint(EffectID1, "node_version_satisfies", Package, Constraint1),
+     condition_holds(Cause1, node(C1ID, TriggerPkg1)),
+     % two constraints
+     attr("node_version_satisfies", node(ID, Package), Constraint2),
+     pkg_fact(TriggerPkg2, condition_effect(Cause2, EffectID2)),
+     imposed_constraint(EffectID2, "node_version_satisfies", Package, Constraint2),
+     condition_holds(Cause2, node(C2ID, TriggerPkg2)),
+     % version chosen
+     attr("version", node(ID, Package), Version),
+     % version satisfies one but not the other
+     pkg_fact(Package, version_satisfies(Constraint1, Version)),
+     not pkg_fact(Package, version_satisfies(Constraint2, Version)).
+
+% causation tracking error for no or multiple virtual providers
+error(0, "Cannot find a valid provider for virtual {0}", Virtual, startcauses, Cause, CID)
+  :- attr("virtual_node", node(X, Virtual)),
+     not provider(_, node(X, Virtual)),
+     imposed_constraint(EID, "dependency_holds", Parent, Virtual, Type),
+     pkg_fact(TriggerPkg, condition_effect(Cause, EID)),
+     condition_holds(Cause, node(CID, TriggerPkg)).
+
+
+% At most one variant value for single-valued variants
+error(0, "'{0}' required multiple values for single-valued variant '{1}'\n    Requested 'Spec({1}={2})' and 'Spec({1}={3})'", Package, Variant, Value1, Value2, startcauses, Cause1, X, Cause2, X)
+  :- attr("node", node(X, Package)),
+     node_has_variant(node(X, Package), Variant),
+     pkg_fact(Package, variant_single_value(Variant)),
+     build(node(X, Package)),
+     attr("variant_value", node(X, Package), Variant, Value1),
+     imposed_constraint(EID1, "variant_set", Package, Variant, Value1),
+     pkg_fact(TriggerPkg1, condition_effect(Cause1, EID1)),
+     condition_holds(Cause1, node(X, TriggerPkg1)),
+     attr("variant_value", node(X, Package), Variant, Value2),
+     imposed_constraint(EID2, "variant_set", Package, Variant, Value2),
+     pkg_fact(TriggerPkg2, condition_effect(Cause2, EID2)),
+     condition_holds(Cause2, node(X, TriggerPkg2)),
+     Value1 < Value2. % see[1] in concretize.lp
+
+% Externals have to specify external conditions
+error(0, "Attempted to use external for {0} which does not satisfy any configured external spec version", Package, startcauses, ExternalCause, CID)
+  :- external(node(ID, Package)),
+     attr("external_spec_selected", node(ID, Package), Index),
+     imposed_constraint(EID, "external_conditions_hold", Package, Index),
+     pkg_fact(TriggerPkg, condition_effect(ExternalCause, EID)),
+     condition_holds(ExternalCause, node(CID, TriggerPkg)),
+     not external_version(node(ID, Package), _, _).
+
+error(0, "Attempted to build package {0} which is not buildable and does not have a satisfying external\n        attr('{1}', '{2}') is an external constraint for {0} which was not satisfied", Package, Name, A1)
+  :- external(node(ID, Package)),
+     not attr("external_conditions_hold", node(ID, Package), _),
+     imposed_constraint(EID, "external_conditions_hold", Package, _),
+     trigger_and_effect(Package, TID, EID),
+     condition_requirement(TID, Name, A1),
+     not attr(Name, node(_, A1)).
+
+error(0, "Attempted to build package {0} which is not buildable and does not have a satisfying external\n        attr('{1}', '{2}', '{3}') is an external constraint for {0} which was not satisfied", Package, Name, A1, A2)
+  :- external(node(ID, Package)),
+     not attr("external_conditions_hold", node(ID, Package), _),
+     imposed_constraint(EID, "external_conditions_hold", Package, _),
+     trigger_and_effect(Package, TID, EID),
+     condition_requirement(TID, Name, A1, A2),
+     not attr(Name, node(_, A1), A2).
+
+error(0, "Attempted to build package {0} which is not buildable and does not have a satisfying external\n        attr('{1}', '{2}', '{3}', '{4}') is an external constraint for {0} which was not satisfied", Package, Name, A1, A2, A3)
+  :- external(node(ID, Package)),
+     not attr("external_conditions_hold", node(ID, Package), _),
+     imposed_constraint(EID, "external_conditions_hold", Package, _),
+     trigger_and_effect(Package, TID, EID),
+     condition_requirement(TID, Name, A1, A2, A3),
+     not attr(Name, node(_, A1), A2, A3).
+
+error(0, "Attempted to build package {0} which is not buildable and does not have a satisfying external\n        'Spec({0} {1}={2})' is an external constraint for {0} which was not satisfied\n        'Spec({0} {1}={3})' required", Package, Variant, Value, OtherValue, startcauses, OtherValueCause, CID)
+  :- external(node(ID, Package)),
+     not attr("external_conditions_hold", node(ID, Package), _),
+     imposed_constraint(EID, "external_conditions_hold", Package, _),
+     trigger_and_effect(Package, TID, EID),
+     condition_requirement(TID, "variant_value", Package, Variant, Value),
+     not attr("variant_value", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value),
+     attr("variant_value", node(ID, Package), Variant, OtherValue),
+     imposed_constraint(EID2, "variant_set", Package, Variant, OtherValue),
+     pkg_fact(TriggerPkg, condition_effect(OtherValueCause, EID2)),
+     condition_holds(OtherValueCause, node(CID, TriggerPkg)).
+
+error(0, "Attempted to build package {0} which is not buildable and does not have a satisfying external\n        attr('{1}', '{2}', '{3}', '{4}', '{5}') is an external constraint for {0} which was not satisfied", Package, Name, A1, A2, A3, A4)
+  :- external(node(ID, Package)),
+     not attr("external_conditions_hold", node(ID, Package), _),
+     imposed_constraint(EID, "external_conditions_hold", Package, _),
+     trigger_and_effect(Package, TID, EID),
+     condition_requirement(TID, Name, A1, A2, A3, A4),
+     not attr(Name, node(_, A1), A2, A3, A4).
+
+% error message with causes for conflicts
+error(0, Msg, startcauses, TriggerID, ID1, ConstraintID, ID2)
+  :- attr("node", node(ID, Package)),
+     pkg_fact(Package, conflict(TriggerID, ConstraintID, Msg)),
+     % node(ID1, TriggerPackage) is node(ID2, Package) in most, but not all, cases
+     condition_holds(TriggerID, node(ID1, TriggerPackage)),
+     condition_holds(ConstraintID, node(ID2, Package)),
+     unification_set(X, node(ID2, Package)),
+     unification_set(X, node(ID1, TriggerPackage)),
+     not external(node(ID, Package)),  % ignore conflicts for externals
+     not attr("hash", node(ID, Package), _).  % ignore conflicts for installed packages
+
+% variables to show
+#show error/2.
+#show error/3.
+#show error/4.
+#show error/5.
+#show error/6.
+#show error/7.
+#show error/8.
+#show error/9.
+#show error/10.
+#show error/11.
+
+#show condition_cause/4.
+#show condition_reason/2.
+
+% Define all variables used to avoid warnings at runtime when the model doesn't happen to have one
+#defined error/2.
+#defined error/3.
+#defined error/4.
+#defined error/5.
+#defined error/6.
+#defined attr/2.
+#defined attr/3.
+#defined attr/4.
+#defined attr/5.
+#defined pkg_fact/2.
+#defined imposed_constraint/3.
+#defined imposed_constraint/4.
+#defined imposed_constraint/5.
+#defined imposed_constraint/6.
+#defined condition_requirement/3.
+#defined condition_requirement/4.
+#defined condition_requirement/5.
+#defined condition_requirement/6.
+#defined condition_holds/2.
+#defined unification_set/2.
+#defined external/1.
+#defined trigger_and_effect/3.
+#defined build/1.
+#defined node_has_variant/2.
+#defined provider/2.
+#defined external_version/3.

lib/spack/spack/solver/heuristic.lp

@@ -11,19 +11,14 @@
 %-----------------
 % Domain heuristic
 %-----------------
-#heuristic attr("hash", node(0, Package), Hash) : literal(_, "root", Package). [45, init]
-#heuristic attr("root", node(0, Package)) : literal(_, "root", Package). [45, true]
-#heuristic attr("node", node(0, Package)) : literal(_, "root", Package). [45, true]
-#heuristic attr("node", node(0, Package)) : literal(_, "node", Package). [45, true]
 
 % Root node
 #heuristic attr("version", node(0, Package), Version) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, 0)), attr("root", node(0, Package)). [35, true]
 #heuristic version_weight(node(0, Package), 0) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, 0)), attr("root", node(0, Package)). [35, true]
 #heuristic attr("variant_value", node(0, Package), Variant, Value) : variant_default_value(Package, Variant, Value), attr("root", node(0, Package)). [35, true]
-#heuristic attr("node_target", node(0, Package), Target) : pkg_fact(Package, target_weight(Target, 0)), attr("root", node(0, Package)). [35, true]
+#heuristic attr("node_target", node(0, Package), Target) : target_weight(Target, 0), attr("root", node(0, Package)). [35, true]
 #heuristic node_target_weight(node(0, Package), 0) : attr("root", node(0, Package)). [35, true]
-#heuristic node_compiler(node(0, Package), CompilerID) : default_compiler_preference(ID, 0), compiler_id(ID), attr("root", node(0, Package)). [35, true]
+#heuristic node_compiler(node(0, Package), CompilerID) : compiler_weight(ID, 0), compiler_id(ID), attr("root", node(0, Package)). [35, true]
 
 % Providers
 #heuristic attr("node", node(0, Package)) : default_provider_preference(Virtual, Package, 0), possible_in_link_run(Package). [30, true]
-

lib/spack/spack/solver/heuristic_separate.lp

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 #heuristic attr("variant_value", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value) : variant_default_value(Package, Variant, Value), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), ID > 0. [25-5*ID, true]
 #heuristic attr("node_target", node(ID, Package), Target) : pkg_fact(Package, target_weight(Target, 0)), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), ID > 0. [25-5*ID, true]
 #heuristic node_target_weight(node(ID, Package), 0) : attr("node", node(ID, Package)), ID > 0. [25-5*ID, true]
-#heuristic node_compiler(node(ID, Package), CompilerID) : default_compiler_preference(CompilerID, 0), compiler_id(CompilerID), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), ID > 0. [25-5*ID, true]
+#heuristic node_compiler(node(ID, Package), CompilerID) : compiler_weight(CompilerID, 0), compiler_id(CompilerID), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), ID > 0. [25-5*ID, true]
 
 % node(ID, _), split build dependencies
 #heuristic attr("version", node(ID, Package), Version) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, 0)), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), multiple_unification_sets(Package), ID > 0. [25, true]
@@ -21,4 +21,4 @@
 #heuristic attr("variant_value", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value) : variant_default_value(Package, Variant, Value), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), multiple_unification_sets(Package), ID > 0. [25, true]
 #heuristic attr("node_target", node(ID, Package), Target) : pkg_fact(Package, target_weight(Target, 0)), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), multiple_unification_sets(Package), ID > 0. [25, true]
 #heuristic node_target_weight(node(ID, Package), 0) : attr("node", node(ID, Package)), multiple_unification_sets(Package), ID > 0. [25, true]
-#heuristic node_compiler(node(ID, Package), CompilerID) : default_compiler_preference(CompilerID, 0), compiler_id(CompilerID), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), multiple_unification_sets(Package), ID > 0. [25, true]
+#heuristic node_compiler(node(ID, Package), CompilerID) : compiler_weight(CompilerID, 0), compiler_id(CompilerID), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), multiple_unification_sets(Package), ID > 0. [25, true]

lib/spack/spack/solver/propagation.lp

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+% Copyright 2013-2023 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
+% Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
+%
+% SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+
+%=============================================================================
+% TODO: Later
+%=============================================================================
+
+% propagate flags when compiler match
+attr("node_flag_propagate", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag, Source) :- % source is a node() attribute
+  attr("node_flag_propagation_candidate", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag, Source),
+  not attr("node_flag_set", PackageNode, FlagType, _).
+
+attr("node_flag_propagation_candidate", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag, Source) :- % source is a node() attribute
+  same_compiler(ParentNode, PackageNode),
+  attr("node_flag_propagation_candidate", ParentNode, FlagType, _, Source),
+  attr("node_flag", Source, FlagType, Flag),
+  flag_type(FlagType).
+
+error(100, "{0} and {1} cannot both propagate compiler flags '{2}' to {3}", Source1, Source2, PackageNode, FlagType) :-
+  same_compiler(Source1, PackageNode),
+  same_compiler(Source2, PackageNode),
+  attr("node_flag_propagate", _, FlagType, _, Source1),
+  attr("node_flag_propagate", _, FlagType, _, Source2),
+  Source1 < Source2.
+
+attr("node_flag_source", PackageNode, FlagType, Q)
+  :- attr("node_flag_propagate", PackageNode, FlagType, _, Q).
+
+attr("node_flag", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag) :- attr("node_flag_propagate", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag, _).

lib/spack/spack/spec.py

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 import re
 import socket
 import warnings
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
 
 import llnl.path
 import llnl.string
@@ -1464,6 +1464,26 @@ def edges_to_dependencies(self, name=None, depflag: dt.DepFlag = dt.ALL):
         """
         return [d for d in self._dependencies.select(child=name, depflag=depflag)]
 
+    @property
+    def edge_attributes(self) -> str:
+        """Helper method to print edge attributes in spec literals"""
+        edges = self.edges_from_dependents()
+        if not edges:
+            return ""
+
+        union = DependencySpec(parent=Spec(), spec=self, depflag=0, virtuals=())
+        for edge in edges:
+            union.update_deptypes(edge.depflag)
+            union.update_virtuals(edge.virtuals)
+        deptypes_str = (
+            f"deptypes={','.join(dt.flag_to_tuple(union.depflag))}" if union.depflag else ""
+        )
+        virtuals_str = f"virtuals={','.join(union.virtuals)}" if union.virtuals else ""
+        if not deptypes_str and not virtuals_str:
+            return ""
+        result = f"{deptypes_str} {virtuals_str}".strip()
+        return f"[{result}]"
+
     def dependencies(self, name=None, deptype: Union[dt.DepTypes, dt.DepFlag] = dt.ALL):
         """Return a list of direct dependencies (nodes in the DAG).
 
@@ -3688,8 +3708,15 @@ def intersects(self, other: Union[str, "Spec"], deps: bool = True) -> bool:
         if other.concrete and self.concrete:
             return self.dag_hash() == other.dag_hash()
 
-        self_hash = self.dag_hash() if self.concrete else self.abstract_hash
-        other_hash = other.dag_hash() if other.concrete else other.abstract_hash
+        elif self.concrete:
+            return self.satisfies(other)
+
+        elif other.concrete:
+            return other.satisfies(self)
+
+        # From here we know both self and other are not concrete
+        self_hash = self.abstract_hash
+        other_hash = other.abstract_hash
 
         if (
             self_hash
@@ -3778,10 +3805,6 @@ def _intersects_dependencies(self, other):
             repository=spack.repo.PATH, specs=other.traverse(), restrict=True
         )
 
-        # This handles cases where there are already providers for both vpkgs
-        if not self_index.satisfies(other_index):
-            return False
-
         # These two loops handle cases where there is an overly restrictive
         # vpkg in one spec for a provider in the other (e.g., mpi@3: is not
         # compatible with mpich2)
@@ -3879,7 +3902,46 @@ def satisfies(self, other: Union[str, "Spec"], deps: bool = True) -> bool:
             return False
 
         # If we arrived here, then rhs is abstract. At the moment we don't care about the edge
-        # structure of an abstract DAG - hence the deps=False parameter.
+        # structure of an abstract DAG, so we check if any edge could satisfy the properties
+        # we ask for.
+        lhs_edges: Dict[str, Set[DependencySpec]] = collections.defaultdict(set)
+        for rhs_edge in other.traverse_edges(root=False, cover="edges"):
+            # If we are checking for ^mpi we need to verify if there is any edge
+            if rhs_edge.spec.virtual:
+                rhs_edge.update_virtuals(virtuals=(rhs_edge.spec.name,))
+
+            if not rhs_edge.virtuals:
+                continue
+
+            if not lhs_edges:
+                # Construct a map of the link/run subDAG + direct "build" edges,
+                # keyed by dependency name
+                for lhs_edge in self.traverse_edges(
+                    root=False, cover="edges", deptype=("link", "run")
+                ):
+                    lhs_edges[lhs_edge.spec.name].add(lhs_edge)
+                    for virtual_name in lhs_edge.virtuals:
+                        lhs_edges[virtual_name].add(lhs_edge)
+
+                build_edges = self.edges_to_dependencies(depflag=dt.BUILD)
+                for lhs_edge in build_edges:
+                    lhs_edges[lhs_edge.spec.name].add(lhs_edge)
+                    for virtual_name in lhs_edge.virtuals:
+                        lhs_edges[virtual_name].add(lhs_edge)
+
+            # We don't have edges to this dependency
+            current_dependency_name = rhs_edge.spec.name
+            if current_dependency_name not in lhs_edges:
+                return False
+
+            for virtual in rhs_edge.virtuals:
+                has_virtual = any(
+                    virtual in edge.virtuals for edge in lhs_edges[current_dependency_name]
+                )
+                if not has_virtual:
+                    return False
+
+        # Edges have been checked above already, hence deps=False
         return all(
             any(lhs.satisfies(rhs, deps=False) for lhs in self.traverse(root=False))
             for rhs in other.traverse(root=False)
@@ -4081,9 +4143,7 @@ def __getitem__(self, name):
         """
         query_parameters = name.split(":")
         if len(query_parameters) > 2:
-            msg = "key has more than one ':' symbol."
-            msg += " At most one is admitted."
-            raise KeyError(msg)
+            raise KeyError("key has more than one ':' symbol. At most one is admitted.")
 
         name, query_parameters = query_parameters[0], query_parameters[1:]
         if query_parameters:
@@ -4108,11 +4168,17 @@ def __getitem__(self, name):
                 itertools.chain(
                     # Regular specs
                     (x for x in order() if x.name == name),
+                    (
+                        x
+                        for x in order()
+                        if (not x.virtual)
+                        and any(name in edge.virtuals for edge in x.edges_from_dependents())
+                    ),
                     (x for x in order() if (not x.virtual) and x.package.provides(name)),
                 )
             )
         except StopIteration:
-            raise KeyError("No spec with name %s in %s" % (name, self))
+            raise KeyError(f"No spec with name {name} in {self}")
 
         if self._concrete:
             return SpecBuildInterface(value, name, query_parameters)
@@ -4490,17 +4556,27 @@ def format_path(
         return str(path_ctor(*output_path_components))
 
     def __str__(self):
-        sorted_nodes = [self] + sorted(
+        root_str = [self.format()]
+        sorted_dependencies = sorted(
             self.traverse(root=False), key=lambda x: (x.name, x.abstract_hash)
         )
-        return " ^".join(d.format() for d in sorted_nodes).strip()
+        sorted_dependencies = [
+            d.format("{edge_attributes} " + DEFAULT_FORMAT) for d in sorted_dependencies
+        ]
+        spec_str = " ^".join(root_str + sorted_dependencies)
+        return spec_str.strip()
 
     @property
     def colored_str(self):
-        sorted_nodes = [self] + sorted(
+        root_str = [self.cformat()]
+        sorted_dependencies = sorted(
             self.traverse(root=False), key=lambda x: (x.name, x.abstract_hash)
         )
-        return " ^".join(d.cformat() for d in sorted_nodes).strip()
+        sorted_dependencies = [
+            d.cformat("{edge_attributes} " + DISPLAY_FORMAT) for d in sorted_dependencies
+        ]
+        spec_str = " ^".join(root_str + sorted_dependencies)
+        return spec_str.strip()
 
     def install_status(self):
         """Helper for tree to print DB install status."""

lib/spack/spack/spec_list.py

@@ -93,8 +93,8 @@ def remove(self, spec):
             if (isinstance(s, str) and not s.startswith("$")) and Spec(s) == Spec(spec)
         ]
         if not remove:
-            msg = "Cannot remove %s from SpecList %s\n" % (spec, self.name)
-            msg += "Either %s is not in %s or %s is " % (spec, self.name, spec)
+            msg = f"Cannot remove {spec} from SpecList {self.name}.\n"
+            msg += f"Either {spec} is not in {self.name} or {spec} is "
             msg += "expanded from a matrix and cannot be removed directly."
             raise SpecListError(msg)
 
@@ -133,9 +133,8 @@ def _parse_reference(self, name):
 
         # Make sure the reference is valid
         if name not in self._reference:
-            msg = "SpecList %s refers to " % self.name
-            msg += "named list %s " % name
-            msg += "which does not appear in its reference dict"
+            msg = f"SpecList '{self.name}' refers to named list '{name}'"
+            msg += " which does not appear in its reference dict."
             raise UndefinedReferenceError(msg)
 
         return (name, sigil)

lib/spack/spack/test/build_environment.py

@@ -642,3 +642,28 @@ def test_effective_deptype_run_environment(default_mock_concretization):
     for spec, effective_type in spack.build_environment.effective_deptypes(s, context=Context.RUN):
         assert effective_type & expected_flags.pop(spec.name) == effective_type
     assert not expected_flags, f"Missing {expected_flags.keys()} from effective_deptypes"
+
+
+def test_monkey_patching_works_across_virtual(default_mock_concretization):
+    """Assert that a monkeypatched attribute is found regardless we access through the
+    real name or the virtual name.
+    """
+    s = default_mock_concretization("mpileaks ^mpich")
+    s["mpich"].foo = "foo"
+    assert s["mpich"].foo == "foo"
+    assert s["mpi"].foo == "foo"
+
+
+def test_clear_compiler_related_runtime_variables_of_build_deps(default_mock_concretization):
+    """Verify that Spack drops CC, CXX, FC and F77 from the dependencies related build environment
+    variable changes if they are set in setup_run_environment. Spack manages those variables
+    elsewhere."""
+    s = default_mock_concretization("build-env-compiler-var-a")
+    ctx = spack.build_environment.SetupContext(s, context=Context.BUILD)
+    result = {}
+    ctx.get_env_modifications().apply_modifications(result)
+    assert "CC" not in result
+    assert "CXX" not in result
+    assert "FC" not in result
+    assert "F77" not in result
+    assert result["ANOTHER_VAR"] == "this-should-be-present"

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/commands.py

@@ -58,6 +58,24 @@ def test_subcommands():
     assert "spack compiler add" in out2
 
 
+@pytest.mark.not_on_windows("subprocess not supported on Windows")
+def test_override_alias():
+    """Test that spack commands cannot be overriden by aliases."""
+
+    install = spack.main.SpackCommand("install", subprocess=True)
+    instal = spack.main.SpackCommand("instal", subprocess=True)
+
+    out = install(fail_on_error=False, global_args=["-c", "config:aliases:install:find"])
+    assert "install requires a package argument or active environment" in out
+    assert "Alias 'install' (mapping to 'find') attempts to override built-in command" in out
+
+    out = install(fail_on_error=False, global_args=["-c", "config:aliases:foo bar:find"])
+    assert "Alias 'foo bar' (mapping to 'find') contains a space, which is not supported" in out
+
+    out = instal(fail_on_error=False, global_args=["-c", "config:aliases:instal:find"])
+    assert "install requires a package argument or active environment" not in out
+
+
 def test_rst():
     """Do some simple sanity checks of the rst writer."""
     out1 = commands("--format=rst")

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/compiler.py

@@ -4,12 +4,14 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 import os
 import shutil
-import sys
 
 import pytest
 
+import spack.cmd.compiler
 import spack.compilers
 import spack.main
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.pattern
 import spack.version
 
 compiler = spack.main.SpackCommand("compiler")
@@ -146,7 +148,7 @@ def test_compiler_add(mutable_config, mock_packages, mock_executable):
 
     compilers_before_find = set(spack.compilers.all_compiler_specs())
     args = spack.util.pattern.Bunch(
-        all=None, compiler_spec=None, add_paths=[str(root_dir)], scope=None
+        all=None, compiler_spec=None, add_paths=[str(root_dir)], scope=None, mixed_toolchain=False
     )
     spack.cmd.compiler.compiler_find(args)
     compilers_after_find = set(spack.compilers.all_compiler_specs())
@@ -159,10 +161,15 @@ def test_compiler_add(mutable_config, mock_packages, mock_executable):
 
 @pytest.mark.not_on_windows("Cannot execute bash script on Windows")
 @pytest.mark.regression("17590")
-def test_compiler_find_mixed_suffixes(no_compilers_yaml, working_env, compilers_dir):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("mixed_toolchain", [True, False])
+def test_compiler_find_mixed_suffixes(
+    mixed_toolchain, no_compilers_yaml, working_env, compilers_dir
+):
     """Ensure that we'll mix compilers with different suffixes when necessary."""
     os.environ["PATH"] = str(compilers_dir)
-    output = compiler("find", "--scope=site")
+    output = compiler(
+        "find", "--scope=site", "--mixed-toolchain" if mixed_toolchain else "--no-mixed-toolchain"
+    )
 
     assert "clang@11.0.0" in output
     assert "gcc@8.4.0" in output
@@ -176,9 +183,8 @@ def test_compiler_find_mixed_suffixes(no_compilers_yaml, working_env, compilers_
     assert clang["paths"] == {
         "cc": str(compilers_dir / "clang"),
         "cxx": str(compilers_dir / "clang++"),
-        # we only auto-detect mixed clang on macos
-        "f77": gfortran_path if sys.platform == "darwin" else None,
-        "fc": gfortran_path if sys.platform == "darwin" else None,
+        "f77": gfortran_path if mixed_toolchain else None,
+        "fc": gfortran_path if mixed_toolchain else None,
     }
 
     assert gcc["paths"] == {

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/config.py

@@ -215,10 +215,10 @@ def test_config_add_override_leaf(mutable_empty_config):
 
 
 def test_config_add_update_dict(mutable_empty_config):
-    config("add", "packages:all:version:[1.0.0]")
+    config("add", "packages:hdf5:version:[1.0.0]")
     output = config("get", "packages")
 
-    expected = "packages:\n  all:\n    version: [1.0.0]\n"
+    expected = "packages:\n  hdf5:\n    version: [1.0.0]\n"
     assert output == expected
 
 
@@ -352,8 +352,7 @@ def test_config_add_update_dict_from_file(mutable_empty_config, tmpdir):
     contents = """spack:
   packages:
     all:
-      version:
-      - 1.0.0
+      target: [x86_64]
 """
 
     # create temp file and add it to config
@@ -368,8 +367,7 @@ def test_config_add_update_dict_from_file(mutable_empty_config, tmpdir):
     # added config comes before prior config
     expected = """packages:
   all:
-    version:
-    - 1.0.0
+    target: [x86_64]
     compiler: [gcc]
 """
 
@@ -381,7 +379,7 @@ def test_config_add_invalid_file_fails(tmpdir):
     # invalid because version requires a list
     contents = """spack:
   packages:
-    all:
+    hdf5:
       version: 1.0.0
 """
 
@@ -631,14 +629,11 @@ def test_config_prefer_upstream(
     packages = syaml.load(open(cfg_file))["packages"]
 
     # Make sure only the non-default variants are set.
-    assert packages["boost"] == {
-        "compiler": ["gcc@=10.2.1"],
-        "variants": "+debug +graph",
-        "version": ["1.63.0"],
-    }
-    assert packages["dependency-install"] == {"compiler": ["gcc@=10.2.1"], "version": ["2.0"]}
+    assert packages["all"] == {"compiler": ["gcc@=10.2.1"]}
+    assert packages["boost"] == {"variants": "+debug +graph", "version": ["1.63.0"]}
+    assert packages["dependency-install"] == {"version": ["2.0"]}
     # Ensure that neither variant gets listed for hdf5, since they conflict
-    assert packages["hdf5"] == {"compiler": ["gcc@=10.2.1"], "version": ["2.3"]}
+    assert packages["hdf5"] == {"version": ["2.3"]}
 
     # Make sure a message about the conflicting hdf5's was given.
     assert "- hdf5" in output

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/dependencies.py

@@ -14,7 +14,14 @@
 
 dependencies = SpackCommand("dependencies")
 
-mpis = ["low-priority-provider", "mpich", "mpich2", "multi-provider-mpi", "zmpi"]
+mpis = [
+    "intel-parallel-studio",
+    "low-priority-provider",
+    "mpich",
+    "mpich2",
+    "multi-provider-mpi",
+    "zmpi",
+]
 mpi_deps = ["fake"]
 
 

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/dev_build.py

@@ -163,8 +163,15 @@ def test_dev_build_fails_multiple_specs(mock_packages):
 
 
 def test_dev_build_fails_nonexistent_package_name(mock_packages):
-    output = dev_build("no_such_package", fail_on_error=False)
-    assert "No package for 'no_such_package' was found" in output
+    output = ""
+
+    try:
+        dev_build("no_such_package")
+        assert False, "no exception was raised!"
+    except spack.repo.UnknownPackageError as e:
+        output = e.message
+
+    assert "Package 'no_such_package' not found" in output
 
 
 def test_dev_build_fails_no_version(mock_packages):

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/env.py

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
 import llnl.util.link_tree
+import llnl.util.tty as tty
 
 import spack.cmd.env
 import spack.config
@@ -631,7 +632,7 @@ def test_env_view_external_prefix(tmp_path, mutable_database, mock_packages):
     manifest_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=False)
     manifest_file = manifest_dir / ev.manifest_name
     manifest_file.write_text(
-        """
+        """\
 spack:
   specs:
   - a
@@ -719,38 +720,25 @@ def test_env_with_config(environment_from_manifest):
 
 def test_with_config_bad_include(environment_from_manifest):
     """Confirm missing include paths raise expected exception and error."""
-    e = environment_from_manifest(
-        """
+    with pytest.raises(spack.config.ConfigFileError, match="2 missing include path"):
+        e = environment_from_manifest(
+            """
 spack:
   include:
   - /no/such/directory
   - no/such/file.yaml
 """
-    )
-    with pytest.raises(spack.config.ConfigFileError, match="2 missing include path"):
+        )
         with e:
             e.concretize()
 
     assert ev.active_environment() is None
 
 
-def test_env_with_include_config_files_same_basename(environment_from_manifest):
-    e = environment_from_manifest(
-        """
-spack:
-  include:
-  - ./path/to/included-config.yaml
-  - ./second/path/to/include-config.yaml
-  specs:
-  - libelf
-  - mpileaks
-"""
-    )
-
-    e = ev.read("test")
-
-    fs.mkdirp(os.path.join(e.path, "path", "to"))
-    with open(os.path.join(e.path, "./path/to/included-config.yaml"), "w") as f:
+def test_env_with_include_config_files_same_basename(tmp_path, environment_from_manifest):
+    file1 = fs.join_path(tmp_path, "path", "to", "included-config.yaml")
+    fs.mkdirp(os.path.dirname(file1))
+    with open(file1, "w") as f:
         f.write(
             """\
         packages:
@@ -759,8 +747,9 @@ def test_env_with_include_config_files_same_basename(environment_from_manifest):
         """
         )
 
-    fs.mkdirp(os.path.join(e.path, "second", "path", "to"))
-    with open(os.path.join(e.path, "./second/path/to/include-config.yaml"), "w") as f:
+    file2 = fs.join_path(tmp_path, "second", "path", "included-config.yaml")
+    fs.mkdirp(os.path.dirname(file2))
+    with open(file2, "w") as f:
         f.write(
             """\
         packages:
@@ -769,6 +758,18 @@ def test_env_with_include_config_files_same_basename(environment_from_manifest):
         """
         )
 
+    e = environment_from_manifest(
+        f"""
+spack:
+  include:
+  - {file1}
+  - {file2}
+  specs:
+  - libelf
+  - mpileaks
+"""
+    )
+
     with e:
         e.concretize()
 
@@ -805,12 +806,18 @@ def mpileaks_env_config(include_path):
     )
 
 
-def test_env_with_included_config_file(environment_from_manifest, packages_file):
+def test_env_with_included_config_file(mutable_mock_env_path, packages_file):
     """Test inclusion of a relative packages configuration file added to an
     existing environment.
     """
+    env_root = mutable_mock_env_path
+    fs.mkdirp(env_root)
     include_filename = "included-config.yaml"
-    e = environment_from_manifest(
+    included_path = env_root / include_filename
+    shutil.move(packages_file.strpath, included_path)
+
+    spack_yaml = env_root / ev.manifest_name
+    spack_yaml.write_text(
         f"""\
 spack:
   include:
@@ -820,9 +827,7 @@ def test_env_with_included_config_file(environment_from_manifest, packages_file)
 """
     )
 
-    included_path = os.path.join(e.path, include_filename)
-    shutil.move(packages_file.strpath, included_path)
-
+    e = ev.Environment(env_root)
     with e:
         e.concretize()
 
@@ -855,68 +860,67 @@ def test_env_with_included_config_missing_file(tmpdir, mutable_empty_config):
     with spack_yaml.open("w") as f:
         f.write("spack:\n  include:\n    - {0}\n".format(missing_file.strpath))
 
-    env = ev.Environment(tmpdir.strpath)
     with pytest.raises(spack.config.ConfigError, match="missing include path"):
-        ev.activate(env)
+        ev.Environment(tmpdir.strpath)
 
 
-def test_env_with_included_config_scope(environment_from_manifest, packages_file):
+def test_env_with_included_config_scope(mutable_mock_env_path, packages_file):
     """Test inclusion of a package file from the environment's configuration
     stage directory. This test is intended to represent a case where a remote
     file has already been staged."""
-    config_scope_path = os.path.join(ev.root("test"), "config")
-
-    # Configure the environment to include file(s) from the environment's
-    # remote configuration stage directory.
-    e = environment_from_manifest(mpileaks_env_config(config_scope_path))
+    env_root = mutable_mock_env_path
+    config_scope_path = env_root / "config"
 
     # Copy the packages.yaml file to the environment configuration
     # directory, so it is picked up during concretization. (Using
     # copy instead of rename in case the fixture scope changes.)
     fs.mkdirp(config_scope_path)
     include_filename = os.path.basename(packages_file.strpath)
-    included_path = os.path.join(config_scope_path, include_filename)
+    included_path = config_scope_path / include_filename
     fs.copy(packages_file.strpath, included_path)
 
+    # Configure the environment to include file(s) from the environment's
+    # remote configuration stage directory.
+    spack_yaml = env_root / ev.manifest_name
+    spack_yaml.write_text(mpileaks_env_config(config_scope_path))
+
     # Ensure the concretized environment reflects contents of the
     # packages.yaml file.
+    e = ev.Environment(env_root)
     with e:
         e.concretize()
 
     assert any(x.satisfies("mpileaks@2.2") for x in e._get_environment_specs())
 
 
-def test_env_with_included_config_var_path(environment_from_manifest, packages_file):
+def test_env_with_included_config_var_path(tmpdir, packages_file):
     """Test inclusion of a package configuration file with path variables
     "staged" in the environment's configuration stage directory."""
-    config_var_path = os.path.join("$tempdir", "included-config.yaml")
-    e = environment_from_manifest(mpileaks_env_config(config_var_path))
+    included_file = packages_file.strpath
+    env_path = pathlib.PosixPath(tmpdir)
+    config_var_path = os.path.join("$tempdir", "included-packages.yaml")
+
+    spack_yaml = env_path / ev.manifest_name
+    spack_yaml.write_text(mpileaks_env_config(config_var_path))
 
     config_real_path = substitute_path_variables(config_var_path)
-    fs.mkdirp(os.path.dirname(config_real_path))
-    shutil.move(packages_file.strpath, config_real_path)
+    shutil.move(included_file, config_real_path)
     assert os.path.exists(config_real_path)
 
+    e = ev.Environment(env_path)
     with e:
         e.concretize()
 
     assert any(x.satisfies("mpileaks@2.2") for x in e._get_environment_specs())
 
 
-def test_env_config_precedence(environment_from_manifest):
-    e = environment_from_manifest(
-        """
-spack:
-  packages:
-    libelf:
-      version: ["0.8.12"]
-  include:
-  - ./included-config.yaml
-  specs:
-  - mpileaks
-"""
-    )
-    with open(os.path.join(e.path, "included-config.yaml"), "w") as f:
+def test_env_with_included_config_precedence(tmp_path):
+    """Test included scope and manifest precedence when including a package
+    configuration file."""
+
+    included_file = "included-packages.yaml"
+    included_path = tmp_path / included_file
+    with open(included_path, "w") as f:
         f.write(
             """\
 packages:
@@ -927,29 +931,50 @@ def test_env_config_precedence(environment_from_manifest):
 """
         )
 
-    with e:
-        e.concretize()
-
-    # ensure included scope took effect
-    assert any(x.satisfies("mpileaks@2.2") for x in e._get_environment_specs())
-
-    # ensure env file takes precedence
-    assert any(x.satisfies("libelf@0.8.12") for x in e._get_environment_specs())
-
-
-def test_included_config_precedence(environment_from_manifest):
-    e = environment_from_manifest(
-        """
+    spack_yaml = tmp_path / ev.manifest_name
+    spack_yaml.write_text(
+        f"""\
 spack:
+  packages:
+    libelf:
+      version: ["0.8.12"]
   include:
-  - ./high-config.yaml  # this one should take precedence
-  - ./low-config.yaml
+  - {os.path.join(".", included_file)}
   specs:
   - mpileaks
 """
     )
 
-    with open(os.path.join(e.path, "high-config.yaml"), "w") as f:
+    e = ev.Environment(tmp_path)
+    with e:
+        e.concretize()
+    specs = e._get_environment_specs()
+
+    # ensure included scope took effect
+    assert any(x.satisfies("mpileaks@2.2") for x in specs)
+
+    # ensure env file takes precedence
+    assert any(x.satisfies("libelf@0.8.12") for x in specs)
+
+
+def test_env_with_included_configs_precedence(tmp_path):
+    """Test precendence of multiple included configuration files."""
+    file1 = "high-config.yaml"
+    file2 = "low-config.yaml"
+
+    spack_yaml = tmp_path / ev.manifest_name
+    spack_yaml.write_text(
+        f"""\
+spack:
+  include:
+  - {os.path.join(".", file1)} # this one should take precedence
+  - {os.path.join(".", file2)}
+  specs:
+  - mpileaks
+"""
+    )
+
+    with open(tmp_path / file1, "w") as f:
         f.write(
             """\
 packages:
@@ -958,7 +983,7 @@ def test_included_config_precedence(environment_from_manifest):
 """
         )
 
-    with open(os.path.join(e.path, "low-config.yaml"), "w") as f:
+    with open(tmp_path / file2, "w") as f:
         f.write(
             """\
 packages:
@@ -969,38 +994,23 @@ def test_included_config_precedence(environment_from_manifest):
 """
         )
 
+    e = ev.Environment(tmp_path)
     with e:
         e.concretize()
+    specs = e._get_environment_specs()
 
-    assert any(x.satisfies("mpileaks@2.2") for x in e._get_environment_specs())
+    # ensure included package spec took precedence over manifest spec
+    assert any(x.satisfies("mpileaks@2.2") for x in specs)
 
-    assert any([x.satisfies("libelf@0.8.10") for x in e._get_environment_specs()])
+    # ensure first included package spec took precedence over one from second
+    assert any(x.satisfies("libelf@0.8.10") for x in specs)
 
 
-def test_bad_env_yaml_format(tmpdir):
-    filename = str(tmpdir.join("spack.yaml"))
-    with open(filename, "w") as f:
-        f.write(
-            """\
-spack:
-  spacks:
-    - mpileaks
-"""
-        )
-
-    with tmpdir.as_cwd():
-        with pytest.raises(spack.config.ConfigFormatError) as e:
-            env("create", "test", "./spack.yaml")
-            assert "'spacks' was unexpected" in str(e)
-
-    assert "test" not in env("list")
-
-
-def test_bad_env_yaml_format_remove():
+@pytest.mark.regression("39248")
+def test_bad_env_yaml_format_remove(mutable_mock_env_path):
     badenv = "badenv"
     env("create", badenv)
-    tmpdir = spack.environment.environment.environment_dir_from_name(badenv, exists_ok=True)
-    filename = os.path.join(tmpdir, "spack.yaml")
+    filename = mutable_mock_env_path / "spack.yaml"
     with open(filename, "w") as f:
         f.write(
             """\
@@ -1013,6 +1023,88 @@ def test_bad_env_yaml_format_remove():
     assert badenv not in env("list")
 
 
+@pytest.mark.regression("39248")
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "error,message,contents",
+    [
+        (
+            spack.config.ConfigFormatError,
+            "not of type",
+            """\
+spack:
+  specs: mpi@2.0
+""",
+        ),
+        (
+            ev.SpackEnvironmentConfigError,
+            "duplicate key",
+            """\
+spack:
+  packages:
+    all:
+      providers:
+        mpi: [mvapich2]
+        mpi: [mpich]
+""",
+        ),
+        (
+            spack.config.ConfigFormatError,
+            "'specks' was unexpected",
+            """\
+spack:
+  specks:
+    - libdwarf
+""",
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+def test_bad_env_yaml_create_fails(tmp_path, mutable_mock_env_path, error, message, contents):
+    """Ensure creation with invalid yaml does NOT create or leave the environment."""
+    filename = tmp_path / ev.manifest_name
+    filename.write_text(contents)
+    env_name = "bad_env"
+    with pytest.raises(error, match=message):
+        env("create", env_name, str(filename))
+
+    assert env_name not in env("list")
+    manifest = mutable_mock_env_path / env_name / ev.manifest_name
+    assert not os.path.exists(str(manifest))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.regression("39248")
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("answer", ["-y", ""])
+def test_multi_env_remove(mutable_mock_env_path, monkeypatch, answer):
+    """Test removal (or not) of a valid and invalid environment"""
+    remove_environment = answer == "-y"
+    monkeypatch.setattr(tty, "get_yes_or_no", lambda prompt, default: remove_environment)
+
+    environments = ["goodenv", "badenv"]
+    for e in environments:
+        env("create", e)
+
+    # Ensure the bad environment contains invalid yaml
+    filename = mutable_mock_env_path / environments[1] / ev.manifest_name
+    filename.write_text(
+        """\
+    - libdwarf
+"""
+    )
+
+    assert all(e in env("list") for e in environments)
+
+    args = [answer] if answer else []
+    args.extend(environments)
+    output = env("remove", *args, fail_on_error=False)
+
+    if remove_environment is True:
+        # Successfully removed (and reported removal) of *both* environments
+        assert not all(e in env("list") for e in environments)
+        assert output.count("Successfully removed") == len(environments)
+    else:
+        # Not removing any of the environments
+        assert all(e in env("list") for e in environments)
+
+
 def test_env_loads(install_mockery, mock_fetch):
     env("create", "test")
 
@@ -1549,11 +1641,10 @@ def test_stack_yaml_remove_from_list(tmpdir):
         assert Spec("callpath") in test.user_specs
 
 
-def test_stack_yaml_remove_from_list_force(tmpdir):
-    filename = str(tmpdir.join("spack.yaml"))
-    with open(filename, "w") as f:
-        f.write(
-            """\
+def test_stack_yaml_remove_from_list_force(tmp_path):
+    spack_yaml = tmp_path / ev.manifest_name
+    spack_yaml.write_text(
+        """\
 spack:
   definitions:
     - packages: [mpileaks, callpath]
@@ -1562,20 +1653,20 @@ def test_stack_yaml_remove_from_list_force(tmpdir):
         - [$packages]
         - [^mpich, ^zmpi]
 """
-        )
-    with tmpdir.as_cwd():
-        env("create", "test", "./spack.yaml")
-        with ev.read("test"):
-            concretize()
-            remove("-f", "-l", "packages", "mpileaks")
-            find_output = find("-c")
+    )
 
-        assert "mpileaks" not in find_output
+    env("create", "test", str(spack_yaml))
+    with ev.read("test"):
+        concretize()
+        remove("-f", "-l", "packages", "mpileaks")
+        find_output = find("-c")
 
-        test = ev.read("test")
-        assert len(test.user_specs) == 2
-        assert Spec("callpath ^zmpi") in test.user_specs
-        assert Spec("callpath ^mpich") in test.user_specs
+    assert "mpileaks" not in find_output
+
+    test = ev.read("test")
+    assert len(test.user_specs) == 2
+    assert Spec("callpath ^zmpi") in test.user_specs
+    assert Spec("callpath ^mpich") in test.user_specs
 
 
 def test_stack_yaml_remove_from_matrix_no_effect(tmpdir):
@@ -1621,7 +1712,7 @@ def test_stack_yaml_force_remove_from_matrix(tmpdir):
     with tmpdir.as_cwd():
         env("create", "test", "./spack.yaml")
         with ev.read("test") as e:
-            concretize()
+            e.concretize()
 
             before_user = e.user_specs.specs
             before_conc = e.concretized_user_specs
@@ -2461,8 +2552,12 @@ def test_concretize_user_specs_together():
     e.remove("mpich")
     e.add("mpich2")
 
+    exc_cls = spack.error.SpackError
+    if spack.config.get("config:concretizer") == "clingo":
+        exc_cls = spack.error.UnsatisfiableSpecError
+
     # Concretizing without invalidating the concrete spec for mpileaks fails
-    with pytest.raises(spack.error.UnsatisfiableSpecError):
+    with pytest.raises(exc_cls):
         e.concretize()
     e.concretize(force=True)
 
@@ -2494,9 +2589,12 @@ def test_duplicate_packages_raise_when_concretizing_together():
     e.add("mpileaks~opt")
     e.add("mpich")
 
-    with pytest.raises(
-        spack.error.UnsatisfiableSpecError, match=r"You could consider setting `concretizer:unify`"
-    ):
+    exc_cls, match = spack.error.SpackError, None
+    if spack.config.get("config:concretizer") == "clingo":
+        exc_cls = spack.error.UnsatisfiableSpecError
+        match = r"You could consider setting `concretizer:unify`"
+
+    with pytest.raises(exc_cls, match=match):
         e.concretize()
 
 
@@ -2523,7 +2621,7 @@ def test_env_write_only_non_default_nested(tmpdir):
   - matrix:
     - [mpileaks]
   packages:
-    mpileaks:
+    all:
       compiler: [gcc]
   view: true
 """
@@ -2861,6 +2959,25 @@ def test_activate_temp(monkeypatch, tmpdir):
     assert ev.is_env_dir(str(tmpdir))
 
 
+def test_activate_default(monkeypatch):
+    """Tests whether `spack env activate` creates / activates the default
+    environment"""
+    assert not ev.exists("default")
+
+    # Activating it the first time should create it
+    env("activate", "--sh")
+    env("deactivate", "--sh")
+    assert ev.exists("default")
+
+    # Activating it while it already exists should work
+    env("activate", "--sh")
+    env("deactivate", "--sh")
+    assert ev.exists("default")
+
+    env("remove", "-y", "default")
+    assert not ev.exists("default")
+
+
 def test_env_view_fail_if_symlink_points_elsewhere(tmpdir, install_mockery, mock_fetch):
     view = str(tmpdir.join("view"))
     # Put a symlink to an actual directory in view
@@ -3346,6 +3463,20 @@ def test_spack_package_ids_variable(tmpdir, mock_packages):
             assert "post-install: {}".format(s.dag_hash()) in out
 
 
+def test_depfile_empty_does_not_error(tmp_path):
+    # For empty environments Spack should create a depfile that does nothing
+    make = Executable("make")
+    makefile = str(tmp_path / "Makefile")
+
+    env("create", "test")
+    with ev.read("test"):
+        env("depfile", "-o", makefile)
+
+    make("-f", makefile)
+
+    assert make.returncode == 0
+
+
 def test_unify_when_possible_works_around_conflicts():
     e = ev.create("coconcretization")
     e.unify = "when_possible"

lib/spack/spack/test/concretize.py

@@ -349,11 +349,25 @@ def test_compiler_flags_differ_identical_compilers(self):
             spec.concretize()
             assert spec.satisfies("cflags=-O2")
 
+    @pytest.mark.only_clingo(
+        "Optional compiler propagation isn't deprecated for original concretizer"
+    )
     def test_concretize_compiler_flag_propagate(self):
-        spec = Spec("hypre cflags=='-g' ^openblas")
+        spec = Spec("callpath cflags=='-g'")
         spec.concretize()
 
-        assert spec.satisfies("^openblas cflags='-g'")
+        for dep in spec.traverse():
+            assert dep.satisfies("cflags='-g'")
+
+    @pytest.mark.only_clingo(
+        "Optional compiler propagation isn't deprecated for original concretizer"
+    )
+    def test_concretize_non_root_compiler_flag_propagate(self):
+        spec = Spec("callpath ^dyninst cflags=='-g'")
+        spec.concretize()
+
+        assert spec.satisfies("^libdwarf cflags='-g'")
+        assert spec.satisfies("^libelf cflags='-g'")
 
     @pytest.mark.only_clingo(
         "Optional compiler propagation isn't deprecated for original concretizer"
@@ -362,17 +376,30 @@ def test_concretize_compiler_flag_does_not_propagate(self):
         spec = Spec("hypre cflags='-g' ^openblas")
         spec.concretize()
 
-        assert not spec.satisfies("^openblas cflags='-g'")
+        for dep in spec.traverse(root=False):
+            assert not dep.satisfies("cflags='-g'")
 
     @pytest.mark.only_clingo(
         "Optional compiler propagation isn't deprecated for original concretizer"
     )
     def test_concretize_propagate_compiler_flag_not_passed_to_dependent(self):
-        spec = Spec("hypre cflags=='-g' ^openblas cflags='-O3'")
+        spec = Spec("callpath cflags=='-g' ^dyninst cflags='-O3'")
         spec.concretize()
 
         assert set(spec.compiler_flags["cflags"]) == set(["-g"])
-        assert spec.satisfies("^openblas cflags='-O3'")
+        assert spec.satisfies("^dyninst cflags='-O3'")
+        assert spec.satisfies("^libelf cflags='-g'")
+
+    @pytest.mark.only_clingo(
+        "Optional compiler propagation isn't deprecated for original concretizer"
+    )
+    def test_concretize_propagate_specified_compiler_flag(self):
+        spec = Spec("callpath cflags=='-g' cxxflags='-O3'")
+        spec.concretize()
+
+        for dep in spec.traverse(root=False):
+            assert dep.satisfies("cflags='-g'")
+            assert not dep.satisfies("cxxflags='-O3'")
 
     def test_mixing_compilers_only_affects_subdag(self):
         spack.config.set("packages:all:compiler", ["clang", "gcc"])
@@ -458,19 +485,66 @@ def test_concretize_two_virtuals_with_dual_provider_and_a_conflict(self):
     @pytest.mark.only_clingo(
         "Optional compiler propagation isn't deprecated for original concretizer"
     )
-    def test_concretize_propagate_disabled_variant(self):
-        """Test a package variant value was passed from its parent."""
-        spec = Spec("hypre~~shared ^openblas")
-        spec.concretize()
-
-        assert spec.satisfies("^openblas~shared")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "spec_str,expected_propagation",
+        [
+            ("hypre~~shared ^openblas+shared", [("hypre", "~shared"), ("openblas", "+shared")]),
+            # Propagates past a node that doesn't have the variant
+            ("hypre~~shared ^openblas", [("hypre", "~shared"), ("openblas", "~shared")]),
+            (
+                "ascent~~shared +adios2",
+                [("ascent", "~shared"), ("adios2", "~shared"), ("bzip2", "~shared")],
+            ),
+            # Propagates below a node that uses the other value explicitly
+            (
+                "ascent~~shared +adios2 ^adios2+shared",
+                [("ascent", "~shared"), ("adios2", "+shared"), ("bzip2", "~shared")],
+            ),
+            (
+                "ascent++shared +adios2 ^adios2~shared",
+                [("ascent", "+shared"), ("adios2", "~shared"), ("bzip2", "+shared")],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_concretize_propagate_disabled_variant(self, spec_str, expected_propagation):
+        """Tests various patterns of boolean variant propagation"""
+        spec = Spec(spec_str).concretized()
+        for key, expected_satisfies in expected_propagation:
+            spec[key].satisfies(expected_satisfies)
 
+    @pytest.mark.only_clingo(
+        "Optional compiler propagation isn't deprecated for original concretizer"
+    )
     def test_concretize_propagated_variant_is_not_passed_to_dependent(self):
         """Test a package variant value was passed from its parent."""
-        spec = Spec("hypre~~shared ^openblas+shared")
+        spec = Spec("ascent~~shared +adios2 ^adios2+shared")
         spec.concretize()
 
-        assert spec.satisfies("^openblas+shared")
+        assert spec.satisfies("^adios2+shared")
+        assert spec.satisfies("^bzip2~shared")
+
+    @pytest.mark.only_clingo(
+        "Optional compiler propagation isn't deprecated for original concretizer"
+    )
+    def test_concretize_propagate_specified_variant(self):
+        """Test that only the specified variant is propagated to the dependencies"""
+        spec = Spec("parent-foo-bar ~~foo")
+        spec.concretize()
+
+        assert spec.satisfies("~foo") and spec.satisfies("^dependency-foo-bar~foo")
+        assert spec.satisfies("+bar") and not spec.satisfies("^dependency-foo-bar+bar")
+
+    @pytest.mark.only_clingo("Original concretizer is allowed to forego variant propagation")
+    def test_concretize_propagate_multivalue_variant(self):
+        """Test that multivalue variants are propagating the specified value(s)
+        to their dependecies. The dependencies should not have the default value"""
+        spec = Spec("multivalue-variant foo==baz,fee")
+        spec.concretize()
+
+        assert spec.satisfies("^a foo=baz,fee")
+        assert spec.satisfies("^b foo=baz,fee")
+        assert not spec.satisfies("^a foo=bar")
+        assert not spec.satisfies("^b foo=bar")
 
     def test_no_matching_compiler_specs(self, mock_low_high_config):
         # only relevant when not building compilers as needed
@@ -1838,7 +1912,8 @@ def test_installed_specs_disregard_conflicts(self, mutable_database, monkeypatch
         # If we concretize with --reuse it is not, since "mpich~debug" was already installed
         with spack.config.override("concretizer:reuse", True):
             s = Spec("mpich").concretized()
-            assert s.satisfies("~debug")
+            assert s.installed
+            assert s.satisfies("~debug"), s
 
     @pytest.mark.regression("32471")
     @pytest.mark.only_clingo("Use case not supported by the original concretizer")
@@ -2132,14 +2207,16 @@ def test_reuse_python_from_cli_and_extension_from_db(self, mutable_database):
 
 @pytest.fixture()
 def duplicates_test_repository():
-    builder_test_path = os.path.join(spack.paths.repos_path, "duplicates.test")
-    with spack.repo.use_repositories(builder_test_path) as mock_repo:
+    repository_path = os.path.join(spack.paths.repos_path, "duplicates.test")
+    with spack.repo.use_repositories(repository_path) as mock_repo:
         yield mock_repo
 
 
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures("mutable_config", "duplicates_test_repository")
 @pytest.mark.only_clingo("Not supported by the original concretizer")
 class TestConcretizeSeparately:
+    """Collects test on separate concretization"""
+
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("strategy", ["minimal", "full"])
     def test_two_gmake(self, strategy):
         """Tests that we can concretize a spec with nodes using the same build
@@ -2320,3 +2397,53 @@ def test_adding_specs(self, input_specs, default_mock_concretization):
                 assert node == container[node.dag_hash()]
                 assert node.dag_hash() in container
                 assert node is not container[node.dag_hash()]
+
+
+@pytest.fixture()
+def edges_test_repository():
+    repository_path = os.path.join(spack.paths.repos_path, "edges.test")
+    with spack.repo.use_repositories(repository_path) as mock_repo:
+        yield mock_repo
+
+
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("mutable_config", "edges_test_repository")
+@pytest.mark.only_clingo("Edge properties not supported by the original concretizer")
+class TestConcretizeEdges:
+    """Collects tests on edge properties"""
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "spec_str,expected_satisfies,expected_not_satisfies",
+        [
+            ("conditional-edge", ["^zlib@2.0"], ["^zlib-api"]),
+            ("conditional-edge~foo", ["^zlib@2.0"], ["^zlib-api"]),
+            (
+                "conditional-edge+foo",
+                ["^zlib@1.0", "^zlib-api", "^[virtuals=zlib-api] zlib"],
+                ["^[virtuals=mpi] zlib"],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_condition_triggered_by_edge_property(
+        self, spec_str, expected_satisfies, expected_not_satisfies
+    ):
+        """Tests that we can enforce constraints based on edge attributes"""
+        s = Spec(spec_str).concretized()
+
+        for expected in expected_satisfies:
+            assert s.satisfies(expected), str(expected)
+
+        for not_expected in expected_not_satisfies:
+            assert not s.satisfies(not_expected), str(not_expected)
+
+    def test_virtuals_provided_together_but_only_one_required_in_dag(self):
+        """Tests that we can use a provider that provides more than one virtual together,
+        and is providing only one, iff the others are not needed in the DAG.
+
+        o blas-only-client
+        | [virtual=blas]
+        o openblas (provides blas and lapack together)
+
+        """
+        s = Spec("blas-only-client ^openblas").concretized()
+        assert s.satisfies("^[virtuals=blas] openblas")
+        assert not s.satisfies("^[virtuals=blas,lapack] openblas")

lib/spack/spack/test/concretize_errors.py

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# Copyright 2013-2023 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
+# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+
+import pytest
+
+import spack.solver.asp
+import spack.spec
+
+pytestmark = [
+    pytest.mark.not_on_windows("Windows uses old concretizer"),
+    pytest.mark.only_clingo("Original concretizer does not support configuration requirements"),
+]
+
+version_error_messages = [
+    "Cannot satisfy 'fftw@:1.0' and 'fftw@1.1:",
+    "        required because quantum-espresso depends on fftw@:1.0",
+    "          required because quantum-espresso ^fftw@1.1: requested from CLI",
+    "        required because quantum-espresso ^fftw@1.1: requested from CLI",
+]
+
+external_error_messages = [
+    (
+        "Attempted to build package quantum-espresso which is not buildable and does not have"
+        " a satisfying external"
+    ),
+    (
+        "        'quantum-espresso~veritas' is an external constraint for quantum-espresso"
+        " which was not satisfied"
+    ),
+    "        'quantum-espresso+veritas' required",
+    "        required because quantum-espresso+veritas requested from CLI",
+]
+
+variant_error_messages = [
+    "'fftw' required multiple values for single-valued variant 'mpi'",
+    "    Requested '~mpi' and '+mpi'",
+    "        required because quantum-espresso depends on fftw+mpi when +invino",
+    "          required because quantum-espresso+invino ^fftw~mpi requested from CLI",
+    "        required because quantum-espresso+invino ^fftw~mpi requested from CLI",
+]
+
+external_config = {
+    "packages:quantum-espresso": {
+        "buildable": False,
+        "externals": [{"spec": "quantum-espresso@1.0~veritas", "prefix": "/path/to/qe"}],
+    }
+}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "error_messages,config_set,spec",
+    [
+        (version_error_messages, {}, "quantum-espresso^fftw@1.1:"),
+        (external_error_messages, external_config, "quantum-espresso+veritas"),
+        (variant_error_messages, {}, "quantum-espresso+invino^fftw~mpi"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_error_messages(error_messages, config_set, spec, mock_packages, mutable_config):
+    for path, conf in config_set.items():
+        spack.config.set(path, conf)
+
+    with pytest.raises(spack.solver.asp.UnsatisfiableSpecError) as e:
+        _ = spack.spec.Spec(spec).concretized()
+
+    for em in error_messages:
+        assert em in str(e.value)

lib/spack/spack/test/concretize_preferences.py

@@ -105,17 +105,13 @@ def test_preferred_variants_from_wildcard(self):
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize(
         "compiler_str,spec_str",
-        [("gcc@4.5.0", "mpileaks"), ("clang@12.0.0", "mpileaks"), ("gcc@4.5.0", "openmpi")],
+        [("gcc@=4.5.0", "mpileaks"), ("clang@=12.0.0", "mpileaks"), ("gcc@=4.5.0", "openmpi")],
     )
     def test_preferred_compilers(self, compiler_str, spec_str):
         """Test preferred compilers are applied correctly"""
-        spec = Spec(spec_str)
-        update_packages(spec.name, "compiler", [compiler_str])
-        spec.concretize()
-        # note: lhs has concrete compiler version, rhs still abstract.
-        # Could be made more strict by checking for equality with `gcc@=4.5.0`
-        # etc.
-        assert spec.compiler.satisfies(CompilerSpec(compiler_str))
+        update_packages("all", "compiler", [compiler_str])
+        spec = spack.spec.Spec(spec_str).concretized()
+        assert spec.compiler == CompilerSpec(compiler_str)
 
     @pytest.mark.only_clingo("Use case not supported by the original concretizer")
     def test_preferred_target(self, mutable_mock_repo):
@@ -124,7 +120,7 @@ def test_preferred_target(self, mutable_mock_repo):
         default = str(spec.target)
         preferred = str(spec.target.family)
 
-        update_packages("mpich", "target", [preferred])
+        update_packages("all", "target", [preferred])
         spec = concretize("mpich")
         assert str(spec.target) == preferred
 
@@ -132,7 +128,7 @@ def test_preferred_target(self, mutable_mock_repo):
         assert str(spec["mpileaks"].target) == preferred
         assert str(spec["mpich"].target) == preferred
 
-        update_packages("mpileaks", "target", [default])
+        update_packages("all", "target", [default])
         spec = concretize("mpileaks")
         assert str(spec["mpileaks"].target) == default
         assert str(spec["mpich"].target) == default

lib/spack/spack/test/config.py

@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def env_yaml(tmpdir):
         verify_ssl: False
         dirty: False
     packages:
-        libelf:
+        all:
             compiler: [ 'gcc@4.5.3' ]
     repos:
         - /x/y/z
@@ -942,7 +942,7 @@ def test_single_file_scope(config, env_yaml):
         # from the single-file config
         assert spack.config.get("config:verify_ssl") is False
         assert spack.config.get("config:dirty") is False
-        assert spack.config.get("packages:libelf:compiler") == ["gcc@4.5.3"]
+        assert spack.config.get("packages:all:compiler") == ["gcc@4.5.3"]
 
         # from the lower config scopes
         assert spack.config.get("config:checksum") is True
@@ -965,7 +965,7 @@ def test_single_file_scope_section_override(tmpdir, config):
     config:
         verify_ssl: False
     packages::
-        libelf:
+        all:
             compiler: [ 'gcc@4.5.3' ]
     repos:
         - /x/y/z
@@ -977,7 +977,7 @@ def test_single_file_scope_section_override(tmpdir, config):
     with spack.config.override(scope):
         # from the single-file config
         assert spack.config.get("config:verify_ssl") is False
-        assert spack.config.get("packages:libelf:compiler") == ["gcc@4.5.3"]
+        assert spack.config.get("packages:all:compiler") == ["gcc@4.5.3"]
 
         # from the lower config scopes
         assert spack.config.get("config:checksum") is True

lib/spack/spack/test/data/modules/lmod/hide_implicits.yaml

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ enable:
   - lmod
 lmod:
   hide_implicits: true
+  hash_length: 0
   core_compilers:
     - 'clang@3.3'
   hierarchy:

lib/spack/spack/test/data/modules/tcl/exclude_implicits.yaml

@@ -4,5 +4,6 @@ enable:
   - tcl
 tcl:
   exclude_implicits: true
+  hash_length: 0
   all:
     autoload: direct

lib/spack/spack/test/data/modules/tcl/hide_implicits.yaml

@@ -2,5 +2,6 @@ enable:
   - tcl
 tcl:
   hide_implicits: true
+  hash_length: 0
   all:
     autoload: direct

lib/spack/spack/test/database.py

@@ -803,6 +803,14 @@ def test_query_spec_with_non_conditional_virtual_dependency(database):
     assert len(results) == 1
 
 
+def test_query_virtual_spec(database):
+    """Make sure we can query for virtuals in the DB"""
+    results = spack.store.STORE.db.query_local("mpi")
+    assert len(results) == 3
+    names = [s.name for s in results]
+    assert all(name in names for name in ["mpich", "mpich2", "zmpi"])
+
+
 def test_failed_spec_path_error(database):
     """Ensure spec not concrete check is covered."""
     s = spack.spec.Spec("a")

lib/spack/spack/test/env.py

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
     SpackEnvironmentViewError,
     _error_on_nonempty_view_dir,
 )
+from spack.spec_list import UndefinedReferenceError
 
 pytestmark = pytest.mark.not_on_windows("Envs are not supported on windows")
 
@@ -716,3 +717,64 @@ def test_variant_propagation_with_unify_false(tmp_path, mock_packages):
     root = env.matching_spec("parent-foo")
     for node in root.traverse():
         assert node.satisfies("+foo")
+
+
+def test_env_with_include_defs(mutable_mock_env_path, mock_packages):
+    """Test environment with included definitions file."""
+    env_path = mutable_mock_env_path
+    env_path.mkdir()
+    defs_file = env_path / "definitions.yaml"
+    defs_file.write_text(
+        """definitions:
+- core_specs: [libdwarf, libelf]
+- compilers: ['%gcc']
+"""
+    )
+
+    spack_yaml = env_path / ev.manifest_name
+    spack_yaml.write_text(
+        f"""spack:
+  include:
+  - file://{defs_file}
+
+  definitions:
+  - my_packages: [zlib]
+
+  specs:
+  - matrix:
+    - [$core_specs]
+    - [$compilers]
+  - $my_packages
+"""
+    )
+
+    e = ev.Environment(env_path)
+    with e:
+        e.concretize()
+
+
+def test_env_with_include_def_missing(mutable_mock_env_path, mock_packages):
+    """Test environment with included definitions file that is missing a definition."""
+    env_path = mutable_mock_env_path
+    env_path.mkdir()
+    filename = "missing-def.yaml"
+    defs_file = env_path / filename
+    defs_file.write_text("definitions:\n- my_compilers: ['%gcc']\n")
+
+    spack_yaml = env_path / ev.manifest_name
+    spack_yaml.write_text(
+        f"""spack:
+  include:
+  - file://{defs_file}
+
+  specs:
+  - matrix:
+    - [$core_specs]
+    - [$my_compilers]
+"""
+    )
+
+    e = ev.Environment(env_path)
+    with e:
+        with pytest.raises(UndefinedReferenceError, match=r"which does not appear"):
+            e.concretize()

lib/spack/spack/test/modules/lmod.py

@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ def test_modules_no_arch(self, factory, module_configuration):
 
         assert str(spec.os) not in path
 
-    def test_hide_implicits(self, module_configuration):
+    def test_hide_implicits(self, module_configuration, temporary_store):
         """Tests the addition and removal of hide command in modulerc."""
         module_configuration("hide_implicits")
 
@@ -446,29 +446,42 @@ def test_hide_implicits(self, module_configuration):
         writer.write()
         assert os.path.exists(writer.layout.modulerc)
         with open(writer.layout.modulerc) as f:
-            content = f.readlines()
-            content = "".join(content).split("\n")
-        hide_cmd = 'hide_version("%s")' % writer.layout.use_name
-        assert len([x for x in content if hide_cmd == x]) == 1
+            content = [line.strip() for line in f.readlines()]
+        hide_implicit_mpileaks = f'hide_version("{writer.layout.use_name}")'
+        assert len([x for x in content if hide_implicit_mpileaks == x]) == 1
 
-        # mpileaks becomes explicit, thus modulerc is removed
-        writer = writer_cls(spec, "default", True)
-        writer.write(overwrite=True)
-        assert not os.path.exists(writer.layout.modulerc)
+        # The direct dependencies are all implicitly installed, and they should all be hidden,
+        # except for mpich, which is provider for mpi, which is in the hierarchy, and therefore
+        # can't be hidden. All other hidden modules should have a 7 character hash (the config
+        # hash_length = 0 only applies to exposed modules).
+        with open(writer.layout.filename) as f:
+            depends_statements = [line.strip() for line in f.readlines() if "depends_on" in line]
+            for dep in spec.dependencies(deptype=("link", "run")):
+                if dep.satisfies("mpi"):
+                    assert not any(dep.dag_hash(7) in line for line in depends_statements)
+                else:
+                    assert any(dep.dag_hash(7) in line for line in depends_statements)
 
-        # mpileaks is defined as explicit, no modulerc file should exist
+        # when mpileaks becomes explicit, its file name changes (hash_length = 0), meaning an
+        # extra module file is created; the old one still exists and remains hidden.
         writer = writer_cls(spec, "default", True)
         writer.write()
-        assert not os.path.exists(writer.layout.modulerc)
+        assert os.path.exists(writer.layout.modulerc)
+        with open(writer.layout.modulerc) as f:
+            content = [line.strip() for line in f.readlines()]
+        assert hide_implicit_mpileaks in content  # old, implicit mpileaks is still hidden
+        assert f'hide_version("{writer.layout.use_name}")' not in content
 
-        # explicit module is removed
-        writer.remove()
+        # after removing both the implicit and explicit module, the modulerc file would be empty
+        # and should be removed.
+        writer_cls(spec, "default", False).remove()
+        writer_cls(spec, "default", True).remove()
         assert not os.path.exists(writer.layout.modulerc)
         assert not os.path.exists(writer.layout.filename)
 
         # implicit module is removed
         writer = writer_cls(spec, "default", False)
-        writer.write(overwrite=True)
+        writer.write()
         assert os.path.exists(writer.layout.filename)
         assert os.path.exists(writer.layout.modulerc)
         writer.remove()
@@ -486,35 +499,19 @@ def test_hide_implicits(self, module_configuration):
         writer_alt2.write(overwrite=True)
         assert os.path.exists(writer.layout.modulerc)
         with open(writer.layout.modulerc) as f:
-            content = f.readlines()
-            content = "".join(content).split("\n")
-        hide_cmd = 'hide_version("%s")' % writer.layout.use_name
-        hide_cmd_alt1 = 'hide_version("%s")' % writer_alt1.layout.use_name
-        hide_cmd_alt2 = 'hide_version("%s")' % writer_alt2.layout.use_name
+            content = [line.strip() for line in f.readlines()]
+        hide_cmd = f'hide_version("{writer.layout.use_name}")'
+        hide_cmd_alt1 = f'hide_version("{writer_alt1.layout.use_name}")'
+        hide_cmd_alt2 = f'hide_version("{writer_alt2.layout.use_name}")'
         assert len([x for x in content if hide_cmd == x]) == 1
         assert len([x for x in content if hide_cmd_alt1 == x]) == 1
         assert len([x for x in content if hide_cmd_alt2 == x]) == 1
 
-        # one version is removed, a second becomes explicit
+        # one version is removed
         writer_alt1.remove()
-        writer_alt2 = writer_cls(spec_alt2, "default", True)
-        writer_alt2.write(overwrite=True)
         assert os.path.exists(writer.layout.modulerc)
         with open(writer.layout.modulerc) as f:
-            content = f.readlines()
-            content = "".join(content).split("\n")
+            content = [line.strip() for line in f.readlines()]
         assert len([x for x in content if hide_cmd == x]) == 1
         assert len([x for x in content if hide_cmd_alt1 == x]) == 0
-        assert len([x for x in content if hide_cmd_alt2 == x]) == 0
-
-        # disable hide_implicits configuration option
-        module_configuration("autoload_direct")
-        writer = writer_cls(spec, "default")
-        writer.write(overwrite=True)
-        assert not os.path.exists(writer.layout.modulerc)
-
-        # reenable hide_implicits configuration option
-        module_configuration("hide_implicits")
-        writer = writer_cls(spec, "default")
-        writer.write(overwrite=True)
-        assert os.path.exists(writer.layout.modulerc)
+        assert len([x for x in content if hide_cmd_alt2 == x]) == 1

lib/spack/spack/test/modules/tcl.py

@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ def test_modules_no_arch(self, factory, module_configuration):
 
         assert str(spec.os) not in path
 
-    def test_hide_implicits(self, module_configuration):
+    def test_hide_implicits(self, module_configuration, temporary_store):
         """Tests the addition and removal of hide command in modulerc."""
         module_configuration("hide_implicits")
 
@@ -499,29 +499,37 @@ def test_hide_implicits(self, module_configuration):
         writer.write()
         assert os.path.exists(writer.layout.modulerc)
         with open(writer.layout.modulerc) as f:
-            content = f.readlines()
-            content = "".join(content).split("\n")
-        hide_cmd = "module-hide --soft --hidden-loaded %s" % writer.layout.use_name
-        assert len([x for x in content if hide_cmd == x]) == 1
+            content = [line.strip() for line in f.readlines()]
+        hide_implicit_mpileaks = f"module-hide --soft --hidden-loaded {writer.layout.use_name}"
+        assert len([x for x in content if hide_implicit_mpileaks == x]) == 1
 
-        # mpileaks becomes explicit, thus modulerc is removed
-        writer = writer_cls(spec, "default", True)
-        writer.write(overwrite=True)
-        assert not os.path.exists(writer.layout.modulerc)
+        # The direct dependencies are all implicit, and they should have depends-on with fixed
+        # 7 character hash, even though the config is set to hash_length = 0.
+        with open(writer.layout.filename) as f:
+            depends_statements = [line.strip() for line in f.readlines() if "depends-on" in line]
+            for dep in spec.dependencies(deptype=("link", "run")):
+                assert any(dep.dag_hash(7) in line for line in depends_statements)
 
-        # mpileaks is defined as explicit, no modulerc file should exist
+        # when mpileaks becomes explicit, its file name changes (hash_length = 0), meaning an
+        # extra module file is created; the old one still exists and remains hidden.
         writer = writer_cls(spec, "default", True)
         writer.write()
-        assert not os.path.exists(writer.layout.modulerc)
+        assert os.path.exists(writer.layout.modulerc)
+        with open(writer.layout.modulerc) as f:
+            content = [line.strip() for line in f.readlines()]
+        assert hide_implicit_mpileaks in content  # old, implicit mpileaks is still hidden
+        assert f"module-hide --soft --hidden-loaded {writer.layout.use_name}" not in content
 
-        # explicit module is removed
-        writer.remove()
+        # after removing both the implicit and explicit module, the modulerc file would be empty
+        # and should be removed.
+        writer_cls(spec, "default", False).remove()
+        writer_cls(spec, "default", True).remove()
         assert not os.path.exists(writer.layout.modulerc)
         assert not os.path.exists(writer.layout.filename)
 
         # implicit module is removed
         writer = writer_cls(spec, "default", False)
-        writer.write(overwrite=True)
+        writer.write()
         assert os.path.exists(writer.layout.filename)
         assert os.path.exists(writer.layout.modulerc)
         writer.remove()
@@ -539,35 +547,19 @@ def test_hide_implicits(self, module_configuration):
         writer_alt2.write(overwrite=True)
         assert os.path.exists(writer.layout.modulerc)
         with open(writer.layout.modulerc) as f:
-            content = f.readlines()
-            content = "".join(content).split("\n")
-        hide_cmd = "module-hide --soft --hidden-loaded %s" % writer.layout.use_name
-        hide_cmd_alt1 = "module-hide --soft --hidden-loaded %s" % writer_alt1.layout.use_name
-        hide_cmd_alt2 = "module-hide --soft --hidden-loaded %s" % writer_alt2.layout.use_name
+            content = [line.strip() for line in f.readlines()]
+        hide_cmd = f"module-hide --soft --hidden-loaded {writer.layout.use_name}"
+        hide_cmd_alt1 = f"module-hide --soft --hidden-loaded {writer_alt1.layout.use_name}"
+        hide_cmd_alt2 = f"module-hide --soft --hidden-loaded {writer_alt2.layout.use_name}"
         assert len([x for x in content if hide_cmd == x]) == 1
         assert len([x for x in content if hide_cmd_alt1 == x]) == 1
         assert len([x for x in content if hide_cmd_alt2 == x]) == 1
 
-        # one version is removed, a second becomes explicit
+        # one version is removed
         writer_alt1.remove()
-        writer_alt2 = writer_cls(spec_alt2, "default", True)
-        writer_alt2.write(overwrite=True)
         assert os.path.exists(writer.layout.modulerc)
         with open(writer.layout.modulerc) as f:
-            content = f.readlines()
-            content = "".join(content).split("\n")
+            content = [line.strip() for line in f.readlines()]
         assert len([x for x in content if hide_cmd == x]) == 1
         assert len([x for x in content if hide_cmd_alt1 == x]) == 0
-        assert len([x for x in content if hide_cmd_alt2 == x]) == 0
-
-        # disable hide_implicits configuration option
-        module_configuration("autoload_direct")
-        writer = writer_cls(spec, "default")
-        writer.write(overwrite=True)
-        assert not os.path.exists(writer.layout.modulerc)
-
-        # reenable hide_implicits configuration option
-        module_configuration("hide_implicits")
-        writer = writer_cls(spec, "default")
-        writer.write(overwrite=True)
-        assert os.path.exists(writer.layout.modulerc)
+        assert len([x for x in content if hide_cmd_alt2 == x]) == 1

lib/spack/spack/test/oci/image.py

@@ -34,6 +34,10 @@
         ("myname:1234/myimage:abc", ("myname:1234", "myimage", "abc", None)),
         ("localhost/myimage:abc", ("localhost", "myimage", "abc", None)),
         ("localhost:1234/myimage:abc", ("localhost:1234", "myimage", "abc", None)),
+        (
+            "example.com/UPPERCASE/lowercase:AbC",
+            ("example.com", "uppercase/lowercase", "AbC", None),
+        ),
     ],
 )
 def test_name_parsing(image_ref, expected):

lib/spack/spack/test/package_class.py

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ def mpileaks_possible_deps(mock_packages, mpi_names):
         "low-priority-provider": set(),
         "dyninst": set(["libdwarf", "libelf"]),
         "fake": set(),
+        "intel-parallel-studio": set(),
         "libdwarf": set(["libelf"]),
         "libelf": set(),
         "mpich": set(),

lib/spack/spack/test/schema.py

@@ -80,7 +80,17 @@ def test_module_suffixes(module_suffixes_schema):
 @pytest.mark.regression("10246")
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "config_name",
-    ["compilers", "config", "env", "merged", "mirrors", "modules", "packages", "repos"],
+    [
+        "compilers",
+        "config",
+        "definitions",
+        "env",
+        "merged",
+        "mirrors",
+        "modules",
+        "packages",
+        "repos",
+    ],
 )
 def test_schema_validation(meta_schema, config_name):
     import importlib

lib/spack/spack/test/spec_dag.py

@@ -532,6 +532,7 @@ def test_normalize_mpileaks(self):
         assert not spec.eq_dag(expected_normalized, deptypes=True)
         assert not spec.eq_dag(non_unique_nodes, deptypes=True)
 
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(reason="String representation changed")
     def test_normalize_with_virtual_package(self):
         spec = Spec("mpileaks ^mpi ^libelf@1.8.11 ^libdwarf")
         spec.normalize()

lib/spack/spack/test/spec_semantics.py

@@ -294,13 +294,10 @@ def test_concrete_specs_which_satisfies_abstract(self, lhs, rhs, default_mock_co
             ("foo@4.0%pgi@4.5", "@1:3%pgi@4.4:4.6"),
             ("builtin.mock.mpich", "builtin.mpich"),
             ("mpileaks ^builtin.mock.mpich", "^builtin.mpich"),
-            ("mpileaks^mpich", "^zmpi"),
-            ("mpileaks^zmpi", "^mpich"),
             ("mpileaks^mpich@1.2", "^mpich@2.0"),
             ("mpileaks^mpich@4.0^callpath@1.5", "^mpich@1:3^callpath@1.4:1.6"),
             ("mpileaks^mpich@2.0^callpath@1.7", "^mpich@1:3^callpath@1.4:1.6"),
             ("mpileaks^mpich@4.0^callpath@1.7", "^mpich@1:3^callpath@1.4:1.6"),
-            ("mpileaks^mpich", "^zmpi"),
             ("mpileaks^mpi@3", "^mpi@1.2:1.6"),
             ("mpileaks^mpi@3:", "^mpich2@1.4"),
             ("mpileaks^mpi@3:", "^mpich2"),
@@ -338,30 +335,30 @@ def test_constraining_abstract_specs_with_empty_intersection(self, lhs, rhs):
             rhs.constrain(lhs)
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-        "lhs,rhs,intersection_expected",
+        "lhs,rhs",
         [
-            ("mpich", "mpich +foo", True),
-            ("mpich", "mpich~foo", True),
-            ("mpich", "mpich foo=1", True),
-            ("mpich", "mpich++foo", True),
-            ("mpich", "mpich~~foo", True),
-            ("mpich", "mpich foo==1", True),
+            ("mpich", "mpich +foo"),
+            ("mpich", "mpich~foo"),
+            ("mpich", "mpich foo=1"),
+            ("mpich", "mpich++foo"),
+            ("mpich", "mpich~~foo"),
+            ("mpich", "mpich foo==1"),
             # Flags semantics is currently different from other variant
-            ("mpich", 'mpich cflags="-O3"', True),
-            ("mpich cflags=-O3", 'mpich cflags="-O3 -Ofast"', False),
-            ("mpich cflags=-O2", 'mpich cflags="-O3"', False),
-            ("multivalue-variant foo=bar", "multivalue-variant +foo", False),
-            ("multivalue-variant foo=bar", "multivalue-variant ~foo", False),
-            ("multivalue-variant fee=bar", "multivalue-variant fee=baz", False),
+            ("mpich", 'mpich cflags="-O3"'),
+            ("mpich cflags=-O3", 'mpich cflags="-O3 -Ofast"'),
+            ("mpich cflags=-O2", 'mpich cflags="-O3"'),
+            ("multivalue-variant foo=bar", "multivalue-variant +foo"),
+            ("multivalue-variant foo=bar", "multivalue-variant ~foo"),
+            ("multivalue-variant fee=bar", "multivalue-variant fee=baz"),
         ],
     )
     def test_concrete_specs_which_do_not_satisfy_abstract(
-        self, lhs, rhs, intersection_expected, default_mock_concretization
+        self, lhs, rhs, default_mock_concretization
     ):
         lhs, rhs = default_mock_concretization(lhs), Spec(rhs)
 
-        assert lhs.intersects(rhs) is intersection_expected
-        assert rhs.intersects(lhs) is intersection_expected
+        assert lhs.intersects(rhs) is False
+        assert rhs.intersects(lhs) is False
         assert not lhs.satisfies(rhs)
         assert not rhs.satisfies(lhs)
 
@@ -483,10 +480,14 @@ def test_intersects_virtual(self):
         assert Spec("mpich2").intersects(Spec("mpi"))
         assert Spec("zmpi").intersects(Spec("mpi"))
 
-    def test_intersects_virtual_dep_with_virtual_constraint(self):
+    def test_intersects_virtual_providers(self):
+        """Tests that we can always intersect virtual providers from abstract specs.
+        Concretization will give meaning to virtuals, and eventually forbid certain
+        configurations.
+        """
         assert Spec("netlib-lapack ^openblas").intersects("netlib-lapack ^openblas")
-        assert not Spec("netlib-lapack ^netlib-blas").intersects("netlib-lapack ^openblas")
-        assert not Spec("netlib-lapack ^openblas").intersects("netlib-lapack ^netlib-blas")
+        assert Spec("netlib-lapack ^netlib-blas").intersects("netlib-lapack ^openblas")
+        assert Spec("netlib-lapack ^openblas").intersects("netlib-lapack ^netlib-blas")
         assert Spec("netlib-lapack ^netlib-blas").intersects("netlib-lapack ^netlib-blas")
 
     def test_intersectable_concrete_specs_must_have_the_same_hash(self):
@@ -1006,6 +1007,103 @@ def test_spec_override(self):
         assert new_spec.compiler_flags["cflags"] == ["-O2"]
         assert new_spec.compiler_flags["cxxflags"] == ["-O1"]
 
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "spec_str,specs_in_dag",
+        [
+            ("hdf5 ^[virtuals=mpi] mpich", [("mpich", "mpich"), ("mpi", "mpich")]),
+            # Try different combinations with packages that provides a
+            # disjoint set of virtual dependencies
+            (
+                "netlib-scalapack ^mpich ^openblas-with-lapack",
+                [
+                    ("mpi", "mpich"),
+                    ("lapack", "openblas-with-lapack"),
+                    ("blas", "openblas-with-lapack"),
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                "netlib-scalapack ^[virtuals=mpi] mpich ^openblas-with-lapack",
+                [
+                    ("mpi", "mpich"),
+                    ("lapack", "openblas-with-lapack"),
+                    ("blas", "openblas-with-lapack"),
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                "netlib-scalapack ^mpich ^[virtuals=lapack] openblas-with-lapack",
+                [
+                    ("mpi", "mpich"),
+                    ("lapack", "openblas-with-lapack"),
+                    ("blas", "openblas-with-lapack"),
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                "netlib-scalapack ^[virtuals=mpi] mpich ^[virtuals=lapack] openblas-with-lapack",
+                [
+                    ("mpi", "mpich"),
+                    ("lapack", "openblas-with-lapack"),
+                    ("blas", "openblas-with-lapack"),
+                ],
+            ),
+            # Test that we can mix dependencies that provide an overlapping
+            # sets of virtual dependencies
+            (
+                "netlib-scalapack ^[virtuals=mpi] intel-parallel-studio "
+                "^[virtuals=lapack] openblas-with-lapack",
+                [
+                    ("mpi", "intel-parallel-studio"),
+                    ("lapack", "openblas-with-lapack"),
+                    ("blas", "openblas-with-lapack"),
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                "netlib-scalapack ^[virtuals=mpi] intel-parallel-studio ^openblas-with-lapack",
+                [
+                    ("mpi", "intel-parallel-studio"),
+                    ("lapack", "openblas-with-lapack"),
+                    ("blas", "openblas-with-lapack"),
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                "netlib-scalapack ^intel-parallel-studio ^[virtuals=lapack] openblas-with-lapack",
+                [
+                    ("mpi", "intel-parallel-studio"),
+                    ("lapack", "openblas-with-lapack"),
+                    ("blas", "openblas-with-lapack"),
+                ],
+            ),
+            # Test that we can bind more than one virtual to the same provider
+            (
+                "netlib-scalapack ^[virtuals=lapack,blas] openblas-with-lapack",
+                [("lapack", "openblas-with-lapack"), ("blas", "openblas-with-lapack")],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_virtual_deps_bindings(self, default_mock_concretization, spec_str, specs_in_dag):
+        if spack.config.get("config:concretizer") == "original":
+            pytest.skip("Use case not supported by the original concretizer")
+
+        s = default_mock_concretization(spec_str)
+        for label, expected in specs_in_dag:
+            assert label in s
+            assert s[label].satisfies(expected), label
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "spec_str",
+        [
+            # openblas-with-lapack needs to provide blas and lapack together
+            "netlib-scalapack ^[virtuals=blas] intel-parallel-studio ^openblas-with-lapack",
+            # intel-* provides blas and lapack together, openblas can provide blas only
+            "netlib-scalapack ^[virtuals=lapack] intel-parallel-studio ^openblas",
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_unsatisfiable_virtual_deps_bindings(self, spec_str):
+        if spack.config.get("config:concretizer") == "original":
+            pytest.skip("Use case not supported by the original concretizer")
+
+        with pytest.raises(spack.solver.asp.UnsatisfiableSpecError):
+            Spec(spec_str).concretized()
+
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "spec_str,format_str,expected",

lib/spack/spack/test/spec_syntax.py

@@ -530,6 +530,26 @@ def _specfile_for(spec_str, filename):
             [Token(TokenType.VERSION, value="@:0.4"), Token(TokenType.COMPILER, value="% nvhpc")],
             "@:0.4%nvhpc",
         ),
+        (
+            "^[virtuals=mpi] openmpi",
+            [
+                Token(TokenType.START_EDGE_PROPERTIES, value="^["),
+                Token(TokenType.KEY_VALUE_PAIR, value="virtuals=mpi"),
+                Token(TokenType.END_EDGE_PROPERTIES, value="]"),
+                Token(TokenType.UNQUALIFIED_PACKAGE_NAME, value="openmpi"),
+            ],
+            "^[virtuals=mpi] openmpi",
+        ),
+        (
+            "^[deptypes=link,build] zlib",
+            [
+                Token(TokenType.START_EDGE_PROPERTIES, value="^["),
+                Token(TokenType.KEY_VALUE_PAIR, value="deptypes=link,build"),
+                Token(TokenType.END_EDGE_PROPERTIES, value="]"),
+                Token(TokenType.UNQUALIFIED_PACKAGE_NAME, value="zlib"),
+            ],
+            "^[deptypes=build,link] zlib",
+        ),
         (
             "zlib@git.foo/bar",
             [
@@ -923,6 +943,9 @@ def test_disambiguate_hash_by_spec(spec1, spec2, constraint, mock_packages, monk
         ("x platform=test platform=test", spack.spec.DuplicateArchitectureError),
         ("x os=fe platform=test target=fe os=fe", spack.spec.DuplicateArchitectureError),
         ("x target=be platform=test os=be os=fe", spack.spec.DuplicateArchitectureError),
+        ("^[@foo] zlib", spack.parser.SpecParsingError),
+        # TODO: Remove this as soon as use variants are added and we can parse custom attributes
+        ("^[foo=bar] zlib", spack.parser.SpecParsingError),
     ],
 )
 def test_error_conditions(text, exc_cls):

lib/spack/spack/test/util/elf.py

@@ -120,6 +120,21 @@ def test_parser_doesnt_deal_with_nonzero_offset():
         elf.parse_elf(elf_at_offset_one)
 
 
+def test_only_header():
+    # When passing only_header=True parsing a file that is literally just a header
+    # without any sections/segments should not error.
+
+    # 32 bit
+    elf_32 = elf.parse_elf(io.BytesIO(b"\x7fELF\x01\x01" + b"\x00" * 46), only_header=True)
+    assert not elf_32.is_64_bit
+    assert elf_32.is_little_endian
+
+    # 64 bit
+    elf_64 = elf.parse_elf(io.BytesIO(b"\x7fELF\x02\x01" + b"\x00" * 58), only_header=True)
+    assert elf_64.is_64_bit
+    assert elf_64.is_little_endian
+
+
 @pytest.mark.requires_executables("gcc")
 @skip_unless_linux
 def test_elf_get_and_replace_rpaths(binary_with_rpaths):

lib/spack/spack/util/elf.py

@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ def parse_header(f, elf):
     elf.elf_hdr = ElfHeader._make(unpack(elf_header_fmt, data))
 
 
-def _do_parse_elf(f, interpreter=True, dynamic_section=True):
+def _do_parse_elf(f, interpreter=True, dynamic_section=True, only_header=False):
     # We don't (yet?) allow parsing ELF files at a nonzero offset, we just
     # jump to absolute offsets as they are specified in the ELF file.
     if f.tell() != 0:
@@ -386,6 +386,9 @@ def _do_parse_elf(f, interpreter=True, dynamic_section=True):
     elf = ElfFile()
     parse_header(f, elf)
 
+    if only_header:
+        return elf
+
     # We don't handle anything but executables and shared libraries now.
     if elf.elf_hdr.e_type not in (ELF_CONSTANTS.ET_EXEC, ELF_CONSTANTS.ET_DYN):
         raise ElfParsingError("Not an ET_DYN or ET_EXEC type")
@@ -403,11 +406,11 @@ def _do_parse_elf(f, interpreter=True, dynamic_section=True):
     return elf
 
 
-def parse_elf(f, interpreter=False, dynamic_section=False):
+def parse_elf(f, interpreter=False, dynamic_section=False, only_header=False):
     """Given a file handle f for an ELF file opened in binary mode, return an ElfFile
     object that is stores data about rpaths"""
     try:
-        return _do_parse_elf(f, interpreter, dynamic_section)
+        return _do_parse_elf(f, interpreter, dynamic_section, only_header)
     except (DeprecationWarning, struct.error):
         # According to the docs old versions of Python can throw DeprecationWarning
         # instead of struct.error.

lib/spack/spack/util/environment.py

@@ -596,6 +596,14 @@ def group_by_name(self) -> Dict[str, ModificationList]:
             modifications[item.name].append(item)
         return modifications
 
+    def drop(self, *name) -> bool:
+        """Drop all modifications to the variable with the given name."""
+        old_mods = self.env_modifications
+        new_mods = [x for x in self.env_modifications if x.name not in name]
+        self.env_modifications = new_mods
+
+        return len(old_mods) != len(new_mods)
+
     def is_unset(self, variable_name: str) -> bool:
         """Returns True if the last modification to a variable is to unset it, False otherwise."""
         modifications = self.group_by_name()

lib/spack/spack/util/executable.py

@@ -330,8 +330,11 @@ def add_extra_search_paths(paths):
         for candidate_item in candidate_items:
             for directory in search_paths:
                 exe = directory / candidate_item
-                if exe.is_file() and os.access(str(exe), os.X_OK):
-                    return str(exe)
+                try:
+                    if exe.is_file() and os.access(str(exe), os.X_OK):
+                        return str(exe)
+                except OSError:
+                    pass
 
     if required:
         raise CommandNotFoundError("spack requires '%s'. Make sure it is in your path." % args[0])

lib/spack/spack/util/parallel.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 import os
 import sys
 import traceback
+from typing import Optional
 
 
 class ErrorFromWorker:
@@ -53,7 +54,9 @@ def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         return value
 
 
-def imap_unordered(f, list_of_args, *, processes: int, debug=False):
+def imap_unordered(
+    f, list_of_args, *, processes: int, maxtaskperchild: Optional[int] = None, debug=False
+):
     """Wrapper around multiprocessing.Pool.imap_unordered.
 
     Args:
@@ -62,6 +65,8 @@ def imap_unordered(f, list_of_args, *, processes: int, debug=False):
         processes: maximum number of processes allowed
         debug: if False, raise an exception containing just the error messages
             from workers, if True an exception with complete stacktraces
+        maxtaskperchild: number of tasks to be executed by a child before being
+            killed and substituted
 
     Raises:
         RuntimeError: if any error occurred in the worker processes
@@ -70,7 +75,7 @@ def imap_unordered(f, list_of_args, *, processes: int, debug=False):
         yield from map(f, list_of_args)
         return
 
-    with multiprocessing.Pool(processes) as p:
+    with multiprocessing.Pool(processes, maxtasksperchild=maxtaskperchild) as p:
         for result in p.imap_unordered(Task(f), list_of_args):
             if isinstance(result, ErrorFromWorker):
                 raise RuntimeError(result.stacktrace if debug else str(result))

share/spack/bash/spack-completion.bash

@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ _spack_compress_aliases() {
     # If there are zero or one completions, don't do anything
     # If this isn't the first argument, bail because aliases currently only apply
     # to top-level commands.
-    if [ "${#COMPREPLY[@]}" -le "1" ] || [ "$COMP_CWORD" != "1" ]; then
+    if [ "${#COMPREPLY[@]}" -le "1" ] || [ "$COMP_CWORD_NO_FLAGS" != "1" ]; then
         return
     fi
 

share/spack/gitlab/cloud_pipelines/stacks/e4s-neoverse_v1/spack.yaml

@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ spack:
   - swig@4.0.2-fortran
   - sz3
   - tasmanian
-  - tau +mpi +python
+  - tau +mpi +python +syscall
   - trilinos +amesos +amesos2 +anasazi +aztec +belos +boost +epetra +epetraext +ifpack +ifpack2 +intrepid +intrepid2 +isorropia +kokkos +ml +minitensor +muelu +nox +piro +phalanx +rol +rythmos +sacado +stk +shards +shylu +stokhos +stratimikos +teko +tempus +tpetra +trilinoscouplings +zoltan +zoltan2 +superlu-dist gotype=long_long
   - turbine
   - umap
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ spack:
   - flux-core +cuda
   - hpctoolkit +cuda
   - papi +cuda
-  - tau +mpi +cuda
+  - tau +mpi +cuda +syscall
   # --
   # - bricks +cuda                  # not respecting target=aarch64?
   # - legion +cuda                  # legion: needs NVIDIA driver

share/spack/gitlab/cloud_pipelines/stacks/e4s-oneapi/spack.yaml

@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ spack:
   - superlu-dist
   - sz3
   - tasmanian
-  - tau +mpi +python
+  - tau +mpi +python +syscall
   - trilinos +amesos +amesos2 +anasazi +aztec +belos +boost +epetra +epetraext +ifpack +ifpack2 +intrepid +intrepid2 +isorropia +kokkos +ml +minitensor +muelu +nox +piro +phalanx +rol +rythmos +sacado +stk +shards +shylu +stokhos +stratimikos +teko +tempus +tpetra +trilinoscouplings +zoltan +zoltan2 +superlu-dist gotype=long_long
   - turbine
   - umap
@@ -200,11 +200,11 @@ spack:
   - kokkos +sycl +openmp cxxstd=17 +tests +examples
   - kokkos-kernels build_type=Release %oneapi ^kokkos +sycl +openmp cxxstd=17 +tests +examples
   - slate +sycl
-  - tau +mpi +opencl +level_zero ~pdt   # tau: requires libdrm.so to be installed
+  - sundials +sycl cxxstd=17 +examples-install
+  - tau +mpi +opencl +level_zero ~pdt +syscall   # tau: requires libdrm.so to be installed
   # --
   # - ginkgo +oneapi                    # InstallError: Ginkgo's oneAPI backend requires theDPC++ compiler as main CXX compiler.
   # - hpctoolkit +level_zero            # dyninst@12.3.0%gcc: /usr/bin/ld: libiberty/./d-demangle.c:142: undefined reference to `_intel_fast_memcpy'; can't mix intel-tbb@%oneapi with dyninst%gcc
-  # - sundials +sycl cxxstd=17          # sundials: include/sunmemory/sunmemory_sycl.h:20:10: fatal error: 'CL/sycl.hpp' file not found
 
   - py-scipy
 

share/spack/gitlab/cloud_pipelines/stacks/e4s-power/spack.yaml

@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ spack:
   - swig@4.0.2-fortran
   - sz3
   - tasmanian
-  - tau +mpi +python                        # tau: has issue with `spack env depfile` build
+  - tau +mpi +python                       # +syscall fails: https://github.com/spack/spack/pull/40830#issuecomment-1790799772; tau: has issue with `spack env depfile` build
   - trilinos +amesos +amesos2 +anasazi +aztec +belos +boost +epetra +epetraext +ifpack +ifpack2 +intrepid +intrepid2 +isorropia +kokkos +ml +minitensor +muelu +nox +piro +phalanx +rol +rythmos +sacado +stk +shards +shylu +stokhos +stratimikos +teko +tempus +tpetra +trilinoscouplings +zoltan +zoltan2 +superlu-dist gotype=long_long
   - turbine
   - umap

share/spack/gitlab/cloud_pipelines/stacks/e4s-rocm-external/spack.yaml

@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ spack:
   specs:
   # ROCM NOARCH
   - hpctoolkit +rocm
-  - tau +mpi +rocm   # tau: has issue with `spack env depfile` build
+  - tau +mpi +rocm +syscall  # tau: has issue with `spack env depfile` build
 
   # ROCM 908
   - adios2 +kokkos +rocm amdgpu_target=gfx908

share/spack/gitlab/cloud_pipelines/stacks/e4s/spack.yaml

@@ -51,6 +51,8 @@ spack:
       require: "@3.4.4"
     vtk-m:
       require: "+examples"
+    visit:
+      require: "~gui"
     cuda:
       version: [11.8.0]
     paraview:
@@ -157,7 +159,7 @@ spack:
   - swig@4.0.2-fortran
   - sz3
   - tasmanian
-  - tau +mpi +python
+  - tau +mpi +python +syscall
   - trilinos +amesos +amesos2 +anasazi +aztec +belos +boost +epetra +epetraext +ifpack +ifpack2 +intrepid +intrepid2 +isorropia +kokkos +ml +minitensor +muelu +nox +piro +phalanx +rol +rythmos +sacado +stk +shards +shylu +stokhos +stratimikos +teko +tempus +tpetra +trilinoscouplings +zoltan +zoltan2 +superlu-dist gotype=long_long
   - turbine
   - umap
@@ -192,7 +194,7 @@ spack:
   - flux-core +cuda
   - hpctoolkit +cuda
   - papi +cuda
-  - tau +mpi +cuda
+  - tau +mpi +cuda +syscall
   # --
   # - legion +cuda                    # legion: needs NVIDIA driver
 
@@ -289,7 +291,7 @@ spack:
 
   # ROCM NOARCH
   - hpctoolkit +rocm
-  - tau +mpi +rocm   # tau: has issue with `spack env depfile` build
+  - tau +mpi +rocm +syscall  # tau: has issue with `spack env depfile` build
 
   # ROCM 908
   - adios2 +kokkos +rocm amdgpu_target=gfx908

share/spack/gitlab/cloud_pipelines/stacks/tutorial/spack.yaml

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ spack:
         - hdf5+hl+mpi ^mpich
         - trilinos
         - trilinos +hdf5 ^hdf5+hl+mpi ^mpich
-        - gcc@12
+        - gcc@12.3.0
         - mpileaks
         - lmod
         - macsio@1.1+scr ^scr@2.0.0~fortran ^silo~fortran ^hdf5~fortran