Set version to v0.22.2

xdist only slows down unit tests under coverage

.github/workflows/ci.yaml

@@ -77,13 +77,8 @@ jobs:
     needs: [ prechecks, changes ]
     uses: ./.github/workflows/unit_tests.yaml
     secrets: inherit
-  windows:
-    if: ${{ github.repository == 'spack/spack' && needs.changes.outputs.core == 'true' }}
-    needs: [ prechecks ]
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/windows_python.yml
-    secrets: inherit
   all:
-    needs: [ windows, unit-tests, bootstrap ]
+    needs: [ unit-tests, bootstrap ]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Success

.github/workflows/unit_tests.yaml

@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [macos-latest, macos-14]
+        os: [macos-13, macos-14]
         python-version: ["3.11"]
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b
@@ -228,3 +228,34 @@ jobs:
         flags: unittests,macos
         token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
         verbose: true
+  # Run unit tests on Windows
+  windows:
+    defaults:
+      run:
+        shell:
+          powershell Invoke-Expression -Command "./share/spack/qa/windows_test_setup.ps1"; {0}
+    runs-on: windows-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29
+      with:
+        fetch-depth: 0
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@82c7e631bb3cdc910f68e0081d67478d79c6982d
+      with:
+        python-version: 3.9
+    - name: Install Python packages
+      run: |
+          python -m pip install --upgrade pip pywin32 setuptools pytest-cov clingo
+    - name: Create local develop
+      run: |
+        ./.github/workflows/setup_git.ps1
+    - name: Unit Test
+      run: |
+        spack unit-test -x --verbose --cov --cov-config=pyproject.toml
+        ./share/spack/qa/validate_last_exit.ps1
+        coverage combine -a
+        coverage xml
+    - uses: codecov/codecov-action@125fc84a9a348dbcf27191600683ec096ec9021c
+      with:
+        flags: unittests,windows
+        token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+        verbose: true

.github/workflows/windows_python.yml

@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-name: windows
-
-on:
-  workflow_call:
-
-concurrency:
-  group: windows-${{github.ref}}-${{github.event.pull_request.number || github.run_number}}
-  cancel-in-progress: true
-
-defaults:
-  run:
-    shell:
-     powershell Invoke-Expression -Command "./share/spack/qa/windows_test_setup.ps1"; {0}
-jobs:
-  unit-tests:
-    runs-on: windows-latest
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b
-      with:
-        fetch-depth: 0
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@82c7e631bb3cdc910f68e0081d67478d79c6982d
-      with:
-        python-version: 3.9
-    - name: Install Python packages
-      run: |
-          python -m pip install --upgrade pip pywin32 setuptools pytest-cov clingo
-    - name: Create local develop
-      run: |
-        ./.github/workflows/setup_git.ps1
-    - name: Unit Test
-      run: |
-        spack unit-test -x --verbose --cov --cov-config=pyproject.toml --ignore=lib/spack/spack/test/cmd
-        ./share/spack/qa/validate_last_exit.ps1
-        coverage combine -a
-        coverage xml
-    - uses: codecov/codecov-action@5ecb98a3c6b747ed38dc09f787459979aebb39be
-      with:
-        flags: unittests,windows
-        token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
-        verbose: true
-  unit-tests-cmd:
-    runs-on: windows-latest
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b
-      with:
-        fetch-depth: 0
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@82c7e631bb3cdc910f68e0081d67478d79c6982d
-      with:
-        python-version: 3.9
-    - name: Install Python packages
-      run: |
-          python -m pip install --upgrade pip pywin32 setuptools coverage pytest-cov clingo
-    - name: Create local develop
-      run: |
-        ./.github/workflows/setup_git.ps1
-    - name: Command Unit Test
-      run: |
-        spack unit-test -x --verbose --cov --cov-config=pyproject.toml lib/spack/spack/test/cmd
-        ./share/spack/qa/validate_last_exit.ps1
-        coverage combine -a
-        coverage xml
-    - uses: codecov/codecov-action@5ecb98a3c6b747ed38dc09f787459979aebb39be
-      with:
-        flags: unittests,windows
-        token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
-        verbose: true
-  build-abseil:
-    runs-on: windows-latest
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b
-      with:
-        fetch-depth: 0
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@82c7e631bb3cdc910f68e0081d67478d79c6982d
-      with:
-        python-version: 3.9
-    - name: Install Python packages
-      run: |
-          python -m pip install --upgrade pip pywin32 setuptools coverage
-    - name: Build Test
-      run: |
-        spack compiler find
-        spack -d external find cmake ninja
-        spack -d install abseil-cpp

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,432 @@
+# v0.22.2 (2024-09-21)
+
+## Bugfixes
+- Forward compatibility with Spack 0.23 packages with language dependencies (#45205, #45191)
+- Forward compatibility with `urllib` from Python 3.12.6+ (#46453, #46483)
+- Bump vendored `archspec` for better aarch64 support (#45721, #46445)
+- Support macOS Sequoia (#45018, #45127)
+- Fix regression in `{variants.X}` and `{variants.X.value}` format strings (#46206)
+- Ensure shell escaping of environment variable values in load and activate commands (#42780)
+- Fix an issue where `spec[pkg]` considers specs outside the current DAG (#45090)
+- Do not halt concretization on unknown variants in externals (#45326)
+- Improve validation of `develop` config section (#46485)
+- Explicitly disable `ccache` if turned off in config, to avoid cache pollution (#45275)
+- Improve backwards compatibility in `include_concrete` (#45766)
+- Fix issue where package tags were sometimes repeated (#45160)
+- Make `setup-env.sh` "sourced only" by dropping execution bits (#45641)
+- Make certain source/binary fetch errors recoverable instead of a hard error (#45683)
+- Remove debug statements in package hash computation (#45235)
+- Remove redundant clingo warnings (#45269)
+- Remove hard-coded layout version (#45645)
+- Do not initialize previous store state in `use_store` (#45268)
+- Docs improvements (#46475)
+
+## Package updates
+- `chapel` major update (#42197, #44931, #45304)
+
+# v0.22.1 (2024-07-04)
+
+## Bugfixes
+- Fix reuse of externals on Linux (#44316)
+- Ensure parent gcc-runtime version >= child (#44834, #44870)
+- Ensure the latest gcc-runtime is rpath'ed when multiple exist among link deps (#44219)
+- Improve version detection of glibc (#44154)
+- Improve heuristics for solver (#44893, #44976, #45023)
+- Make strong preferences override reuse (#44373)
+- Reduce verbosity when C compiler is missing (#44182)
+- Make missing ccache executable an error when required (#44740)
+- Make every environment view containing `python` a `venv` (#44382)
+- Fix external detection for compilers with os but no target (#44156)
+- Fix version optimization for roots (#44272)
+- Handle common implementations of pagination of tags in OCI build caches (#43136)
+- Apply fetched patches to develop specs (#44950)
+- Avoid Windows wrappers for filesystem utilities on non-Windows (#44126)
+- Fix issue with long filenames in build caches on Windows (#43851)
+- Fix formatting issue in `spack audit` (#45045)
+- CI fixes (#44582, #43965, #43967, #44279, #44213)
+
+## Package updates
+- protobuf: fix 3.4:3.21 patch checksum (#44443)
+- protobuf: update hash for patch needed when="@3.4:3.21" (#44210)
+- git: bump v2.39 to 2.45; deprecate unsafe versions (#44248)
+- gcc: use -rpath {rpath_dir} not -rpath={rpath dir} (#44315)
+- Remove mesa18 and libosmesa (#44264)
+- Enforce consistency of `gl` providers (#44307)
+- Require libiconv for iconv (#44335, #45026).
+  Notice that glibc/musl also provide iconv, but are not guaranteed to be
+  complete. Set `packages:iconv:require:[glibc]` to restore the old behavior.
+- py-matplotlib: qualify when to do a post install (#44191)
+- rust: fix v1.78.0 instructions (#44127)
+- suite-sparse: improve setting of the `libs` property (#44214)
+- netlib-lapack: provide blas and lapack together (#44981)
+
+
+# v0.22.0 (2024-05-12)
+
+`v0.22.0` is a major feature release.
+
+## Features in this release
+
+1. **Compiler dependencies**
+
+    We are in the process of making compilers proper dependencies in Spack, and a number
+    of changes in `v0.22` support that effort. You may notice nodes in your dependency
+    graphs for compiler runtime libraries like `gcc-runtime` or `libgfortran`, and you
+    may notice that Spack graphs now include `libc`. We've also begun moving compiler
+    configuration from `compilers.yaml` to `packages.yaml` to make it consistent with
+    other externals. We are trying to do this with the least disruption possible, so
+    your existing `compilers.yaml` files should still work. We expect to be done with
+    this transition by the `v0.23` release in November.
+
+    * #41104: Packages compiled with `%gcc` on Linux, macOS and FreeBSD now depend on a
+      new package `gcc-runtime`, which contains a copy of the shared compiler runtime
+      libraries. This enables gcc runtime libraries to be installed and relocated when
+      using a build cache. When building minimal Spack-generated container images it is
+      no longer necessary to install libgfortran, libgomp etc. using the system package
+      manager.
+
+    * #42062: Packages compiled with `%oneapi` now depend on a new package
+      `intel-oneapi-runtime`. This is similar to `gcc-runtime`, and the runtimes can
+      provide virtuals and compilers can inject dependencies on virtuals into compiled
+      packages. This allows us to model library soname compatibility and allows
+      compilers like `%oneapi` to provide virtuals like `sycl` (which can also be
+      provided by standalone libraries). Note that until we have an agreement in place
+      with intel, Intel packages are marked `redistribute(source=False, binary=False)`
+      and must be downloaded outside of Spack.
+
+    * #43272: changes to the optimization criteria of the solver improve the hit-rate of
+      buildcaches by a fair amount. The solver more relaxed compatibility rules and will
+      not try to strictly match compilers or targets of reused specs. Users can still
+      enforce the previous strict behavior with `require:` sections in `packages.yaml`.
+      Note that to enforce correct linking, Spack will *not* reuse old `%gcc` and
+      `%oneapi` specs that do not have the runtime libraries as a dependency.
+
+    * #43539: Spack will reuse specs built with compilers that are *not* explicitly
+      configured in `compilers.yaml`. Because we can now keep runtime libraries in build
+      cache, we do not require you to also have a local configured compiler to *use* the
+      runtime libraries. This improves reuse in buildcaches and avoids conflicts with OS
+      updates that happen underneath Spack.
+
+    * #43190: binary compatibility on `linux` is now based on the `libc` version,
+      instead of on the `os` tag. Spack builds now detect the host `libc` (`glibc` or
+      `musl`) and add it as an implicit external node in the dependency graph. Binaries
+      with a `libc` with the same name and a version less than or equal to that of the
+      detected `libc` can be reused. This is only on `linux`, not `macos` or `Windows`.
+
+    * #43464: each package that can provide a compiler is now detectable using `spack
+      external find`. External packages defining compiler paths are effectively used as
+      compilers, and `spack external find -t compiler` can be used as a substitute for
+      `spack compiler find`. More details on this transition are in
+      [the docs](https://spack.readthedocs.io/en/latest/getting_started.html#manual-compiler-configuration)
+
+2. **Improved `spack find` UI for Environments**
+
+   If you're working in an enviroment, you likely care about:
+
+   * What are the roots
+   * Which ones are installed / not installed
+   * What's been added that still needs to be concretized
+
+    We've tweaked `spack find` in environments to show this information much more
+    clearly. Installation status is shown next to each root, so you can see what is
+    installed. Roots are also shown in bold in the list of installed packages. There is
+    also a new option for `spack find -r` / `--only-roots` that will only show env
+    roots, if you don't want to look at all the installed specs.
+
+    More details in #42334.
+
+3. **Improved command-line string quoting**
+
+   We are making some breaking changes to how Spack parses specs on the CLI in order to
+   respect shell quoting instead of trying to fight it. If you (sadly) had to write
+   something like this on the command line:
+
+    ```
+    spack install zlib cflags=\"-O2 -g\"
+    ```
+
+    That will now result in an error, but you can now write what you probably expected
+    to work in the first place:
+
+    ```
+    spack install zlib cflags="-O2 -g"
+    ```
+
+    Quoted can also now include special characters, so you can supply flags like:
+
+    ```
+    spack intall zlib ldflags='-Wl,-rpath=$ORIGIN/_libs'
+    ```
+
+    To reduce ambiguity in parsing, we now require that you *not* put spaces around `=`
+    and `==` when for flags or variants. This would not have broken before but will now
+    result in an error:
+
+    ```
+    spack install zlib cflags = "-O2 -g"
+    ```
+
+    More details and discussion in #30634.
+
+4. **Revert default `spack install` behavior to `--reuse`**
+
+   We changed the default concretizer behavior from `--reuse` to `--reuse-deps` in
+   #30990 (in `v0.20`), which meant that *every* `spack install` invocation would
+   attempt to build a new version of the requested package / any environment roots.
+   While this is a common ask for *upgrading* and for *developer* workflows, we don't
+   think it should be the default for a package manager.
+
+   We are going to try to stick to this policy:
+   1. Prioritize reuse and build as little as possible by default.
+   2. Only upgrade or install duplicates if they are explicitly asked for, or if there
+      is a known security issue that necessitates an upgrade.
+
+   With the install command you now have three options:
+
+   * `--reuse` (default): reuse as many existing installations as possible.
+   * `--reuse-deps` / `--fresh-roots`: upgrade (freshen) roots but reuse dependencies if possible.
+   * `--fresh`: install fresh versions of requested packages (roots) and their dependencies.
+
+   We've also introduced `--fresh-roots` as an alias for `--reuse-deps` to make it more clear
+   that it may give you fresh versions. More details in #41302 and #43988.
+
+5. **More control over reused specs**
+
+   You can now control which packages to reuse and how. There is a new
+   `concretizer:reuse` config option, which accepts the following properties:
+
+   - `roots`: `true` to reuse roots, `false` to reuse just dependencies
+   - `exclude`: list of constraints used to select which specs *not* to reuse
+   - `include`: list of constraints used to select which specs *to* reuse
+   - `from`: list of sources for reused specs (some combination of `local`,
+     `buildcache`, or `external`)
+
+   For example, to reuse only specs compiled with GCC, you could write:
+
+   ```yaml
+   concretizer:
+      reuse:
+        roots: true
+        include:
+        - "%gcc"
+   ```
+
+   Or, if `openmpi` must be used from externals, and it must be the only external used:
+
+   ```yaml
+   concretizer:
+     reuse:
+       roots: true
+       from:
+       - type: local
+         exclude: ["openmpi"]
+       - type: buildcache
+         exclude: ["openmpi"]
+       - type: external
+         include: ["openmpi"]
+   ```
+
+6. **New `redistribute()` directive**
+
+   Some packages can't be redistributed in source or binary form. We need an explicit
+   way to say that in a package.
+
+   Now there is a `redistribute()` directive so that package authors can write:
+
+   ```python
+   class MyPackage(Package):
+       redistribute(source=False, binary=False)
+   ```
+
+   Like other directives, this works with `when=`:
+
+   ```python
+   class MyPackage(Package):
+       # 12.0 and higher are proprietary
+       redistribute(source=False, binary=False, when="@12.0:")
+
+       # can't redistribute when we depend on some proprietary dependency
+       redistribute(source=False, binary=False, when="^proprietary-dependency")
+   ```
+
+    More in #20185.
+
+7. **New `conflict:` and `prefer:` syntax for package preferences**
+
+   Previously, you could express conflicts and preferences in `packages.yaml` through
+   some contortions with `require:`:
+
+    ```yaml
+    packages:
+      zlib-ng:
+        require:
+        - one_of: ["%clang", "@:"]   # conflict on %clang
+        - any_of: ["+shared", "@:"]  # strong preference for +shared
+    ```
+
+    You can now use `require:` and `prefer:` for a much more readable configuration:
+
+    ```yaml
+    packages:
+      zlib-ng:
+        conflict:
+        - "%clang"
+        prefer:
+        - "+shared"
+    ```
+
+    See [the documentation](https://spack.readthedocs.io/en/latest/packages_yaml.html#conflicts-and-strong-preferences)
+    and #41832 for more details.
+
+8. **`include_concrete` in environments**
+
+   You may want to build on the *concrete* contents of another environment without
+   changing that environment.  You can now include the concrete specs from another
+   environment's `spack.lock` with `include_concrete`:
+
+   ```yaml
+      spack:
+        specs: []
+        concretizer:
+            unify: true
+        include_concrete:
+        - /path/to/environment1
+        - /path/to/environment2
+   ```
+
+   Now, when *this* environment is concretized, it will bring in the already concrete
+   specs from `environment1` and `environment2`, and build on top of them without
+   changing them. This is useful if you have phased deployments, where old deployments
+   should not be modified but you want to use as many of them as possible. More details
+   in #33768.
+
+9. **`python-venv` isolation**
+
+   Spack has unique requirements for Python because it:
+    1. installs every package in its own independent directory, and
+    2. allows users to register *external* python installations.
+
+   External installations may contain their own installed packages that can interfere
+   with Spack installations, and some distributions (Debian and Ubuntu) even change the
+   `sysconfig` in ways that alter the installation layout of installed Python packages
+   (e.g., with the addition of a `/local` prefix on Debian or Ubuntu). To isolate Spack
+   from these and other issues, we now insert a small `python-venv` package in between
+   `python` and packages that need to install Python code. This isolates Spack's build
+   environment, isolates Spack from any issues with an external python, and resolves a
+   large number of issues we've had with Python installations.
+
+   See #40773 for further details.
+
+## New commands, options, and directives
+
+* Allow packages to be pushed to build cache after install from source (#42423)
+* `spack develop`: stage build artifacts in same root as non-dev builds #41373
+  * Don't delete `spack develop` build artifacts after install (#43424)
+* `spack find`: add options for local/upstream only (#42999)
+* `spack logs`: print log files for packages (either partially built or installed) (#42202)
+* `patch`: support reversing patches (#43040)
+* `develop`: Add -b/--build-directory option to set build_directory package attribute (#39606)
+* `spack list`: add `--namesapce` / `--repo` option (#41948)
+* directives: add `checked_by` field to `license()`, add some license checks
+* `spack gc`: add options for environments and build dependencies (#41731)
+* Add `--create` to `spack env activate` (#40896)
+
+## Performance improvements
+
+* environment.py: fix excessive re-reads (#43746)
+* ruamel yaml: fix quadratic complexity bug  (#43745)
+* Refactor to improve `spec format` speed (#43712)
+* Do not acquire a write lock on the env post install if no views (#43505)
+* asp.py: fewer calls to `spec.copy()` (#43715)
+* spec.py: early return in `__str__`
+* avoid `jinja2` import at startup unless needed (#43237)
+
+## Other new features of note
+
+* `archspec`: update to `v0.2.4`: support for Windows, bugfixes for `neoverse-v1` and
+  `neoverse-v2` detection.
+* `spack config get`/`blame`: with no args, show entire config
+* `spack env create <env>`: dir if dir-like (#44024)
+* ASP-based solver: update os compatibility for macOS (#43862)
+* Add handling of custom ssl certs in urllib ops (#42953)
+* Add ability to rename environments (#43296)
+* Add config option and compiler support to reuse across OS's (#42693)
+* Support for prereleases (#43140)
+* Only reuse externals when configured (#41707)
+* Environments: Add support for including views (#42250)
+
+## Binary caches
+* Build cache: make signed/unsigned a mirror property (#41507)
+* tools stack
+
+## Removals, deprecations, and syntax changes
+* remove `dpcpp` compiler and package (#43418)
+* spack load: remove --only argument (#42120)
+
+## Notable Bugfixes
+* repo.py: drop deleted packages from provider cache (#43779)
+* Allow `+` in module file names (#41999)
+* `cmd/python`: use runpy to allow multiprocessing in scripts (#41789)
+* Show extension commands with spack -h (#41726)
+* Support environment variable expansion inside module projections (#42917)
+* Alert user to failed concretizations (#42655)
+* shell: fix zsh color formatting for PS1 in environments (#39497)
+* spack mirror create --all: include patches (#41579)
+
+## Spack community stats
+
+* 7,994 total packages; 525 since `v0.21.0`
+    * 178 new Python packages, 5 new R packages
+* 358 people contributed to this release
+    * 344 committers to packages
+    * 45 committers to core
+
+
+# v0.21.2 (2024-03-01)
+
+## Bugfixes
+
+- Containerize: accommodate nested or pre-existing spack-env paths (#41558)
+- Fix setup-env script, when going back and forth between instances (#40924)
+- Fix using fully-qualified namespaces from root specs (#41957)
+- Fix a bug when a required provider is requested for multiple virtuals (#42088)
+- OCI buildcaches:
+  - only push in parallel when forking (#42143)
+  - use pickleable errors (#42160)
+- Fix using sticky variants in externals (#42253)
+- Fix a rare issue with conditional requirements and multi-valued variants (#42566)
+
+## Package updates
+- rust: add v1.75, rework a few variants (#41161,#41903)
+- py-transformers: add v4.35.2 (#41266)
+- mgard: fix OpenMP on AppleClang (#42933)
+
+# v0.21.1 (2024-01-11)
+
+## New features
+- Add support for reading buildcaches created by Spack v0.22 (#41773)
+
+## Bugfixes
+
+- spack graph: fix coloring with environments (#41240)
+- spack info: sort variants in --variants-by-name (#41389)
+- Spec.format: error on old style format strings (#41934)
+- ASP-based solver:
+  - fix infinite recursion when computing concretization errors (#41061)
+  - don't error for type mismatch on preferences (#41138)
+  - don't emit spurious debug output (#41218)
+- Improve the error message for deprecated preferences (#41075)
+- Fix MSVC preview version breaking clingo build on Windows (#41185)
+- Fix multi-word aliases (#41126)
+- Add a warning for unconfigured compiler (#41213)
+- environment: fix an issue with deconcretization/reconcretization of specs (#41294)
+- buildcache: don't error if a patch is missing, when installing from binaries (#41986)
+- Multiple improvements to unit-tests (#41215,#41369,#41495,#41359,#41361,#41345,#41342,#41308,#41226)
+
+## Package updates
+- root: add a webgui patch to address security issue (#41404)
+- BerkeleyGW: update source urls (#38218)
+
 # v0.21.0 (2023-11-11)
 
 `v0.21.0` is a major feature release.

bin/spack.ps1

@@ -144,3 +144,5 @@ switch($SpackSubCommand)
     "unload" {Invoke-SpackLoad}
     default  {python "$Env:SPACK_ROOT/bin/spack" $SpackCMD_params $SpackSubCommand $SpackSubCommandArgs}
 }
+
+exit $LASTEXITCODE

etc/spack/defaults/cray/packages.yaml

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# This file controls default concretization preferences for Spack.
-#
-# Settings here are versioned with Spack and are intended to provide
-# sensible defaults out of the box. Spack maintainers should edit this
-# file to keep it current.
-#
-# Users can override these settings by editing the following files.
-#
-# Per-spack-instance settings (overrides defaults):
-#   $SPACK_ROOT/etc/spack/packages.yaml
-#
-# Per-user settings (overrides default and site settings):
-#   ~/.spack/packages.yaml
-# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-packages:
-  all:
-    providers:
-      iconv: [glibc, musl, libiconv]

etc/spack/defaults/linux/packages.yaml

@@ -1,19 +1,3 @@
-# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# This file controls default concretization preferences for Spack.
-#
-# Settings here are versioned with Spack and are intended to provide
-# sensible defaults out of the box. Spack maintainers should edit this
-# file to keep it current.
-#
-# Users can override these settings by editing the following files.
-#
-# Per-spack-instance settings (overrides defaults):
-#   $SPACK_ROOT/etc/spack/packages.yaml
-#
-# Per-user settings (overrides default and site settings):
-#   ~/.spack/packages.yaml
-# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 packages:
-  all:
-    providers:
-      iconv: [glibc, musl, libiconv]
+  iconv:
+    require: [libiconv]

etc/spack/defaults/packages.yaml

@@ -38,10 +38,9 @@ packages:
       lapack: [openblas, amdlibflame]
       libc: [glibc, musl]
       libgfortran: [ gcc-runtime ]
-      libglx: [mesa+glx, mesa18+glx]
+      libglx: [mesa+glx]
       libifcore: [ intel-oneapi-runtime ]
       libllvm: [llvm]
-      libosmesa: [mesa+osmesa, mesa18+osmesa]
       lua-lang: [lua, lua-luajit-openresty, lua-luajit]
       luajit: [lua-luajit-openresty, lua-luajit]
       mariadb-client: [mariadb-c-client, mariadb]

lib/spack/docs/chain.rst

@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 
 .. chain:
 
-============================
-Chaining Spack Installations
-============================
+=============================================
+Chaining Spack Installations (upstreams.yaml)
+=============================================
 
 You can point your Spack installation to another installation to use any
 packages that are installed there. To register the other Spack instance,

lib/spack/docs/environments.rst

@@ -460,6 +460,125 @@ Sourcing that file in Bash will make the environment available to the
 user; and can be included in ``.bashrc`` files, etc.  The ``loads``
 file may also be copied out of the environment, renamed, etc.
 
+
+.. _environment_include_concrete:
+
+------------------------------
+Included Concrete Environments
+------------------------------
+
+Spack environments can create an environment based off of information in already
+established environments. You can think of it as a combination of existing
+environments. It will gather information from the existing environment's
+``spack.lock`` and use that during the creation of this included concrete
+environment. When an included concrete environment is created it will generate
+a ``spack.lock`` file for the newly created environment.
+
+
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+Creating included environments
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+To create a combined concrete environment, you must have at least one existing
+concrete environment. You will use the command ``spack env create`` with the
+argument ``--include-concrete`` followed by the name or path of the environment
+you'd like to include. Here is an example of how to create a combined environment
+from the command line.
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+   $ spack env create myenv
+   $ spack -e myenv add python
+   $ spack -e myenv concretize
+   $ spack env create --include-concrete myenv included_env
+
+
+You can also include an environment directly in the ``spack.yaml`` file. It
+involves adding the ``include_concrete`` heading in the yaml followed by the
+absolute path to the independent environments.
+
+.. code-block:: yaml
+
+   spack:
+     specs: []
+     concretizer:
+         unify: true
+     include_concrete:
+     - /absolute/path/to/environment1
+     - /absolute/path/to/environment2
+
+
+Once the ``spack.yaml`` has been updated you must concretize the environment to
+get the concrete specs from the included environments.
+
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+Updating an included environment
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+If changes were made to the base environment and you want that reflected in the
+included environment you will need to reconcretize both the base environment and the
+included environment for the change to be implemented. For example:
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+   $ spack env create myenv
+   $ spack -e myenv add python
+   $ spack -e myenv concretize
+   $ spack env create --include-concrete myenv included_env
+
+
+   $ spack -e myenv find
+   ==> In environment myenv
+   ==> Root specs
+   python
+
+   ==> 0 installed packages
+
+
+   $ spack -e included_env find
+   ==> In environment included_env
+   ==> No root specs
+   ==> Included specs
+   python
+
+   ==> 0 installed packages
+
+Here we see that ``included_env`` has access to the python package through
+the ``myenv`` environment. But if we were to add another spec to ``myenv``,
+``included_env`` will not be able to access the new information.
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+   $ spack -e myenv add perl
+   $ spack -e myenv concretize
+   $ spack -e myenv find
+   ==> In environment myenv
+   ==> Root specs
+   perl  python
+
+   ==> 0 installed packages
+
+
+   $ spack -e included_env find
+   ==> In environment included_env
+   ==> No root specs
+   ==> Included specs
+   python
+
+   ==> 0 installed packages
+
+It isn't until you run the ``spack concretize`` command that the combined
+environment will get the updated information from the reconcretized base environmennt.
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+   $ spack -e included_env concretize
+   $ spack -e included_env find
+   ==> In environment included_env
+   ==> No root specs
+   ==> Included specs
+   perl  python
+
+   ==> 0 installed packages
+
 .. _environment-configuration:
 
 ------------------------
@@ -811,6 +930,7 @@ For example, the following environment has three root packages:
 This allows for a much-needed reduction in redundancy between packages
 and constraints.
 
+
 ----------------
 Filesystem Views
 ----------------
@@ -1044,7 +1164,7 @@ other targets to depend on the environment installation.
 
 A typical workflow is as follows:
 
-.. code:: console
+.. code-block:: console
 
    spack env create -d .
    spack -e . add perl
@@ -1137,7 +1257,7 @@ its dependencies. This can be useful when certain flags should only apply to
 dependencies. Below we show a use case where a spec is installed with verbose
 output (``spack install --verbose``) while its dependencies are installed silently:
 
-.. code:: console
+.. code-block:: console
 
    $ spack env depfile -o Makefile
 
@@ -1159,7 +1279,7 @@ This can be accomplished through the generated ``[<prefix>/]SPACK_PACKAGE_IDS``
 variable. Assuming we have an active and concrete environment, we generate the
 associated ``Makefile`` with a prefix ``example``:
 
-.. code:: console
+.. code-block:: console
 
    $ spack env depfile -o env.mk --make-prefix example
 

lib/spack/external/__init__.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 * Homepage: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/archspec
 * Usage: Labeling, comparison and detection of microarchitectures
-* Version: 0.2.4 (commit 48b92512b9ce203ded0ebd1ac41b42593e931f7c)
+* Version: 0.2.5-dev (commit cbb1fd5eb397a70d466e5160b393b87b0dbcc78f)
 
 astunparse
 ----------------

lib/spack/external/archspec/cpu/detect.py

@@ -47,7 +47,11 @@ def decorator(factory):
 
 
 def partial_uarch(
-    name: str = "", vendor: str = "", features: Optional[Set[str]] = None, generation: int = 0
+    name: str = "",
+    vendor: str = "",
+    features: Optional[Set[str]] = None,
+    generation: int = 0,
+    cpu_part: str = "",
 ) -> Microarchitecture:
     """Construct a partial microarchitecture, from information gathered during system scan."""
     return Microarchitecture(
@@ -57,6 +61,7 @@ def partial_uarch(
         features=features or set(),
         compilers={},
         generation=generation,
+        cpu_part=cpu_part,
     )
 
 
@@ -90,6 +95,7 @@ def proc_cpuinfo() -> Microarchitecture:
         return partial_uarch(
             vendor=_canonicalize_aarch64_vendor(data),
             features=_feature_set(data, key="Features"),
+            cpu_part=data.get("CPU part", ""),
         )
 
     if architecture in (PPC64LE, PPC64):
@@ -345,6 +351,10 @@ def sorting_fn(item):
     generic_candidates = [c for c in candidates if c.vendor == "generic"]
     best_generic = max(generic_candidates, key=sorting_fn)
 
+    # Relevant for AArch64. Filter on "cpu_part" if we have any match
+    if info.cpu_part != "" and any(c for c in candidates if info.cpu_part == c.cpu_part):
+        candidates = [c for c in candidates if info.cpu_part == c.cpu_part]
+
     # Filter the candidates to be descendant of the best generic candidate.
     # This is to avoid that the lack of a niche feature that can be disabled
     # from e.g. BIOS prevents detection of a reasonably performant architecture

lib/spack/external/archspec/cpu/microarchitecture.py

@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@
 # Archspec Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-"""Types and functions to manage information
-on CPU microarchitectures.
-"""
+"""Types and functions to manage information on CPU microarchitectures."""
 import functools
 import platform
 import re
@@ -65,21 +63,24 @@ class Microarchitecture:
                 passed in as argument above.
             * versions: versions that support this micro-architecture.
 
-        generation (int): generation of the micro-architecture, if
-            relevant.
+        generation (int): generation of the micro-architecture, if relevant.
+        cpu_part (str): cpu part of the architecture, if relevant.
     """
 
-    # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments
+    # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments,too-many-instance-attributes
     #: Aliases for micro-architecture's features
     feature_aliases = FEATURE_ALIASES
 
-    def __init__(self, name, parents, vendor, features, compilers, generation=0):
+    def __init__(self, name, parents, vendor, features, compilers, generation=0, cpu_part=""):
         self.name = name
         self.parents = parents
         self.vendor = vendor
         self.features = features
         self.compilers = compilers
+        # Only relevant for PowerPC
         self.generation = generation
+        # Only relevant for AArch64
+        self.cpu_part = cpu_part
         # Cache the ancestor computation
         self._ancestors = None
 
@@ -111,6 +112,7 @@ def __eq__(self, other):
             and self.parents == other.parents  # avoid ancestors here
             and self.compilers == other.compilers
             and self.generation == other.generation
+            and self.cpu_part == other.cpu_part
         )
 
     @coerce_target_names
@@ -143,7 +145,8 @@ def __repr__(self):
         cls_name = self.__class__.__name__
         fmt = (
             cls_name + "({0.name!r}, {0.parents!r}, {0.vendor!r}, "
-            "{0.features!r}, {0.compilers!r}, {0.generation!r})"
+            "{0.features!r}, {0.compilers!r}, generation={0.generation!r}, "
+            "cpu_part={0.cpu_part!r})"
         )
         return fmt.format(self)
 
@@ -190,6 +193,7 @@ def to_dict(self):
             "generation": self.generation,
             "parents": [str(x) for x in self.parents],
             "compilers": self.compilers,
+            "cpupart": self.cpu_part,
         }
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -202,6 +206,7 @@ def from_dict(data) -> "Microarchitecture":
             features=set(data["features"]),
             compilers=data.get("compilers", {}),
             generation=data.get("generation", 0),
+            cpu_part=data.get("cpupart", ""),
         )
 
     def optimization_flags(self, compiler, version):
@@ -360,8 +365,11 @@ def fill_target_from_dict(name, data, targets):
         features = set(values["features"])
         compilers = values.get("compilers", {})
         generation = values.get("generation", 0)
+        cpu_part = values.get("cpupart", "")
 
-        targets[name] = Microarchitecture(name, parents, vendor, features, compilers, generation)
+        targets[name] = Microarchitecture(
+            name, parents, vendor, features, compilers, generation=generation, cpu_part=cpu_part
+        )
 
     known_targets = {}
     data = archspec.cpu.schema.TARGETS_JSON["microarchitectures"]

lib/spack/external/archspec/json/cpu/microarchitectures.json

@@ -2225,10 +2225,14 @@
         ],
         "nvhpc": [
           {
-            "versions": "21.11:",
+            "versions": "21.11:23.8",
 	    "name": "zen3",
             "flags": "-tp {name}",
-	    "warnings": "zen4 is not fully supported by nvhpc yet, falling back to zen3"
+	    "warnings": "zen4 is not fully supported by nvhpc versions < 23.9, falling back to zen3"
+          },
+          {
+            "versions": "23.9:",
+            "flags": "-tp {name}"
           }
 	]
       }
@@ -2711,7 +2715,8 @@
             "flags": "-mcpu=thunderx2t99"
           }
         ]
-      }
+      },
+      "cpupart": "0x0af"
     },
     "a64fx": {
       "from": ["armv8.2a"],
@@ -2779,7 +2784,8 @@
             "flags": "-march=armv8.2-a+crc+crypto+fp16+sve"
           }
         ]
-      }
+      },
+      "cpupart": "0x001"
     },
     "cortex_a72": {
       "from": ["aarch64"],
@@ -2816,7 +2822,8 @@
                   "flags" : "-mcpu=cortex-a72"
               }
           ]
-      }
+      },
+      "cpupart": "0xd08"
     },
     "neoverse_n1": {
       "from": ["cortex_a72", "armv8.2a"],
@@ -2837,8 +2844,7 @@
           "asimdrdm",
           "lrcpc",
           "dcpop",
-          "asimddp",
-          "ssbs"
+          "asimddp"
       ],
       "compilers" : {
           "gcc": [
@@ -2902,7 +2908,8 @@
                   "flags": "-tp {name}"
               }
           ]
-      }
+      },
+      "cpupart": "0xd0c"
     },
     "neoverse_v1": {
       "from": ["neoverse_n1", "armv8.4a"],
@@ -2926,8 +2933,6 @@
           "lrcpc",
           "dcpop",
           "sha3",
-          "sm3",
-          "sm4",
           "asimddp",
           "sha512",
           "sve",
@@ -2936,7 +2941,6 @@
           "uscat",
           "ilrcpc",
           "flagm",
-          "ssbs",
           "dcpodp",
           "svei8mm",
           "svebf16",
@@ -3004,7 +3008,7 @@
               },
               {
                   "versions": "11:",
-                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.4-a+sve+ssbs+fp16+bf16+crypto+i8mm+rng"
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.4-a+sve+fp16+bf16+crypto+i8mm+rng"
               },
               {
                   "versions": "12:",
@@ -3028,7 +3032,8 @@
                   "flags": "-tp {name}"
               }
           ]
-      }
+      },
+      "cpupart": "0xd40"
     },
     "neoverse_v2": {
       "from": ["neoverse_n1", "armv9.0a"],
@@ -3052,32 +3057,22 @@
 	  "lrcpc",
 	  "dcpop",
 	  "sha3",
-	  "sm3",
-	  "sm4",
 	  "asimddp",
 	  "sha512",
 	  "sve",
 	  "asimdfhm",
-	  "dit",
 	  "uscat",
 	  "ilrcpc",
 	  "flagm",
-	  "ssbs",
 	  "sb",
 	  "dcpodp",
 	  "sve2",
-	  "sveaes",
-	  "svepmull",
-	  "svebitperm",
-	  "svesha3",
-	  "svesm4",
 	  "flagm2",
 	  "frint",
 	  "svei8mm",
 	  "svebf16",
 	  "i8mm",
-	  "bf16",
-	  "dgh"
+	  "bf16"
       ],
       "compilers" : {
           "gcc": [
@@ -3102,15 +3097,19 @@
                   "flags" : "-march=armv8.5-a+sve -mtune=cortex-a76"
               },
               {
-                  "versions": "10.0:11.99",
+                  "versions": "10.0:11.3.99",
                   "flags" : "-march=armv8.5-a+sve+sve2+i8mm+bf16 -mtune=cortex-a77"
               },
+	      {
+                  "versions": "11.4:11.99",
+                  "flags" : "-mcpu=neoverse-v2"
+              },
               {
-                  "versions": "12.0:12.99",
+                  "versions": "12.0:12.2.99",
                   "flags" : "-march=armv9-a+i8mm+bf16 -mtune=cortex-a710"
               },
 	      {
-                  "versions": "13.0:",
+                  "versions": "12.3:",
                   "flags" : "-mcpu=neoverse-v2"
               }
           ],
@@ -3145,7 +3144,112 @@
                   "flags": "-tp {name}"
               }
           ]
-      }
+      },
+      "cpupart": "0xd4f"
+    },
+    "neoverse_n2": {
+      "from": ["neoverse_n1", "armv9.0a"],
+      "vendor": "ARM",
+      "features": [
+          "fp",
+	  "asimd",
+	  "evtstrm",
+	  "aes",
+	  "pmull",
+	  "sha1",
+	  "sha2",
+	  "crc32",
+	  "atomics",
+	  "fphp",
+	  "asimdhp",
+	  "cpuid",
+	  "asimdrdm",
+	  "jscvt",
+	  "fcma",
+	  "lrcpc",
+	  "dcpop",
+	  "sha3",
+	  "asimddp",
+	  "sha512",
+	  "sve",
+	  "asimdfhm",
+	  "uscat",
+	  "ilrcpc",
+	  "flagm",
+	  "sb",
+	  "dcpodp",
+	  "sve2",
+	  "flagm2",
+	  "frint",
+	  "svei8mm",
+	  "svebf16",
+	  "i8mm",
+	  "bf16"
+      ],
+      "compilers" : {
+          "gcc": [
+              {
+                  "versions": "4.8:5.99",
+                  "flags": "-march=armv8-a"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "6:6.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.1-a"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "7.0:7.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.2-a -mtune=cortex-a72"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "8.0:8.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.4-a+sve -mtune=cortex-a72"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "9.0:9.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.5-a+sve -mtune=cortex-a76"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "10.0:10.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.5-a+sve+sve2+i8mm+bf16 -mtune=cortex-a77"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "11.0:",
+                  "flags" : "-mcpu=neoverse-n2"
+              }
+          ],
+          "clang" : [
+              {
+                  "versions": "9.0:10.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.5-a+sve"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "11.0:13.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.5-a+sve+sve2+i8mm+bf16"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "14.0:15.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv9-a+i8mm+bf16"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "16.0:",
+                  "flags" : "-mcpu=neoverse-n2"
+              }
+          ],
+          "arm" : [
+              {
+                  "versions": "23.04.0:",
+                  "flags" : "-mcpu=neoverse-n2"
+              }
+          ],
+          "nvhpc" : [
+              {
+                  "versions": "23.3:",
+                  "name": "neoverse-n1",
+                  "flags": "-tp {name}"
+              }
+          ]
+      },
+      "cpupart": "0xd49"
     },
     "m1": {
       "from": ["armv8.4a"],
@@ -3211,7 +3315,8 @@
             "flags" : "-mcpu=apple-m1"
           }
         ]
-      }
+      },
+      "cpupart": "0x022"
     },
     "m2": {
       "from": ["m1", "armv8.5a"],
@@ -3289,7 +3394,8 @@
             "flags" : "-mcpu=apple-m2"
           }
         ]
-      }
+      },
+      "cpupart": "0x032"
     },
     "arm": {
       "from": [],

lib/spack/external/archspec/json/cpu/microarchitectures_schema.json

@@ -52,6 +52,9 @@
                   }
                 }
               }
+            },
+            "cpupart": {
+              "type": "string"
             }
           },
           "required": [
@@ -107,4 +110,4 @@
       "additionalProperties": false
     }
   }
-}
+}

lib/spack/llnl/path.py

@@ -98,3 +98,10 @@ def path_filter_caller(*args, **kwargs):
     if _func:
         return holder_func(_func)
     return holder_func
+
+
+def sanitize_win_longpath(path: str) -> str:
+    """Strip Windows extended path prefix from strings
+    Returns sanitized string.
+    no-op if extended path prefix is not present"""
+    return path.lstrip("\\\\?\\")

lib/spack/llnl/util/filesystem.py

@@ -187,12 +187,18 @@ def polite_filename(filename: str) -> str:
     return _polite_antipattern().sub("_", filename)
 
 
-def getuid():
+def getuid() -> Union[str, int]:
+    """Returns os getuid on non Windows
+    On Windows returns 0 for admin users, login string otherwise
+    This is in line with behavior from get_owner_uid which
+    always returns the login string on Windows
+    """
     if sys.platform == "win32":
         import ctypes
 
+        # If not admin, use the string name of the login as a unique ID
         if ctypes.windll.shell32.IsUserAnAdmin() == 0:
-            return 1
+            return os.getlogin()
         return 0
     else:
         return os.getuid()
@@ -213,6 +219,15 @@ def _win_rename(src, dst):
     os.replace(src, dst)
 
 
+@system_path_filter
+def msdos_escape_parens(path):
+    """MS-DOS interprets parens as grouping parameters even in a quoted string"""
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        return path.replace("(", "^(").replace(")", "^)")
+    else:
+        return path
+
+
 @system_path_filter
 def rename(src, dst):
     # On Windows, os.rename will fail if the destination file already exists
@@ -553,7 +568,13 @@ def exploding_archive_handler(tarball_container, stage):
 
 
 @system_path_filter(arg_slice=slice(1))
-def get_owner_uid(path, err_msg=None):
+def get_owner_uid(path, err_msg=None) -> Union[str, int]:
+    """Returns owner UID of path destination
+    On non Windows this is the value of st_uid
+    On Windows this is the login string associated with the
+     owning user.
+
+    """
     if not os.path.exists(path):
         mkdirp(path, mode=stat.S_IRWXU)
 
@@ -822,7 +843,7 @@ def copy_tree(
             if islink(s):
                 link_target = resolve_link_target_relative_to_the_link(s)
                 if symlinks:
-                    target = os.readlink(s)
+                    target = readlink(s)
                     if os.path.isabs(target):
 
                         def escaped_path(path):
@@ -2429,9 +2450,10 @@ def add_library_dependent(self, *dest):
         """
         for pth in dest:
             if os.path.isfile(pth):
-                self._additional_library_dependents.add(pathlib.Path(pth).parent)
+                new_pth = pathlib.Path(pth).parent
             else:
-                self._additional_library_dependents.add(pathlib.Path(pth))
+                new_pth = pathlib.Path(pth)
+            self._additional_library_dependents.add(new_pth)
 
     @property
     def rpaths(self):
@@ -2509,8 +2531,14 @@ def establish_link(self):
 
         # for each binary install dir in self.pkg (i.e. pkg.prefix.bin, pkg.prefix.lib)
         # install a symlink to each dependent library
-        for library, lib_dir in itertools.product(self.rpaths, self.library_dependents):
-            self._link(library, lib_dir)
+
+        # do not rpath for system libraries included in the dag
+        # we should not be modifying libraries managed by the Windows system
+        # as this will negatively impact linker behavior and can result in permission
+        # errors if those system libs are not modifiable by Spack
+        if "windows-system" not in getattr(self.pkg, "tags", []):
+            for library, lib_dir in itertools.product(self.rpaths, self.library_dependents):
+                self._link(library, lib_dir)
 
 
 @system_path_filter

lib/spack/llnl/util/symlink.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 
 from llnl.util import lang, tty
 
-from ..path import system_path_filter
+from ..path import sanitize_win_longpath, system_path_filter
 
 if sys.platform == "win32":
     from win32file import CreateHardLink
@@ -247,9 +247,9 @@ def _windows_create_junction(source: str, link: str):
     out, err = proc.communicate()
     tty.debug(out.decode())
     if proc.returncode != 0:
-        err = err.decode()
-        tty.error(err)
-        raise SymlinkError("Make junction command returned a non-zero return code.", err)
+        err_str = err.decode()
+        tty.error(err_str)
+        raise SymlinkError("Make junction command returned a non-zero return code.", err_str)
 
 
 def _windows_create_hard_link(path: str, link: str):
@@ -269,14 +269,14 @@ def _windows_create_hard_link(path: str, link: str):
         CreateHardLink(link, path)
 
 
-def readlink(path: str):
+def readlink(path: str, *, dir_fd=None):
     """Spack utility to override of os.readlink method to work cross platform"""
     if _windows_is_hardlink(path):
         return _windows_read_hard_link(path)
     elif _windows_is_junction(path):
         return _windows_read_junction(path)
     else:
-        return os.readlink(path)
+        return sanitize_win_longpath(os.readlink(path, dir_fd=dir_fd))
 
 
 def _windows_read_hard_link(link: str) -> str:

lib/spack/spack/__init__.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 
 #: PEP440 canonical <major>.<minor>.<micro>.<devN> string
-__version__ = "0.22.0.dev0"
+__version__ = "0.22.2"
 spack_version = __version__
 
 

lib/spack/spack/audit.py

@@ -254,8 +254,8 @@ def _search_duplicate_specs_in_externals(error_cls):
 
 @config_packages
 def _deprecated_preferences(error_cls):
-    """Search package preferences deprecated in v0.21 (and slated for removal in v0.22)"""
-    # TODO (v0.22): remove this audit as the attributes will not be allowed in config
+    """Search package preferences deprecated in v0.21 (and slated for removal in v0.23)"""
+    # TODO (v0.23): remove this audit as the attributes will not be allowed in config
     errors = []
     packages_yaml = spack.config.CONFIG.get_config("packages")
 
@@ -779,7 +779,7 @@ def check_virtual_with_variants(spec, msg):
                         return
                     error = error_cls(
                         f"{pkg_name}: {msg}",
-                        f"remove variants from '{spec}' in depends_on directive in {filename}",
+                        [f"remove variants from '{spec}' in depends_on directive in {filename}"],
                     )
                     errors.append(error)
 

lib/spack/spack/binary_distribution.py

@@ -23,12 +23,12 @@
 import warnings
 from contextlib import closing
 from typing import Dict, Iterable, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Set, Tuple
-from urllib.error import HTTPError, URLError
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fsys
 import llnl.util.lang
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
 from llnl.util.filesystem import BaseDirectoryVisitor, mkdirp, visit_directory_tree
+from llnl.util.symlink import readlink
 
 import spack.caches
 import spack.cmd
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ def get_buildfile_manifest(spec):
     #   2. paths are used as strings.
     for rel_path in visitor.symlinks:
         abs_path = os.path.join(root, rel_path)
-        link = os.readlink(abs_path)
+        link = readlink(abs_path)
         if os.path.isabs(link) and link.startswith(spack.store.STORE.layout.root):
             data["link_to_relocate"].append(rel_path)
 
@@ -898,9 +898,8 @@ def url_read_method(url):
         try:
             _, _, spec_file = web_util.read_from_url(url)
             contents = codecs.getreader("utf-8")(spec_file).read()
-        except (URLError, web_util.SpackWebError) as url_err:
-            tty.error("Error reading specfile: {0}".format(url))
-            tty.error(url_err)
+        except web_util.SpackWebError as e:
+            tty.error(f"Error reading specfile: {url}: {e}")
         return contents
 
     try:
@@ -2001,6 +2000,7 @@ def install_root_node(spec, unsigned=False, force=False, sha256=None):
     with spack.util.path.filter_padding():
         tty.msg('Installing "{0}" from a buildcache'.format(spec.format()))
         extract_tarball(spec, download_result, force)
+        spec.package.windows_establish_runtime_linkage()
         spack.hooks.post_install(spec, False)
         spack.store.STORE.db.add(spec, spack.store.STORE.layout)
 
@@ -2039,21 +2039,17 @@ def try_direct_fetch(spec, mirrors=None):
         try:
             _, _, fs = web_util.read_from_url(buildcache_fetch_url_signed_json)
             specfile_is_signed = True
-        except (URLError, web_util.SpackWebError, HTTPError) as url_err:
+        except web_util.SpackWebError as e1:
             try:
                 _, _, fs = web_util.read_from_url(buildcache_fetch_url_json)
-            except (URLError, web_util.SpackWebError, HTTPError) as url_err_x:
+            except web_util.SpackWebError as e2:
                 tty.debug(
-                    "Did not find {0} on {1}".format(
-                        specfile_name, buildcache_fetch_url_signed_json
-                    ),
-                    url_err,
+                    f"Did not find {specfile_name} on {buildcache_fetch_url_signed_json}",
+                    e1,
                     level=2,
                 )
                 tty.debug(
-                    "Did not find {0} on {1}".format(specfile_name, buildcache_fetch_url_json),
-                    url_err_x,
-                    level=2,
+                    f"Did not find {specfile_name} on {buildcache_fetch_url_json}", e2, level=2
                 )
                 continue
         specfile_contents = codecs.getreader("utf-8")(fs).read()
@@ -2138,6 +2134,9 @@ def get_keys(install=False, trust=False, force=False, mirrors=None):
 
     for mirror in mirror_collection.values():
         fetch_url = mirror.fetch_url
+        # TODO: oci:// does not support signing.
+        if fetch_url.startswith("oci://"):
+            continue
         keys_url = url_util.join(
             fetch_url, BUILD_CACHE_RELATIVE_PATH, BUILD_CACHE_KEYS_RELATIVE_PATH
         )
@@ -2148,19 +2147,12 @@ def get_keys(install=False, trust=False, force=False, mirrors=None):
         try:
             _, _, json_file = web_util.read_from_url(keys_index)
             json_index = sjson.load(codecs.getreader("utf-8")(json_file))
-        except (URLError, web_util.SpackWebError) as url_err:
+        except web_util.SpackWebError as url_err:
             if web_util.url_exists(keys_index):
-                err_msg = [
-                    "Unable to find public keys in {0},",
-                    " caught exception attempting to read from {1}.",
-                ]
-
                 tty.error(
-                    "".join(err_msg).format(
-                        url_util.format(fetch_url), url_util.format(keys_index)
-                    )
+                    f"Unable to find public keys in {url_util.format(fetch_url)},"
+                    f" caught exception attempting to read from {url_util.format(keys_index)}."
                 )
-
                 tty.debug(url_err)
 
             continue
@@ -2440,7 +2432,7 @@ def get_remote_hash(self):
         url_index_hash = url_util.join(self.url, BUILD_CACHE_RELATIVE_PATH, "index.json.hash")
         try:
             response = self.urlopen(urllib.request.Request(url_index_hash, headers=self.headers))
-        except urllib.error.URLError:
+        except (TimeoutError, urllib.error.URLError):
             return None
 
         # Validate the hash
@@ -2462,7 +2454,7 @@ def conditional_fetch(self) -> FetchIndexResult:
 
         try:
             response = self.urlopen(urllib.request.Request(url_index, headers=self.headers))
-        except urllib.error.URLError as e:
+        except (TimeoutError, urllib.error.URLError) as e:
             raise FetchIndexError("Could not fetch index from {}".format(url_index), e) from e
 
         try:
@@ -2503,10 +2495,7 @@ def __init__(self, url, etag, urlopen=web_util.urlopen):
     def conditional_fetch(self) -> FetchIndexResult:
         # Just do a conditional fetch immediately
         url = url_util.join(self.url, BUILD_CACHE_RELATIVE_PATH, "index.json")
-        headers = {
-            "User-Agent": web_util.SPACK_USER_AGENT,
-            "If-None-Match": '"{}"'.format(self.etag),
-        }
+        headers = {"User-Agent": web_util.SPACK_USER_AGENT, "If-None-Match": f'"{self.etag}"'}
 
         try:
             response = self.urlopen(urllib.request.Request(url, headers=headers))
@@ -2514,14 +2503,14 @@ def conditional_fetch(self) -> FetchIndexResult:
             if e.getcode() == 304:
                 # Not modified; that means fresh.
                 return FetchIndexResult(etag=None, hash=None, data=None, fresh=True)
-            raise FetchIndexError("Could not fetch index {}".format(url), e) from e
-        except urllib.error.URLError as e:
-            raise FetchIndexError("Could not fetch index {}".format(url), e) from e
+            raise FetchIndexError(f"Could not fetch index {url}", e) from e
+        except (TimeoutError, urllib.error.URLError) as e:
+            raise FetchIndexError(f"Could not fetch index {url}", e) from e
 
         try:
             result = codecs.getreader("utf-8")(response).read()
         except ValueError as e:
-            raise FetchIndexError("Remote index {} is invalid".format(url), e) from e
+            raise FetchIndexError(f"Remote index {url} is invalid", e) from e
 
         headers = response.headers
         etag_header_value = headers.get("Etag", None) or headers.get("etag", None)
@@ -2552,21 +2541,19 @@ def conditional_fetch(self) -> FetchIndexResult:
                     headers={"Accept": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json"},
                 )
             )
-        except urllib.error.URLError as e:
-            raise FetchIndexError(
-                "Could not fetch manifest from {}".format(url_manifest), e
-            ) from e
+        except (TimeoutError, urllib.error.URLError) as e:
+            raise FetchIndexError(f"Could not fetch manifest from {url_manifest}", e) from e
 
         try:
             manifest = json.loads(response.read())
         except Exception as e:
-            raise FetchIndexError("Remote index {} is invalid".format(url_manifest), e) from e
+            raise FetchIndexError(f"Remote index {url_manifest} is invalid", e) from e
 
         # Get first blob hash, which should be the index.json
         try:
             index_digest = spack.oci.image.Digest.from_string(manifest["layers"][0]["digest"])
         except Exception as e:
-            raise FetchIndexError("Remote index {} is invalid".format(url_manifest), e) from e
+            raise FetchIndexError(f"Remote index {url_manifest} is invalid", e) from e
 
         # Fresh?
         if index_digest.digest == self.local_hash:

lib/spack/spack/build_environment.py

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 from collections import defaultdict
 from enum import Flag, auto
 from itertools import chain
-from typing import List, Set, Tuple
+from typing import Dict, List, Set, Tuple
 
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
 from llnl.string import plural
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@
 import spack.store
 import spack.subprocess_context
 import spack.user_environment
+import spack.util.executable
 import spack.util.path
 import spack.util.pattern
 from spack import traverse
@@ -479,12 +480,12 @@ def set_wrapper_variables(pkg, env):
     env.set(SPACK_DEBUG_LOG_ID, pkg.spec.format("{name}-{hash:7}"))
     env.set(SPACK_DEBUG_LOG_DIR, spack.main.spack_working_dir)
 
-    # Find ccache binary and hand it to build environment
     if spack.config.get("config:ccache"):
-        ccache = Executable("ccache")
-        if not ccache:
-            raise RuntimeError("No ccache binary found in PATH")
-        env.set(SPACK_CCACHE_BINARY, ccache)
+        # Enable ccache in the compiler wrapper
+        env.set(SPACK_CCACHE_BINARY, spack.util.executable.which_string("ccache", required=True))
+    else:
+        # Avoid cache pollution if a build system forces `ccache <compiler wrapper invocation>`.
+        env.set("CCACHE_DISABLE", "1")
 
     # Gather information about various types of dependencies
     link_deps = set(pkg.spec.traverse(root=False, deptype=("link")))
@@ -730,12 +731,28 @@ def _static_to_shared_library(arch, compiler, static_lib, shared_lib=None, **kwa
     return compiler(*compiler_args, output=compiler_output)
 
 
-def get_rpath_deps(pkg):
-    """Return immediate or transitive RPATHs depending on the package."""
-    if pkg.transitive_rpaths:
-        return [d for d in pkg.spec.traverse(root=False, deptype=("link"))]
-    else:
-        return pkg.spec.dependencies(deptype="link")
+def _get_rpath_deps_from_spec(
+    spec: spack.spec.Spec, transitive_rpaths: bool
+) -> List[spack.spec.Spec]:
+    if not transitive_rpaths:
+        return spec.dependencies(deptype=dt.LINK)
+
+    by_name: Dict[str, spack.spec.Spec] = {}
+
+    for dep in spec.traverse(root=False, deptype=dt.LINK):
+        lookup = by_name.get(dep.name)
+        if lookup is None:
+            by_name[dep.name] = dep
+        elif lookup.version < dep.version:
+            by_name[dep.name] = dep
+
+    return list(by_name.values())
+
+
+def get_rpath_deps(pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase) -> List[spack.spec.Spec]:
+    """Return immediate or transitive dependencies (depending on the package) that need to be
+    rpath'ed. If a package occurs multiple times, the newest version is kept."""
+    return _get_rpath_deps_from_spec(pkg.spec, pkg.transitive_rpaths)
 
 
 def get_rpaths(pkg):

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/nmake.py

@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         opts += self.nmake_install_args()
         if self.makefile_name:
             opts.append("/F{}".format(self.makefile_name))
-        opts.append(self.define("PREFIX", prefix))
+        opts.append(self.define("PREFIX", fs.windows_sfn(prefix)))
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).nmake(
                 *opts, *self.install_targets, ignore_quotes=self.ignore_quotes

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/python.py

@@ -120,12 +120,6 @@ def skip_modules(self) -> Iterable[str]:
         """
         return []
 
-    @property
-    def python_spec(self):
-        """Get python-venv if it exists or python otherwise."""
-        python, *_ = self.spec.dependencies("python-venv") or self.spec.dependencies("python")
-        return python
-
     def view_file_conflicts(self, view, merge_map):
         """Report all file conflicts, excepting special cases for python.
         Specifically, this does not report errors for duplicate
@@ -146,8 +140,12 @@ def view_file_conflicts(self, view, merge_map):
     def add_files_to_view(self, view, merge_map, skip_if_exists=True):
         # Patch up shebangs if the package extends Python and we put a Python interpreter in the
         # view.
-        python = self.python_spec
-        if not self.extendee_spec or python.external:
+        if not self.extendee_spec:
+            return super().add_files_to_view(view, merge_map, skip_if_exists)
+
+        python, *_ = self.spec.dependencies("python-venv") or self.spec.dependencies("python")
+
+        if python.external:
             return super().add_files_to_view(view, merge_map, skip_if_exists)
 
         # We only patch shebangs in the bin directory.
@@ -368,6 +366,12 @@ def list_url(cls) -> Optional[str]:  # type: ignore[override]
             return f"https://pypi.org/simple/{name}/"
         return None
 
+    @property
+    def python_spec(self):
+        """Get python-venv if it exists or python otherwise."""
+        python, *_ = self.spec.dependencies("python-venv") or self.spec.dependencies("python")
+        return python
+
     @property
     def headers(self) -> HeaderList:
         """Discover header files in platlib."""

lib/spack/spack/ci.py

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 from spack import traverse
 from spack.error import SpackError
 from spack.reporters import CDash, CDashConfiguration
+from spack.reporters.cdash import SPACK_CDASH_TIMEOUT
 from spack.reporters.cdash import build_stamp as cdash_build_stamp
 
 # See https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/yaml/#retry for descriptions of conditions
@@ -683,6 +684,22 @@ def generate_gitlab_ci_yaml(
             "instead.",
         )
 
+    def ensure_expected_target_path(path):
+        """Returns passed paths with all Windows path separators exchanged
+        for posix separators only if copy_only_pipeline is enabled
+
+        This is required as copy_only_pipelines are a unique scenario where
+        the generate job and child pipelines are run on different platforms.
+        To make this compatible w/ Windows, we cannot write Windows style path separators
+        that will be consumed on by the Posix copy job runner.
+
+        TODO (johnwparent): Refactor config + cli read/write to deal only in posix
+        style paths
+        """
+        if copy_only_pipeline and path:
+            path = path.replace("\\", "/")
+        return path
+
     pipeline_mirrors = spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True)
     deprecated_mirror_config = False
     buildcache_destination = None
@@ -806,7 +823,7 @@ def generate_gitlab_ci_yaml(
             if scope not in include_scopes and scope not in env_includes:
                 include_scopes.insert(0, scope)
         env_includes.extend(include_scopes)
-        env_yaml_root["spack"]["include"] = env_includes
+        env_yaml_root["spack"]["include"] = [ensure_expected_target_path(i) for i in env_includes]
 
         if "gitlab-ci" in env_yaml_root["spack"] and "ci" not in env_yaml_root["spack"]:
             env_yaml_root["spack"]["ci"] = env_yaml_root["spack"].pop("gitlab-ci")
@@ -1094,7 +1111,7 @@ def main_script_replacements(cmd):
     if cdash_handler and cdash_handler.auth_token:
         try:
             cdash_handler.populate_buildgroup(all_job_names)
-        except (SpackError, HTTPError, URLError) as err:
+        except (SpackError, HTTPError, URLError, TimeoutError) as err:
             tty.warn(f"Problem populating buildgroup: {err}")
     else:
         tty.warn("Unable to populate buildgroup without CDash credentials")
@@ -1227,6 +1244,9 @@ def main_script_replacements(cmd):
             "SPACK_REBUILD_EVERYTHING": str(rebuild_everything),
             "SPACK_REQUIRE_SIGNING": os.environ.get("SPACK_REQUIRE_SIGNING", "False"),
         }
+        output_vars = output_object["variables"]
+        for item, val in output_vars.items():
+            output_vars[item] = ensure_expected_target_path(val)
 
         # TODO: Remove this block in Spack 0.23
         if deprecated_mirror_config and remote_mirror_override:
@@ -1283,7 +1303,6 @@ def main_script_replacements(cmd):
     sorted_output = {}
     for output_key, output_value in sorted(output_object.items()):
         sorted_output[output_key] = output_value
-
     if known_broken_specs_encountered:
         tty.error("This pipeline generated hashes known to be broken on develop:")
         display_broken_spec_messages(broken_specs_url, known_broken_specs_encountered)
@@ -1478,6 +1497,12 @@ def copy_test_logs_to_artifacts(test_stage, job_test_dir):
     copy_files_to_artifacts(os.path.join(test_stage, "*", "*.txt"), job_test_dir)
 
 
+def win_quote(quote_str: str) -> str:
+    if IS_WINDOWS:
+        quote_str = f'"{quote_str}"'
+    return quote_str
+
+
 def download_and_extract_artifacts(url, work_dir):
     """Look for gitlab artifacts.zip at the given url, and attempt to download
         and extract the contents into the given work_dir
@@ -1500,7 +1525,7 @@ def download_and_extract_artifacts(url, work_dir):
     request = Request(url, headers=headers)
     request.get_method = lambda: "GET"
 
-    response = opener.open(request)
+    response = opener.open(request, timeout=SPACK_CDASH_TIMEOUT)
     response_code = response.getcode()
 
     if response_code != 200:
@@ -1942,9 +1967,9 @@ def compose_command_err_handling(args):
         # but we need to handle EXEs (git, etc) ourselves
         catch_exe_failure = (
             """
-if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0){
-    throw "Command {} has failed"
-}
+if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0){{
+    throw 'Command {} has failed'
+}}
 """
             if IS_WINDOWS
             else ""
@@ -2070,7 +2095,7 @@ def read_broken_spec(broken_spec_url):
     """
     try:
         _, _, fs = web_util.read_from_url(broken_spec_url)
-    except (URLError, web_util.SpackWebError, HTTPError):
+    except web_util.SpackWebError:
         tty.warn(f"Unable to read broken spec from {broken_spec_url}")
         return None
 
@@ -2176,13 +2201,13 @@ def __init__(self, ci_cdash):
     def args(self):
         return [
             "--cdash-upload-url",
-            self.upload_url,
+            win_quote(self.upload_url),
             "--cdash-build",
-            self.build_name,
+            win_quote(self.build_name),
             "--cdash-site",
-            self.site,
+            win_quote(self.site),
             "--cdash-buildstamp",
-            self.build_stamp,
+            win_quote(self.build_stamp),
         ]
 
     @property  # type: ignore
@@ -2248,7 +2273,7 @@ def create_buildgroup(self, opener, headers, url, group_name, group_type):
 
         request = Request(url, data=enc_data, headers=headers)
 
-        response = opener.open(request)
+        response = opener.open(request, timeout=SPACK_CDASH_TIMEOUT)
         response_code = response.getcode()
 
         if response_code not in [200, 201]:
@@ -2294,7 +2319,7 @@ def populate_buildgroup(self, job_names):
         request = Request(url, data=enc_data, headers=headers)
         request.get_method = lambda: "PUT"
 
-        response = opener.open(request)
+        response = opener.open(request, timeout=SPACK_CDASH_TIMEOUT)
         response_code = response.getcode()
 
         if response_code != 200:

lib/spack/spack/cmd/buildcache.py

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 import shutil
 import sys
 import tempfile
-import urllib.request
 from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
 
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
@@ -54,6 +53,7 @@
 from spack.oci.oci import (
     copy_missing_layers_with_retry,
     get_manifest_and_config_with_retry,
+    list_tags,
     upload_blob_with_retry,
     upload_manifest_with_retry,
 )
@@ -813,7 +813,7 @@ def _push_oci(
 
     def extra_config(spec: Spec):
         spec_dict = spec.to_dict(hash=ht.dag_hash)
-        spec_dict["buildcache_layout_version"] = 1
+        spec_dict["buildcache_layout_version"] = bindist.CURRENT_BUILD_CACHE_LAYOUT_VERSION
         spec_dict["binary_cache_checksum"] = {
             "hash_algorithm": "sha256",
             "hash": checksums[spec.dag_hash()].compressed_digest.digest,
@@ -856,10 +856,7 @@ def _config_from_tag(image_ref: ImageReference, tag: str) -> Optional[dict]:
 
 
 def _update_index_oci(image_ref: ImageReference, tmpdir: str, pool: MaybePool) -> None:
-    request = urllib.request.Request(url=image_ref.tags_url())
-    response = spack.oci.opener.urlopen(request)
-    spack.oci.opener.ensure_status(request, response, 200)
-    tags = json.load(response)["tags"]
+    tags = list_tags(image_ref)
 
     # Fetch all image config files in parallel
     spec_dicts = pool.starmap(

lib/spack/spack/cmd/ci.py

@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@
 level = "long"
 
 SPACK_COMMAND = "spack"
-MAKE_COMMAND = "make"
 INSTALL_FAIL_CODE = 1
 FAILED_CREATE_BUILDCACHE_CODE = 100
 
@@ -40,6 +39,12 @@ def deindent(desc):
     return desc.replace("    ", "")
 
 
+def unicode_escape(path: str) -> str:
+    """Returns transformed path with any unicode
+    characters replaced with their corresponding escapes"""
+    return path.encode("unicode-escape").decode("utf-8")
+
+
 def setup_parser(subparser):
     setup_parser.parser = subparser
     subparsers = subparser.add_subparsers(help="CI sub-commands")
@@ -551,75 +556,35 @@ def ci_rebuild(args):
     # No hash match anywhere means we need to rebuild spec
 
     # Start with spack arguments
-    spack_cmd = [SPACK_COMMAND, "--color=always", "--backtrace", "--verbose"]
+    spack_cmd = [SPACK_COMMAND, "--color=always", "--backtrace", "--verbose", "install"]
 
     config = cfg.get("config")
     if not config["verify_ssl"]:
         spack_cmd.append("-k")
 
-    install_args = []
+    install_args = [f'--use-buildcache={spack_ci.win_quote("package:never,dependencies:only")}']
 
     can_verify = spack_ci.can_verify_binaries()
     verify_binaries = can_verify and spack_is_pr_pipeline is False
     if not verify_binaries:
         install_args.append("--no-check-signature")
 
-    slash_hash = "/{}".format(job_spec.dag_hash())
-
-    # Arguments when installing dependencies from cache
-    deps_install_args = install_args
+    slash_hash = spack_ci.win_quote("/" + job_spec.dag_hash())
 
     # Arguments when installing the root from sources
-    root_install_args = install_args + [
-        "--keep-stage",
-        "--only=package",
-        "--use-buildcache=package:never,dependencies:only",
-    ]
+    deps_install_args = install_args + ["--only=dependencies"]
+    root_install_args = install_args + ["--keep-stage", "--only=package"]
+
     if cdash_handler:
         # Add additional arguments to `spack install` for CDash reporting.
         root_install_args.extend(cdash_handler.args())
-    root_install_args.append(slash_hash)
-
-    # ["x", "y"] -> "'x' 'y'"
-    args_to_string = lambda args: " ".join("'{}'".format(arg) for arg in args)
 
     commands = [
         # apparently there's a race when spack bootstraps? do it up front once
-        [SPACK_COMMAND, "-e", env.path, "bootstrap", "now"],
-        [
-            SPACK_COMMAND,
-            "-e",
-            env.path,
-            "env",
-            "depfile",
-            "-o",
-            "Makefile",
-            "--use-buildcache=package:never,dependencies:only",
-            slash_hash,  # limit to spec we're building
-        ],
-        [
-            # --output-sync requires GNU make 4.x.
-            # Old make errors when you pass it a flag it doesn't recognize,
-            # but it doesn't error or warn when you set unrecognized flags in
-            # this variable.
-            "export",
-            "GNUMAKEFLAGS=--output-sync=recurse",
-        ],
-        [
-            MAKE_COMMAND,
-            "SPACK={}".format(args_to_string(spack_cmd)),
-            "SPACK_COLOR=always",
-            "SPACK_INSTALL_FLAGS={}".format(args_to_string(deps_install_args)),
-            "-j$(nproc)",
-            "install-deps/{}".format(
-                spack.environment.depfile.MakefileSpec(job_spec).safe_format(
-                    "{name}-{version}-{hash}"
-                )
-            ),
-        ],
-        spack_cmd + ["install"] + root_install_args,
+        [SPACK_COMMAND, "-e", unicode_escape(env.path), "bootstrap", "now"],
+        spack_cmd + deps_install_args + [slash_hash],
+        spack_cmd + root_install_args + [slash_hash],
     ]
-
     tty.debug("Installing {0} from source".format(job_spec.name))
     install_exit_code = spack_ci.process_command("install", commands, repro_dir)
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/commands.py

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 from argparse import ArgumentParser, Namespace
 from typing import IO, Any, Callable, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Sequence, Set, Tuple, Union
 
-import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
 from llnl.util.argparsewriter import ArgparseRstWriter, ArgparseWriter, Command
 from llnl.util.tty.colify import colify
@@ -867,9 +866,6 @@ def _commands(parser: ArgumentParser, args: Namespace) -> None:
             prepend_header(args, f)
             formatter(args, f)
 
-        if args.update_completion:
-            fs.set_executable(args.update)
-
     else:
         prepend_header(args, sys.stdout)
         formatter(args, sys.stdout)

lib/spack/spack/cmd/env.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 import sys
 import tempfile
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import List, Optional
 
 import llnl.string as string
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
@@ -87,6 +87,9 @@ def env_create_setup_parser(subparser):
         default=None,
         help="either a lockfile (must end with '.json' or '.lock') or a manifest file",
     )
+    subparser.add_argument(
+        "--include-concrete", action="append", help="name of old environment to copy specs from"
+    )
 
 
 def env_create(args):
@@ -104,12 +107,17 @@ def env_create(args):
         # the environment should not include a view.
         with_view = None
 
+    include_concrete = None
+    if hasattr(args, "include_concrete"):
+        include_concrete = args.include_concrete
+
     env = _env_create(
         args.env_name,
         init_file=args.envfile,
         dir=args.dir or os.path.sep in args.env_name or args.env_name in (".", ".."),
         with_view=with_view,
         keep_relative=args.keep_relative,
+        include_concrete=include_concrete,
     )
 
     # Generate views, only really useful for environments created from spack.lock files.
@@ -123,31 +131,43 @@ def _env_create(
     dir: bool = False,
     with_view: Optional[str] = None,
     keep_relative: bool = False,
+    include_concrete: Optional[List[str]] = None,
 ):
     """Create a new environment, with an optional yaml description.
 
     Arguments:
-        name_or_path: name of the environment to create, or path to it
-        init_file: optional initialization file -- can be a JSON lockfile (*.lock, *.json) or YAML
-            manifest file
-        dir: if True, create an environment in a directory instead of a managed environment
-        keep_relative: if True, develop paths are copied verbatim into the new environment file,
-            otherwise they may be made absolute if the new environment is in a different location
+        name_or_path (str): name of the environment to create, or path to it
+        init_file (str or file): optional initialization file -- can be
+            a JSON lockfile (*.lock, *.json) or YAML manifest file
+        dir (bool): if True, create an environment in a directory instead
+            of a named environment
+        keep_relative (bool): if True, develop paths are copied verbatim into
+            the new environment file, otherwise they may be made absolute if the
+            new environment is in a different location
+        include_concrete (list): list of the included concrete environments
     """
     if not dir:
         env = ev.create(
-            name_or_path, init_file=init_file, with_view=with_view, keep_relative=keep_relative
+            name_or_path,
+            init_file=init_file,
+            with_view=with_view,
+            keep_relative=keep_relative,
+            include_concrete=include_concrete,
         )
         tty.msg(
             colorize(
-                f"Created environment @c{{{cescape(env.name)}}} in: @c{{{cescape(env.path)}}}"
+                f"Created environment @c{{{cescape(name_or_path)}}} in: @c{{{cescape(env.path)}}}"
             )
         )
     else:
         env = ev.create_in_dir(
-            name_or_path, init_file=init_file, with_view=with_view, keep_relative=keep_relative
+            name_or_path,
+            init_file=init_file,
+            with_view=with_view,
+            keep_relative=keep_relative,
+            include_concrete=include_concrete,
         )
-        tty.msg(colorize(f"Created anonymous environment in: @c{{{cescape(env.path)}}}"))
+        tty.msg(colorize(f"Created independent environment in: @c{{{cescape(env.path)}}}"))
     tty.msg(f"Activate with: {colorize(f'@c{{spack env activate {cescape(name_or_path)}}}')}")
     return env
 
@@ -434,6 +454,12 @@ def env_remove_setup_parser(subparser):
     """remove an existing environment"""
     subparser.add_argument("rm_env", metavar="env", nargs="+", help="environment(s) to remove")
     arguments.add_common_arguments(subparser, ["yes_to_all"])
+    subparser.add_argument(
+        "-f",
+        "--force",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="remove the environment even if it is included in another environment",
+    )
 
 
 def env_remove(args):
@@ -442,14 +468,34 @@ def env_remove(args):
     This removes an environment managed by Spack. Directory environments
     and manifests embedded in repositories should be removed manually.
     """
-    read_envs = []
+    remove_envs = []
+    valid_envs = []
     bad_envs = []
-    for env_name in args.rm_env:
+
+    for env_name in ev.all_environment_names():
         try:
             env = ev.read(env_name)
-            read_envs.append(env)
+            valid_envs.append(env)
+
+            if env_name in args.rm_env:
+                remove_envs.append(env)
         except (spack.config.ConfigFormatError, ev.SpackEnvironmentConfigError):
-            bad_envs.append(env_name)
+            if env_name in args.rm_env:
+                bad_envs.append(env_name)
+
+    # Check if remove_env is included from another env before trying to remove
+    for env in valid_envs:
+        for remove_env in remove_envs:
+            # don't check if environment is included to itself
+            if env.name == remove_env.name:
+                continue
+
+            if remove_env.path in env.included_concrete_envs:
+                msg = f'Environment "{remove_env.name}" is being used by environment "{env.name}"'
+                if args.force:
+                    tty.warn(msg)
+                else:
+                    tty.die(msg)
 
     if not args.yes_to_all:
         environments = string.plural(len(args.rm_env), "environment", show_n=False)
@@ -458,7 +504,7 @@ def env_remove(args):
         if not answer:
             tty.die("Will not remove any environments")
 
-    for env in read_envs:
+    for env in remove_envs:
         name = env.name
         if env.active:
             tty.die(f"Environment {name} can't be removed while activated.")

lib/spack/spack/cmd/find.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 
+import copy
 import sys
 
 import llnl.util.lang
@@ -271,6 +272,27 @@ def root_decorator(spec, string):
 
     print()
 
+    if env.included_concrete_envs:
+        tty.msg("Included specs")
+
+        # Root specs cannot be displayed with prefixes, since those are not
+        # set for abstract specs. Same for hashes
+        root_args = copy.copy(args)
+        root_args.paths = False
+
+        # Roots are displayed with variants, etc. so that we can see
+        # specifically what the user asked for.
+        cmd.display_specs(
+            env.included_user_specs,
+            root_args,
+            decorator=lambda s, f: color.colorize("@*{%s}" % f),
+            namespace=True,
+            show_flags=True,
+            show_full_compiler=True,
+            variants=True,
+        )
+        print()
+
     if args.show_concretized:
         tty.msg("Concretized roots")
         cmd.display_specs(env.specs_by_hash.values(), args, decorator=decorator)

lib/spack/spack/cmd/tutorial.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 
 
 # tutorial configuration parameters
-tutorial_branch = "releases/v0.21"
+tutorial_branch = "releases/v0.22"
 tutorial_mirror = "file:///mirror"
 tutorial_key = os.path.join(spack.paths.share_path, "keys", "tutorial.pub")
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/view.py

@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@
 
 import spack.cmd
 import spack.environment as ev
+import spack.filesystem_view as fsv
 import spack.schema.projections
 import spack.store
 from spack.config import validate
-from spack.filesystem_view import YamlFilesystemView, view_func_parser
 from spack.util import spack_yaml as s_yaml
 
 description = "project packages to a compact naming scheme on the filesystem"
@@ -193,17 +193,13 @@ def view(parser, args):
         ordered_projections = {}
 
     # What method are we using for this view
-    if args.action in actions_link:
-        link_fn = view_func_parser(args.action)
-    else:
-        link_fn = view_func_parser("symlink")
-
-    view = YamlFilesystemView(
+    link_type = args.action if args.action in actions_link else "symlink"
+    view = fsv.YamlFilesystemView(
         path,
         spack.store.STORE.layout,
         projections=ordered_projections,
         ignore_conflicts=getattr(args, "ignore_conflicts", False),
-        link=link_fn,
+        link_type=link_type,
         verbose=args.verbose,
     )
 

lib/spack/spack/compilers/__init__.py

@@ -220,10 +220,10 @@ def _compiler_config_from_external(config):
         operating_system = host_platform.operating_system("default_os")
         target = host_platform.target("default_target").microarchitecture
     else:
-        target = spec.target
+        target = spec.architecture.target
         if not target:
-            host_platform = spack.platforms.host()
-            target = host_platform.target("default_target").microarchitecture
+            target = spack.platforms.host().target("default_target")
+        target = target.microarchitecture
 
         operating_system = spec.os
         if not operating_system:

lib/spack/spack/directives.py

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class OpenMpi(Package):
 PatchesType = Optional[Union[Patcher, str, List[Union[Patcher, str]]]]
 
 
-SUPPORTED_LANGUAGES = ("fortran", "cxx")
+SUPPORTED_LANGUAGES = ("fortran", "cxx", "c")
 
 
 def _make_when_spec(value: WhenType) -> Optional["spack.spec.Spec"]:

lib/spack/spack/directory_layout.py

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
+from llnl.util.symlink import readlink
 
 import spack.config
 import spack.hash_types as ht
@@ -181,7 +182,7 @@ def deprecated_file_path(self, deprecated_spec, deprecator_spec=None):
         base_dir = (
             self.path_for_spec(deprecator_spec)
             if deprecator_spec
-            else os.readlink(deprecated_spec.prefix)
+            else readlink(deprecated_spec.prefix)
         )
 
         yaml_path = os.path.join(

lib/spack/spack/environment/__init__.py

@@ -34,6 +34,9 @@
       * ``spec``: a string representation of the abstract spec that was concretized
 
   4. ``concrete_specs``: a dictionary containing the specs in the environment.
+  5. ``include_concrete`` (dictionary): an optional dictionary that includes the roots
+     and concrete specs from the included environments, keyed by the path to that
+     environment
 
 Compatibility
 -------------
@@ -50,26 +53,37 @@
      - ``v2``
      - ``v3``
      - ``v4``
+     - ``v5``
    * - ``v0.12:0.14``
      - ✅
      -
      -
      -
+     -
    * - ``v0.15:0.16``
      - ✅
      - ✅
      -
      -
+     -
    * - ``v0.17``
      - ✅
      - ✅
      - ✅
      -
+     -
    * - ``v0.18:``
      - ✅
      - ✅
      - ✅
      - ✅
+     -
+   * - ``v0.22:``
+     - ✅
+     - ✅
+     - ✅
+     - ✅
+     - ✅
 
 Version 1
 ---------
@@ -334,6 +348,118 @@
             }
         }
     }
+
+
+Version 5
+---------
+
+Version 5 doesn't change the top-level lockfile format, but an optional dictionary is
+added. The dictionary has the ``root`` and ``concrete_specs`` of the included
+environments, which are keyed by the path to that environment. Since this is optional
+if the environment does not have any included environments ``include_concrete`` will
+not be a part of the lockfile.
+
+.. code-block:: json
+
+    {
+        "_meta": {
+            "file-type": "spack-lockfile",
+            "lockfile-version": 5,
+            "specfile-version": 3
+        },
+        "roots": [
+            {
+                "hash": "<dag_hash 1>",
+                "spec": "<abstract spec 1>"
+            },
+            {
+                "hash": "<dag_hash 2>",
+                "spec": "<abstract spec 2>"
+            }
+        ],
+        "concrete_specs": {
+            "<dag_hash 1>": {
+                "... <spec dict attributes> ...": { },
+                "dependencies": [
+                    {
+                        "name": "depname_1",
+                        "hash": "<dag_hash for depname_1>",
+                        "type": ["build", "link"]
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "name": "depname_2",
+                        "hash": "<dag_hash for depname_2>",
+                        "type": ["build", "link"]
+                    }
+                ],
+                "hash": "<dag_hash 1>",
+            },
+            "<daghash 2>": {
+                "... <spec dict attributes> ...": { },
+                "dependencies": [
+                    {
+                        "name": "depname_3",
+                        "hash": "<dag_hash for depname_3>",
+                        "type": ["build", "link"]
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "name": "depname_4",
+                        "hash": "<dag_hash for depname_4>",
+                        "type": ["build", "link"]
+                    }
+                ],
+                "hash": "<dag_hash 2>"
+            }
+        }
+        "include_concrete": {
+            "<path to environment>": {
+                "roots": [
+                    {
+                        "hash": "<dag_hash 1>",
+                        "spec": "<abstract spec 1>"
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "hash": "<dag_hash 2>",
+                        "spec": "<abstract spec 2>"
+                    }
+                ],
+                "concrete_specs": {
+                    "<dag_hash 1>": {
+                        "... <spec dict attributes> ...": { },
+                        "dependencies": [
+                            {
+                                "name": "depname_1",
+                                "hash": "<dag_hash for depname_1>",
+                                "type": ["build", "link"]
+                            },
+                            {
+                                "name": "depname_2",
+                                "hash": "<dag_hash for depname_2>",
+                                "type": ["build", "link"]
+                            }
+                        ],
+                        "hash": "<dag_hash 1>",
+                    },
+                    "<daghash 2>": {
+                        "... <spec dict attributes> ...": { },
+                        "dependencies": [
+                            {
+                                "name": "depname_3",
+                                "hash": "<dag_hash for depname_3>",
+                                "type": ["build", "link"]
+                            },
+                            {
+                                "name": "depname_4",
+                                "hash": "<dag_hash for depname_4>",
+                                "type": ["build", "link"]
+                            }
+                        ],
+                        "hash": "<dag_hash 2>"
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
 """
 
 from .environment import (

lib/spack/spack/environment/environment.py

@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@
 import urllib.parse
 import urllib.request
 import warnings
-from typing import Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
 import llnl.util.tty.color as clr
 from llnl.util.link_tree import ConflictingSpecsError
-from llnl.util.symlink import symlink
+from llnl.util.symlink import readlink, symlink
 
 import spack.compilers
 import spack.concretize
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 import spack.deptypes as dt
 import spack.error
 import spack.fetch_strategy
+import spack.filesystem_view as fsv
 import spack.hash_types as ht
 import spack.hooks
 import spack.main
@@ -52,7 +53,6 @@
 import spack.util.url
 import spack.version
 from spack import traverse
-from spack.filesystem_view import SimpleFilesystemView, inverse_view_func_parser, view_func_parser
 from spack.installer import PackageInstaller
 from spack.schema.env import TOP_LEVEL_KEY
 from spack.spec import Spec
@@ -159,6 +159,8 @@ def default_manifest_yaml():
 default_view_name = "default"
 # Default behavior to link all packages into views (vs. only root packages)
 default_view_link = "all"
+# The name for any included concrete specs
+included_concrete_name = "include_concrete"
 
 
 def installed_specs():
@@ -293,6 +295,7 @@ def create(
     init_file: Optional[Union[str, pathlib.Path]] = None,
     with_view: Optional[Union[str, pathlib.Path, bool]] = None,
     keep_relative: bool = False,
+    include_concrete: Optional[List[str]] = None,
 ) -> "Environment":
     """Create a managed environment in Spack and returns it.
 
@@ -309,10 +312,15 @@ def create(
             string, it specifies the path to the view
         keep_relative: if True, develop paths are copied verbatim into the new environment file,
             otherwise they are made absolute
+        include_concrete: list of concrete environment names/paths to be included
     """
     environment_dir = environment_dir_from_name(name, exists_ok=False)
     return create_in_dir(
-        environment_dir, init_file=init_file, with_view=with_view, keep_relative=keep_relative
+        environment_dir,
+        init_file=init_file,
+        with_view=with_view,
+        keep_relative=keep_relative,
+        include_concrete=include_concrete,
     )
 
 
@@ -321,6 +329,7 @@ def create_in_dir(
     init_file: Optional[Union[str, pathlib.Path]] = None,
     with_view: Optional[Union[str, pathlib.Path, bool]] = None,
     keep_relative: bool = False,
+    include_concrete: Optional[List[str]] = None,
 ) -> "Environment":
     """Create an environment in the directory passed as input and returns it.
 
@@ -334,6 +343,7 @@ def create_in_dir(
             string, it specifies the path to the view
         keep_relative: if True, develop paths are copied verbatim into the new environment file,
             otherwise they are made absolute
+        include_concrete: concrete environment names/paths to be included
     """
     initialize_environment_dir(root, envfile=init_file)
 
@@ -346,6 +356,12 @@ def create_in_dir(
         if with_view is not None:
             manifest.set_default_view(with_view)
 
+        if include_concrete is not None:
+            set_included_envs_to_env_paths(include_concrete)
+            validate_included_envs_exists(include_concrete)
+            validate_included_envs_concrete(include_concrete)
+            manifest.set_include_concrete(include_concrete)
+
         manifest.flush()
 
     except (spack.config.ConfigFormatError, SpackEnvironmentConfigError) as e:
@@ -419,6 +435,67 @@ def ensure_env_root_path_exists():
         fs.mkdirp(env_root_path())
 
 
+def set_included_envs_to_env_paths(include_concrete: List[str]) -> None:
+    """If the included environment(s) is the environment name
+    it is replaced by the path to the environment
+
+    Args:
+        include_concrete: list of env name or path to env"""
+
+    for i, env_name in enumerate(include_concrete):
+        if is_env_dir(env_name):
+            include_concrete[i] = env_name
+        elif exists(env_name):
+            include_concrete[i] = root(env_name)
+
+
+def validate_included_envs_exists(include_concrete: List[str]) -> None:
+    """Checks that all of the included environments exist
+
+    Args:
+       include_concrete: list of already existing concrete environments to include
+
+    Raises:
+        SpackEnvironmentError: if any of the included environments do not exist
+    """
+
+    missing_envs = set()
+
+    for i, env_name in enumerate(include_concrete):
+        if not is_env_dir(env_name):
+            missing_envs.add(env_name)
+
+    if missing_envs:
+        msg = "The following environment(s) are missing: {0}".format(", ".join(missing_envs))
+        raise SpackEnvironmentError(msg)
+
+
+def validate_included_envs_concrete(include_concrete: List[str]) -> None:
+    """Checks that all of the included environments are concrete
+
+    Args:
+        include_concrete: list of already existing concrete environments to include
+
+    Raises:
+        SpackEnvironmentError: if any of the included environments are not concrete
+    """
+
+    non_concrete_envs = set()
+
+    for env_path in include_concrete:
+        if not os.path.exists(Environment(env_path).lock_path):
+            non_concrete_envs.add(Environment(env_path).name)
+
+    if non_concrete_envs:
+        msg = "The following environment(s) are not concrete: {0}\n" "Please run:".format(
+            ", ".join(non_concrete_envs)
+        )
+        for env in non_concrete_envs:
+            msg += f"\n\t`spack -e {env} concretize`"
+
+        raise SpackEnvironmentError(msg)
+
+
 def all_environment_names():
     """List the names of environments that currently exist."""
     # just return empty if the env path does not exist.  A read-only
@@ -529,7 +606,7 @@ def __init__(
         self.projections = projections
         self.select = select
         self.exclude = exclude
-        self.link_type = view_func_parser(link_type)
+        self.link_type = fsv.canonicalize_link_type(link_type)
         self.link = link
 
     def select_fn(self, spec):
@@ -563,7 +640,7 @@ def to_dict(self):
         if self.exclude:
             ret["exclude"] = self.exclude
         if self.link_type:
-            ret["link_type"] = inverse_view_func_parser(self.link_type)
+            ret["link_type"] = self.link_type
         if self.link != default_view_link:
             ret["link"] = self.link
         return ret
@@ -585,7 +662,7 @@ def _current_root(self):
         if not os.path.islink(self.root):
             return None
 
-        root = os.readlink(self.root)
+        root = readlink(self.root)
         if os.path.isabs(root):
             return root
 
@@ -613,7 +690,7 @@ def get_projection_for_spec(self, spec):
         to exist on the filesystem."""
         return self._view(self.root).get_projection_for_spec(spec)
 
-    def view(self, new: Optional[str] = None) -> SimpleFilesystemView:
+    def view(self, new: Optional[str] = None) -> fsv.SimpleFilesystemView:
         """
         Returns a view object for the *underlying* view directory. This means that the
         self.root symlink is followed, and that the view has to exist on the filesystem
@@ -633,14 +710,14 @@ def view(self, new: Optional[str] = None) -> SimpleFilesystemView:
             )
         return self._view(path)
 
-    def _view(self, root: str) -> SimpleFilesystemView:
+    def _view(self, root: str) -> fsv.SimpleFilesystemView:
         """Returns a view object for a given root dir."""
-        return SimpleFilesystemView(
+        return fsv.SimpleFilesystemView(
             root,
             spack.store.STORE.layout,
             ignore_conflicts=True,
             projections=self.projections,
-            link=self.link_type,
+            link_type=self.link_type,
         )
 
     def __contains__(self, spec):
@@ -821,6 +898,18 @@ def __init__(self, manifest_dir: Union[str, pathlib.Path]) -> None:
         self.specs_by_hash: Dict[str, Spec] = {}
         #: Repository for this environment (memoized)
         self._repo = None
+
+        #: Environment paths for concrete (lockfile) included environments
+        self.included_concrete_envs: List[str] = []
+        #: First-level included concretized spec data from/to the lockfile.
+        self.included_concrete_spec_data: Dict[str, Dict[str, List[str]]] = {}
+        #: User specs from included environments from the last concretization
+        self.included_concretized_user_specs: Dict[str, List[Spec]] = {}
+        #: Roots from included environments with the last concretization, in order
+        self.included_concretized_order: Dict[str, List[str]] = {}
+        #: Concretized specs by hash from the included environments
+        self.included_specs_by_hash: Dict[str, Dict[str, Spec]] = {}
+
         #: Previously active environment
         self._previous_active = None
         self._dev_specs = None
@@ -858,7 +947,7 @@ def _read(self):
 
         if os.path.exists(self.lock_path):
             with open(self.lock_path) as f:
-                read_lock_version = self._read_lockfile(f)
+                read_lock_version = self._read_lockfile(f)["_meta"]["lockfile-version"]
 
             if read_lock_version == 1:
                 tty.debug(f"Storing backup of {self.lock_path} at {self._lock_backup_v1_path}")
@@ -926,6 +1015,20 @@ def add_view(name, values):
         if self.views == dict():
             self.views[default_view_name] = ViewDescriptor(self.path, self.view_path_default)
 
+    def _process_concrete_includes(self):
+        """Extract and load into memory included concrete spec data."""
+        self.included_concrete_envs = self.manifest[TOP_LEVEL_KEY].get(included_concrete_name, [])
+
+        if self.included_concrete_envs:
+            if os.path.exists(self.lock_path):
+                with open(self.lock_path) as f:
+                    data = self._read_lockfile(f)
+
+                if included_concrete_name in data:
+                    self.included_concrete_spec_data = data[included_concrete_name]
+            else:
+                self.include_concrete_envs()
+
     def _construct_state_from_manifest(self):
         """Set up user specs and views from the manifest file."""
         self.spec_lists = collections.OrderedDict()
@@ -942,6 +1045,31 @@ def _construct_state_from_manifest(self):
         self.spec_lists[user_speclist_name] = user_specs
 
         self._process_view(spack.config.get("view", True))
+        self._process_concrete_includes()
+
+    def all_concretized_user_specs(self) -> List[Spec]:
+        """Returns all of the concretized user specs of the environment and
+        its included environment(s)."""
+        concretized_user_specs = self.concretized_user_specs[:]
+        for included_specs in self.included_concretized_user_specs.values():
+            for included in included_specs:
+                # Don't duplicate included spec(s)
+                if included not in concretized_user_specs:
+                    concretized_user_specs.append(included)
+
+        return concretized_user_specs
+
+    def all_concretized_orders(self) -> List[str]:
+        """Returns all of the concretized order of the environment and
+        its included environment(s)."""
+        concretized_order = self.concretized_order[:]
+        for included_concretized_order in self.included_concretized_order.values():
+            for included in included_concretized_order:
+                # Don't duplicate included spec(s)
+                if included not in concretized_order:
+                    concretized_order.append(included)
+
+        return concretized_order
 
     @property
     def user_specs(self):
@@ -966,6 +1094,26 @@ def _read_dev_specs(self):
             dev_specs[name] = local_entry
         return dev_specs
 
+    @property
+    def included_user_specs(self) -> SpecList:
+        """Included concrete user (or root) specs from last concretization."""
+        spec_list = SpecList()
+
+        if not self.included_concrete_envs:
+            return spec_list
+
+        def add_root_specs(included_concrete_specs):
+            # add specs from the include *and* any nested includes it may have
+            for env, info in included_concrete_specs.items():
+                for root_list in info["roots"]:
+                    spec_list.add(root_list["spec"])
+
+                if "include_concrete" in info:
+                    add_root_specs(info["include_concrete"])
+
+        add_root_specs(self.included_concrete_spec_data)
+        return spec_list
+
     def clear(self, re_read=False):
         """Clear the contents of the environment
 
@@ -977,9 +1125,15 @@ def clear(self, re_read=False):
         self.spec_lists[user_speclist_name] = SpecList()
 
         self._dev_specs = {}
-        self.concretized_user_specs = []  # user specs from last concretize
         self.concretized_order = []  # roots of last concretize, in order
+        self.concretized_user_specs = []  # user specs from last concretize
         self.specs_by_hash = {}  # concretized specs by hash
+
+        self.included_concrete_spec_data = {}  # concretized specs from lockfile of included envs
+        self.included_concretized_order = {}  # root specs of the included envs, keyed by env path
+        self.included_concretized_user_specs = {}  # user specs from last concretize's included env
+        self.included_specs_by_hash = {}  # concretized specs by hash from the included envs
+
         self.invalidate_repository_cache()
         self._previous_active = None  # previously active environment
         if not re_read:
@@ -1033,6 +1187,43 @@ def scope_name(self):
         """Name of the config scope of this environment's manifest file."""
         return self.manifest.scope_name
 
+    def include_concrete_envs(self):
+        """Copy and save the included envs' specs internally"""
+
+        root_hash_seen = set()
+        concrete_hash_seen = set()
+        self.included_concrete_spec_data = {}
+
+        for env_path in self.included_concrete_envs:
+            # Check that environment exists
+            if not is_env_dir(env_path):
+                raise SpackEnvironmentError(f"Unable to find env at {env_path}")
+
+            env = Environment(env_path)
+            self.included_concrete_spec_data[env_path] = {"roots": [], "concrete_specs": {}}
+
+            # Copy unique root specs from env
+            for root_dict in env._concrete_roots_dict():
+                if root_dict["hash"] not in root_hash_seen:
+                    self.included_concrete_spec_data[env_path]["roots"].append(root_dict)
+                    root_hash_seen.add(root_dict["hash"])
+
+            # Copy unique concrete specs from env
+            for dag_hash, spec_details in env._concrete_specs_dict().items():
+                if dag_hash not in concrete_hash_seen:
+                    self.included_concrete_spec_data[env_path]["concrete_specs"].update(
+                        {dag_hash: spec_details}
+                    )
+                    concrete_hash_seen.add(dag_hash)
+
+            # Copy transitive include data
+            transitive = env.included_concrete_spec_data
+            if transitive:
+                self.included_concrete_spec_data[env_path]["include_concrete"] = transitive
+
+        self._read_lockfile_dict(self._to_lockfile_dict())
+        self.write()
+
     def destroy(self):
         """Remove this environment from Spack entirely."""
         shutil.rmtree(self.path)
@@ -1232,6 +1423,10 @@ def concretize(self, force=False, tests=False):
         for spec in set(self.concretized_user_specs) - set(self.user_specs):
             self.deconcretize(spec, concrete=False)
 
+        # If a combined env, check updated spec is in the linked envs
+        if self.included_concrete_envs:
+            self.include_concrete_envs()
+
         # Pick the right concretization strategy
         if self.unify == "when_possible":
             return self._concretize_together_where_possible(tests=tests)
@@ -1704,8 +1899,14 @@ def _partition_roots_by_install_status(self):
         of per spec."""
         installed, uninstalled = [], []
         with spack.store.STORE.db.read_transaction():
-            for concretized_hash in self.concretized_order:
-                spec = self.specs_by_hash[concretized_hash]
+            for concretized_hash in self.all_concretized_orders():
+                if concretized_hash in self.specs_by_hash:
+                    spec = self.specs_by_hash[concretized_hash]
+                else:
+                    for env_path in self.included_specs_by_hash.keys():
+                        if concretized_hash in self.included_specs_by_hash[env_path]:
+                            spec = self.included_specs_by_hash[env_path][concretized_hash]
+                            break
                 if not spec.installed or (
                     spec.satisfies("dev_path=*") or spec.satisfies("^dev_path=*")
                 ):
@@ -1785,8 +1986,14 @@ def added_specs(self):
 
     def concretized_specs(self):
         """Tuples of (user spec, concrete spec) for all concrete specs."""
-        for s, h in zip(self.concretized_user_specs, self.concretized_order):
-            yield (s, self.specs_by_hash[h])
+        for s, h in zip(self.all_concretized_user_specs(), self.all_concretized_orders()):
+            if h in self.specs_by_hash:
+                yield (s, self.specs_by_hash[h])
+            else:
+                for env_path in self.included_specs_by_hash.keys():
+                    if h in self.included_specs_by_hash[env_path]:
+                        yield (s, self.included_specs_by_hash[env_path][h])
+                        break
 
     def concrete_roots(self):
         """Same as concretized_specs, except it returns the list of concrete
@@ -1915,8 +2122,7 @@ def _get_environment_specs(self, recurse_dependencies=True):
         If these specs appear under different user_specs, only one copy
         is added to the list returned.
         """
-        specs = [self.specs_by_hash[h] for h in self.concretized_order]
-
+        specs = [self.specs_by_hash[h] for h in self.all_concretized_orders()]
         if recurse_dependencies:
             specs.extend(
                 traverse.traverse_nodes(
@@ -1926,16 +2132,23 @@ def _get_environment_specs(self, recurse_dependencies=True):
 
         return specs
 
-    def _to_lockfile_dict(self):
-        """Create a dictionary to store a lockfile for this environment."""
+    def _concrete_specs_dict(self):
         concrete_specs = {}
         for s in traverse.traverse_nodes(self.specs_by_hash.values(), key=traverse.by_dag_hash):
             spec_dict = s.node_dict_with_hashes(hash=ht.dag_hash)
             # Assumes no legacy formats, since this was just created.
             spec_dict[ht.dag_hash.name] = s.dag_hash()
             concrete_specs[s.dag_hash()] = spec_dict
+        return concrete_specs
 
+    def _concrete_roots_dict(self):
         hash_spec_list = zip(self.concretized_order, self.concretized_user_specs)
+        return [{"hash": h, "spec": str(s)} for h, s in hash_spec_list]
+
+    def _to_lockfile_dict(self):
+        """Create a dictionary to store a lockfile for this environment."""
+        concrete_specs = self._concrete_specs_dict()
+        root_specs = self._concrete_roots_dict()
 
         spack_dict = {"version": spack.spack_version}
         spack_commit = spack.main.get_spack_commit()
@@ -1956,36 +2169,81 @@ def _to_lockfile_dict(self):
             # spack version information
             "spack": spack_dict,
             # users specs + hashes are the 'roots' of the environment
-            "roots": [{"hash": h, "spec": str(s)} for h, s in hash_spec_list],
+            "roots": root_specs,
             # Concrete specs by hash, including dependencies
             "concrete_specs": concrete_specs,
         }
 
+        if self.included_concrete_envs:
+            data[included_concrete_name] = self.included_concrete_spec_data
+
         return data
 
     def _read_lockfile(self, file_or_json):
         """Read a lockfile from a file or from a raw string."""
         lockfile_dict = sjson.load(file_or_json)
         self._read_lockfile_dict(lockfile_dict)
-        return lockfile_dict["_meta"]["lockfile-version"]
+        return lockfile_dict
+
+    def set_included_concretized_user_specs(
+        self,
+        env_name: str,
+        env_info: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]],
+        included_json_specs_by_hash: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]],
+    ) -> Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]]:
+        """Sets all of the concretized user specs from included environments
+        to include those from nested included environments.
+
+        Args:
+           env_name: the name (technically the path) of the included environment
+           env_info: included concrete environment data
+           included_json_specs_by_hash: concrete spec data keyed by hash
+
+        Returns: updated specs_by_hash
+        """
+        self.included_concretized_order[env_name] = []
+        self.included_concretized_user_specs[env_name] = []
+
+        def add_specs(name, info, specs_by_hash):
+            # Add specs from the environment as well as any of its nested
+            # environments.
+            for root_info in info["roots"]:
+                self.included_concretized_order[name].append(root_info["hash"])
+                self.included_concretized_user_specs[name].append(Spec(root_info["spec"]))
+            if "concrete_specs" in info:
+                specs_by_hash.update(info["concrete_specs"])
+
+            if included_concrete_name in info:
+                for included_name, included_info in info[included_concrete_name].items():
+                    if included_name not in self.included_concretized_order:
+                        self.included_concretized_order[included_name] = []
+                        self.included_concretized_user_specs[included_name] = []
+                    add_specs(included_name, included_info, specs_by_hash)
+
+        add_specs(env_name, env_info, included_json_specs_by_hash)
+        return included_json_specs_by_hash
 
     def _read_lockfile_dict(self, d):
         """Read a lockfile dictionary into this environment."""
         self.specs_by_hash = {}
+        self.included_specs_by_hash = {}
+        self.included_concretized_user_specs = {}
+        self.included_concretized_order = {}
 
         roots = d["roots"]
         self.concretized_user_specs = [Spec(r["spec"]) for r in roots]
         self.concretized_order = [r["hash"] for r in roots]
         json_specs_by_hash = d["concrete_specs"]
+        included_json_specs_by_hash = {}
 
-        # Track specs by their lockfile key.  Currently spack uses the finest
-        # grained hash as the lockfile key, while older formats used the build
-        # hash or a previous incarnation of the DAG hash (one that did not
-        # include build deps or package hash).
-        specs_by_hash = {}
+        if included_concrete_name in d:
+            for env_name, env_info in d[included_concrete_name].items():
+                included_json_specs_by_hash.update(
+                    self.set_included_concretized_user_specs(
+                        env_name, env_info, included_json_specs_by_hash
+                    )
+                )
 
-        # Track specs by their DAG hash, allows handling DAG hash collisions
-        first_seen = {}
         current_lockfile_format = d["_meta"]["lockfile-version"]
         try:
             reader = READER_CLS[current_lockfile_format]
@@ -1998,6 +2256,39 @@ def _read_lockfile_dict(self, d):
                 msg += " You need to use a newer Spack version."
             raise SpackEnvironmentError(msg)
 
+        first_seen, self.concretized_order = self.filter_specs(
+            reader, json_specs_by_hash, self.concretized_order
+        )
+
+        for spec_dag_hash in self.concretized_order:
+            self.specs_by_hash[spec_dag_hash] = first_seen[spec_dag_hash]
+
+        if any(self.included_concretized_order.values()):
+            first_seen = {}
+
+            for env_name, concretized_order in self.included_concretized_order.items():
+                filtered_spec, self.included_concretized_order[env_name] = self.filter_specs(
+                    reader, included_json_specs_by_hash, concretized_order
+                )
+                first_seen.update(filtered_spec)
+
+            for env_path, spec_hashes in self.included_concretized_order.items():
+                self.included_specs_by_hash[env_path] = {}
+                for spec_dag_hash in spec_hashes:
+                    self.included_specs_by_hash[env_path].update(
+                        {spec_dag_hash: first_seen[spec_dag_hash]}
+                    )
+
+    def filter_specs(self, reader, json_specs_by_hash, order_concretized):
+        # Track specs by their lockfile key.  Currently spack uses the finest
+        # grained hash as the lockfile key, while older formats used the build
+        # hash or a previous incarnation of the DAG hash (one that did not
+        # include build deps or package hash).
+        specs_by_hash = {}
+
+        # Track specs by their DAG hash, allows handling DAG hash collisions
+        first_seen = {}
+
         # First pass: Put each spec in the map ignoring dependencies
         for lockfile_key, node_dict in json_specs_by_hash.items():
             spec = reader.from_node_dict(node_dict)
@@ -2020,7 +2311,8 @@ def _read_lockfile_dict(self, d):
         # keep.  This is only required as long as we support older lockfile
         # formats where the mapping from DAG hash to lockfile key is possibly
         # one-to-many.
-        for lockfile_key in self.concretized_order:
+
+        for lockfile_key in order_concretized:
             for s in specs_by_hash[lockfile_key].traverse():
                 if s.dag_hash() not in first_seen:
                     first_seen[s.dag_hash()] = s
@@ -2028,12 +2320,10 @@ def _read_lockfile_dict(self, d):
         # Now make sure concretized_order and our internal specs dict
         # contains the keys used by modern spack (i.e. the dag_hash
         # that includes build deps and package hash).
-        self.concretized_order = [
-            specs_by_hash[h_key].dag_hash() for h_key in self.concretized_order
-        ]
 
-        for spec_dag_hash in self.concretized_order:
-            self.specs_by_hash[spec_dag_hash] = first_seen[spec_dag_hash]
+        order_concretized = [specs_by_hash[h_key].dag_hash() for h_key in order_concretized]
+
+        return first_seen, order_concretized
 
     def write(self, regenerate: bool = True) -> None:
         """Writes an in-memory environment to its location on disk.
@@ -2046,7 +2336,7 @@ def write(self, regenerate: bool = True) -> None:
             regenerate: regenerate views and run post-write hooks as well as writing if True.
         """
         self.manifest_uptodate_or_warn()
-        if self.specs_by_hash:
+        if self.specs_by_hash or self.included_concrete_envs:
             self.ensure_env_directory_exists(dot_env=True)
             self.update_environment_repository()
             self.manifest.flush()
@@ -2545,6 +2835,19 @@ def override_user_spec(self, user_spec: str, idx: int) -> None:
             raise SpackEnvironmentError(msg) from e
         self.changed = True
 
+    def set_include_concrete(self, include_concrete: List[str]) -> None:
+        """Sets the included concrete environments in the manifest to the value(s) passed as input.
+
+        Args:
+            include_concrete: list of already existing concrete environments to include
+        """
+        self.pristine_configuration[included_concrete_name] = []
+
+        for env_path in include_concrete:
+            self.pristine_configuration[included_concrete_name].append(env_path)
+
+        self.changed = True
+
     def add_definition(self, user_spec: str, list_name: str) -> None:
         """Appends a user spec to the first active definition matching the name passed as argument.
 
@@ -2728,54 +3031,56 @@ def included_config_scopes(self) -> List[spack.config.ConfigScope]:
         for i, config_path in enumerate(reversed(includes)):
             # allow paths to contain spack config/environment variables, etc.
             config_path = substitute_path_variables(config_path)
-
             include_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(config_path)
 
-            # Transform file:// URLs to direct includes.
-            if include_url.scheme == "file":
-                config_path = urllib.request.url2pathname(include_url.path)
+            # If scheme is not valid, config_path is not a url
+            # of a type Spack is generally aware
+            if spack.util.url.validate_scheme(include_url.scheme):
+                # Transform file:// URLs to direct includes.
+                if include_url.scheme == "file":
+                    config_path = urllib.request.url2pathname(include_url.path)
 
-            # Any other URL should be fetched.
-            elif include_url.scheme in ("http", "https", "ftp"):
-                # Stage any remote configuration file(s)
-                staged_configs = (
-                    os.listdir(self.config_stage_dir)
-                    if os.path.exists(self.config_stage_dir)
-                    else []
-                )
-                remote_path = urllib.request.url2pathname(include_url.path)
-                basename = os.path.basename(remote_path)
-                if basename in staged_configs:
-                    # Do NOT re-stage configuration files over existing
-                    # ones with the same name since there is a risk of
-                    # losing changes (e.g., from 'spack config update').
-                    tty.warn(
-                        "Will not re-stage configuration from {0} to avoid "
-                        "losing changes to the already staged file of the "
-                        "same name.".format(remote_path)
+                # Any other URL should be fetched.
+                elif include_url.scheme in ("http", "https", "ftp"):
+                    # Stage any remote configuration file(s)
+                    staged_configs = (
+                        os.listdir(self.config_stage_dir)
+                        if os.path.exists(self.config_stage_dir)
+                        else []
                     )
-
-                    # Recognize the configuration stage directory
-                    # is flattened to ensure a single copy of each
-                    # configuration file.
-                    config_path = self.config_stage_dir
-                    if basename.endswith(".yaml"):
-                        config_path = os.path.join(config_path, basename)
-                else:
-                    staged_path = spack.config.fetch_remote_configs(
-                        config_path, str(self.config_stage_dir), skip_existing=True
-                    )
-                    if not staged_path:
-                        raise SpackEnvironmentError(
-                            "Unable to fetch remote configuration {0}".format(config_path)
+                    remote_path = urllib.request.url2pathname(include_url.path)
+                    basename = os.path.basename(remote_path)
+                    if basename in staged_configs:
+                        # Do NOT re-stage configuration files over existing
+                        # ones with the same name since there is a risk of
+                        # losing changes (e.g., from 'spack config update').
+                        tty.warn(
+                            "Will not re-stage configuration from {0} to avoid "
+                            "losing changes to the already staged file of the "
+                            "same name.".format(remote_path)
                         )
-                    config_path = staged_path
 
-            elif include_url.scheme:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"Unsupported URL scheme ({include_url.scheme}) for "
-                    f"environment include: {config_path}"
-                )
+                        # Recognize the configuration stage directory
+                        # is flattened to ensure a single copy of each
+                        # configuration file.
+                        config_path = self.config_stage_dir
+                        if basename.endswith(".yaml"):
+                            config_path = os.path.join(config_path, basename)
+                    else:
+                        staged_path = spack.config.fetch_remote_configs(
+                            config_path, str(self.config_stage_dir), skip_existing=True
+                        )
+                        if not staged_path:
+                            raise SpackEnvironmentError(
+                                "Unable to fetch remote configuration {0}".format(config_path)
+                            )
+                        config_path = staged_path
+
+                elif include_url.scheme:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Unsupported URL scheme ({include_url.scheme}) for "
+                        f"environment include: {config_path}"
+                    )
 
             # treat relative paths as relative to the environment
             if not os.path.isabs(config_path):

lib/spack/spack/fetch_strategy.py

@@ -554,7 +554,7 @@ def fetch(self):
 
         try:
             response = self._urlopen(self.url)
-        except urllib.error.URLError as e:
+        except (TimeoutError, urllib.error.URLError) as e:
             # clean up archive on failure.
             if self.archive_file:
                 os.remove(self.archive_file)

lib/spack/spack/filesystem_view.py

@@ -10,8 +10,9 @@
 import shutil
 import stat
 import sys
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Callable, Dict, Optional
 
+from llnl.string import comma_or
 from llnl.util import tty
 from llnl.util.filesystem import (
     mkdirp,
@@ -49,19 +50,20 @@
 _projections_path = ".spack/projections.yaml"
 
 
-def view_symlink(src, dst, **kwargs):
-    # keyword arguments are irrelevant
-    # here to fit required call signature
+LinkCallbackType = Callable[[str, str, "FilesystemView", Optional["spack.spec.Spec"]], None]
+
+
+def view_symlink(src: str, dst: str, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
     symlink(src, dst)
 
 
-def view_hardlink(src, dst, **kwargs):
-    # keyword arguments are irrelevant
-    # here to fit required call signature
+def view_hardlink(src: str, dst: str, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
     os.link(src, dst)
 
 
-def view_copy(src: str, dst: str, view, spec: Optional[spack.spec.Spec] = None):
+def view_copy(
+    src: str, dst: str, view: "FilesystemView", spec: Optional["spack.spec.Spec"] = None
+) -> None:
     """
     Copy a file from src to dst.
 
@@ -104,27 +106,40 @@ def view_copy(src: str, dst: str, view, spec: Optional[spack.spec.Spec] = None):
         tty.debug(f"Can't change the permissions for {dst}")
 
 
-def view_func_parser(parsed_name):
-    # What method are we using for this view
-    if parsed_name in ("hardlink", "hard"):
+#: supported string values for `link_type` in an env, mapped to canonical values
+_LINK_TYPES = {
+    "hardlink": "hardlink",
+    "hard": "hardlink",
+    "copy": "copy",
+    "relocate": "copy",
+    "add": "symlink",
+    "symlink": "symlink",
+    "soft": "symlink",
+}
+
+_VALID_LINK_TYPES = sorted(set(_LINK_TYPES.values()))
+
+
+def canonicalize_link_type(link_type: str) -> str:
+    """Return canonical"""
+    canonical = _LINK_TYPES.get(link_type)
+    if not canonical:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Invalid link type: '{link_type}. Must be one of {comma_or(_VALID_LINK_TYPES)}'"
+        )
+    return canonical
+
+
+def function_for_link_type(link_type: str) -> LinkCallbackType:
+    link_type = canonicalize_link_type(link_type)
+    if link_type == "hardlink":
         return view_hardlink
-    elif parsed_name in ("copy", "relocate"):
-        return view_copy
-    elif parsed_name in ("add", "symlink", "soft"):
+    elif link_type == "symlink":
         return view_symlink
-    else:
-        raise ValueError(f"invalid link type for view: '{parsed_name}'")
+    elif link_type == "copy":
+        return view_copy
 
-
-def inverse_view_func_parser(view_type):
-    # get string based on view type
-    if view_type is view_hardlink:
-        link_name = "hardlink"
-    elif view_type is view_copy:
-        link_name = "copy"
-    else:
-        link_name = "symlink"
-    return link_name
+    assert False, "invalid link type"  # need mypy Literal values
 
 
 class FilesystemView:
@@ -140,7 +155,16 @@ class FilesystemView:
     directory structure.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, root, layout, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        root: str,
+        layout: "spack.directory_layout.DirectoryLayout",
+        *,
+        projections: Optional[Dict] = None,
+        ignore_conflicts: bool = False,
+        verbose: bool = False,
+        link_type: str = "symlink",
+    ):
         """
         Initialize a filesystem view under the given `root` directory with
         corresponding directory `layout`.
@@ -149,15 +173,14 @@ def __init__(self, root, layout, **kwargs):
         """
         self._root = root
         self.layout = layout
+        self.projections = {} if projections is None else projections
 
-        self.projections = kwargs.get("projections", {})
-
-        self.ignore_conflicts = kwargs.get("ignore_conflicts", False)
-        self.verbose = kwargs.get("verbose", False)
+        self.ignore_conflicts = ignore_conflicts
+        self.verbose = verbose
 
         # Setup link function to include view
-        link_func = kwargs.get("link", view_symlink)
-        self.link = ft.partial(link_func, view=self)
+        self.link_type = link_type
+        self.link = ft.partial(function_for_link_type(link_type), view=self)
 
     def add_specs(self, *specs, **kwargs):
         """
@@ -255,8 +278,24 @@ class YamlFilesystemView(FilesystemView):
     Filesystem view to work with a yaml based directory layout.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, root, layout, **kwargs):
-        super().__init__(root, layout, **kwargs)
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        root: str,
+        layout: "spack.directory_layout.DirectoryLayout",
+        *,
+        projections: Optional[Dict] = None,
+        ignore_conflicts: bool = False,
+        verbose: bool = False,
+        link_type: str = "symlink",
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            root,
+            layout,
+            projections=projections,
+            ignore_conflicts=ignore_conflicts,
+            verbose=verbose,
+            link_type=link_type,
+        )
 
         # Super class gets projections from the kwargs
         # YAML specific to get projections from YAML file
@@ -638,9 +677,6 @@ class SimpleFilesystemView(FilesystemView):
     """A simple and partial implementation of FilesystemView focused on performance and immutable
     views, where specs cannot be removed after they were added."""
 
-    def __init__(self, root, layout, **kwargs):
-        super().__init__(root, layout, **kwargs)
-
     def _sanity_check_view_projection(self, specs):
         """A very common issue is that we end up with two specs of the same package, that project
         to the same prefix. We want to catch that as early as possible and give a sensible error to

lib/spack/spack/installer.py

@@ -488,6 +488,7 @@ def _process_binary_cache_tarball(
 
     with timer.measure("install"), spack.util.path.filter_padding():
         binary_distribution.extract_tarball(pkg.spec, download_result, force=False, timer=timer)
+        pkg.windows_establish_runtime_linkage()
 
         if hasattr(pkg, "_post_buildcache_install_hook"):
             pkg._post_buildcache_install_hook()

lib/spack/spack/oci/oci.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 import urllib.parse
 import urllib.request
 from http.client import HTTPResponse
-from typing import NamedTuple, Tuple
+from typing import List, NamedTuple, Tuple
 from urllib.request import Request
 
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 import spack.stage
 import spack.traverse
 import spack.util.crypto
+import spack.util.url
 
 from .image import Digest, ImageReference
 
@@ -69,6 +70,42 @@ def with_query_param(url: str, param: str, value: str) -> str:
     )
 
 
+def list_tags(ref: ImageReference, _urlopen: spack.oci.opener.MaybeOpen = None) -> List[str]:
+    """Retrieves the list of tags associated with an image, handling pagination."""
+    _urlopen = _urlopen or spack.oci.opener.urlopen
+    tags = set()
+    fetch_url = ref.tags_url()
+
+    while True:
+        # Fetch tags
+        request = Request(url=fetch_url)
+        response = _urlopen(request)
+        spack.oci.opener.ensure_status(request, response, 200)
+        tags.update(json.load(response)["tags"])
+
+        # Check for pagination
+        link_header = response.headers["Link"]
+
+        if link_header is None:
+            break
+
+        tty.debug(f"OCI tag pagination: {link_header}")
+
+        rel_next_value = spack.util.url.parse_link_rel_next(link_header)
+
+        if rel_next_value is None:
+            break
+
+        rel_next = urllib.parse.urlparse(rel_next_value)
+
+        if rel_next.scheme not in ("https", ""):
+            break
+
+        fetch_url = ref.endpoint(rel_next_value)
+
+    return sorted(tags)
+
+
 def upload_blob(
     ref: ImageReference,
     file: str,

lib/spack/spack/oci/opener.py

@@ -418,18 +418,27 @@ def ensure_status(request: urllib.request.Request, response: HTTPResponse, statu
     )
 
 
-def default_retry(f, retries: int = 3, sleep=None):
+def default_retry(f, retries: int = 5, sleep=None):
     sleep = sleep or time.sleep
 
     def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
         for i in range(retries):
             try:
                 return f(*args, **kwargs)
-            except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
+            except (urllib.error.URLError, TimeoutError) as e:
                 # Retry on internal server errors, and rate limit errors
                 # Potentially this could take into account the Retry-After header
                 # if registries support it
-                if i + 1 != retries and (500 <= e.code < 600 or e.code == 429):
+                if i + 1 != retries and (
+                    (
+                        isinstance(e, urllib.error.HTTPError)
+                        and (500 <= e.code < 600 or e.code == 429)
+                    )
+                    or (
+                        isinstance(e, urllib.error.URLError) and isinstance(e.reason, TimeoutError)
+                    )
+                    or isinstance(e, TimeoutError)
+                ):
                     # Exponential backoff
                     sleep(2**i)
                     continue

lib/spack/spack/operating_systems/mac_os.py

@@ -143,6 +143,7 @@ def __init__(self):
             "12": "monterey",
             "13": "ventura",
             "14": "sonoma",
+            "15": "sequoia",
         }
 
         version = macos_version()

lib/spack/spack/package_base.py

@@ -161,7 +161,11 @@ def windows_establish_runtime_linkage(self):
 
         Performs symlinking to incorporate rpath dependencies to Windows runtime search paths
         """
-        if sys.platform == "win32":
+        # If spec is an external, we should not be modifying its bin directory, as we would
+        # be doing in this method
+        # Spack should in general not modify things it has not installed
+        # we can reasonably expect externals to have their link interface properly established
+        if sys.platform == "win32" and not self.spec.external:
             self.win_rpath.add_library_dependent(*self.win_add_library_dependent())
             self.win_rpath.add_rpath(*self.win_add_rpath())
             self.win_rpath.establish_link()
@@ -195,10 +199,10 @@ def __init__(cls, name, bases, attr_dict):
         # assumed to be detectable
         if hasattr(cls, "executables") or hasattr(cls, "libraries"):
             # Append a tag to each detectable package, so that finding them is faster
-            if hasattr(cls, "tags"):
-                getattr(cls, "tags").append(DetectablePackageMeta.TAG)
-            else:
+            if not hasattr(cls, "tags"):
                 setattr(cls, "tags", [DetectablePackageMeta.TAG])
+            elif DetectablePackageMeta.TAG not in cls.tags:
+                cls.tags.append(DetectablePackageMeta.TAG)
 
             @classmethod
             def platform_executables(cls):
@@ -1115,10 +1119,9 @@ def _make_stage(self):
             if not link_format:
                 link_format = "build-{arch}-{hash:7}"
             stage_link = self.spec.format_path(link_format)
-            return DevelopStage(compute_stage_name(self.spec), dev_path, stage_link)
-
-        # To fetch the current version
-        source_stage = self._make_root_stage(self.fetcher)
+            source_stage = DevelopStage(compute_stage_name(self.spec), dev_path, stage_link)
+        else:
+            source_stage = self._make_root_stage(self.fetcher)
 
         # all_stages is source + resources + patches
         all_stages = StageComposite()
@@ -1240,7 +1243,7 @@ def install_test_root(self):
         """Return the install test root directory."""
         tty.warn(
             "The 'pkg.install_test_root' property is deprecated with removal "
-            "expected v0.22. Use 'install_test_root(pkg)' instead."
+            "expected v0.23. Use 'install_test_root(pkg)' instead."
         )
         return install_test_root(self)
 
@@ -1447,10 +1450,8 @@ def do_fetch(self, mirror_only=False):
             return
 
         checksum = spack.config.get("config:checksum")
-        fetch = self.stage.needs_fetching
         if (
             checksum
-            and fetch
             and (self.version not in self.versions)
             and (not isinstance(self.version, GitVersion))
         ):
@@ -1557,13 +1558,11 @@ def do_patch(self):
                 tty.debug("Patching failed last time. Restaging.")
                 self.stage.restage()
             else:
-                # develop specs/ DIYStages may have patch failures but
-                # should never be restaged
-                msg = (
-                    "A patch failure was detected in %s." % self.name
-                    + " Build errors may occur due to this."
+                # develop specs may have patch failures but should never be restaged
+                tty.warn(
+                    f"A patch failure was detected in {self.name}."
+                    " Build errors may occur due to this."
                 )
-                tty.warn(msg)
                 return
 
         # If this file exists, then we already applied all the patches.
@@ -1898,7 +1897,7 @@ def cache_extra_test_sources(self, srcs):
         """
         msg = (
             "'pkg.cache_extra_test_sources(srcs) is deprecated with removal "
-            "expected in v0.22. Use 'cache_extra_test_sources(pkg, srcs)' "
+            "expected in v0.23. Use 'cache_extra_test_sources(pkg, srcs)' "
             "instead."
         )
         warnings.warn(msg)
@@ -2446,9 +2445,18 @@ def rpath(self):
 
         # on Windows, libraries of runtime interest are typically
         # stored in the bin directory
+        # Do not include Windows system libraries in the rpath interface
+        # these libraries are handled automatically by VS/VCVARS and adding
+        # Spack derived system libs into the link path or address space of a program
+        # can result in conflicting versions, which makes Spack packages less useable
         if sys.platform == "win32":
             rpaths = [self.prefix.bin]
-            rpaths.extend(d.prefix.bin for d in deps if os.path.isdir(d.prefix.bin))
+            rpaths.extend(
+                d.prefix.bin
+                for d in deps
+                if os.path.isdir(d.prefix.bin)
+                and "windows-system" not in getattr(d.package, "tags", [])
+            )
         else:
             rpaths = [self.prefix.lib, self.prefix.lib64]
             rpaths.extend(d.prefix.lib for d in deps if os.path.isdir(d.prefix.lib))

lib/spack/spack/platforms/cray.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 import archspec.cpu
 
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
+from llnl.util.symlink import readlink
 
 import spack.target
 import spack.version
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ def craype_type_and_version(cls):
         # Take the default version from known symlink path
         default_path = os.path.join(craype_dir, "default")
         if os.path.islink(default_path):
-            version = spack.version.Version(os.readlink(default_path))
+            version = spack.version.Version(readlink(default_path))
             return (craype_type, version)
 
         # If no default version, sort available versions and return latest

lib/spack/spack/relocate.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 import llnl.util.lang
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
 from llnl.util.lang import memoized
-from llnl.util.symlink import symlink
+from llnl.util.symlink import readlink, symlink
 
 import spack.paths
 import spack.platforms
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 import spack.store
 import spack.util.elf as elf
 import spack.util.executable as executable
+import spack.util.path
 
 from .relocate_text import BinaryFilePrefixReplacer, TextFilePrefixReplacer
 
@@ -565,7 +566,7 @@ def make_link_relative(new_links, orig_links):
         orig_links (list): original links
     """
     for new_link, orig_link in zip(new_links, orig_links):
-        target = os.readlink(orig_link)
+        target = readlink(orig_link)
         relative_target = os.path.relpath(target, os.path.dirname(orig_link))
         os.unlink(new_link)
         symlink(relative_target, new_link)
@@ -613,7 +614,7 @@ def relocate_links(links, prefix_to_prefix):
     """Relocate links to a new install prefix."""
     regex = re.compile("|".join(re.escape(p) for p in prefix_to_prefix.keys()))
     for link in links:
-        old_target = os.readlink(link)
+        old_target = readlink(link)
         match = regex.match(old_target)
 
         # No match.

lib/spack/spack/repo.py

@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ def get_all_package_diffs(type, rev1="HEAD^1", rev2="HEAD"):
 
     Arguments:
 
-        type (str): String containing one or more of 'A', 'B', 'C'
+        type (str): String containing one or more of 'A', 'R', 'C'
         rev1 (str): Revision to compare against, default is 'HEAD^'
         rev2 (str): Revision to compare to rev1, default is 'HEAD'
 
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ def get_all_package_diffs(type, rev1="HEAD^1", rev2="HEAD"):
     lines = [] if not out else re.split(r"\s+", out)
     changed = set()
     for path in lines:
-        pkg_name, _, _ = path.partition(os.sep)
+        pkg_name, _, _ = path.partition("/")
         if pkg_name not in added and pkg_name not in removed:
             changed.add(pkg_name)
 

lib/spack/spack/reporters/cdash.py

@@ -58,7 +58,8 @@
 # Initialize data structures common to each phase's report.
 CDASH_PHASES = set(MAP_PHASES_TO_CDASH.values())
 CDASH_PHASES.add("update")
-
+# CDash request timeout in seconds
+SPACK_CDASH_TIMEOUT = 45
 
 CDashConfiguration = collections.namedtuple(
     "CDashConfiguration", ["upload_url", "packages", "build", "site", "buildstamp", "track"]
@@ -447,7 +448,7 @@ def upload(self, filename):
                 # By default, urllib2 only support GET and POST.
                 # CDash expects this file to be uploaded via PUT.
                 request.get_method = lambda: "PUT"
-                response = opener.open(request)
+                response = opener.open(request, timeout=SPACK_CDASH_TIMEOUT)
                 if self.current_package_name not in self.buildIds:
                     resp_value = response.read()
                     if isinstance(resp_value, bytes):

lib/spack/spack/rewiring.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 import tempfile
 from collections import OrderedDict
 
-from llnl.util.symlink import symlink
+from llnl.util.symlink import readlink, symlink
 
 import spack.binary_distribution as bindist
 import spack.error
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def _relocate_spliced_links(links, orig_prefix, new_prefix):
     in our case. This still needs to be called after the copy to destination
     because it expects the new directory structure to be in place."""
     for link in links:
-        link_target = os.readlink(os.path.join(orig_prefix, link))
+        link_target = readlink(os.path.join(orig_prefix, link))
         link_target = re.sub("^" + orig_prefix, new_prefix, link_target)
         new_link_path = os.path.join(new_prefix, link)
         os.unlink(new_link_path)

lib/spack/spack/schema/develop.py

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
             r"\w[\w-]*": {
                 "type": "object",
                 "additionalProperties": False,
+                "required": ["spec"],
                 "properties": {"spec": {"type": "string"}, "path": {"type": "string"}},
             }
         },

lib/spack/spack/schema/env.py

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
             {
                 "include": {"type": "array", "default": [], "items": {"type": "string"}},
                 "specs": spec_list_schema,
+                "include_concrete": {"type": "array", "default": [], "items": {"type": "string"}},
             },
         ),
     }

lib/spack/spack/schema/packages.py

@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@
                 "deprecatedProperties": {
                     "properties": ["version"],
                     "message": "setting version preferences in the 'all' section of packages.yaml "
-                    "is deprecated and will be removed in v0.22\n\n\tThese preferences "
+                    "is deprecated and will be removed in v0.23\n\n\tThese preferences "
                     "will be ignored by Spack. You can set them only in package-specific sections "
                     "of the same file.\n",
                     "error": False,
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@
                     "properties": ["target", "compiler", "providers"],
                     "message": "setting 'compiler:', 'target:' or 'provider:' preferences in "
                     "a package-specific section of packages.yaml is deprecated, and will be "
-                    "removed in v0.22.\n\n\tThese preferences will be ignored by Spack, and "
+                    "removed in v0.23.\n\n\tThese preferences will be ignored by Spack, and "
                     "can be set only in the 'all' section of the same file. "
                     "You can run:\n\n\t\t$ spack audit configs\n\n\tto get better diagnostics, "
                     "including files:lines where the deprecated attributes are used.\n\n"

lib/spack/spack/solver/asp.py

@@ -314,6 +314,10 @@ def using_libc_compatibility() -> bool:
     return spack.platforms.host().name == "linux"
 
 
+def c_compiler_runs(compiler: spack.compiler.Compiler) -> bool:
+    return compiler.compiler_verbose_output is not None
+
+
 def extend_flag_list(flag_list, new_flags):
     """Extend a list of flags, preserving order and precedence.
 
@@ -840,8 +844,6 @@ def solve(self, setup, specs, reuse=None, output=None, control=None, allow_depre
         parent_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
         self.control.load(os.path.join(parent_dir, "concretize.lp"))
         self.control.load(os.path.join(parent_dir, "heuristic.lp"))
-        if spack.config.CONFIG.get("concretizer:duplicates:strategy", "none") != "none":
-            self.control.load(os.path.join(parent_dir, "heuristic_separate.lp"))
         self.control.load(os.path.join(parent_dir, "display.lp"))
         if not setup.concretize_everything:
             self.control.load(os.path.join(parent_dir, "when_possible.lp"))
@@ -1431,16 +1433,14 @@ def condition(
             # caller, we won't emit partial facts.
 
             condition_id = next(self._id_counter)
-            self.gen.fact(fn.pkg_fact(required_spec.name, fn.condition(condition_id)))
-            self.gen.fact(fn.condition_reason(condition_id, msg))
-
             trigger_id = self._get_condition_id(
                 required_spec, cache=self._trigger_cache, body=True, transform=transform_required
             )
+            self.gen.fact(fn.pkg_fact(required_spec.name, fn.condition(condition_id)))
+            self.gen.fact(fn.condition_reason(condition_id, msg))
             self.gen.fact(
                 fn.pkg_fact(required_spec.name, fn.condition_trigger(condition_id, trigger_id))
             )
-
             if not imposed_spec:
                 return condition_id
 
@@ -1649,11 +1649,15 @@ def external_packages(self):
         if isinstance(reuse_yaml, typing.Mapping):
             default_include = reuse_yaml.get("include", [])
             default_exclude = reuse_yaml.get("exclude", [])
+            libc_externals = list(all_libcs())
             for source in reuse_yaml.get("from", []):
                 if source["type"] != "external":
                     continue
 
                 include = source.get("include", default_include)
+                if include:
+                    # Since libcs are implicit externals, we need to implicitly include them
+                    include = include + libc_externals
                 exclude = source.get("exclude", default_exclude)
                 spec_filters.append(
                     SpecFilter(
@@ -1685,19 +1689,43 @@ def external_packages(self):
                 spack.spec.parse_with_version_concrete(x["spec"]) for x in externals
             ]
 
-            external_specs = []
+            selected_externals = set()
             if spec_filters:
                 for current_filter in spec_filters:
                     current_filter.factory = lambda: candidate_specs
-                    external_specs.extend(current_filter.selected_specs())
-            else:
-                external_specs.extend(candidate_specs)
+                    selected_externals.update(current_filter.selected_specs())
+
+            # Emit facts for externals specs. Note that "local_idx" is the index of the spec
+            # in packages:<pkg_name>:externals. This means:
+            #
+            # packages:<pkg_name>:externals[local_idx].spec == spec
+            external_versions = []
+            for local_idx, spec in enumerate(candidate_specs):
+                msg = f"{spec.name} available as external when satisfying {spec}"
+
+                if spec_filters and spec not in selected_externals:
+                    continue
+
+                if not spec.versions.concrete:
+                    warnings.warn(f"cannot use the external spec {spec}: needs a concrete version")
+                    continue
+
+                def external_imposition(input_spec, requirements):
+                    return requirements + [
+                        fn.attr("external_conditions_hold", input_spec.name, local_idx)
+                    ]
+
+                try:
+                    self.condition(spec, spec, msg=msg, transform_imposed=external_imposition)
+                except (spack.error.SpecError, RuntimeError) as e:
+                    warnings.warn(f"while setting up external spec {spec}: {e}")
+                    continue
+                external_versions.append((spec.version, local_idx))
+                self.possible_versions[spec.name].add(spec.version)
+                self.gen.newline()
 
             # Order the external versions to prefer more recent versions
             # even if specs in packages.yaml are not ordered that way
-            external_versions = [
-                (x.version, external_id) for external_id, x in enumerate(external_specs)
-            ]
             external_versions = [
                 (v, idx, external_id)
                 for idx, (v, external_id) in enumerate(sorted(external_versions, reverse=True))
@@ -1707,19 +1735,6 @@ def external_packages(self):
                     DeclaredVersion(version=version, idx=idx, origin=Provenance.EXTERNAL)
                 )
 
-            # Declare external conditions with a local index into packages.yaml
-            for local_idx, spec in enumerate(external_specs):
-                msg = "%s available as external when satisfying %s" % (spec.name, spec)
-
-                def external_imposition(input_spec, requirements):
-                    return requirements + [
-                        fn.attr("external_conditions_hold", input_spec.name, local_idx)
-                    ]
-
-                self.condition(spec, spec, msg=msg, transform_imposed=external_imposition)
-                self.possible_versions[spec.name].add(spec.version)
-                self.gen.newline()
-
             self.trigger_rules()
             self.effect_rules()
 
@@ -1872,11 +1887,8 @@ def _spec_clauses(
                             )
 
                 clauses.append(f.variant_value(spec.name, vname, value))
-
                 if variant.propagate:
-                    clauses.append(
-                        f.variant_propagation_candidate(spec.name, vname, value, spec.name)
-                    )
+                    clauses.append(f.propagate(spec.name, fn.variant_value(vname, value)))
 
                 # Tell the concretizer that this is a possible value for the
                 # variant, to account for things like int/str values where we
@@ -1931,6 +1943,11 @@ def _spec_clauses(
             for virtual in virtuals:
                 clauses.append(fn.attr("virtual_on_incoming_edges", spec.name, virtual))
 
+        # If the spec is external and concrete, we allow all the libcs on the system
+        if spec.external and spec.concrete and using_libc_compatibility():
+            for libc in self.libcs:
+                clauses.append(fn.attr("compatible_libc", spec.name, libc.name, libc.version))
+
         # add all clauses from dependencies
         if transitive:
             # TODO: Eventually distinguish 2 deps on the same pkg (build and link)
@@ -2726,7 +2743,7 @@ class _Head:
     node_flag = fn.attr("node_flag_set")
     node_flag_source = fn.attr("node_flag_source")
     node_flag_propagate = fn.attr("node_flag_propagate")
-    variant_propagation_candidate = fn.attr("variant_propagation_candidate")
+    propagate = fn.attr("propagate")
 
 
 class _Body:
@@ -2743,7 +2760,7 @@ class _Body:
     node_flag = fn.attr("node_flag")
     node_flag_source = fn.attr("node_flag_source")
     node_flag_propagate = fn.attr("node_flag_propagate")
-    variant_propagation_candidate = fn.attr("variant_propagation_candidate")
+    propagate = fn.attr("propagate")
 
 
 class ProblemInstanceBuilder:
@@ -2971,6 +2988,13 @@ class CompilerParser:
     def __init__(self, configuration) -> None:
         self.compilers: Set[KnownCompiler] = set()
         for c in all_compilers_in_config(configuration):
+            if using_libc_compatibility() and not c_compiler_runs(c):
+                tty.debug(
+                    f"the C compiler {c.cc} does not exist, or does not run correctly."
+                    f" The compiler {c.spec} will not be used during concretization."
+                )
+                continue
+
             if using_libc_compatibility() and not c.default_libc:
                 warnings.warn(
                     f"cannot detect libc from {c.spec}. The compiler will not be used "
@@ -3210,6 +3234,39 @@ def requires(self, impose: str, *, when: str):
         self.runtime_conditions.add((imposed_spec, when_spec))
         self.reset()
 
+    def propagate(self, constraint_str: str, *, when: str):
+        msg = "the 'propagate' method can be called only with pkg('*')"
+        assert self.current_package == "*", msg
+
+        when_spec = spack.spec.Spec(when)
+        assert when_spec.name is None, "only anonymous when specs are accepted"
+
+        placeholder = "XXX"
+        node_variable = "node(ID, Package)"
+        when_spec.name = placeholder
+
+        body_clauses = self._setup.spec_clauses(when_spec, body=True)
+        body_str = (
+            f"  {f',{os.linesep}  '.join(str(x) for x in body_clauses)},\n"
+            f"  not external({node_variable}),\n"
+            f"  not runtime(Package)"
+        ).replace(f'"{placeholder}"', f"{node_variable}")
+
+        constraint_spec = spack.spec.Spec(constraint_str)
+        assert constraint_spec.name is None, "only anonymous constraint specs are accepted"
+
+        constraint_spec.name = placeholder
+        constraint_clauses = self._setup.spec_clauses(constraint_spec, body=False)
+        for clause in constraint_clauses:
+            if clause.args[0] == "node_compiler_version_satisfies":
+                self._setup.compiler_version_constraints.add(constraint_spec.compiler)
+                args = f'"{constraint_spec.compiler.name}", "{constraint_spec.compiler.versions}"'
+                head_str = f"propagate({node_variable}, node_compiler_version_satisfies({args}))"
+                rule = f"{head_str} :-\n{body_str}.\n\n"
+                self.rules.append(rule)
+
+        self.reset()
+
     def consume_facts(self):
         """Consume the facts collected by this object, and emits rules and
         facts for the runtimes.

lib/spack/spack/solver/concretize.lp

@@ -811,37 +811,6 @@ node_has_variant(node(ID, Package), Variant) :-
   pkg_fact(Package, variant(Variant)),
   attr("node", node(ID, Package)).
 
-% Variant propagation is forwarded to dependencies
-attr("variant_propagation_candidate", PackageNode, Variant, Value, Source) :-
-  attr("node", PackageNode),
-  depends_on(ParentNode, PackageNode),
-  attr("variant_value", node(_, Source), Variant, Value),
-  attr("variant_propagation_candidate", ParentNode, Variant, _, Source).
-
-% If the node is a candidate, and it has the variant and value,
-% then those variant and value should be propagated
-attr("variant_propagate", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value, Source) :-
-  attr("variant_propagation_candidate", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value, Source),
-  node_has_variant(node(ID, Package), Variant),
-  pkg_fact(Package, variant_possible_value(Variant, Value)),
-  not attr("variant_set", node(ID, Package), Variant).
-
-% Propagate the value, if there is the corresponding attribute
-attr("variant_value", PackageNode, Variant, Value) :- attr("variant_propagate", PackageNode, Variant, Value, _).
-
-% If a variant is propagated, we cannot have extraneous values (this is for multi valued variants)
-variant_is_propagated(PackageNode, Variant) :- attr("variant_propagate", PackageNode, Variant, _, _).
-:- variant_is_propagated(PackageNode, Variant),
-   attr("variant_value", PackageNode, Variant, Value),
-   not attr("variant_propagate", PackageNode, Variant, Value, _).
-
-% Cannot receive different values from different sources on the same variant
-error(100, "{0} and {1} cannot both propagate variant '{2}' to package {3} with values '{4}' and '{5}'", Source1, Source2, Variant, Package, Value1, Value2) :-
-  attr("variant_propagate", node(X, Package), Variant, Value1, Source1),
-  attr("variant_propagate", node(X, Package), Variant, Value2, Source2),
-  node_has_variant(node(X, Package), Variant),
-  Value1 < Value2, Source1 < Source2.
-
 % a variant cannot be set if it is not a variant on the package
 error(100, "Cannot set variant '{0}' for package '{1}' because the variant condition cannot be satisfied for the given spec", Variant, Package)
   :- attr("variant_set", node(X, Package), Variant),
@@ -919,7 +888,7 @@ variant_not_default(node(ID, Package), Variant, Value)
     % variants set explicitly on the CLI don't count as non-default
     not attr("variant_set", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value),
     % variant values forced by propagation don't count as non-default
-    not attr("variant_propagate", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value, _),
+    not propagate(node(ID, Package), variant_value(Variant, Value)),
     % variants set on externals that we could use don't count as non-default
     % this makes spack prefer to use an external over rebuilding with the
     % default configuration
@@ -932,7 +901,7 @@ variant_default_not_used(node(ID, Package), Variant, Value)
   :- variant_default_value(Package, Variant, Value),
      node_has_variant(node(ID, Package), Variant),
      not attr("variant_value", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value),
-     not attr("variant_propagate", node(ID, Package), Variant, _, _),
+     not propagate(node(ID, Package), variant_value(Variant, _)),
      attr("node", node(ID, Package)).
 
 % The variant is set in an external spec
@@ -989,6 +958,67 @@ pkg_fact(Package, variant_single_value("dev_path"))
 #defined variant_default_value/3.
 #defined variant_default_value_from_packages_yaml/3.
 
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+% Propagation semantics
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+% Propagation roots have a corresponding attr("propagate", ...)
+propagate(RootNode, PropagatedAttribute) :- attr("propagate", RootNode, PropagatedAttribute).
+
+% Propagate an attribute along edges to child nodes
+propagate(ChildNode, PropagatedAttribute) :-
+  propagate(ParentNode, PropagatedAttribute),
+  depends_on(ParentNode, ChildNode).
+
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+% Activation of propagated values
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+%----
+% Variants
+%----
+
+% If a variant is propagated, and can be accepted, set its value
+attr("variant_value", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value) :-
+  propagate(node(ID, Package), variant_value(Variant, Value)),
+  node_has_variant(node(ID, Package), Variant),
+  pkg_fact(Package, variant_possible_value(Variant, Value)),
+  not attr("variant_set", node(ID, Package), Variant).
+
+% If a variant is propagated, we cannot have extraneous values
+variant_is_propagated(PackageNode, Variant) :-
+  attr("variant_value", PackageNode, Variant, Value),
+  propagate(PackageNode, variant_value(Variant, Value)),
+  not attr("variant_set", PackageNode, Variant).
+
+:- variant_is_propagated(PackageNode, Variant),
+   attr("variant_value", PackageNode, Variant, Value),
+   not propagate(PackageNode, variant_value(Variant, Value)).
+
+%----
+% Compiler constraints
+%----
+
+attr("node_compiler_version_satisfies", node(ID, Package), Compiler, Version) :-
+  propagate(node(ID, Package), node_compiler_version_satisfies(Compiler, Version)),
+  node_compiler(node(ID, Package), CompilerID),
+  compiler_name(CompilerID, Compiler),
+  not runtime(Package),
+  not external(Package).
+
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+% Runtimes
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+% Check whether the DAG has any built package
+has_built_packages() :- build(X), not external(X).
+
+% If we build packages, the runtime nodes must use an available compiler
+1 { node_compiler(PackageNode, CompilerID) : build(PackageNode), not external(PackageNode) } :-
+  has_built_packages(),
+  runtime(RuntimePackage),
+  node_compiler(node(_, RuntimePackage), CompilerID).
+
 %-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 % Platform semantics
 %-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1090,10 +1120,18 @@ attr("node_target", PackageNode, Target)
  :- attr("node", PackageNode), attr("node_target_set", PackageNode, Target).
 
 % each node has the weight of its assigned target
-node_target_weight(node(ID, Package), Weight)
- :- attr("node", node(ID, Package)),
-    attr("node_target", node(ID, Package), Target),
-    target_weight(Target, Weight).
+target_weight(Target, 0)
+ :- attr("node", PackageNode),
+    attr("node_target", PackageNode, Target),
+    attr("node_target_set", PackageNode, Target).
+
+node_target_weight(PackageNode, MinWeight)
+ :- attr("node", PackageNode),
+    attr("node_target", PackageNode, Target),
+    target(Target),
+    MinWeight = #min { Weight : target_weight(Target, Weight) }.
+
+:- attr("node_target", PackageNode, Target), not node_target_weight(PackageNode, _).
 
 % compatibility rules for targets among nodes
 node_target_match(ParentNode, DependencyNode)
@@ -1155,12 +1193,12 @@ error(10, "No valid compiler for {0} satisfies '%{1}'", Package, Compiler)
 
 % If the compiler of a node must satisfy a constraint, then its version
 % must be chosen among the ones that satisfy said constraint
-error(100, "No valid version for '{0}' compiler '{1}' satisfies '@{2}'", Package, Compiler, Constraint)
+error(100, "Package {0} cannot satisfy '%{1}@{2}'", Package, Compiler, Constraint)
   :- attr("node", node(X, Package)),
      attr("node_compiler_version_satisfies", node(X, Package), Compiler, Constraint),
-		 not compiler_version_satisfies(Compiler, Constraint, _).
+	 not compiler_version_satisfies(Compiler, Constraint, _).
 
-error(100, "No valid version for '{0}' compiler '{1}' satisfies '@{2}'", Package, Compiler, Constraint)
+error(100, "Package {0} cannot satisfy '%{1}@{2}'", Package, Compiler, Constraint)
   :- attr("node", node(X, Package)),
      attr("node_compiler_version_satisfies", node(X, Package), Compiler, Constraint),
      not compiler_version_satisfies(Compiler, Constraint, ID),
@@ -1345,8 +1383,10 @@ build(PackageNode) :- not attr("hash", PackageNode, _), attr("node", PackageNode
 % topmost-priority criterion to reuse what is installed.
 %
 % The priority ranges are:
-%   200+        Shifted priorities for build nodes; correspond to priorities 0 - 99.
-%   100 - 199   Unshifted priorities. Currently only includes minimizing #builds.
+%   1000+       Optimizations for concretization errors
+%   300 - 1000  Highest priority optimizations for valid solutions
+%   200 - 299   Shifted priorities for build nodes; correspond to priorities 0 - 99.
+%   100 - 199   Unshifted priorities. Currently only includes minimizing #builds and minimizing dupes.
 %   0   -  99   Priorities for non-built nodes.
 build_priority(PackageNode, 200) :- build(PackageNode), attr("node", PackageNode).
 build_priority(PackageNode, 0)   :- not build(PackageNode), attr("node", PackageNode).
@@ -1394,6 +1434,16 @@ build_priority(PackageNode, 0)   :- not build(PackageNode), attr("node", Package
 %   2. a `#minimize{ 0@2 : #true }.` statement that ensures the criterion
 %      is displayed (clingo doesn't display sums over empty sets by default)
 
+% A condition group specifies one or more specs that must be satisfied.
+% Specs declared first are preferred, so we assign increasing weights and
+% minimize the weights.
+opt_criterion(310, "requirement weight").
+#minimize{ 0@310: #true }.
+#minimize {
+    Weight@310,PackageNode,Group
+    : requirement_weight(PackageNode, Group, Weight)
+}.
+
 % Try hard to reuse installed packages (i.e., minimize the number built)
 opt_criterion(110, "number of packages to build (vs. reuse)").
 #minimize { 0@110: #true }.
@@ -1405,18 +1455,6 @@ opt_criterion(100, "number of nodes from the same package").
 #minimize { ID@100,Package : attr("virtual_node", node(ID, Package)) }.
 #defined optimize_for_reuse/0.
 
-% A condition group specifies one or more specs that must be satisfied.
-% Specs declared first are preferred, so we assign increasing weights and
-% minimize the weights.
-opt_criterion(75, "requirement weight").
-#minimize{ 0@275: #true }.
-#minimize{ 0@75: #true }.
-#minimize {
-    Weight@75+Priority,PackageNode,Group
-    : requirement_weight(PackageNode, Group, Weight),
-      build_priority(PackageNode, Priority)
-}.
-
 % Minimize the number of deprecated versions being used
 opt_criterion(73, "deprecated versions used").
 #minimize{ 0@273: #true }.
@@ -1424,6 +1462,7 @@ opt_criterion(73, "deprecated versions used").
 #minimize{
     1@73+Priority,PackageNode
     : attr("deprecated", PackageNode, _),
+      not external(PackageNode),
       build_priority(PackageNode, Priority)
 }.
 
@@ -1431,11 +1470,11 @@ opt_criterion(73, "deprecated versions used").
 % 1. Version weight
 % 2. Number of variants with a non default value, if not set
 % for the root package.
-opt_criterion(70, "version weight").
+opt_criterion(70, "version badness (roots)").
 #minimize{ 0@270: #true }.
 #minimize{ 0@70: #true }.
 #minimize {
-    Weight@70+Priority
+    Weight@70+Priority,PackageNode
     : attr("root", PackageNode),
       version_weight(PackageNode, Weight),
       build_priority(PackageNode, Priority)
@@ -1495,7 +1534,7 @@ opt_criterion(45, "preferred providers (non-roots)").
 }.
 
 % Try to minimize the number of compiler mismatches in the DAG.
-opt_criterion(40, "compiler mismatches that are not from CLI").
+opt_criterion(40, "compiler mismatches that are not required").
 #minimize{ 0@240: #true }.
 #minimize{ 0@40: #true }.
 #minimize{
@@ -1505,7 +1544,7 @@ opt_criterion(40, "compiler mismatches that are not from CLI").
       not runtime(Dependency)
 }.
 
-opt_criterion(39, "compiler mismatches that are not from CLI").
+opt_criterion(39, "compiler mismatches that are required").
 #minimize{ 0@239: #true }.
 #minimize{ 0@39: #true }.
 #minimize{
@@ -1525,13 +1564,14 @@ opt_criterion(30, "non-preferred OS's").
 }.
 
 % Choose more recent versions for nodes
-opt_criterion(25, "version badness").
+opt_criterion(25, "version badness (non roots)").
 #minimize{ 0@225: #true }.
 #minimize{ 0@25: #true }.
 #minimize{
     Weight@25+Priority,node(X, Package)
     : version_weight(node(X, Package), Weight),
       build_priority(node(X, Package), Priority),
+      not attr("root", node(X, Package)),
       not runtime(Package)
 }.
 

lib/spack/spack/solver/heuristic.lp

@@ -4,21 +4,35 @@
 % SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 
 %=============================================================================
-% Heuristic to speed-up solves (node with ID 0)
+% Heuristic to speed-up solves
 %=============================================================================
 
+% No duplicates by default (most of them will be true)
+#heuristic attr("node",         node(PackageID, Package)). [100, init]
+#heuristic attr("node",         node(PackageID, Package)). [  2, factor]
+#heuristic attr("virtual_node", node(VirtualID, Virtual)). [100, init]
+#heuristic attr("node",         node(1..X-1, Package)) : max_dupes(Package, X), not virtual(Package), X > 1. [-1, sign]
+#heuristic attr("virtual_node", node(1..X-1, Package)) : max_dupes(Package, X), virtual(Package)    , X > 1. [-1, sign]
 
-%-----------------
-% Domain heuristic
-%-----------------
+% Pick preferred version
+#heuristic attr("version", node(PackageID, Package), Version) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, Weight)), attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)).             [40, init]
+#heuristic version_weight(node(PackageID, Package), 0)        : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, 0     )), attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)).             [ 1, sign]
+#heuristic attr("version", node(PackageID, Package), Version) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, 0     )), attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)).             [ 1, sign]
+#heuristic attr("version", node(PackageID, Package), Version) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, Weight)), attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)), Weight > 0. [-1, sign]
 
-% Root node
-#heuristic attr("version", node(0, Package), Version) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, 0)), attr("root", node(0, Package)). [35, true]
-#heuristic version_weight(node(0, Package), 0) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, 0)), attr("root", node(0, Package)). [35, true]
-#heuristic attr("variant_value", node(0, Package), Variant, Value) : variant_default_value(Package, Variant, Value), attr("root", node(0, Package)). [35, true]
-#heuristic attr("node_target", node(0, Package), Target) : target_weight(Target, 0), attr("root", node(0, Package)). [35, true]
-#heuristic node_target_weight(node(0, Package), 0) : attr("root", node(0, Package)). [35, true]
-#heuristic node_compiler(node(0, Package), CompilerID) : compiler_weight(ID, 0), compiler_id(ID), attr("root", node(0, Package)). [35, true]
+% Use default variants
+#heuristic attr("variant_value", node(PackageID, Package), Variant, Value) : variant_default_value(Package, Variant, Value),     attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)). [40, true]
+#heuristic attr("variant_value", node(PackageID, Package), Variant, Value) : not variant_default_value(Package, Variant, Value), attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)). [40, false]
 
-% Providers
-#heuristic attr("node", node(0, Package)) : default_provider_preference(Virtual, Package, 0), possible_in_link_run(Package). [30, true]
+% Use default operating system and platform
+#heuristic attr("node_os", node(PackageID, Package), OS) : os(OS, 0), attr("root", node(PackageID, Package)). [40, true]
+#heuristic attr("node_platform", node(PackageID, Package), Platform) : allowed_platform(Platform), attr("root", node(PackageID, Package)). [40, true]
+
+% Use default targets
+#heuristic attr("node_target", node(PackageID, Package), Target) : target_weight(Target, Weight), attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)). [30, init]
+#heuristic attr("node_target", node(PackageID, Package), Target) : target_weight(Target, Weight), attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)). [ 2, factor]
+#heuristic attr("node_target", node(PackageID, Package), Target) : target_weight(Target,      0), attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)). [ 1, sign]
+#heuristic attr("node_target", node(PackageID, Package), Target) : target_weight(Target, Weight), attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)), Weight > 0. [-1, sign]
+
+% Use the default compilers
+#heuristic node_compiler(node(PackageID, Package), ID) : compiler_weight(ID, 0), compiler_id(ID), attr("node", node(PackageID, Package)). [30, init]

lib/spack/spack/solver/heuristic_separate.lp

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-% Copyright 2013-2024 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
-% Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
-%
-% SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-
-%=============================================================================
-% Heuristic to speed-up solves (node with ID > 0)
-%=============================================================================
-
-% node(ID, _)
-#heuristic attr("version", node(ID, Package), Version) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, 0)), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), ID > 0. [25-5*ID, true]
-#heuristic version_weight(node(ID, Package), 0) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, 0)), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), ID > 0. [25-5*ID, true]
-#heuristic attr("variant_value", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value) : variant_default_value(Package, Variant, Value), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), ID > 0. [25-5*ID, true]
-#heuristic attr("node_target", node(ID, Package), Target) : pkg_fact(Package, target_weight(Target, 0)), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), ID > 0. [25-5*ID, true]
-#heuristic node_target_weight(node(ID, Package), 0) : attr("node", node(ID, Package)), ID > 0. [25-5*ID, true]
-#heuristic node_compiler(node(ID, Package), CompilerID) : compiler_weight(CompilerID, 0), compiler_id(CompilerID), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), ID > 0. [25-5*ID, true]
-
-% node(ID, _), split build dependencies
-#heuristic attr("version", node(ID, Package), Version) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, 0)), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), multiple_unification_sets(Package), ID > 0. [25, true]
-#heuristic version_weight(node(ID, Package), 0) : pkg_fact(Package, version_declared(Version, 0)), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), multiple_unification_sets(Package), ID > 0. [25, true]
-#heuristic attr("variant_value", node(ID, Package), Variant, Value) : variant_default_value(Package, Variant, Value), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), multiple_unification_sets(Package), ID > 0. [25, true]
-#heuristic attr("node_target", node(ID, Package), Target) : pkg_fact(Package, target_weight(Target, 0)), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), multiple_unification_sets(Package), ID > 0. [25, true]
-#heuristic node_target_weight(node(ID, Package), 0) : attr("node", node(ID, Package)), multiple_unification_sets(Package), ID > 0. [25, true]
-#heuristic node_compiler(node(ID, Package), CompilerID) : compiler_weight(CompilerID, 0), compiler_id(CompilerID), attr("node", node(ID, Package)), multiple_unification_sets(Package), ID > 0. [25, true]

lib/spack/spack/solver/libc_compatibility.lp

@@ -10,15 +10,13 @@
 %=============================================================================
 
 % A package cannot be reused if the libc is not compatible with it
-:- provider(node(X, LibcPackage), node(0, "libc")),
-   attr("version", node(X, LibcPackage), LibcVersion),
-   attr("hash", node(R, ReusedPackage), Hash),
-   % Libc packages can be reused without the "compatible_libc" attribute
-   ReusedPackage != LibcPackage,
-   not attr("compatible_libc", node(R, ReusedPackage), LibcPackage, LibcVersion).
-
-% Check whether the DAG has any built package
-has_built_packages() :- build(X), not external(X).
+error(100, "Cannot reuse {0} since we cannot determine libc compatibility", ReusedPackage)
+  :- provider(node(X, LibcPackage), node(0, "libc")),
+     attr("version", node(X, LibcPackage), LibcVersion),
+     attr("hash", node(R, ReusedPackage), Hash),
+     % Libc packages can be reused without the "compatible_libc" attribute
+     ReusedPackage != LibcPackage,
+     not attr("compatible_libc", node(R, ReusedPackage), LibcPackage, LibcVersion).
 
 % A libc is needed in the DAG
 :- has_built_packages(), not provider(_, node(0, "libc")).

lib/spack/spack/solver/os_compatibility.lp

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 %=============================================================================
 
 % macOS
+os_compatible("sequoia", "sonoma").
 os_compatible("sonoma", "ventura").
 os_compatible("ventura", "monterey").
 os_compatible("monterey", "bigsur").

lib/spack/spack/spec.py

@@ -4164,29 +4164,21 @@ def __getitem__(self, name: str):
             csv = query_parameters.pop().strip()
             query_parameters = re.split(r"\s*,\s*", csv)
 
-        # In some cases a package appears multiple times in the same DAG for *distinct*
-        # specs. For example, a build-type dependency may itself depend on a package
-        # the current spec depends on, but their specs may differ. Therefore we iterate
-        # in an order here that prioritizes the build, test and runtime dependencies;
-        # only when we don't find the package do we consider the full DAG.
         order = lambda: itertools.chain(
-            self.traverse(deptype="link"),
-            self.dependencies(deptype=dt.BUILD | dt.RUN | dt.TEST),
-            self.traverse(),  # fall back to a full search
+            self.traverse_edges(deptype=dt.LINK, order="breadth", cover="edges"),
+            self.edges_to_dependencies(depflag=dt.BUILD | dt.RUN | dt.TEST),
+            self.traverse_edges(deptype=dt.ALL, order="breadth", cover="edges"),
         )
 
+        # Consider runtime dependencies and direct build/test deps before transitive dependencies,
+        # and prefer matches closest to the root.
         try:
             child: Spec = next(
-                itertools.chain(
-                    # Regular specs
-                    (x for x in order() if x.name == name),
-                    (
-                        x
-                        for x in order()
-                        if (not x.virtual)
-                        and any(name in edge.virtuals for edge in x.edges_from_dependents())
-                    ),
-                    (x for x in order() if (not x.virtual) and x.package.provides(name)),
+                e.spec
+                for e in itertools.chain(
+                    (e for e in order() if e.spec.name == name or name in e.virtuals),
+                    # for historical reasons
+                    (e for e in order() if e.spec.concrete and e.spec.package.provides(name)),
                 )
             )
         except StopIteration:
@@ -4428,9 +4420,12 @@ def format_attribute(match_object: Match) -> str:
                 if part.startswith("_"):
                     raise SpecFormatStringError("Attempted to format private attribute")
                 else:
-                    if part == "variants" and isinstance(current, vt.VariantMap):
+                    if isinstance(current, vt.VariantMap):
                         # subscript instead of getattr for variant names
-                        current = current[part]
+                        try:
+                            current = current[part]
+                        except KeyError:
+                            raise SpecFormatStringError(f"Variant '{part}' does not exist")
                     else:
                         # aliases
                         if part == "arch":

lib/spack/spack/stage.py

@@ -346,8 +346,6 @@ class Stage(LockableStagingDir):
     similar, and are intended to persist for only one run of spack.
     """
 
-    #: Most staging is managed by Spack. DIYStage is one exception.
-    needs_fetching = True
     requires_patch_success = True
 
     def __init__(
@@ -772,8 +770,6 @@ def __init__(self):
                 "cache_mirror",
                 "steal_source",
                 "disable_mirrors",
-                "needs_fetching",
-                "requires_patch_success",
             ]
         )
 
@@ -812,6 +808,10 @@ def path(self):
     def archive_file(self):
         return self[0].archive_file
 
+    @property
+    def requires_patch_success(self):
+        return self[0].requires_patch_success
+
     @property
     def keep(self):
         return self[0].keep
@@ -822,64 +822,7 @@ def keep(self, value):
             item.keep = value
 
 
-class DIYStage:
-    """
-    Simple class that allows any directory to be a spack stage.  Consequently,
-    it does not expect or require that the source path adhere to the standard
-    directory naming convention.
-    """
-
-    needs_fetching = False
-    requires_patch_success = False
-
-    def __init__(self, path):
-        if path is None:
-            raise ValueError("Cannot construct DIYStage without a path.")
-        elif not os.path.isdir(path):
-            raise StagePathError("The stage path directory does not exist:", path)
-
-        self.archive_file = None
-        self.path = path
-        self.source_path = path
-        self.created = True
-
-    # DIY stages do nothing as context managers.
-    def __enter__(self):
-        pass
-
-    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
-        pass
-
-    def fetch(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        tty.debug("No need to fetch for DIY.")
-
-    def check(self):
-        tty.debug("No checksum needed for DIY.")
-
-    def expand_archive(self):
-        tty.debug("Using source directory: {0}".format(self.source_path))
-
-    @property
-    def expanded(self):
-        """Returns True since the source_path must exist."""
-        return True
-
-    def restage(self):
-        raise RestageError("Cannot restage a DIY stage.")
-
-    def create(self):
-        self.created = True
-
-    def destroy(self):
-        # No need to destroy DIY stage.
-        pass
-
-    def cache_local(self):
-        tty.debug("Sources for DIY stages are not cached")
-
-
 class DevelopStage(LockableStagingDir):
-    needs_fetching = False
     requires_patch_success = False
 
     def __init__(self, name, dev_path, reference_link):

lib/spack/spack/store.py

@@ -371,7 +371,6 @@ def use_store(
         data.update(extra_data)
 
     # Swap the store with the one just constructed and return it
-    ensure_singleton_created()
     spack.config.CONFIG.push_scope(
         spack.config.InternalConfigScope(name=scope_name, data={"config": {"install_tree": data}})
     )

lib/spack/spack/test/architecture.py

@@ -218,10 +218,12 @@ def test_satisfy_strict_constraint_when_not_concrete(architecture_tuple, constra
     str(archspec.cpu.host().family) != "x86_64", reason="tests are for x86_64 uarch ranges"
 )
 def test_concretize_target_ranges(root_target_range, dep_target_range, result, monkeypatch):
-    spec = Spec(f"a %gcc@10 foobar=bar target={root_target_range} ^b target={dep_target_range}")
+    spec = Spec(
+        f"pkg-a %gcc@10 foobar=bar target={root_target_range} ^pkg-b target={dep_target_range}"
+    )
     with spack.concretize.disable_compiler_existence_check():
         spec.concretize()
-    assert spec.target == spec["b"].target == result
+    assert spec.target == spec["pkg-b"].target == result
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(

lib/spack/spack/test/bindist.py

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 import archspec.cpu
 
 from llnl.util.filesystem import join_path, visit_directory_tree
+from llnl.util.symlink import readlink
 
 import spack.binary_distribution as bindist
 import spack.caches
@@ -1062,10 +1063,10 @@ def test_tarball_common_prefix(dummy_prefix, tmpdir):
         assert set(os.listdir(os.path.join("prefix2", "share"))) == {"file"}
 
         # Relative symlink should still be correct
-        assert os.readlink(os.path.join("prefix2", "bin", "relative_app_link")) == "app"
+        assert readlink(os.path.join("prefix2", "bin", "relative_app_link")) == "app"
 
         # Absolute symlink should remain absolute -- this is for relocation to fix up.
-        assert os.readlink(os.path.join("prefix2", "bin", "absolute_app_link")) == os.path.join(
+        assert readlink(os.path.join("prefix2", "bin", "absolute_app_link")) == os.path.join(
             dummy_prefix, "bin", "app"
         )
 

lib/spack/spack/test/bootstrap.py

@@ -228,3 +228,25 @@ def test_source_is_disabled(mutable_config):
     spack.config.add("bootstrap:trusted:{0}:{1}".format(conf["name"], False))
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
         spack.bootstrap.core.source_is_enabled_or_raise(conf)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.regression("45247")
+def test_use_store_does_not_try_writing_outside_root(tmp_path, monkeypatch, mutable_config):
+    """Tests that when we use the 'use_store' context manager, there is no attempt at creating
+    a Store outside the given root.
+    """
+    initial_store = mutable_config.get("config:install_tree:root")
+    user_store = tmp_path / "store"
+
+    fn = spack.store.Store.__init__
+
+    def _checked_init(self, root, *args, **kwargs):
+        fn(self, root, *args, **kwargs)
+        assert self.root == str(user_store)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(spack.store.Store, "__init__", _checked_init)
+
+    spack.store.reinitialize()
+    with spack.store.use_store(user_store):
+        assert spack.config.CONFIG.get("config:install_tree:root") == str(user_store)
+    assert spack.config.CONFIG.get("config:install_tree:root") == initial_store

lib/spack/spack/test/build_environment.py

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 import spack.build_environment
 import spack.config
+import spack.deptypes as dt
 import spack.package_base
 import spack.spec
 import spack.util.spack_yaml as syaml
@@ -456,14 +457,14 @@ def test_parallel_false_is_not_propagating(default_mock_concretization):
     # a foobar=bar (parallel = False)
     # |
     # b (parallel =True)
-    s = default_mock_concretization("a foobar=bar")
+    s = default_mock_concretization("pkg-a foobar=bar")
 
     spack.build_environment.set_package_py_globals(s.package, context=Context.BUILD)
-    assert s["a"].package.module.make_jobs == 1
+    assert s["pkg-a"].package.module.make_jobs == 1
 
-    spack.build_environment.set_package_py_globals(s["b"].package, context=Context.BUILD)
-    assert s["b"].package.module.make_jobs == spack.build_environment.determine_number_of_jobs(
-        parallel=s["b"].package.parallel
+    spack.build_environment.set_package_py_globals(s["pkg-b"].package, context=Context.BUILD)
+    assert s["pkg-b"].package.module.make_jobs == spack.build_environment.determine_number_of_jobs(
+        parallel=s["pkg-b"].package.parallel
     )
 
 
@@ -559,7 +560,7 @@ def test_dirty_disable_module_unload(config, mock_packages, working_env, mock_mo
     """Test that on CRAY platform 'module unload' is not called if the 'dirty'
     option is on.
     """
-    s = spack.spec.Spec("a").concretized()
+    s = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a").concretized()
 
     # If called with "dirty" we don't unload modules, so no calls to the
     # `module` function on Cray
@@ -716,3 +717,21 @@ def test_build_system_globals_only_set_on_root_during_build(default_mock_concret
     for depth, spec in root.traverse(depth=True, root=True):
         for variable in build_variables:
             assert hasattr(spec.package.module, variable) == should_be_set(depth)
+
+
+def test_rpath_with_duplicate_link_deps():
+    """If we have two instances of one package in the same link sub-dag, only the newest version is
+    rpath'ed. This is for runtime support without splicing."""
+    runtime_1 = spack.spec.Spec("runtime@=1.0")
+    runtime_2 = spack.spec.Spec("runtime@=2.0")
+    child = spack.spec.Spec("child@=1.0")
+    root = spack.spec.Spec("root@=1.0")
+
+    root.add_dependency_edge(child, depflag=dt.LINK, virtuals=())
+    root.add_dependency_edge(runtime_2, depflag=dt.LINK, virtuals=())
+    child.add_dependency_edge(runtime_1, depflag=dt.LINK, virtuals=())
+
+    rpath_deps = spack.build_environment._get_rpath_deps_from_spec(root, transitive_rpaths=True)
+    assert child in rpath_deps
+    assert runtime_2 in rpath_deps
+    assert runtime_1 not in rpath_deps

lib/spack/spack/test/build_systems.py

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ def test_negative_ninja_check(self, input_dir, test_dir, concretize_and_setup):
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures("config", "mock_packages")
 class TestAutotoolsPackage:
     def test_with_or_without(self, default_mock_concretization):
-        s = default_mock_concretization("a")
+        s = default_mock_concretization("pkg-a")
         options = s.package.with_or_without("foo")
 
         # Ensure that values that are not representing a feature
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ def activate(value):
         assert "--without-lorem-ipsum" in options
 
     def test_none_is_allowed(self, default_mock_concretization):
-        s = default_mock_concretization("a foo=none")
+        s = default_mock_concretization("pkg-a foo=none")
         options = s.package.with_or_without("foo")
 
         # Ensure that values that are not representing a feature

lib/spack/spack/test/ci.py

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def __init__(self, response_code=200, content_to_read=[]):
         self._content = content_to_read
         self._read = [False for c in content_to_read]
 
-    def open(self, request):
+    def open(self, request, data=None, timeout=object()):
         return self
 
     def getcode(self):

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/ci.py

@@ -106,24 +106,24 @@ def test_specs_staging(config, tmpdir):
 
 """
     builder = repo.MockRepositoryBuilder(tmpdir)
-    builder.add_package("g")
-    builder.add_package("f")
-    builder.add_package("e")
-    builder.add_package("d", dependencies=[("f", None, None), ("g", None, None)])
-    builder.add_package("c")
-    builder.add_package("b", dependencies=[("d", None, None), ("e", None, None)])
-    builder.add_package("a", dependencies=[("b", None, None), ("c", None, None)])
+    builder.add_package("pkg-g")
+    builder.add_package("pkg-f")
+    builder.add_package("pkg-e")
+    builder.add_package("pkg-d", dependencies=[("pkg-f", None, None), ("pkg-g", None, None)])
+    builder.add_package("pkg-c")
+    builder.add_package("pkg-b", dependencies=[("pkg-d", None, None), ("pkg-e", None, None)])
+    builder.add_package("pkg-a", dependencies=[("pkg-b", None, None), ("pkg-c", None, None)])
 
     with repo.use_repositories(builder.root):
-        spec_a = Spec("a").concretized()
+        spec_a = Spec("pkg-a").concretized()
 
         spec_a_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a)
-        spec_b_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["b"])
-        spec_c_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["c"])
-        spec_d_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["d"])
-        spec_e_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["e"])
-        spec_f_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["f"])
-        spec_g_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["g"])
+        spec_b_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["pkg-b"])
+        spec_c_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["pkg-c"])
+        spec_d_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["pkg-d"])
+        spec_e_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["pkg-e"])
+        spec_f_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["pkg-f"])
+        spec_g_label = ci._spec_ci_label(spec_a["pkg-g"])
 
         spec_labels, dependencies, stages = ci.stage_spec_jobs([spec_a])
 
@@ -760,7 +760,6 @@ def test_ci_rebuild_mock_success(
     rebuild_env = create_rebuild_env(tmpdir, pkg_name, broken_tests)
 
     monkeypatch.setattr(spack.cmd.ci, "SPACK_COMMAND", "echo")
-    monkeypatch.setattr(spack.cmd.ci, "MAKE_COMMAND", "echo")
 
     with rebuild_env.env_dir.as_cwd():
         activate_rebuild_env(tmpdir, pkg_name, rebuild_env)
@@ -843,7 +842,6 @@ def test_ci_rebuild(
         ci_cmd("rebuild", "--tests", fail_on_error=False)
 
     monkeypatch.setattr(spack.cmd.ci, "SPACK_COMMAND", "notcommand")
-    monkeypatch.setattr(spack.cmd.ci, "MAKE_COMMAND", "notcommand")
     monkeypatch.setattr(spack.cmd.ci, "INSTALL_FAIL_CODE", 127)
 
     with rebuild_env.env_dir.as_cwd():
@@ -1292,7 +1290,7 @@ def test_ci_generate_override_runner_attrs(
 spack:
   specs:
     - flatten-deps
-    - a
+    - pkg-a
   mirrors:
     some-mirror: https://my.fake.mirror
   ci:
@@ -1309,12 +1307,12 @@ def test_ci_generate_override_runner_attrs(
         - match:
             - dependency-install
         - match:
-            - a
+            - pkg-a
           build-job:
             tags:
               - specific-a-2
         - match:
-            - a
+            - pkg-a
           build-job-remove:
             tags:
               - toplevel2
@@ -1374,8 +1372,8 @@ def test_ci_generate_override_runner_attrs(
             assert global_vars["SPACK_CHECKOUT_VERSION"] == git_version or "v0.20.0.test0"
 
             for ci_key in yaml_contents.keys():
-                if ci_key.startswith("a"):
-                    # Make sure a's attributes override variables, and all the
+                if ci_key.startswith("pkg-a"):
+                    # Make sure pkg-a's attributes override variables, and all the
                     # scripts.  Also, make sure the 'toplevel' tag doesn't
                     # appear twice, but that a's specific extra tag does appear
                     the_elt = yaml_contents[ci_key]
@@ -1832,7 +1830,7 @@ def test_ci_generate_read_broken_specs_url(
     tmpdir, mutable_mock_env_path, install_mockery, mock_packages, monkeypatch, ci_base_environment
 ):
     """Verify that `broken-specs-url` works as intended"""
-    spec_a = Spec("a")
+    spec_a = Spec("pkg-a")
     spec_a.concretize()
     a_dag_hash = spec_a.dag_hash()
 
@@ -1858,7 +1856,7 @@ def test_ci_generate_read_broken_specs_url(
 spack:
   specs:
     - flatten-deps
-    - a
+    - pkg-a
   mirrors:
     some-mirror: https://my.fake.mirror
   ci:
@@ -1866,9 +1864,9 @@ def test_ci_generate_read_broken_specs_url(
     pipeline-gen:
     - submapping:
       - match:
-          - a
+          - pkg-a
           - flatten-deps
-          - b
+          - pkg-b
           - dependency-install
         build-job:
           tags:

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/common/arguments.py

@@ -81,14 +81,14 @@ def test_match_spec_env(mock_packages, mutable_mock_env_path):
     """
     # Initial sanity check: we are planning on choosing a non-default
     # value, so make sure that is in fact not the default.
-    check_defaults = spack.cmd.parse_specs(["a"], concretize=True)[0]
+    check_defaults = spack.cmd.parse_specs(["pkg-a"], concretize=True)[0]
     assert not check_defaults.satisfies("foobar=baz")
 
     e = ev.create("test")
-    e.add("a foobar=baz")
+    e.add("pkg-a foobar=baz")
     e.concretize()
     with e:
-        env_spec = spack.cmd.matching_spec_from_env(spack.cmd.parse_specs(["a"])[0])
+        env_spec = spack.cmd.matching_spec_from_env(spack.cmd.parse_specs(["pkg-a"])[0])
         assert env_spec.satisfies("foobar=baz")
         assert env_spec.concrete
 
@@ -96,12 +96,12 @@ def test_match_spec_env(mock_packages, mutable_mock_env_path):
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures("config")
 def test_multiple_env_match_raises_error(mock_packages, mutable_mock_env_path):
     e = ev.create("test")
-    e.add("a foobar=baz")
-    e.add("a foobar=fee")
+    e.add("pkg-a foobar=baz")
+    e.add("pkg-a foobar=fee")
     e.concretize()
     with e:
         with pytest.raises(ev.SpackEnvironmentError) as exc_info:
-            spack.cmd.matching_spec_from_env(spack.cmd.parse_specs(["a"])[0])
+            spack.cmd.matching_spec_from_env(spack.cmd.parse_specs(["pkg-a"])[0])
 
     assert "matches multiple specs" in exc_info.value.message
 
@@ -109,16 +109,16 @@ def test_multiple_env_match_raises_error(mock_packages, mutable_mock_env_path):
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures("config")
 def test_root_and_dep_match_returns_root(mock_packages, mutable_mock_env_path):
     e = ev.create("test")
-    e.add("b@0.9")
-    e.add("a foobar=bar")  # Depends on b, should choose b@1.0
+    e.add("pkg-b@0.9")
+    e.add("pkg-a foobar=bar")  # Depends on b, should choose b@1.0
     e.concretize()
     with e:
         # This query matches the root b and b as a dependency of a. In that
         # case the root instance should be preferred.
-        env_spec1 = spack.cmd.matching_spec_from_env(spack.cmd.parse_specs(["b"])[0])
+        env_spec1 = spack.cmd.matching_spec_from_env(spack.cmd.parse_specs(["pkg-b"])[0])
         assert env_spec1.satisfies("@0.9")
 
-        env_spec2 = spack.cmd.matching_spec_from_env(spack.cmd.parse_specs(["b@1.0"])[0])
+        env_spec2 = spack.cmd.matching_spec_from_env(spack.cmd.parse_specs(["pkg-b@1.0"])[0])
         assert env_spec2
 
 

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/concretize.py

@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ def test_concretize_root_test_dependencies_are_concretized(unify, mutable_mock_e
 
     with ev.read("test") as e:
         e.unify = unify
-        add("a")
-        add("b")
+        add("pkg-a")
+        add("pkg-b")
         concretize("--test", "root")
         assert e.matching_spec("test-dependency")
 

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/deconcretize.py

@@ -15,26 +15,26 @@
 def test_env(mutable_mock_env_path, config, mock_packages):
     ev.create("test")
     with ev.read("test") as e:
-        e.add("a@2.0 foobar=bar ^b@1.0")
-        e.add("a@1.0 foobar=bar ^b@0.9")
+        e.add("pkg-a@2.0 foobar=bar ^pkg-b@1.0")
+        e.add("pkg-a@1.0 foobar=bar ^pkg-b@0.9")
         e.concretize()
         e.write()
 
 
 def test_deconcretize_dep(test_env):
     with ev.read("test") as e:
-        deconcretize("-y", "b@1.0")
+        deconcretize("-y", "pkg-b@1.0")
         specs = [s for s, _ in e.concretized_specs()]
 
     assert len(specs) == 1
-    assert specs[0].satisfies("a@1.0")
+    assert specs[0].satisfies("pkg-a@1.0")
 
 
 def test_deconcretize_all_dep(test_env):
     with ev.read("test") as e:
         with pytest.raises(SpackCommandError):
-            deconcretize("-y", "b")
-        deconcretize("-y", "--all", "b")
+            deconcretize("-y", "pkg-b")
+        deconcretize("-y", "--all", "pkg-b")
         specs = [s for s, _ in e.concretized_specs()]
 
     assert len(specs) == 0
@@ -42,27 +42,27 @@ def test_deconcretize_all_dep(test_env):
 
 def test_deconcretize_root(test_env):
     with ev.read("test") as e:
-        output = deconcretize("-y", "--root", "b@1.0")
+        output = deconcretize("-y", "--root", "pkg-b@1.0")
         assert "No matching specs to deconcretize" in output
         assert len(e.concretized_order) == 2
 
-        deconcretize("-y", "--root", "a@2.0")
+        deconcretize("-y", "--root", "pkg-a@2.0")
         specs = [s for s, _ in e.concretized_specs()]
 
     assert len(specs) == 1
-    assert specs[0].satisfies("a@1.0")
+    assert specs[0].satisfies("pkg-a@1.0")
 
 
 def test_deconcretize_all_root(test_env):
     with ev.read("test") as e:
         with pytest.raises(SpackCommandError):
-            deconcretize("-y", "--root", "a")
+            deconcretize("-y", "--root", "pkg-a")
 
-        output = deconcretize("-y", "--root", "--all", "b")
+        output = deconcretize("-y", "--root", "--all", "pkg-b")
         assert "No matching specs to deconcretize" in output
         assert len(e.concretized_order) == 2
 
-        deconcretize("-y", "--root", "--all", "a")
+        deconcretize("-y", "--root", "--all", "pkg-a")
         specs = [s for s, _ in e.concretized_specs()]
 
     assert len(specs) == 0

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/env.py

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
 import llnl.util.link_tree
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
+from llnl.util.symlink import readlink
 
 import spack.cmd.env
 import spack.config
@@ -27,7 +28,9 @@
 import spack.package_base
 import spack.paths
 import spack.repo
+import spack.store
 import spack.util.spack_json as sjson
+import spack.util.spack_yaml
 from spack.cmd.env import _env_create
 from spack.main import SpackCommand, SpackCommandError
 from spack.spec import Spec
@@ -60,6 +63,27 @@
 sep = os.sep
 
 
+def setup_combined_multiple_env():
+    env("create", "test1")
+    test1 = ev.read("test1")
+    with test1:
+        add("zlib")
+    test1.concretize()
+    test1.write()
+
+    env("create", "test2")
+    test2 = ev.read("test2")
+    with test2:
+        add("libelf")
+    test2.concretize()
+    test2.write()
+
+    env("create", "--include-concrete", "test1", "--include-concrete", "test2", "combined_env")
+    combined = ev.read("combined_env")
+
+    return test1, test2, combined
+
+
 @pytest.fixture()
 def environment_from_manifest(tmp_path):
     """Returns a new environment named 'test' from the content of a manifest file."""
@@ -369,6 +393,29 @@ def test_env_install_single_spec(install_mockery, mock_fetch):
     assert e.specs_by_hash[e.concretized_order[0]].name == "cmake-client"
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("unify", [True, False, "when_possible"])
+def test_env_install_include_concrete_env(unify, install_mockery, mock_fetch):
+    test1, test2, combined = setup_combined_multiple_env()
+
+    combined.concretize()
+    combined.write()
+
+    combined.unify = unify
+
+    with combined:
+        install()
+
+    test1_roots = test1.concretized_order
+    test2_roots = test2.concretized_order
+    combined_included_roots = combined.included_concretized_order
+
+    for spec in combined.all_specs():
+        assert spec.installed
+
+    assert test1_roots == combined_included_roots[test1.path]
+    assert test2_roots == combined_included_roots[test2.path]
+
+
 def test_env_roots_marked_explicit(install_mockery, mock_fetch):
     install = SpackCommand("install")
     install("dependent-install")
@@ -456,7 +503,7 @@ def test_env_install_two_specs_same_dep(install_mockery, mock_fetch, tmpdir, cap
                 """\
 spack:
   specs:
-  - a
+  - pkg-a
   - depb
 """
             )
@@ -475,8 +522,8 @@ def test_env_install_two_specs_same_dep(install_mockery, mock_fetch, tmpdir, cap
     depb = spack.store.STORE.db.query_one("depb", installed=True)
     assert depb, "Expected depb to be installed"
 
-    a = spack.store.STORE.db.query_one("a", installed=True)
-    assert a, "Expected a to be installed"
+    a = spack.store.STORE.db.query_one("pkg-a", installed=True)
+    assert a, "Expected pkg-a to be installed"
 
 
 def test_remove_after_concretize():
@@ -557,6 +604,41 @@ def test_remove_command():
         assert "mpileaks@" not in find("--show-concretized")
 
 
+def test_bad_remove_included_env():
+    env("create", "test")
+    test = ev.read("test")
+
+    with test:
+        add("mpileaks")
+
+    test.concretize()
+    test.write()
+
+    env("create", "--include-concrete", "test", "combined_env")
+
+    with pytest.raises(SpackCommandError):
+        env("remove", "test")
+
+
+def test_force_remove_included_env():
+    env("create", "test")
+    test = ev.read("test")
+
+    with test:
+        add("mpileaks")
+
+    test.concretize()
+    test.write()
+
+    env("create", "--include-concrete", "test", "combined_env")
+
+    rm_output = env("remove", "-f", "-y", "test")
+    list_output = env("list")
+
+    assert '"test" is being used by environment "combined_env"' in rm_output
+    assert "test" not in list_output
+
+
 def test_environment_status(capsys, tmpdir):
     with tmpdir.as_cwd():
         with capsys.disabled():
@@ -745,7 +827,7 @@ def test_env_view_external_prefix(tmp_path, mutable_database, mock_packages):
         """\
 spack:
   specs:
-  - a
+  - pkg-a
   view: true
 """
     )
@@ -753,9 +835,9 @@ def test_env_view_external_prefix(tmp_path, mutable_database, mock_packages):
     external_config = io.StringIO(
         """\
 packages:
-  a:
+  pkg-a:
     externals:
-    - spec: a@2.0
+    - spec: pkg-a@2.0
       prefix: {a_prefix}
     buildable: false
 """.format(
@@ -1636,6 +1718,286 @@ def test_env_without_view_install(tmpdir, mock_stage, mock_fetch, install_mocker
     check_mpileaks_and_deps_in_view(view_dir)
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("env_name", [True, False])
+def test_env_include_concrete_env_yaml(env_name):
+    env("create", "test")
+    test = ev.read("test")
+
+    with test:
+        add("mpileaks")
+    test.concretize()
+    test.write()
+
+    environ = "test" if env_name else test.path
+
+    env("create", "--include-concrete", environ, "combined_env")
+
+    combined = ev.read("combined_env")
+    combined_yaml = combined.manifest["spack"]
+
+    assert "include_concrete" in combined_yaml
+    assert test.path in combined_yaml["include_concrete"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.regression("45766")
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("format", ["v1", "v2", "v3"])
+def test_env_include_concrete_old_env(format, tmpdir):
+    lockfile = os.path.join(spack.paths.test_path, "data", "legacy_env", f"{format}.lock")
+    # create an env from old .lock file -- this does not update the format
+    env("create", "old-env", lockfile)
+    env("create", "--include-concrete", "old-env", "test")
+
+    assert ev.read("old-env").all_specs() == ev.read("test").all_specs()
+
+
+def test_env_bad_include_concrete_env():
+    with pytest.raises(ev.SpackEnvironmentError):
+        env("create", "--include-concrete", "nonexistant_env", "combined_env")
+
+
+def test_env_not_concrete_include_concrete_env():
+    env("create", "test")
+    test = ev.read("test")
+
+    with test:
+        add("mpileaks")
+
+    with pytest.raises(ev.SpackEnvironmentError):
+        env("create", "--include-concrete", "test", "combined_env")
+
+
+def test_env_multiple_include_concrete_envs():
+    test1, test2, combined = setup_combined_multiple_env()
+
+    combined_yaml = combined.manifest["spack"]
+
+    assert test1.path in combined_yaml["include_concrete"][0]
+    assert test2.path in combined_yaml["include_concrete"][1]
+
+    # No local specs in the combined env
+    assert not combined_yaml["specs"]
+
+
+def test_env_include_concrete_envs_lockfile():
+    test1, test2, combined = setup_combined_multiple_env()
+
+    combined_yaml = combined.manifest["spack"]
+
+    assert "include_concrete" in combined_yaml
+    assert test1.path in combined_yaml["include_concrete"]
+
+    with open(combined.lock_path) as f:
+        lockfile_as_dict = combined._read_lockfile(f)
+
+    assert set(
+        entry["hash"] for entry in lockfile_as_dict["include_concrete"][test1.path]["roots"]
+    ) == set(test1.specs_by_hash)
+    assert set(
+        entry["hash"] for entry in lockfile_as_dict["include_concrete"][test2.path]["roots"]
+    ) == set(test2.specs_by_hash)
+
+
+def test_env_include_concrete_add_env():
+    test1, test2, combined = setup_combined_multiple_env()
+
+    # crete new env & crecretize
+    env("create", "new")
+    new_env = ev.read("new")
+    with new_env:
+        add("mpileaks")
+
+    new_env.concretize()
+    new_env.write()
+
+    # add new env to combined
+    combined.included_concrete_envs.append(new_env.path)
+
+    # assert thing haven't changed yet
+    with open(combined.lock_path) as f:
+        lockfile_as_dict = combined._read_lockfile(f)
+
+    assert new_env.path not in lockfile_as_dict["include_concrete"].keys()
+
+    # concretize combined env with new env
+    combined.concretize()
+    combined.write()
+
+    # assert changes
+    with open(combined.lock_path) as f:
+        lockfile_as_dict = combined._read_lockfile(f)
+
+    assert new_env.path in lockfile_as_dict["include_concrete"].keys()
+
+
+def test_env_include_concrete_remove_env():
+    test1, test2, combined = setup_combined_multiple_env()
+
+    # remove test2 from combined
+    combined.included_concrete_envs = [test1.path]
+
+    # assert test2 is still in combined's lockfile
+    with open(combined.lock_path) as f:
+        lockfile_as_dict = combined._read_lockfile(f)
+
+    assert test2.path in lockfile_as_dict["include_concrete"].keys()
+
+    # reconcretize combined
+    combined.concretize()
+    combined.write()
+
+    # assert test2 is not in combined's lockfile
+    with open(combined.lock_path) as f:
+        lockfile_as_dict = combined._read_lockfile(f)
+
+    assert test2.path not in lockfile_as_dict["include_concrete"].keys()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("unify", [True, False, "when_possible"])
+def test_env_include_concrete_env_reconcretized(unify):
+    """Double check to make sure that concrete_specs for the local specs is empty
+    after recocnretizing.
+    """
+    _, _, combined = setup_combined_multiple_env()
+
+    combined.unify = unify
+
+    with open(combined.lock_path) as f:
+        lockfile_as_dict = combined._read_lockfile(f)
+
+    assert not lockfile_as_dict["roots"]
+    assert not lockfile_as_dict["concrete_specs"]
+
+    combined.concretize()
+    combined.write()
+
+    with open(combined.lock_path) as f:
+        lockfile_as_dict = combined._read_lockfile(f)
+
+    assert not lockfile_as_dict["roots"]
+    assert not lockfile_as_dict["concrete_specs"]
+
+
+def test_concretize_include_concrete_env():
+    test1, _, combined = setup_combined_multiple_env()
+
+    with test1:
+        add("mpileaks")
+    test1.concretize()
+    test1.write()
+
+    assert Spec("mpileaks") in test1.concretized_user_specs
+    assert Spec("mpileaks") not in combined.included_concretized_user_specs[test1.path]
+
+    combined.concretize()
+    combined.write()
+
+    assert Spec("mpileaks") in combined.included_concretized_user_specs[test1.path]
+
+
+def test_concretize_nested_include_concrete_envs():
+    env("create", "test1")
+    test1 = ev.read("test1")
+    with test1:
+        add("zlib")
+    test1.concretize()
+    test1.write()
+
+    env("create", "--include-concrete", "test1", "test2")
+    test2 = ev.read("test2")
+    with test2:
+        add("libelf")
+    test2.concretize()
+    test2.write()
+
+    env("create", "--include-concrete", "test2", "test3")
+    test3 = ev.read("test3")
+
+    with open(test3.lock_path) as f:
+        lockfile_as_dict = test3._read_lockfile(f)
+
+    assert test2.path in lockfile_as_dict["include_concrete"]
+    assert test1.path in lockfile_as_dict["include_concrete"][test2.path]["include_concrete"]
+
+    assert Spec("zlib") in test3.included_concretized_user_specs[test1.path]
+
+
+def test_concretize_nested_included_concrete():
+    """Confirm that nested included environments use specs concretized at
+    environment creation time and change with reconcretization."""
+    env("create", "test1")
+    test1 = ev.read("test1")
+    with test1:
+        add("zlib")
+    test1.concretize()
+    test1.write()
+
+    # test2 should include test1 with zlib
+    env("create", "--include-concrete", "test1", "test2")
+    test2 = ev.read("test2")
+    with test2:
+        add("libelf")
+    test2.concretize()
+    test2.write()
+
+    assert Spec("zlib") in test2.included_concretized_user_specs[test1.path]
+
+    # Modify/re-concretize test1 to replace zlib with mpileaks
+    with test1:
+        remove("zlib")
+        add("mpileaks")
+    test1.concretize()
+    test1.write()
+
+    # test3 should include the latest concretization of test1
+    env("create", "--include-concrete", "test1", "test3")
+    test3 = ev.read("test3")
+    with test3:
+        add("callpath")
+    test3.concretize()
+    test3.write()
+
+    included_specs = test3.included_concretized_user_specs[test1.path]
+    assert len(included_specs) == 1
+    assert Spec("mpileaks") in included_specs
+
+    # The last concretization of test4's included environments should have test2
+    # with the original concretized test1 spec and test3 with the re-concretized
+    # test1 spec.
+    env("create", "--include-concrete", "test2", "--include-concrete", "test3", "test4")
+    test4 = ev.read("test4")
+
+    def included_included_spec(path1, path2):
+        included_path1 = test4.included_concrete_spec_data[path1]
+        included_path2 = included_path1["include_concrete"][path2]
+        return included_path2["roots"][0]["spec"]
+
+    included_test2_test1 = included_included_spec(test2.path, test1.path)
+    assert "zlib" in included_test2_test1
+
+    included_test3_test1 = included_included_spec(test3.path, test1.path)
+    assert "mpileaks" in included_test3_test1
+
+    # test4's concretized specs should reflect the original concretization.
+    concrete_specs = [s for s, _ in test4.concretized_specs()]
+    expected = [Spec(s) for s in ["libelf", "zlib", "mpileaks", "callpath"]]
+    assert all(s in concrete_specs for s in expected)
+
+    # Re-concretize test2 to reflect the new concretization of included test1
+    # to remove zlib and write it out so it can be picked up by test4.
+    # Re-concretize test4 to reflect the re-concretization of included test2
+    # and ensure that its included specs are up-to-date
+    test2.concretize()
+    test2.write()
+    test4.concretize()
+
+    concrete_specs = [s for s, _ in test4.concretized_specs()]
+    assert Spec("zlib") not in concrete_specs
+
+    # Expecting mpileaks to appear only once
+    expected = [Spec(s) for s in ["libelf", "mpileaks", "callpath"]]
+    assert len(concrete_specs) == 3 and all(s in concrete_specs for s in expected)
+
+
 def test_env_config_view_default(
     environment_from_manifest, mock_stage, mock_fetch, install_mockery
 ):
@@ -4066,8 +4428,8 @@ def test_env_view_resolves_identical_file_conflicts(tmp_path, install_mockery, m
     #   view-file/bin/
     #     x                                          # expect this x to be linked
 
-    assert os.readlink(tmp_path / "view" / "bin" / "x") == bottom.bin.x
-    assert os.readlink(tmp_path / "view" / "bin" / "y") == top.bin.y
+    assert readlink(tmp_path / "view" / "bin" / "x") == bottom.bin.x
+    assert readlink(tmp_path / "view" / "bin" / "y") == top.bin.y
 
 
 def test_env_view_ignores_different_file_conflicts(tmp_path, install_mockery, mock_fetch):
@@ -4078,4 +4440,4 @@ def test_env_view_ignores_different_file_conflicts(tmp_path, install_mockery, mo
         install()
         prefix_dependent = e.matching_spec("view-ignore-conflict").prefix
     # The dependent's file is linked into the view
-    assert os.readlink(tmp_path / "view" / "bin" / "x") == prefix_dependent.bin.x
+    assert readlink(tmp_path / "view" / "bin" / "x") == prefix_dependent.bin.x

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/find.py

@@ -349,6 +349,87 @@ def test_find_prefix_in_env(
         # Would throw error on regression
 
 
+def test_find_specs_include_concrete_env(mutable_mock_env_path, config, mutable_mock_repo, tmpdir):
+    path = tmpdir.join("spack.yaml")
+
+    with tmpdir.as_cwd():
+        with open(str(path), "w") as f:
+            f.write(
+                """\
+spack:
+  specs:
+  - mpileaks
+"""
+            )
+        env("create", "test1", "spack.yaml")
+
+    test1 = ev.read("test1")
+    test1.concretize()
+    test1.write()
+
+    with tmpdir.as_cwd():
+        with open(str(path), "w") as f:
+            f.write(
+                """\
+spack:
+  specs:
+  - libelf
+"""
+            )
+        env("create", "test2", "spack.yaml")
+
+    test2 = ev.read("test2")
+    test2.concretize()
+    test2.write()
+
+    env("create", "--include-concrete", "test1", "--include-concrete", "test2", "combined_env")
+
+    with ev.read("combined_env"):
+        output = find()
+
+    assert "No root specs" in output
+    assert "Included specs" in output
+    assert "mpileaks" in output
+    assert "libelf" in output
+
+
+def test_find_specs_nested_include_concrete_env(
+    mutable_mock_env_path, config, mutable_mock_repo, tmpdir
+):
+    path = tmpdir.join("spack.yaml")
+
+    with tmpdir.as_cwd():
+        with open(str(path), "w") as f:
+            f.write(
+                """\
+spack:
+  specs:
+  - mpileaks
+"""
+            )
+        env("create", "test1", "spack.yaml")
+
+    test1 = ev.read("test1")
+    test1.concretize()
+    test1.write()
+
+    env("create", "--include-concrete", "test1", "test2")
+    test2 = ev.read("test2")
+    test2.add("libelf")
+    test2.concretize()
+    test2.write()
+
+    env("create", "--include-concrete", "test2", "test3")
+
+    with ev.read("test3"):
+        output = find()
+
+    assert "No root specs" in output
+    assert "Included specs" in output
+    assert "mpileaks" in output
+    assert "libelf" in output
+
+
 def test_find_loaded(database, working_env):
     output = find("--loaded", "--group")
     assert output == ""

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/install.py

@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ def check(pkg):
         assert pkg.run_tests
 
     monkeypatch.setattr(spack.package_base.PackageBase, "unit_test_check", check)
-    install("--test=all", "a")
+    install("--test=all", "pkg-a")
 
 
 def test_install_package_already_installed(
@@ -570,61 +570,58 @@ def test_cdash_upload_build_error(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, capfd):
 @pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check
 def test_cdash_upload_clean_build(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, capfd):
     # capfd interferes with Spack's capturing of e.g., Build.xml output
-    with capfd.disabled():
-        with tmpdir.as_cwd():
-            install("--log-file=cdash_reports", "--log-format=cdash", "a")
-            report_dir = tmpdir.join("cdash_reports")
-            assert report_dir in tmpdir.listdir()
-            report_file = report_dir.join("a_Build.xml")
-            assert report_file in report_dir.listdir()
-            content = report_file.open().read()
-            assert "</Build>" in content
-            assert "<Text>" not in content
+    with capfd.disabled(), tmpdir.as_cwd():
+        install("--log-file=cdash_reports", "--log-format=cdash", "pkg-a")
+        report_dir = tmpdir.join("cdash_reports")
+        assert report_dir in tmpdir.listdir()
+        report_file = report_dir.join("pkg-a_Build.xml")
+        assert report_file in report_dir.listdir()
+        content = report_file.open().read()
+        assert "</Build>" in content
+        assert "<Text>" not in content
 
 
 @pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check
 def test_cdash_upload_extra_params(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, capfd):
     # capfd interferes with Spack's capture of e.g., Build.xml output
-    with capfd.disabled():
-        with tmpdir.as_cwd():
-            install(
-                "--log-file=cdash_reports",
-                "--log-format=cdash",
-                "--cdash-build=my_custom_build",
-                "--cdash-site=my_custom_site",
-                "--cdash-track=my_custom_track",
-                "a",
-            )
-            report_dir = tmpdir.join("cdash_reports")
-            assert report_dir in tmpdir.listdir()
-            report_file = report_dir.join("a_Build.xml")
-            assert report_file in report_dir.listdir()
-            content = report_file.open().read()
-            assert 'Site BuildName="my_custom_build - a"' in content
-            assert 'Name="my_custom_site"' in content
-            assert "-my_custom_track" in content
+    with capfd.disabled(), tmpdir.as_cwd():
+        install(
+            "--log-file=cdash_reports",
+            "--log-format=cdash",
+            "--cdash-build=my_custom_build",
+            "--cdash-site=my_custom_site",
+            "--cdash-track=my_custom_track",
+            "pkg-a",
+        )
+        report_dir = tmpdir.join("cdash_reports")
+        assert report_dir in tmpdir.listdir()
+        report_file = report_dir.join("pkg-a_Build.xml")
+        assert report_file in report_dir.listdir()
+        content = report_file.open().read()
+        assert 'Site BuildName="my_custom_build - pkg-a"' in content
+        assert 'Name="my_custom_site"' in content
+        assert "-my_custom_track" in content
 
 
 @pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check
 def test_cdash_buildstamp_param(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, capfd):
     # capfd interferes with Spack's capture of e.g., Build.xml output
-    with capfd.disabled():
-        with tmpdir.as_cwd():
-            cdash_track = "some_mocked_track"
-            buildstamp_format = "%Y%m%d-%H%M-{0}".format(cdash_track)
-            buildstamp = time.strftime(buildstamp_format, time.localtime(int(time.time())))
-            install(
-                "--log-file=cdash_reports",
-                "--log-format=cdash",
-                "--cdash-buildstamp={0}".format(buildstamp),
-                "a",
-            )
-            report_dir = tmpdir.join("cdash_reports")
-            assert report_dir in tmpdir.listdir()
-            report_file = report_dir.join("a_Build.xml")
-            assert report_file in report_dir.listdir()
-            content = report_file.open().read()
-            assert buildstamp in content
+    with capfd.disabled(), tmpdir.as_cwd():
+        cdash_track = "some_mocked_track"
+        buildstamp_format = "%Y%m%d-%H%M-{0}".format(cdash_track)
+        buildstamp = time.strftime(buildstamp_format, time.localtime(int(time.time())))
+        install(
+            "--log-file=cdash_reports",
+            "--log-format=cdash",
+            "--cdash-buildstamp={0}".format(buildstamp),
+            "pkg-a",
+        )
+        report_dir = tmpdir.join("cdash_reports")
+        assert report_dir in tmpdir.listdir()
+        report_file = report_dir.join("pkg-a_Build.xml")
+        assert report_file in report_dir.listdir()
+        content = report_file.open().read()
+        assert buildstamp in content
 
 
 @pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check
@@ -632,38 +629,37 @@ def test_cdash_install_from_spec_json(
     tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, capfd, mock_packages, mock_archive, config
 ):
     # capfd interferes with Spack's capturing
-    with capfd.disabled():
-        with tmpdir.as_cwd():
-            spec_json_path = str(tmpdir.join("spec.json"))
+    with capfd.disabled(), tmpdir.as_cwd():
+        spec_json_path = str(tmpdir.join("spec.json"))
 
-            pkg_spec = Spec("a")
-            pkg_spec.concretize()
+        pkg_spec = Spec("pkg-a")
+        pkg_spec.concretize()
 
-            with open(spec_json_path, "w") as fd:
-                fd.write(pkg_spec.to_json(hash=ht.dag_hash))
+        with open(spec_json_path, "w") as fd:
+            fd.write(pkg_spec.to_json(hash=ht.dag_hash))
 
-            install(
-                "--log-format=cdash",
-                "--log-file=cdash_reports",
-                "--cdash-build=my_custom_build",
-                "--cdash-site=my_custom_site",
-                "--cdash-track=my_custom_track",
-                "-f",
-                spec_json_path,
-            )
+        install(
+            "--log-format=cdash",
+            "--log-file=cdash_reports",
+            "--cdash-build=my_custom_build",
+            "--cdash-site=my_custom_site",
+            "--cdash-track=my_custom_track",
+            "-f",
+            spec_json_path,
+        )
 
-            report_dir = tmpdir.join("cdash_reports")
-            assert report_dir in tmpdir.listdir()
-            report_file = report_dir.join("a_Configure.xml")
-            assert report_file in report_dir.listdir()
-            content = report_file.open().read()
-            install_command_regex = re.compile(
-                r"<ConfigureCommand>(.+)</ConfigureCommand>", re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL
-            )
-            m = install_command_regex.search(content)
-            assert m
-            install_command = m.group(1)
-            assert "a@" in install_command
+        report_dir = tmpdir.join("cdash_reports")
+        assert report_dir in tmpdir.listdir()
+        report_file = report_dir.join("pkg-a_Configure.xml")
+        assert report_file in report_dir.listdir()
+        content = report_file.open().read()
+        install_command_regex = re.compile(
+            r"<ConfigureCommand>(.+)</ConfigureCommand>", re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL
+        )
+        m = install_command_regex.search(content)
+        assert m
+        install_command = m.group(1)
+        assert "pkg-a@" in install_command
 
 
 @pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check
@@ -795,15 +791,15 @@ def test_install_no_add_in_env(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, mutable_mock
     #                 ^libdwarf
     #         ^mpich
     #     libelf@0.8.10
-    #     a~bvv
-    #         ^b
-    #     a
-    #         ^b
+    #     pkg-a~bvv
+    #         ^pkg-b
+    #     pkg-a
+    #         ^pkg-b
     e = ev.create("test", with_view=False)
     e.add("mpileaks")
     e.add("libelf@0.8.10")  # so env has both root and dep libelf specs
-    e.add("a")
-    e.add("a ~bvv")
+    e.add("pkg-a")
+    e.add("pkg-a ~bvv")
     e.concretize()
     e.write()
     env_specs = e.all_specs()
@@ -814,9 +810,9 @@ def test_install_no_add_in_env(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, mutable_mock
 
     # First find and remember some target concrete specs in the environment
     for e_spec in env_specs:
-        if e_spec.satisfies(Spec("a ~bvv")):
+        if e_spec.satisfies(Spec("pkg-a ~bvv")):
             a_spec = e_spec
-        elif e_spec.name == "b":
+        elif e_spec.name == "pkg-b":
             b_spec = e_spec
         elif e_spec.satisfies(Spec("mpi")):
             mpi_spec = e_spec
@@ -839,8 +835,8 @@ def test_install_no_add_in_env(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, mutable_mock
         assert "You can add specs to the environment with 'spack add " in inst_out
 
         # Without --add, ensure that two packages "a" get installed
-        inst_out = install("a", output=str)
-        assert len([x for x in e.all_specs() if x.installed and x.name == "a"]) == 2
+        inst_out = install("pkg-a", output=str)
+        assert len([x for x in e.all_specs() if x.installed and x.name == "pkg-a"]) == 2
 
         # Install an unambiguous dependency spec (that already exists as a dep
         # in the environment) and make sure it gets installed (w/ deps),
@@ -873,7 +869,7 @@ def test_install_no_add_in_env(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, mutable_mock
         # root of the environment as well as installed.
         assert b_spec not in e.roots()
 
-        install("--add", "b")
+        install("--add", "pkg-b")
 
         assert b_spec in e.roots()
         assert b_spec not in e.uninstalled_specs()
@@ -908,7 +904,7 @@ def test_cdash_auth_token(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, monkeypatch, capf
     # capfd interferes with Spack's capturing
     with tmpdir.as_cwd(), capfd.disabled():
         monkeypatch.setenv("SPACK_CDASH_AUTH_TOKEN", "asdf")
-        out = install("-v", "--log-file=cdash_reports", "--log-format=cdash", "a")
+        out = install("-v", "--log-file=cdash_reports", "--log-format=cdash", "pkg-a")
         assert "Using CDash auth token from environment" in out
 
 
@@ -916,26 +912,25 @@ def test_cdash_auth_token(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, monkeypatch, capf
 @pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check
 def test_cdash_configure_warning(tmpdir, mock_fetch, install_mockery, capfd):
     # capfd interferes with Spack's capturing of e.g., Build.xml output
-    with capfd.disabled():
-        with tmpdir.as_cwd():
-            # Test would fail if install raised an error.
+    with capfd.disabled(), tmpdir.as_cwd():
+        # Test would fail if install raised an error.
 
-            # Ensure that even on non-x86_64 architectures, there are no
-            # dependencies installed
-            spec = spack.spec.Spec("configure-warning").concretized()
-            spec.clear_dependencies()
-            specfile = "./spec.json"
-            with open(specfile, "w") as f:
-                f.write(spec.to_json())
+        # Ensure that even on non-x86_64 architectures, there are no
+        # dependencies installed
+        spec = Spec("configure-warning").concretized()
+        spec.clear_dependencies()
+        specfile = "./spec.json"
+        with open(specfile, "w") as f:
+            f.write(spec.to_json())
 
-            install("--log-file=cdash_reports", "--log-format=cdash", specfile)
-            # Verify Configure.xml exists with expected contents.
-            report_dir = tmpdir.join("cdash_reports")
-            assert report_dir in tmpdir.listdir()
-            report_file = report_dir.join("Configure.xml")
-            assert report_file in report_dir.listdir()
-            content = report_file.open().read()
-            assert "foo: No such file or directory" in content
+        install("--log-file=cdash_reports", "--log-format=cdash", specfile)
+        # Verify Configure.xml exists with expected contents.
+        report_dir = tmpdir.join("cdash_reports")
+        assert report_dir in tmpdir.listdir()
+        report_file = report_dir.join("Configure.xml")
+        assert report_file in report_dir.listdir()
+        content = report_file.open().read()
+        assert "foo: No such file or directory" in content
 
 
 @pytest.mark.not_on_windows("ArchSpec gives test platform debian rather than windows")
@@ -952,7 +947,7 @@ def test_compiler_bootstrap(
     assert CompilerSpec("gcc@=12.0") not in compilers.all_compiler_specs()
 
     # Test succeeds if it does not raise an error
-    install("a%gcc@=12.0")
+    install("pkg-a%gcc@=12.0")
 
 
 @pytest.mark.not_on_windows("Binary mirrors not supported on windows")
@@ -992,8 +987,8 @@ def test_compiler_bootstrap_from_binary_mirror(
     # Now make sure that when the compiler is installed from binary mirror,
     # it also gets configured as a compiler.  Test succeeds if it does not
     # raise an error
-    install("--no-check-signature", "--cache-only", "--only", "dependencies", "b%gcc@=10.2.0")
-    install("--no-cache", "--only", "package", "b%gcc@10.2.0")
+    install("--no-check-signature", "--cache-only", "--only", "dependencies", "pkg-b%gcc@=10.2.0")
+    install("--no-cache", "--only", "package", "pkg-b%gcc@10.2.0")
 
 
 @pytest.mark.not_on_windows("ArchSpec gives test platform debian rather than windows")
@@ -1013,7 +1008,7 @@ def test_compiler_bootstrap_already_installed(
 
     # Test succeeds if it does not raise an error
     install("gcc@=12.0")
-    install("a%gcc@=12.0")
+    install("pkg-a%gcc@=12.0")
 
 
 def test_install_fails_no_args(tmpdir):
@@ -1195,7 +1190,7 @@ def test_report_filename_for_cdash(install_mockery_mutable_config, mock_fetch):
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     spack.cmd.install.setup_parser(parser)
     args = parser.parse_args(
-        ["--cdash-upload-url", "https://blahblah/submit.php?project=debugging", "a"]
+        ["--cdash-upload-url", "https://blahblah/submit.php?project=debugging", "pkg-a"]
     )
     specs = spack.cmd.install.concrete_specs_from_cli(args, {})
     filename = spack.cmd.install.report_filename(args, specs)

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/maintainers.py

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ def test_maintainers_list_packages(mock_packages, capfd):
 
 
 def test_maintainers_list_fails(mock_packages, capfd):
-    out = maintainers("a", fail_on_error=False)
+    out = maintainers("pkg-a", fail_on_error=False)
     assert not out
     assert maintainers.returncode == 1
 

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/module.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 import spack.config
 import spack.main
 import spack.modules
+import spack.spec
 import spack.store
 
 module = spack.main.SpackCommand("module")
@@ -178,8 +179,8 @@ def test_setdefault_command(mutable_database, mutable_config):
         }
     }
     spack.config.set("modules", data)
-    # Install two different versions of a package
-    other_spec, preferred = "a@1.0", "a@2.0"
+    # Install two different versions of pkg-a
+    other_spec, preferred = "pkg-a@1.0", "pkg-a@2.0"
 
     spack.spec.Spec(other_spec).concretized().package.do_install(fake=True)
     spack.spec.Spec(preferred).concretized().package.do_install(fake=True)

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/pkg.py

@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ def install(self, spec, prefix):
         pass
 """
 
-abc = set(("pkg-a", "pkg-b", "pkg-c"))
-abd = set(("pkg-a", "pkg-b", "pkg-d"))
+abc = {"mockpkg-a", "mockpkg-b", "mockpkg-c"}
+abd = {"mockpkg-a", "mockpkg-b", "mockpkg-d"}
 
 
 # Force all tests to use a git repository *in* the mock packages repo.
@@ -53,27 +53,33 @@ def mock_pkg_git_repo(git, tmpdir_factory):
         git("config", "user.name", "Spack Testing")
         git("-c", "commit.gpgsign=false", "commit", "-m", "initial mock repo commit")
 
-        # add commit with pkg-a, pkg-b, pkg-c packages
-        mkdirp("pkg-a", "pkg-b", "pkg-c")
-        with open("pkg-a/package.py", "w") as f:
+        # add commit with mockpkg-a, mockpkg-b, mockpkg-c packages
+        mkdirp("mockpkg-a", "mockpkg-b", "mockpkg-c")
+        with open("mockpkg-a/package.py", "w") as f:
             f.write(pkg_template.format(name="PkgA"))
-        with open("pkg-b/package.py", "w") as f:
+        with open("mockpkg-b/package.py", "w") as f:
             f.write(pkg_template.format(name="PkgB"))
-        with open("pkg-c/package.py", "w") as f:
+        with open("mockpkg-c/package.py", "w") as f:
             f.write(pkg_template.format(name="PkgC"))
-        git("add", "pkg-a", "pkg-b", "pkg-c")
-        git("-c", "commit.gpgsign=false", "commit", "-m", "add pkg-a, pkg-b, pkg-c")
+        git("add", "mockpkg-a", "mockpkg-b", "mockpkg-c")
+        git("-c", "commit.gpgsign=false", "commit", "-m", "add mockpkg-a, mockpkg-b, mockpkg-c")
 
-        # remove pkg-c, add pkg-d
-        with open("pkg-b/package.py", "a") as f:
-            f.write("\n# change pkg-b")
-        git("add", "pkg-b")
-        mkdirp("pkg-d")
-        with open("pkg-d/package.py", "w") as f:
+        # remove mockpkg-c, add mockpkg-d
+        with open("mockpkg-b/package.py", "a") as f:
+            f.write("\n# change mockpkg-b")
+        git("add", "mockpkg-b")
+        mkdirp("mockpkg-d")
+        with open("mockpkg-d/package.py", "w") as f:
             f.write(pkg_template.format(name="PkgD"))
-        git("add", "pkg-d")
-        git("rm", "-rf", "pkg-c")
-        git("-c", "commit.gpgsign=false", "commit", "-m", "change pkg-b, remove pkg-c, add pkg-d")
+        git("add", "mockpkg-d")
+        git("rm", "-rf", "mockpkg-c")
+        git(
+            "-c",
+            "commit.gpgsign=false",
+            "commit",
+            "-m",
+            "change mockpkg-b, remove mockpkg-c, add mockpkg-d",
+        )
 
     with spack.repo.use_repositories(str(repo_path)):
         yield mock_repo_packages
@@ -86,12 +92,11 @@ def mock_pkg_names():
     # Be sure to include virtual packages since packages with stand-alone
     # tests may inherit additional tests from the virtuals they provide,
     # such as packages that implement `mpi`.
-    names = set(
+    return {
         name
         for name in repo.all_package_names(include_virtuals=True)
-        if not name.startswith("pkg-")
-    )
-    return names
+        if not name.startswith("mockpkg-")
+    }
 
 
 def split(output):
@@ -113,17 +118,17 @@ def test_mock_packages_path(mock_packages):
 
 def test_pkg_add(git, mock_pkg_git_repo):
     with working_dir(mock_pkg_git_repo):
-        mkdirp("pkg-e")
-        with open("pkg-e/package.py", "w") as f:
+        mkdirp("mockpkg-e")
+        with open("mockpkg-e/package.py", "w") as f:
             f.write(pkg_template.format(name="PkgE"))
 
-    pkg("add", "pkg-e")
+    pkg("add", "mockpkg-e")
 
     with working_dir(mock_pkg_git_repo):
         try:
-            assert "A  pkg-e/package.py" in git("status", "--short", output=str)
+            assert "A  mockpkg-e/package.py" in git("status", "--short", output=str)
         finally:
-            shutil.rmtree("pkg-e")
+            shutil.rmtree("mockpkg-e")
             # Removing a package mid-run disrupts Spack's caching
             if spack.repo.PATH.repos[0]._fast_package_checker:
                 spack.repo.PATH.repos[0]._fast_package_checker.invalidate()
@@ -138,10 +143,10 @@ def test_pkg_list(mock_pkg_git_repo, mock_pkg_names):
     assert sorted(mock_pkg_names) == sorted(out)
 
     out = split(pkg("list", "HEAD^"))
-    assert sorted(mock_pkg_names.union(["pkg-a", "pkg-b", "pkg-c"])) == sorted(out)
+    assert sorted(mock_pkg_names.union(["mockpkg-a", "mockpkg-b", "mockpkg-c"])) == sorted(out)
 
     out = split(pkg("list", "HEAD"))
-    assert sorted(mock_pkg_names.union(["pkg-a", "pkg-b", "pkg-d"])) == sorted(out)
+    assert sorted(mock_pkg_names.union(["mockpkg-a", "mockpkg-b", "mockpkg-d"])) == sorted(out)
 
     # test with three dots to make sure pkg calls `git merge-base`
     out = split(pkg("list", "HEAD^^..."))
@@ -151,25 +156,25 @@ def test_pkg_list(mock_pkg_git_repo, mock_pkg_names):
 @pytest.mark.not_on_windows("stdout format conflict")
 def test_pkg_diff(mock_pkg_git_repo, mock_pkg_names):
     out = split(pkg("diff", "HEAD^^", "HEAD^"))
-    assert out == ["HEAD^:", "pkg-a", "pkg-b", "pkg-c"]
+    assert out == ["HEAD^:", "mockpkg-a", "mockpkg-b", "mockpkg-c"]
 
     out = split(pkg("diff", "HEAD^^", "HEAD"))
-    assert out == ["HEAD:", "pkg-a", "pkg-b", "pkg-d"]
+    assert out == ["HEAD:", "mockpkg-a", "mockpkg-b", "mockpkg-d"]
 
     out = split(pkg("diff", "HEAD^", "HEAD"))
-    assert out == ["HEAD^:", "pkg-c", "HEAD:", "pkg-d"]
+    assert out == ["HEAD^:", "mockpkg-c", "HEAD:", "mockpkg-d"]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.not_on_windows("stdout format conflict")
 def test_pkg_added(mock_pkg_git_repo):
     out = split(pkg("added", "HEAD^^", "HEAD^"))
-    assert ["pkg-a", "pkg-b", "pkg-c"] == out
+    assert ["mockpkg-a", "mockpkg-b", "mockpkg-c"] == out
 
     out = split(pkg("added", "HEAD^^", "HEAD"))
-    assert ["pkg-a", "pkg-b", "pkg-d"] == out
+    assert ["mockpkg-a", "mockpkg-b", "mockpkg-d"] == out
 
     out = split(pkg("added", "HEAD^", "HEAD"))
-    assert ["pkg-d"] == out
+    assert ["mockpkg-d"] == out
 
     out = split(pkg("added", "HEAD", "HEAD"))
     assert out == []
@@ -184,7 +189,7 @@ def test_pkg_removed(mock_pkg_git_repo):
     assert out == []
 
     out = split(pkg("removed", "HEAD^", "HEAD"))
-    assert out == ["pkg-c"]
+    assert out == ["mockpkg-c"]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.not_on_windows("stdout format conflict")
@@ -196,34 +201,34 @@ def test_pkg_changed(mock_pkg_git_repo):
     assert out == []
 
     out = split(pkg("changed", "--type", "a", "HEAD^^", "HEAD^"))
-    assert out == ["pkg-a", "pkg-b", "pkg-c"]
+    assert out == ["mockpkg-a", "mockpkg-b", "mockpkg-c"]
 
     out = split(pkg("changed", "--type", "r", "HEAD^^", "HEAD^"))
     assert out == []
 
     out = split(pkg("changed", "--type", "ar", "HEAD^^", "HEAD^"))
-    assert out == ["pkg-a", "pkg-b", "pkg-c"]
+    assert out == ["mockpkg-a", "mockpkg-b", "mockpkg-c"]
 
     out = split(pkg("changed", "--type", "arc", "HEAD^^", "HEAD^"))
-    assert out == ["pkg-a", "pkg-b", "pkg-c"]
+    assert out == ["mockpkg-a", "mockpkg-b", "mockpkg-c"]
 
     out = split(pkg("changed", "HEAD^", "HEAD"))
-    assert out == ["pkg-b"]
+    assert out == ["mockpkg-b"]
 
     out = split(pkg("changed", "--type", "c", "HEAD^", "HEAD"))
-    assert out == ["pkg-b"]
+    assert out == ["mockpkg-b"]
 
     out = split(pkg("changed", "--type", "a", "HEAD^", "HEAD"))
-    assert out == ["pkg-d"]
+    assert out == ["mockpkg-d"]
 
     out = split(pkg("changed", "--type", "r", "HEAD^", "HEAD"))
-    assert out == ["pkg-c"]
+    assert out == ["mockpkg-c"]
 
     out = split(pkg("changed", "--type", "ar", "HEAD^", "HEAD"))
-    assert out == ["pkg-c", "pkg-d"]
+    assert out == ["mockpkg-c", "mockpkg-d"]
 
     out = split(pkg("changed", "--type", "arc", "HEAD^", "HEAD"))
-    assert out == ["pkg-b", "pkg-c", "pkg-d"]
+    assert out == ["mockpkg-b", "mockpkg-c", "mockpkg-d"]
 
     # invalid type argument
     with pytest.raises(spack.main.SpackCommandError):
@@ -289,7 +294,7 @@ def test_pkg_canonical_source(mock_packages):
 
 
 def test_pkg_hash(mock_packages):
-    output = pkg("hash", "a", "b").strip().split()
+    output = pkg("hash", "pkg-a", "pkg-b").strip().split()
     assert len(output) == 2 and all(len(elt) == 32 for elt in output)
 
     output = pkg("hash", "multimethod").strip().split()

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/spec.py

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def test_spec_concretizer_args(mutable_config, mutable_database, do_not_check_ru
 def test_spec_parse_dependency_variant_value():
     """Verify that we can provide multiple key=value variants to multiple separate
     packages within a spec string."""
-    output = spec("multivalue-variant fee=barbaz ^ a foobar=baz")
+    output = spec("multivalue-variant fee=barbaz ^ pkg-a foobar=baz")
 
     assert "fee=barbaz" in output
     assert "foobar=baz" in output

lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/test.py

@@ -10,10 +10,14 @@
 
 from llnl.util.filesystem import copy_tree
 
+import spack.cmd.common.arguments
 import spack.cmd.install
+import spack.cmd.test
 import spack.config
+import spack.install_test
 import spack.package_base
 import spack.paths
+import spack.spec
 import spack.store
 from spack.install_test import TestStatus
 from spack.main import SpackCommand

lib/spack/spack/test/concretize.py

@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@
 import spack.platforms
 import spack.repo
 import spack.solver.asp
+import spack.store
+import spack.util.file_cache
 import spack.util.libc
 import spack.variant as vt
 from spack.concretize import find_spec
@@ -404,7 +406,7 @@ def test_compiler_flags_from_compiler_and_dependent(self):
     def test_compiler_flags_differ_identical_compilers(self, mutable_config, clang12_with_flags):
         mutable_config.set("compilers", [clang12_with_flags])
         # Correct arch to use test compiler that has flags
-        spec = Spec("a %clang@12.2.0 platform=test os=fe target=fe")
+        spec = Spec("pkg-a %clang@12.2.0 platform=test os=fe target=fe")
 
         # Get the compiler that matches the spec (
         compiler = spack.compilers.compiler_for_spec("clang@=12.2.0", spec.architecture)
@@ -473,7 +475,7 @@ def test_architecture_deep_inheritance(self, mock_targets, compiler_factory):
                 assert s.architecture.target == spec.architecture.target
 
     def test_compiler_flags_from_user_are_grouped(self):
-        spec = Spec('a%gcc cflags="-O -foo-flag foo-val" platform=test')
+        spec = Spec('pkg-a%gcc cflags="-O -foo-flag foo-val" platform=test')
         spec.concretize()
         cflags = spec.compiler_flags["cflags"]
         assert any(x == "-foo-flag foo-val" for x in cflags)
@@ -581,20 +583,20 @@ def test_concretize_propagate_multivalue_variant(self):
         spec = Spec("multivalue-variant foo==baz,fee")
         spec.concretize()
 
-        assert spec.satisfies("^a foo=baz,fee")
-        assert spec.satisfies("^b foo=baz,fee")
-        assert not spec.satisfies("^a foo=bar")
-        assert not spec.satisfies("^b foo=bar")
+        assert spec.satisfies("^pkg-a foo=baz,fee")
+        assert spec.satisfies("^pkg-b foo=baz,fee")
+        assert not spec.satisfies("^pkg-a foo=bar")
+        assert not spec.satisfies("^pkg-b foo=bar")
 
     def test_no_matching_compiler_specs(self, mock_low_high_config):
         # only relevant when not building compilers as needed
         with spack.concretize.enable_compiler_existence_check():
-            s = Spec("a %gcc@=0.0.0")
+            s = Spec("pkg-a %gcc@=0.0.0")
             with pytest.raises(spack.concretize.UnavailableCompilerVersionError):
                 s.concretize()
 
     def test_no_compilers_for_arch(self):
-        s = Spec("a arch=linux-rhel0-x86_64")
+        s = Spec("pkg-a arch=linux-rhel0-x86_64")
         with pytest.raises(spack.error.SpackError):
             s.concretize()
 
@@ -803,7 +805,7 @@ def test_regression_issue_7941(self):
         # The string representation of a spec containing
         # an explicit multi-valued variant and a dependency
         # might be parsed differently than the originating spec
-        s = Spec("a foobar=bar ^b")
+        s = Spec("pkg-a foobar=bar ^pkg-b")
         t = Spec(str(s))
 
         s.concretize()
@@ -1183,14 +1185,14 @@ def test_conditional_provides_or_depends_on(self):
         [
             # Check that True is treated correctly and attaches test deps
             # to all nodes in the DAG
-            ("a", True, ["a"], []),
-            ("a foobar=bar", True, ["a", "b"], []),
+            ("pkg-a", True, ["pkg-a"], []),
+            ("pkg-a foobar=bar", True, ["pkg-a", "pkg-b"], []),
             # Check that a list of names activates the dependency only for
             # packages in that list
-            ("a foobar=bar", ["a"], ["a"], ["b"]),
-            ("a foobar=bar", ["b"], ["b"], ["a"]),
+            ("pkg-a foobar=bar", ["pkg-a"], ["pkg-a"], ["pkg-b"]),
+            ("pkg-a foobar=bar", ["pkg-b"], ["pkg-b"], ["pkg-a"]),
             # Check that False disregard test dependencies
-            ("a foobar=bar", False, [], ["a", "b"]),
+            ("pkg-a foobar=bar", False, [], ["pkg-a", "pkg-b"]),
         ],
     )
     def test_activating_test_dependencies(self, spec_str, tests_arg, with_dep, without_dep):
@@ -1249,7 +1251,7 @@ def test_custom_compiler_version(self, mutable_config, compiler_factory, monkeyp
             "compilers", [compiler_factory(spec="gcc@10foo", operating_system="redhat6")]
         )
         monkeypatch.setattr(spack.compiler.Compiler, "real_version", "10.2.1")
-        s = Spec("a %gcc@10foo os=redhat6").concretized()
+        s = Spec("pkg-a %gcc@10foo os=redhat6").concretized()
         assert "%gcc@10foo" in s
 
     def test_all_patches_applied(self):
@@ -1393,10 +1395,10 @@ def test_no_reuse_when_variant_condition_does_not_hold(self, mutable_database, m
     @pytest.mark.only_clingo("Use case not supported by the original concretizer")
     def test_reuse_with_flags(self, mutable_database, mutable_config):
         spack.config.set("concretizer:reuse", True)
-        spec = Spec("a cflags=-g cxxflags=-g").concretized()
+        spec = Spec("pkg-a cflags=-g cxxflags=-g").concretized()
         spack.store.STORE.db.add(spec, None)
 
-        testspec = Spec("a cflags=-g")
+        testspec = Spec("pkg-a cflags=-g")
         testspec.concretize()
         assert testspec == spec
 
@@ -1739,49 +1741,49 @@ def test_reuse_with_unknown_namespace_dont_raise(
         self, temporary_store, mock_custom_repository
     ):
         with spack.repo.use_repositories(mock_custom_repository, override=False):
-            s = Spec("c").concretized()
+            s = Spec("pkg-c").concretized()
             assert s.namespace != "builtin.mock"
             s.package.do_install(fake=True, explicit=True)
 
         with spack.config.override("concretizer:reuse", True):
-            s = Spec("c").concretized()
+            s = Spec("pkg-c").concretized()
         assert s.namespace == "builtin.mock"
 
     @pytest.mark.regression("28259")
     def test_reuse_with_unknown_package_dont_raise(self, tmpdir, temporary_store, monkeypatch):
         builder = spack.repo.MockRepositoryBuilder(tmpdir.mkdir("mock.repo"), namespace="myrepo")
-        builder.add_package("c")
+        builder.add_package("pkg-c")
         with spack.repo.use_repositories(builder.root, override=False):
-            s = Spec("c").concretized()
+            s = Spec("pkg-c").concretized()
             assert s.namespace == "myrepo"
             s.package.do_install(fake=True, explicit=True)
 
-        del sys.modules["spack.pkg.myrepo.c"]
+        del sys.modules["spack.pkg.myrepo.pkg-c"]
         del sys.modules["spack.pkg.myrepo"]
-        builder.remove("c")
+        builder.remove("pkg-c")
         with spack.repo.use_repositories(builder.root, override=False) as repos:
             # TODO (INJECT CONFIGURATION): unclear why the cache needs to be invalidated explicitly
             repos.repos[0]._pkg_checker.invalidate()
             with spack.config.override("concretizer:reuse", True):
-                s = Spec("c").concretized()
+                s = Spec("pkg-c").concretized()
             assert s.namespace == "builtin.mock"
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-        "specs,expected",
+        "specs,expected,libc_offset",
         [
-            (["libelf", "libelf@0.8.10"], 1),
-            (["libdwarf%gcc", "libelf%clang"], 2),
-            (["libdwarf%gcc", "libdwarf%clang"], 3),
-            (["libdwarf^libelf@0.8.12", "libdwarf^libelf@0.8.13"], 4),
-            (["hdf5", "zmpi"], 3),
-            (["hdf5", "mpich"], 2),
-            (["hdf5^zmpi", "mpich"], 4),
-            (["mpi", "zmpi"], 2),
-            (["mpi", "mpich"], 1),
+            (["libelf", "libelf@0.8.10"], 1, 1),
+            (["libdwarf%gcc", "libelf%clang"], 2, 1),
+            (["libdwarf%gcc", "libdwarf%clang"], 3, 2),
+            (["libdwarf^libelf@0.8.12", "libdwarf^libelf@0.8.13"], 4, 1),
+            (["hdf5", "zmpi"], 3, 1),
+            (["hdf5", "mpich"], 2, 1),
+            (["hdf5^zmpi", "mpich"], 4, 1),
+            (["mpi", "zmpi"], 2, 1),
+            (["mpi", "mpich"], 1, 1),
         ],
     )
     @pytest.mark.only_clingo("Original concretizer cannot concretize in rounds")
-    def test_best_effort_coconcretize(self, specs, expected):
+    def test_best_effort_coconcretize(self, specs, expected, libc_offset):
         specs = [Spec(s) for s in specs]
         solver = spack.solver.asp.Solver()
         solver.reuse = False
@@ -1790,7 +1792,9 @@ def test_best_effort_coconcretize(self, specs, expected):
             for s in result.specs:
                 concrete_specs.update(s.traverse())
 
-        libc_offset = 1 if spack.solver.asp.using_libc_compatibility() else 0
+        if not spack.solver.asp.using_libc_compatibility():
+            libc_offset = 0
+
         assert len(concrete_specs) == expected + libc_offset
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -1892,20 +1896,20 @@ def test_misleading_error_message_on_version(self, mutable_database):
     @pytest.mark.only_clingo("Use case not supported by the original concretizer")
     def test_version_weight_and_provenance(self):
         """Test package preferences during coconcretization."""
-        reusable_specs = [Spec(spec_str).concretized() for spec_str in ("b@0.9", "b@1.0")]
-        root_spec = Spec("a foobar=bar")
+        reusable_specs = [Spec(spec_str).concretized() for spec_str in ("pkg-b@0.9", "pkg-b@1.0")]
+        root_spec = Spec("pkg-a foobar=bar")
 
         with spack.config.override("concretizer:reuse", True):
             solver = spack.solver.asp.Solver()
             setup = spack.solver.asp.SpackSolverSetup()
             result, _, _ = solver.driver.solve(setup, [root_spec], reuse=reusable_specs)
-            # The result here should have a single spec to build ('a')
-            # and it should be using b@1.0 with a version badness of 2
+            # The result here should have a single spec to build ('pkg-a')
+            # and it should be using pkg-b@1.0 with a version badness of 2
             # The provenance is:
-            # version_declared("b","1.0",0,"package_py").
-            # version_declared("b","0.9",1,"package_py").
-            # version_declared("b","1.0",2,"installed").
-            # version_declared("b","0.9",3,"installed").
+            # version_declared("pkg-b","1.0",0,"package_py").
+            # version_declared("pkg-b","0.9",1,"package_py").
+            # version_declared("pkg-b","1.0",2,"installed").
+            # version_declared("pkg-b","0.9",3,"installed").
             #
             # Depending on the target, it may also use gnuconfig
             result_spec = result.specs[0]
@@ -1914,16 +1918,16 @@ def test_version_weight_and_provenance(self):
             libc_offset = 1 if spack.solver.asp.using_libc_compatibility() else 0
             criteria = [
                 (num_specs - 1 - libc_offset, None, "number of packages to build (vs. reuse)"),
-                (2, 0, "version badness"),
+                (2, 0, "version badness (non roots)"),
             ]
 
             for criterion in criteria:
-                assert criterion in result.criteria, result_spec
-            assert result_spec.satisfies("^b@1.0")
+                assert criterion in result.criteria, criterion
+            assert result_spec.satisfies("^pkg-b@1.0")
 
     @pytest.mark.only_clingo("Use case not supported by the original concretizer")
     def test_reuse_succeeds_with_config_compatible_os(self):
-        root_spec = Spec("b")
+        root_spec = Spec("pkg-b")
         s = root_spec.concretized()
         other_os = s.copy()
         mock_os = "ubuntu2204"
@@ -2187,7 +2191,7 @@ def test_external_python_extension_find_unified_python(self):
         "specs",
         [
             ["mpileaks^ callpath ^dyninst@8.1.1:8 ^mpich2@1.3:1"],
-            ["multivalue-variant ^a@2:2"],
+            ["multivalue-variant ^pkg-a@2:2"],
             ["v1-consumer ^conditional-provider@1:1 +disable-v1"],
         ],
     )
@@ -2226,9 +2230,9 @@ def test_unsolved_specs_raises_error(self, monkeypatch, mock_packages, config):
     def test_clear_error_when_unknown_compiler_requested(self, mock_packages, config):
         """Tests that the solver can report a case where the compiler cannot be set"""
         with pytest.raises(
-            spack.error.UnsatisfiableSpecError, match="Cannot set the required compiler: a%foo"
+            spack.error.UnsatisfiableSpecError, match="Cannot set the required compiler: pkg-a%foo"
         ):
-            Spec("a %foo").concretized()
+            Spec("pkg-a %foo").concretized()
 
     @pytest.mark.regression("36339")
     def test_compiler_match_constraints_when_selected(self):
@@ -2264,7 +2268,7 @@ def test_compiler_match_constraints_when_selected(self):
             },
         ]
         spack.config.set("compilers", compiler_configuration)
-        s = Spec("a %gcc@:11").concretized()
+        s = Spec("pkg-a %gcc@:11").concretized()
         assert s.compiler.version == ver("=11.1.0"), s
 
     @pytest.mark.regression("36339")
@@ -2285,7 +2289,7 @@ def test_compiler_with_custom_non_numeric_version(self, mock_executable):
             }
         ]
         spack.config.set("compilers", compiler_configuration)
-        s = Spec("a %gcc@foo").concretized()
+        s = Spec("pkg-a %gcc@foo").concretized()
         assert s.compiler.version == ver("=foo")
 
     @pytest.mark.regression("36628")
@@ -2311,7 +2315,7 @@ def test_concretization_with_compilers_supporting_target_any(self):
         ]
 
         with spack.config.override("compilers", compiler_configuration):
-            s = spack.spec.Spec("a").concretized()
+            s = Spec("pkg-a").concretized()
         assert s.satisfies("%gcc@12.1.0")
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("spec_str", ["mpileaks", "mpileaks ^mpich"])
@@ -2346,7 +2350,7 @@ def test_dont_define_new_version_from_input_if_checksum_required(self, working_e
         with pytest.raises(spack.error.UnsatisfiableSpecError):
             # normally spack concretizes to @=3.0 if it's not defined in package.py, except
             # when checksums are required
-            Spec("a@=3.0").concretized()
+            Spec("pkg-a@=3.0").concretized()
 
     @pytest.mark.regression("39570")
     @pytest.mark.db
@@ -2446,7 +2450,7 @@ def _default_libc(self):
             spack.util.libc, "libc_from_current_python_process", lambda: Spec("glibc@=2.28")
         )
         mutable_config.set("config:install_missing_compilers", True)
-        s = Spec("a %gcc@=13.2.0").concretized()
+        s = Spec("pkg-a %gcc@=13.2.0").concretized()
         assert s.satisfies("%gcc@13.2.0")
 
     @pytest.mark.regression("43267")
@@ -2464,6 +2468,7 @@ def test_spec_with_build_dep_from_json(self, tmp_path):
         assert s["dttop"].dag_hash() == build_dep.dag_hash()
 
     @pytest.mark.regression("44040")
+    @pytest.mark.only_clingo("Use case not supported by the original concretizer")
     def test_exclude_specs_from_reuse(self, monkeypatch):
         """Tests that we can exclude a spec from reuse when concretizing, and that the spec
         is not added back to the solve as a dependency of another reusable spec.
@@ -2503,6 +2508,121 @@ def test_exclude_specs_from_reuse(self, monkeypatch):
         for dep in result["dyninst"].traverse(root=False):
             assert dep.dag_hash() == reused[dep.name].dag_hash()
 
+    @pytest.mark.regression("44091")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "included_externals",
+        [
+            ["deprecated-versions"],
+            # Try the empty list, to ensure that in that case everything will be included
+            # since filtering should happen only when the list is non-empty
+            [],
+        ],
+    )
+    @pytest.mark.only_clingo("Use case not supported by the original concretizer")
+    def test_include_specs_from_externals_and_libcs(
+        self, included_externals, mutable_config, tmp_path
+    ):
+        """Tests that when we include specs from externals, we always include libcs."""
+        mutable_config.set(
+            "packages",
+            {
+                "deprecated-versions": {
+                    "externals": [{"spec": "deprecated-versions@1.1.0", "prefix": str(tmp_path)}]
+                }
+            },
+        )
+        request_str = "deprecated-client"
+
+        # When using the external the version is selected even if deprecated
+        with spack.config.override(
+            "concretizer:reuse", {"from": [{"type": "external", "include": included_externals}]}
+        ):
+            result = Spec(request_str).concretized()
+
+        assert result["deprecated-versions"].satisfies("@1.1.0")
+
+        # When excluding it, we pick the non-deprecated version
+        with spack.config.override(
+            "concretizer:reuse",
+            {"from": [{"type": "external", "exclude": ["deprecated-versions"]}]},
+        ):
+            result = Spec(request_str).concretized()
+
+        assert result["deprecated-versions"].satisfies("@1.0.0")
+
+    @pytest.mark.regression("44085")
+    @pytest.mark.only_clingo("Use case not supported by the original concretizer")
+    def test_can_reuse_concrete_externals_for_dependents(self, mutable_config, tmp_path):
+        """Test that external specs that are in the DB can be reused. This means they are
+        preferred to concretizing another external from packages.yaml
+        """
+        packages_yaml = {
+            "externaltool": {"externals": [{"spec": "externaltool@2.0", "prefix": "/fake/path"}]}
+        }
+        mutable_config.set("packages", packages_yaml)
+        # Concretize with gcc@9 to get a suboptimal spec, since we have gcc@10 available
+        external_spec = Spec("externaltool@2 %gcc@9").concretized()
+        assert external_spec.external
+
+        root_specs = [Spec("sombrero")]
+        with spack.config.override("concretizer:reuse", True):
+            solver = spack.solver.asp.Solver()
+            setup = spack.solver.asp.SpackSolverSetup()
+            result, _, _ = solver.driver.solve(setup, root_specs, reuse=[external_spec])
+
+        assert len(result.specs) == 1
+        sombrero = result.specs[0]
+        assert sombrero["externaltool"].dag_hash() == external_spec.dag_hash()
+
+    @pytest.mark.regression("45321")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "corrupted_str",
+        [
+            "cmake@3.4.3 foo=bar",  # cmake has no variant "foo"
+            "mvdefaults@1.0 foo=a,d",  # variant "foo" has no value "d"
+            "cmake %gcc",  # spec has no version
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_corrupted_external_does_not_halt_concretization(self, corrupted_str, mutable_config):
+        """Tests that having a wrong variant in an external spec doesn't stop concretization"""
+        corrupted_spec = Spec(corrupted_str)
+        packages_yaml = {
+            f"{corrupted_spec.name}": {
+                "externals": [{"spec": corrupted_str, "prefix": "/dev/null"}]
+            }
+        }
+        mutable_config.set("packages", packages_yaml)
+        # Assert we don't raise due to the corrupted external entry above
+        s = Spec("pkg-a").concretized()
+        assert s.concrete
+
+    @pytest.mark.regression("44828")
+    @pytest.mark.not_on_windows("Tests use linux paths")
+    def test_correct_external_is_selected_from_packages_yaml(self, mutable_config):
+        """Tests that when filtering external specs, the correct external is selected to
+        reconstruct the prefix, and other external attributes.
+        """
+        packages_yaml = {
+            "cmake": {
+                "externals": [
+                    {"spec": "cmake@3.23.1 %gcc", "prefix": "/tmp/prefix1"},
+                    {"spec": "cmake@3.23.1 %clang", "prefix": "/tmp/prefix2"},
+                ]
+            }
+        }
+        concretizer_yaml = {
+            "reuse": {"roots": True, "from": [{"type": "external", "exclude": ["%gcc"]}]}
+        }
+        mutable_config.set("packages", packages_yaml)
+        mutable_config.set("concretizer", concretizer_yaml)
+
+        s = Spec("cmake").concretized()
+
+        # Check that we got the properties from the right external
+        assert s.external
+        assert s.satisfies("%clang")
+        assert s.prefix == "/tmp/prefix2"
+
 
 @pytest.fixture()
 def duplicates_test_repository():
@@ -2704,7 +2824,9 @@ def test_drop_moving_targets(v_str, v_opts, checksummed):
 class TestConcreteSpecsByHash:
     """Tests the container of concrete specs"""
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize("input_specs", [["a"], ["a foobar=bar", "b"], ["a foobar=baz", "b"]])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "input_specs", [["pkg-a"], ["pkg-a foobar=bar", "pkg-b"], ["pkg-a foobar=baz", "pkg-b"]]
+    )
     def test_adding_specs(self, input_specs, default_mock_concretization):
         """Tests that concrete specs in the container are equivalent, but stored as different
         objects in memory.

lib/spack/spack/test/concretize_compiler_runtimes.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 import archspec.cpu
 
+import spack.config
 import spack.paths
 import spack.repo
 import spack.solver.asp
@@ -47,8 +48,8 @@ def enable_runtimes():
 
 
 def test_correct_gcc_runtime_is_injected_as_dependency(runtime_repo):
-    s = spack.spec.Spec("a%gcc@10.2.1 ^b%gcc@9.4.0").concretized()
-    a, b = s["a"], s["b"]
+    s = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a%gcc@10.2.1 ^pkg-b%gcc@9.4.0").concretized()
+    a, b = s["pkg-a"], s["pkg-b"]
 
     # Both a and b should depend on the same gcc-runtime directly
     assert a.dependencies("gcc-runtime") == b.dependencies("gcc-runtime")
@@ -61,16 +62,16 @@ def test_correct_gcc_runtime_is_injected_as_dependency(runtime_repo):
 def test_external_nodes_do_not_have_runtimes(runtime_repo, mutable_config, tmp_path):
     """Tests that external nodes don't have runtime dependencies."""
 
-    packages_yaml = {"b": {"externals": [{"spec": "b@1.0", "prefix": f"{str(tmp_path)}"}]}}
+    packages_yaml = {"pkg-b": {"externals": [{"spec": "pkg-b@1.0", "prefix": f"{str(tmp_path)}"}]}}
     spack.config.set("packages", packages_yaml)
 
-    s = spack.spec.Spec("a%gcc@10.2.1").concretized()
+    s = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a%gcc@10.2.1").concretized()
 
-    a, b = s["a"], s["b"]
+    a, b = s["pkg-a"], s["pkg-b"]
 
     # Since b is an external, it doesn't depend on gcc-runtime
     assert a.dependencies("gcc-runtime")
-    assert a.dependencies("b")
+    assert a.dependencies("pkg-b")
     assert not b.dependencies("gcc-runtime")
 
 
@@ -78,23 +79,36 @@ def test_external_nodes_do_not_have_runtimes(runtime_repo, mutable_config, tmp_p
     "root_str,reused_str,expected,nruntime",
     [
         # The reused runtime is older than we need, thus we'll add a more recent one for a
-        ("a%gcc@10.2.1", "b%gcc@9.4.0", {"a": "gcc-runtime@10.2.1", "b": "gcc-runtime@9.4.0"}, 2),
-        # The root is compiled with an older compiler, thus we'll reuse the runtime from b
-        ("a%gcc@9.4.0", "b%gcc@10.2.1", {"a": "gcc-runtime@10.2.1", "b": "gcc-runtime@10.2.1"}, 1),
+        (
+            "pkg-a%gcc@10.2.1",
+            "pkg-b%gcc@9.4.0",
+            {"pkg-a": "gcc-runtime@10.2.1", "pkg-b": "gcc-runtime@9.4.0"},
+            2,
+        ),
+        # The root is compiled with an older compiler, thus we'll NOT reuse the runtime from b
+        (
+            "pkg-a%gcc@9.4.0",
+            "pkg-b%gcc@10.2.1",
+            {"pkg-a": "gcc-runtime@9.4.0", "pkg-b": "gcc-runtime@9.4.0"},
+            1,
+        ),
         # Same as before, but tests that we can reuse from a more generic target
         pytest.param(
-            "a%gcc@9.4.0",
-            "b%gcc@10.2.1 target=x86_64",
-            {"a": "gcc-runtime@10.2.1 target=x86_64", "b": "gcc-runtime@10.2.1 target=x86_64"},
+            "pkg-a%gcc@9.4.0",
+            "pkg-b%gcc@10.2.1 target=x86_64",
+            {"pkg-a": "gcc-runtime@9.4.0", "pkg-b": "gcc-runtime@9.4.0"},
             1,
             marks=pytest.mark.skipif(
                 str(archspec.cpu.host().family) != "x86_64", reason="test data is x86_64 specific"
             ),
         ),
         pytest.param(
-            "a%gcc@10.2.1",
-            "b%gcc@9.4.0 target=x86_64",
-            {"a": "gcc-runtime@10.2.1 target=x86_64", "b": "gcc-runtime@9.4.0 target=x86_64"},
+            "pkg-a%gcc@10.2.1",
+            "pkg-b%gcc@9.4.0 target=x86_64",
+            {
+                "pkg-a": "gcc-runtime@10.2.1 target=x86_64",
+                "pkg-b": "gcc-runtime@9.4.0 target=x86_64",
+            },
             2,
             marks=pytest.mark.skipif(
                 str(archspec.cpu.host().family) != "x86_64", reason="test data is x86_64 specific"
@@ -102,17 +116,19 @@ def test_external_nodes_do_not_have_runtimes(runtime_repo, mutable_config, tmp_p
         ),
     ],
 )
+@pytest.mark.regression("44444")
 def test_reusing_specs_with_gcc_runtime(root_str, reused_str, expected, nruntime, runtime_repo):
     """Tests that we can reuse specs with a "gcc-runtime" leaf node. In particular, checks
     that the semantic for gcc-runtimes versions accounts for reused packages too.
+
+    Reusable runtime versions should be lower, or equal, to that of parent nodes.
     """
     root, reused_spec = _concretize_with_reuse(root_str=root_str, reused_str=reused_str)
 
-    assert f"{expected['b']}" in reused_spec
     runtime_a = root.dependencies("gcc-runtime")[0]
-    assert runtime_a.satisfies(expected["a"])
-    runtime_b = root["b"].dependencies("gcc-runtime")[0]
-    assert runtime_b.satisfies(expected["b"])
+    assert runtime_a.satisfies(expected["pkg-a"])
+    runtime_b = root["pkg-b"].dependencies("gcc-runtime")[0]
+    assert runtime_b.satisfies(expected["pkg-b"])
 
     runtimes = [x for x in root.traverse() if x.name == "gcc-runtime"]
     assert len(runtimes) == nruntime
@@ -123,8 +139,7 @@ def test_reusing_specs_with_gcc_runtime(root_str, reused_str, expected, nruntime
     [
         # Ensure that, whether we have multiple runtimes in the DAG or not,
         # we always link only the latest version
-        ("a%gcc@10.2.1", "b%gcc@9.4.0", ["gcc-runtime@10.2.1"], ["gcc-runtime@9.4.0"]),
-        ("a%gcc@9.4.0", "b%gcc@10.2.1", ["gcc-runtime@10.2.1"], ["gcc-runtime@9.4.0"]),
+        ("pkg-a%gcc@10.2.1", "pkg-b%gcc@9.4.0", ["gcc-runtime@10.2.1"], ["gcc-runtime@9.4.0"])
     ],
 )
 def test_views_can_handle_duplicate_runtime_nodes(

lib/spack/spack/test/concretize_preferences.py

@@ -512,5 +512,5 @@ def test_default_preference_variant_different_type_does_not_error(self):
         packages.yaml doesn't fail with an error.
         """
         with spack.config.override("packages:all", {"variants": "+foo"}):
-            s = Spec("a").concretized()
+            s = Spec("pkg-a").concretized()
             assert s.satisfies("foo=bar")

lib/spack/spack/test/concretize_requirements.py

@@ -103,23 +103,6 @@ def test_repo(_create_test_repo, monkeypatch, mock_stage):
         yield mock_repo_path
 
 
-class MakeStage:
-    def __init__(self, stage):
-        self.stage = stage
-
-    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        return self.stage
-
-
-@pytest.fixture
-def fake_installs(monkeypatch, tmpdir):
-    stage_path = str(tmpdir.ensure("fake-stage", dir=True))
-    universal_unused_stage = spack.stage.DIYStage(stage_path)
-    monkeypatch.setattr(
-        spack.build_systems.generic.Package, "_make_stage", MakeStage(universal_unused_stage)
-    )
-
-
 def test_one_package_multiple_reqs(concretize_scope, test_repo):
     conf_str = """\
 packages:
@@ -514,7 +497,7 @@ def test_oneof_ordering(concretize_scope, test_repo):
     assert s2.satisfies("@2.5")
 
 
-def test_reuse_oneof(concretize_scope, _create_test_repo, mutable_database, fake_installs):
+def test_reuse_oneof(concretize_scope, _create_test_repo, mutable_database, mock_fetch):
     conf_str = """\
 packages:
   y:
@@ -944,9 +927,9 @@ def test_default_requirements_semantic(packages_yaml, concretize_scope, mock_pac
         Spec("zlib ~shared").concretized()
 
     # A spec without the shared variant still concretize
-    s = Spec("a").concretized()
-    assert not s.satisfies("a +shared")
-    assert not s.satisfies("a ~shared")
+    s = Spec("pkg-a").concretized()
+    assert not s.satisfies("pkg-a +shared")
+    assert not s.satisfies("pkg-a ~shared")
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -1176,3 +1159,46 @@ def test_forward_multi_valued_variant_using_requires(
 
     for constraint in not_expected:
         assert not s.satisfies(constraint)
+
+
+def test_strong_preferences_higher_priority_than_reuse(concretize_scope, mock_packages):
+    """Tests that strong preferences have a higher priority than reusing specs."""
+    reused_spec = Spec("adios2~bzip2").concretized()
+    reuse_nodes = list(reused_spec.traverse())
+    root_specs = [Spec("ascent+adios2")]
+
+    # Check that without further configuration adios2 is reused
+    with spack.config.override("concretizer:reuse", True):
+        solver = spack.solver.asp.Solver()
+        setup = spack.solver.asp.SpackSolverSetup()
+        result, _, _ = solver.driver.solve(setup, root_specs, reuse=reuse_nodes)
+        ascent = result.specs[0]
+    assert ascent["adios2"].dag_hash() == reused_spec.dag_hash(), ascent
+
+    # If we stick a preference, adios2 is not reused
+    update_packages_config(
+        """
+    packages:
+      adios2:
+        prefer:
+        - "+bzip2"
+"""
+    )
+    with spack.config.override("concretizer:reuse", True):
+        solver = spack.solver.asp.Solver()
+        setup = spack.solver.asp.SpackSolverSetup()
+        result, _, _ = solver.driver.solve(setup, root_specs, reuse=reuse_nodes)
+        ascent = result.specs[0]
+
+    assert ascent["adios2"].dag_hash() != reused_spec.dag_hash()
+    assert ascent["adios2"].satisfies("+bzip2")
+
+    # A preference is still preference, so we can override from input
+    with spack.config.override("concretizer:reuse", True):
+        solver = spack.solver.asp.Solver()
+        setup = spack.solver.asp.SpackSolverSetup()
+        result, _, _ = solver.driver.solve(
+            setup, [Spec("ascent+adios2 ^adios2~bzip2")], reuse=reuse_nodes
+        )
+        ascent = result.specs[0]
+    assert ascent["adios2"].dag_hash() == reused_spec.dag_hash(), ascent

lib/spack/spack/test/config.py

@@ -1211,13 +1211,13 @@ def test_license_dir_config(mutable_config, mock_packages):
     expected_dir = spack.paths.default_license_dir
     assert spack.config.get("config:license_dir") == expected_dir
     assert spack.package_base.PackageBase.global_license_dir == expected_dir
-    assert spack.repo.PATH.get_pkg_class("a").global_license_dir == expected_dir
+    assert spack.repo.PATH.get_pkg_class("pkg-a").global_license_dir == expected_dir
 
     rel_path = os.path.join(os.path.sep, "foo", "bar", "baz")
     spack.config.set("config:license_dir", rel_path)
     assert spack.config.get("config:license_dir") == rel_path
     assert spack.package_base.PackageBase.global_license_dir == rel_path
-    assert spack.repo.PATH.get_pkg_class("a").global_license_dir == rel_path
+    assert spack.repo.PATH.get_pkg_class("pkg-a").global_license_dir == rel_path
 
 
 @pytest.mark.regression("22547")

lib/spack/spack/test/conftest.py

@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ def mutable_mock_repo(mock_repo_path, request):
 def mock_custom_repository(tmpdir, mutable_mock_repo):
     """Create a custom repository with a single package "c" and return its path."""
     builder = spack.repo.MockRepositoryBuilder(tmpdir.mkdir("myrepo"))
-    builder.add_package("c")
+    builder.add_package("pkg-c")
     return builder.root
 
 
@@ -2053,3 +2053,11 @@ def _true(x):
 @pytest.fixture()
 def do_not_check_runtimes_on_reuse(monkeypatch):
     monkeypatch.setattr(spack.solver.asp, "_has_runtime_dependencies", _true)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True, scope="session")
+def _c_compiler_always_exists():
+    fn = spack.solver.asp.c_compiler_runs
+    spack.solver.asp.c_compiler_runs = _true
+    yield
+    spack.solver.asp.c_compiler_runs = fn

lib/spack/spack/test/database.py

@@ -58,16 +58,22 @@ def upstream_and_downstream_db(tmpdir, gen_mock_layout):
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "install_tree,result",
-    [("all", ["b", "c"]), ("upstream", ["c"]), ("local", ["b"]), ("{u}", ["c"]), ("{d}", ["b"])],
+    [
+        ("all", ["pkg-b", "pkg-c"]),
+        ("upstream", ["pkg-c"]),
+        ("local", ["pkg-b"]),
+        ("{u}", ["pkg-c"]),
+        ("{d}", ["pkg-b"]),
+    ],
 )
 def test_query_by_install_tree(
     install_tree, result, upstream_and_downstream_db, mock_packages, monkeypatch, config
 ):
     up_write_db, up_db, up_layout, down_db, down_layout = upstream_and_downstream_db
 
-    # Set the upstream DB to contain "c" and downstream to contain "b")
-    b = spack.spec.Spec("b").concretized()
-    c = spack.spec.Spec("c").concretized()
+    # Set the upstream DB to contain "pkg-c" and downstream to contain "pkg-b")
+    b = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-b").concretized()
+    c = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-c").concretized()
     up_write_db.add(c, up_layout)
     up_db._read()
     down_db.add(b, down_layout)
@@ -86,7 +92,7 @@ def test_spec_installed_upstream(
 
     # a known installed spec should say that it's installed
     with spack.repo.use_repositories(mock_custom_repository):
-        spec = spack.spec.Spec("c").concretized()
+        spec = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-c").concretized()
         assert not spec.installed
         assert not spec.installed_upstream
 
@@ -848,7 +854,7 @@ def test_query_virtual_spec(database):
 
 def test_failed_spec_path_error(database):
     """Ensure spec not concrete check is covered."""
-    s = spack.spec.Spec("a")
+    s = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a")
     with pytest.raises(AssertionError, match="concrete spec required"):
         spack.store.STORE.failure_tracker.mark(s)
 
@@ -863,7 +869,7 @@ def _is(self, spec):
     # Pretend the spec has been failure locked
     monkeypatch.setattr(spack.database.FailureTracker, "lock_taken", _is)
 
-    s = spack.spec.Spec("a").concretized()
+    s = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a").concretized()
     spack.store.STORE.failure_tracker.clear(s)
     out = capfd.readouterr()[0]
     assert "Retaining failure marking" in out
@@ -881,7 +887,7 @@ def _is(self, spec):
     # Ensure raise OSError when try to remove the non-existent marking
     monkeypatch.setattr(spack.database.FailureTracker, "persistent_mark", _is)
 
-    s = default_mock_concretization("a")
+    s = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a").concretized()
     spack.store.STORE.failure_tracker.clear(s, force=True)
     out = capfd.readouterr()[1]
     assert "Removing failure marking despite lock" in out
@@ -895,15 +901,16 @@ def test_mark_failed(default_mock_concretization, mutable_database, monkeypatch,
     def _raise_exc(lock):
         raise lk.LockTimeoutError("write", "/mock-lock", 1.234, 10)
 
-    # Ensure attempt to acquire write lock on the mark raises the exception
-    monkeypatch.setattr(lk.Lock, "acquire_write", _raise_exc)
-
     with tmpdir.as_cwd():
-        s = default_mock_concretization("a")
+        s = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a").concretized()
+
+        # Ensure attempt to acquire write lock on the mark raises the exception
+        monkeypatch.setattr(lk.Lock, "acquire_write", _raise_exc)
+
         spack.store.STORE.failure_tracker.mark(s)
 
         out = str(capsys.readouterr()[1])
-        assert "Unable to mark a as failed" in out
+        assert "Unable to mark pkg-a as failed" in out
 
     spack.store.STORE.failure_tracker.clear_all()
 
@@ -912,7 +919,7 @@ def _raise_exc(lock):
 def test_prefix_failed(default_mock_concretization, mutable_database, monkeypatch):
     """Add coverage to failed operation."""
 
-    s = default_mock_concretization("a")
+    s = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a").concretized()
 
     # Confirm the spec is not already marked as failed
     assert not spack.store.STORE.failure_tracker.has_failed(s)
@@ -936,7 +943,7 @@ def test_prefix_write_lock_error(default_mock_concretization, mutable_database,
     def _raise(db, spec):
         raise lk.LockError("Mock lock error")
 
-    s = default_mock_concretization("a")
+    s = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a").concretized()
 
     # Ensure subsequent lock operations fail
     monkeypatch.setattr(lk.Lock, "acquire_write", _raise)
@@ -1112,7 +1119,7 @@ def test_database_read_works_with_trailing_data(tmp_path, default_mock_concretiz
     # Populate a database
     root = str(tmp_path)
     db = spack.database.Database(root)
-    spec = default_mock_concretization("a")
+    spec = default_mock_concretization("pkg-a")
     db.add(spec, directory_layout=None)
     specs_in_db = db.query_local()
     assert spec in specs_in_db

lib/spack/spack/test/directives.py

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def test_true_directives_exist(mock_packages):
 
     assert cls.dependencies
     assert "extendee" in cls.dependencies[spack.spec.Spec()]
-    assert "b" in cls.dependencies[spack.spec.Spec()]
+    assert "pkg-b" in cls.dependencies[spack.spec.Spec()]
 
     assert cls.resources
     assert spack.spec.Spec() in cls.resources
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def test_constraints_from_context(mock_packages):
     pkg_cls = spack.repo.PATH.get_pkg_class("with-constraint-met")
 
     assert pkg_cls.dependencies
-    assert "b" in pkg_cls.dependencies[spack.spec.Spec("@1.0")]
+    assert "pkg-b" in pkg_cls.dependencies[spack.spec.Spec("@1.0")]
 
     assert pkg_cls.conflicts
     assert (spack.spec.Spec("%gcc"), None) in pkg_cls.conflicts[spack.spec.Spec("+foo@1.0")]
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def test_constraints_from_context_are_merged(mock_packages):
     pkg_cls = spack.repo.PATH.get_pkg_class("with-constraint-met")
 
     assert pkg_cls.dependencies
-    assert "c" in pkg_cls.dependencies[spack.spec.Spec("@0.14:15 ^b@3.8:4.0")]
+    assert "pkg-c" in pkg_cls.dependencies[spack.spec.Spec("@0.14:15 ^pkg-b@3.8:4.0")]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.regression("27754")
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ def test_extends_spec(config, mock_packages):
 
 @pytest.mark.regression("34368")
 def test_error_on_anonymous_dependency(config, mock_packages):
-    pkg = spack.repo.PATH.get_pkg_class("a")
+    pkg = spack.repo.PATH.get_pkg_class("pkg-a")
     with pytest.raises(spack.directives.DependencyError):
         spack.directives._depends_on(pkg, "@4.5")
 

lib/spack/spack/test/env.py

@@ -383,10 +383,10 @@ def test_can_add_specs_to_environment_without_specs_attribute(tmp_path, mock_pac
     """
     )
     env = ev.Environment(tmp_path)
-    env.add("a")
+    env.add("pkg-a")
 
     assert len(env.user_specs) == 1
-    assert env.manifest.pristine_yaml_content["spack"]["specs"] == ["a"]
+    assert env.manifest.pristine_yaml_content["spack"]["specs"] == ["pkg-a"]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ def test_conflicts_with_packages_that_are_not_dependencies(
 spack:
   specs:
   - {spec_str}
-  - b
+  - pkg-b
   concretizer:
     unify: true
 """
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ def test_variant_propagation_with_unify_false(tmp_path, mock_packages, config):
     spack:
       specs:
       - parent-foo ++foo
-      - c
+      - pkg-c
       concretizer:
         unify: false
     """
@@ -797,10 +797,10 @@ def test_deconcretize_then_concretize_does_not_error(mutable_mock_env_path, mock
         """spack:
       specs:
       # These two specs concretize to the same hash
-      - c
-      - c@1.0
+      - pkg-c
+      - pkg-c@1.0
       # Spec used to trigger the bug
-      - a
+      - pkg-a
       concretizer:
         unify: true
     """
@@ -808,8 +808,38 @@ def test_deconcretize_then_concretize_does_not_error(mutable_mock_env_path, mock
     e = ev.Environment(mutable_mock_env_path)
     with e:
         e.concretize()
-        e.deconcretize(spack.spec.Spec("a"), concrete=False)
+        e.deconcretize(spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a"), concrete=False)
         e.concretize()
     assert len(e.concrete_roots()) == 3
-    all_root_hashes = set(x.dag_hash() for x in e.concrete_roots())
+    all_root_hashes = {x.dag_hash() for x in e.concrete_roots()}
     assert len(all_root_hashes) == 2
+
+
+@pytest.mark.regression("44216")
+@pytest.mark.only_clingo()
+def test_root_version_weights_for_old_versions(mutable_mock_env_path, mock_packages):
+    """Tests that, when we select two old versions of root specs that have the same version
+    optimization penalty, both are considered.
+    """
+    mutable_mock_env_path.mkdir()
+    spack_yaml = mutable_mock_env_path / ev.manifest_name
+    spack_yaml.write_text(
+        """spack:
+      specs:
+      # allow any version, but the most recent
+      - bowtie@:1.3
+      # allows only the third most recent, so penalty is 2
+      - gcc@1
+      concretizer:
+        unify: true
+    """
+    )
+    e = ev.Environment(mutable_mock_env_path)
+    with e:
+        e.concretize()
+
+    bowtie = [x for x in e.concrete_roots() if x.name == "bowtie"][0]
+    gcc = [x for x in e.concrete_roots() if x.name == "gcc"][0]
+
+    assert bowtie.satisfies("@=1.3.0")
+    assert gcc.satisfies("@=1.0")

lib/spack/spack/test/installer.py

@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ def test_hms(sec, result):
 
 def test_get_dependent_ids(install_mockery, mock_packages):
     # Concretize the parent package, which handle dependency too
-    spec = spack.spec.Spec("a")
+    spec = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a")
     spec.concretize()
     assert spec.concrete
 
@@ -223,11 +223,11 @@ def _spec(spec, unsigned=False, mirrors_for_spec=None):
     # Skip database updates
     monkeypatch.setattr(spack.database.Database, "add", _noop)
 
-    spec = spack.spec.Spec("a").concretized()
+    spec = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a").concretized()
     assert inst._process_binary_cache_tarball(spec.package, explicit=False, unsigned=False)
 
     out = capfd.readouterr()[0]
-    assert "Extracting a" in out
+    assert "Extracting pkg-a" in out
     assert "from binary cache" in out
 
 
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ def test_installer_prune_built_build_deps(install_mockery, monkeypatch, tmpdir):
 
     @property
     def _mock_installed(self):
-        return self.name in ["c"]
+        return self.name == "pkg-c"
 
     # Mock the installed property to say that (b) is installed
     monkeypatch.setattr(spack.spec.Spec, "installed", _mock_installed)
@@ -286,24 +286,25 @@ def _mock_installed(self):
     # Create mock repository with packages (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e)
     builder = spack.repo.MockRepositoryBuilder(tmpdir.mkdir("mock-repo"))
 
-    builder.add_package("a", dependencies=[("b", "build", None), ("c", "build", None)])
-    builder.add_package("b", dependencies=[("d", "build", None)])
+    builder.add_package("pkg-a", dependencies=[("pkg-b", "build", None), ("pkg-c", "build", None)])
+    builder.add_package("pkg-b", dependencies=[("pkg-d", "build", None)])
     builder.add_package(
-        "c", dependencies=[("d", "build", None), ("e", "all", None), ("f", "build", None)]
+        "pkg-c",
+        dependencies=[("pkg-d", "build", None), ("pkg-e", "all", None), ("pkg-f", "build", None)],
     )
-    builder.add_package("d")
-    builder.add_package("e")
-    builder.add_package("f")
+    builder.add_package("pkg-d")
+    builder.add_package("pkg-e")
+    builder.add_package("pkg-f")
 
     with spack.repo.use_repositories(builder.root):
-        const_arg = installer_args(["a"], {})
+        const_arg = installer_args(["pkg-a"], {})
         installer = create_installer(const_arg)
 
         installer._init_queue()
 
         # Assert that (c) is not in the build_pq
-        result = set([task.pkg_id[0] for _, task in installer.build_pq])
-        expected = set(["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"])
+        result = {task.pkg_id[:5] for _, task in installer.build_pq}
+        expected = {"pkg-a", "pkg-b", "pkg-c", "pkg-d", "pkg-e"}
         assert result == expected
 
 
@@ -418,8 +419,7 @@ def test_ensure_locked_have(install_mockery, tmpdir, capsys):
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("lock_type,reads,writes", [("read", 1, 0), ("write", 0, 1)])
 def test_ensure_locked_new_lock(install_mockery, tmpdir, lock_type, reads, writes):
-    pkg_id = "a"
-    const_arg = installer_args([pkg_id], {})
+    const_arg = installer_args(["pkg-a"], {})
     installer = create_installer(const_arg)
     spec = installer.build_requests[0].pkg.spec
     with tmpdir.as_cwd():
@@ -438,8 +438,7 @@ def _pl(db, spec, timeout):
         lock.default_timeout = 1e-9 if timeout is None else None
         return lock
 
-    pkg_id = "a"
-    const_arg = installer_args([pkg_id], {})
+    const_arg = installer_args(["pkg-a"], {})
     installer = create_installer(const_arg)
     spec = installer.build_requests[0].pkg.spec
 
@@ -494,7 +493,7 @@ def test_packages_needed_to_bootstrap_compiler_packages(install_mockery, monkeyp
     spec.concretize()
 
     def _conc_spec(compiler):
-        return spack.spec.Spec("a").concretized()
+        return spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a").concretized()
 
     # Ensure we can get past functions that are precluding obtaining
     # packages.
@@ -602,7 +601,7 @@ def test_clear_failures_success(tmpdir):
     """Test the clear_failures happy path."""
     failures = spack.database.FailureTracker(str(tmpdir), default_timeout=0.1)
 
-    spec = spack.spec.Spec("a")
+    spec = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a")
     spec._mark_concrete()
 
     # Set up a test prefix failure lock
@@ -628,7 +627,7 @@ def test_clear_failures_success(tmpdir):
 def test_clear_failures_errs(tmpdir, capsys):
     """Test the clear_failures exception paths."""
     failures = spack.database.FailureTracker(str(tmpdir), default_timeout=0.1)
-    spec = spack.spec.Spec("a")
+    spec = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a")
     spec._mark_concrete()
     failures.mark(spec)
 
@@ -690,11 +689,11 @@ def test_check_deps_status_install_failure(install_mockery):
     """Tests that checking the dependency status on a request to install
     'a' fails, if we mark the dependency as failed.
     """
-    s = spack.spec.Spec("a").concretized()
+    s = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a").concretized()
     for dep in s.traverse(root=False):
         spack.store.STORE.failure_tracker.mark(dep)
 
-    const_arg = installer_args(["a"], {})
+    const_arg = installer_args(["pkg-a"], {})
     installer = create_installer(const_arg)
     request = installer.build_requests[0]
 
@@ -703,7 +702,7 @@ def test_check_deps_status_install_failure(install_mockery):
 
 
 def test_check_deps_status_write_locked(install_mockery, monkeypatch):
-    const_arg = installer_args(["a"], {})
+    const_arg = installer_args(["pkg-a"], {})
     installer = create_installer(const_arg)
     request = installer.build_requests[0]
 
@@ -715,7 +714,7 @@ def test_check_deps_status_write_locked(install_mockery, monkeypatch):
 
 
 def test_check_deps_status_external(install_mockery, monkeypatch):
-    const_arg = installer_args(["a"], {})
+    const_arg = installer_args(["pkg-a"], {})
     installer = create_installer(const_arg)
     request = installer.build_requests[0]
 
@@ -728,7 +727,7 @@ def test_check_deps_status_external(install_mockery, monkeypatch):
 
 
 def test_check_deps_status_upstream(install_mockery, monkeypatch):
-    const_arg = installer_args(["a"], {})
+    const_arg = installer_args(["pkg-a"], {})
     installer = create_installer(const_arg)
     request = installer.build_requests[0]
 
@@ -805,7 +804,7 @@ def test_install_task_add_compiler(install_mockery, monkeypatch, capfd):
     def _add(_compilers):
         tty.msg(config_msg)
 
-    const_arg = installer_args(["a"], {})
+    const_arg = installer_args(["pkg-a"], {})
     installer = create_installer(const_arg)
     task = create_build_task(installer.build_requests[0].pkg)
     task.compiler = True
@@ -843,7 +842,7 @@ def test_release_lock_write_n_exception(install_mockery, tmpdir, capsys):
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("installed", [True, False])
 def test_push_task_skip_processed(install_mockery, installed):
     """Test to ensure skip re-queueing a processed package."""
-    const_arg = installer_args(["a"], {})
+    const_arg = installer_args(["pkg-a"], {})
     installer = create_installer(const_arg)
     assert len(list(installer.build_tasks)) == 0
 
@@ -861,7 +860,7 @@ def test_push_task_skip_processed(install_mockery, installed):
 
 def test_requeue_task(install_mockery, capfd):
     """Test to ensure cover _requeue_task."""
-    const_arg = installer_args(["a"], {})
+    const_arg = installer_args(["pkg-a"], {})
     installer = create_installer(const_arg)
     task = create_build_task(installer.build_requests[0].pkg)
 
@@ -879,7 +878,7 @@ def test_requeue_task(install_mockery, capfd):
     assert qtask.attempts == task.attempts + 1
 
     out = capfd.readouterr()[1]
-    assert "Installing a" in out
+    assert "Installing pkg-a" in out
     assert " in progress by another process" in out
 
 
@@ -892,17 +891,17 @@ def _mktask(pkg):
     def _rmtask(installer, pkg_id):
         raise RuntimeError("Raise an exception to test except path")
 
-    const_arg = installer_args(["a"], {})
+    const_arg = installer_args(["pkg-a"], {})
     installer = create_installer(const_arg)
     spec = installer.build_requests[0].pkg.spec
 
     # Cover task removal happy path
-    installer.build_tasks["a"] = _mktask(spec.package)
+    installer.build_tasks["pkg-a"] = _mktask(spec.package)
     installer._cleanup_all_tasks()
     assert len(installer.build_tasks) == 0
 
     # Cover task removal exception path
-    installer.build_tasks["a"] = _mktask(spec.package)
+    installer.build_tasks["pkg-a"] = _mktask(spec.package)
     monkeypatch.setattr(inst.PackageInstaller, "_remove_task", _rmtask)
     installer._cleanup_all_tasks()
     assert len(installer.build_tasks) == 1
@@ -996,7 +995,7 @@ def test_install_uninstalled_deps(install_mockery, monkeypatch, capsys):
 
 def test_install_failed(install_mockery, monkeypatch, capsys):
     """Test install with failed install."""
-    const_arg = installer_args(["b"], {})
+    const_arg = installer_args(["pkg-b"], {})
     installer = create_installer(const_arg)
 
     # Make sure the package is identified as failed
@@ -1012,7 +1011,7 @@ def test_install_failed(install_mockery, monkeypatch, capsys):
 
 def test_install_failed_not_fast(install_mockery, monkeypatch, capsys):
     """Test install with failed install."""
-    const_arg = installer_args(["a"], {"fail_fast": False})
+    const_arg = installer_args(["pkg-a"], {"fail_fast": False})
     installer = create_installer(const_arg)
 
     # Make sure the package is identified as failed
@@ -1023,12 +1022,12 @@ def test_install_failed_not_fast(install_mockery, monkeypatch, capsys):
 
     out = str(capsys.readouterr())
     assert "failed to install" in out
-    assert "Skipping build of a" in out
+    assert "Skipping build of pkg-a" in out
 
 
 def test_install_fail_on_interrupt(install_mockery, monkeypatch):
     """Test ctrl-c interrupted install."""
-    spec_name = "a"
+    spec_name = "pkg-a"
     err_msg = "mock keyboard interrupt for {0}".format(spec_name)
 
     def _interrupt(installer, task, install_status, **kwargs):
@@ -1046,13 +1045,13 @@ def _interrupt(installer, task, install_status, **kwargs):
     with pytest.raises(KeyboardInterrupt, match=err_msg):
         installer.install()
 
-    assert "b" in installer.installed  # ensure dependency of a is 'installed'
+    assert "pkg-b" in installer.installed  # ensure dependency of pkg-a is 'installed'
     assert spec_name not in installer.installed
 
 
 def test_install_fail_single(install_mockery, monkeypatch):
     """Test expected results for failure of single package."""
-    spec_name = "a"
+    spec_name = "pkg-a"
     err_msg = "mock internal package build error for {0}".format(spec_name)
 
     class MyBuildException(Exception):
@@ -1073,13 +1072,13 @@ def _install(installer, task, install_status, **kwargs):
     with pytest.raises(MyBuildException, match=err_msg):
         installer.install()
 
-    assert "b" in installer.installed  # ensure dependency of a is 'installed'
+    assert "pkg-b" in installer.installed  # ensure dependency of a is 'installed'
     assert spec_name not in installer.installed
 
 
 def test_install_fail_multi(install_mockery, monkeypatch):
     """Test expected results for failure of multiple packages."""
-    spec_name = "c"
+    spec_name = "pkg-c"
     err_msg = "mock internal package build error"
 
     class MyBuildException(Exception):
@@ -1091,7 +1090,7 @@ def _install(installer, task, install_status, **kwargs):
         else:
             installer.installed.add(task.pkg.name)
 
-    const_arg = installer_args([spec_name, "a"], {})
+    const_arg = installer_args([spec_name, "pkg-a"], {})
     installer = create_installer(const_arg)
 
     # Raise a KeyboardInterrupt error to trigger early termination
@@ -1100,14 +1099,14 @@ def _install(installer, task, install_status, **kwargs):
     with pytest.raises(inst.InstallError, match="Installation request failed"):
         installer.install()
 
-    assert "a" in installer.installed  # ensure the the second spec installed
+    assert "pkg-a" in installer.installed  # ensure the the second spec installed
     assert spec_name not in installer.installed
 
 
 def test_install_fail_fast_on_detect(install_mockery, monkeypatch, capsys):
     """Test fail_fast install when an install failure is detected."""
-    const_arg = installer_args(["b"], {"fail_fast": False})
-    const_arg.extend(installer_args(["c"], {"fail_fast": True}))
+    const_arg = installer_args(["pkg-b"], {"fail_fast": False})
+    const_arg.extend(installer_args(["pkg-c"], {"fail_fast": True}))
     installer = create_installer(const_arg)
     pkg_ids = [inst.package_id(spec) for spec, _ in const_arg]
 
@@ -1137,7 +1136,7 @@ def _test_install_fail_fast_on_except_patch(installer, **kwargs):
 @pytest.mark.disable_clean_stage_check
 def test_install_fail_fast_on_except(install_mockery, monkeypatch, capsys):
     """Test fail_fast install when an install failure results from an error."""
-    const_arg = installer_args(["a"], {"fail_fast": True})
+    const_arg = installer_args(["pkg-a"], {"fail_fast": True})
     installer = create_installer(const_arg)
 
     # Raise a non-KeyboardInterrupt exception to trigger fast failure.
@@ -1152,7 +1151,7 @@ def test_install_fail_fast_on_except(install_mockery, monkeypatch, capsys):
         installer.install()
 
     out = str(capsys.readouterr())
-    assert "Skipping build of a" in out
+    assert "Skipping build of pkg-a" in out
 
 
 def test_install_lock_failures(install_mockery, monkeypatch, capfd):
@@ -1161,7 +1160,7 @@ def test_install_lock_failures(install_mockery, monkeypatch, capfd):
     def _requeued(installer, task, install_status):
         tty.msg("requeued {0}".format(task.pkg.spec.name))
 
-    const_arg = installer_args(["b"], {})
+    const_arg = installer_args(["pkg-b"], {})
     installer = create_installer(const_arg)
 
     # Ensure never acquire a lock
@@ -1181,7 +1180,7 @@ def _requeued(installer, task, install_status):
 
 def test_install_lock_installed_requeue(install_mockery, monkeypatch, capfd):
     """Cover basic install handling for installed package."""
-    const_arg = installer_args(["b"], {})
+    const_arg = installer_args(["pkg-b"], {})
     b, _ = const_arg[0]
     installer = create_installer(const_arg)
     b_pkg_id = inst.package_id(b)
@@ -1237,7 +1236,7 @@ def _requeued(installer, task, install_status):
     # Ensure don't continually requeue the task
     monkeypatch.setattr(inst.PackageInstaller, "_requeue_task", _requeued)
 
-    const_arg = installer_args(["b"], {})
+    const_arg = installer_args(["pkg-b"], {})
     installer = create_installer(const_arg)
 
     with pytest.raises(inst.InstallError, match="request failed"):
@@ -1253,7 +1252,7 @@ def _requeued(installer, task, install_status):
 
 def test_install_skip_patch(install_mockery, mock_fetch):
     """Test the path skip_patch install path."""
-    spec_name = "b"
+    spec_name = "pkg-b"
     const_arg = installer_args([spec_name], {"fake": False, "skip_patch": True})
     installer = create_installer(const_arg)
 
@@ -1280,7 +1279,7 @@ def test_overwrite_install_backup_success(temporary_store, config, mock_packages
     of the original prefix, and leave the original spec marked installed.
     """
     # Get a build task. TODO: refactor this to avoid calling internal methods
-    const_arg = installer_args(["b"])
+    const_arg = installer_args(["pkg-b"], {})
     installer = create_installer(const_arg)
     installer._init_queue()
     task = installer._pop_task()
@@ -1341,7 +1340,7 @@ def remove(self, spec):
             self.called = True
 
     # Get a build task. TODO: refactor this to avoid calling internal methods
-    const_arg = installer_args(["b"])
+    const_arg = installer_args(["pkg-b"], {})
     installer = create_installer(const_arg)
     installer._init_queue()
     task = installer._pop_task()
@@ -1370,8 +1369,8 @@ def test_term_status_line():
     # accept that. `with log_output(buf)` doesn't really work because it trims output
     # and we actually want to test for escape sequences etc.
     x = inst.TermStatusLine(enabled=True)
-    x.add("a")
-    x.add("b")
+    x.add("pkg-a")
+    x.add("pkg-b")
     x.clear()
 
 

lib/spack/spack/test/llnl/util/filesystem.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 import pytest
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
-from llnl.util.symlink import islink, symlink
+from llnl.util.symlink import islink, readlink, symlink
 
 import spack.paths
 
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ def test_symlinks_true(self, stage):
 
             assert os.path.exists("dest/a/b2")
             with fs.working_dir("dest/a"):
-                assert os.path.exists(os.readlink("b2"))
+                assert os.path.exists(readlink("b2"))
 
             assert os.path.realpath("dest/f/2") == os.path.abspath("dest/a/b/2")
             assert os.path.realpath("dest/2") == os.path.abspath("dest/1")
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ def test_allow_broken_symlinks(self, stage):
             symlink("nonexistant.txt", "source/broken", allow_broken_symlinks=True)
             fs.install_tree("source", "dest", symlinks=True, allow_broken_symlinks=True)
             assert os.path.islink("dest/broken")
-            assert not os.path.exists(os.readlink("dest/broken"))
+            assert not os.path.exists(readlink("dest/broken"))
 
     def test_glob_src(self, stage):
         """Test using a glob as the source."""

lib/spack/spack/test/mirror.py

@@ -289,8 +289,8 @@ def test_mirror_cache_symlinks(tmpdir):
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "specs,expected_specs",
     [
-        (["a"], ["a@=1.0", "a@=2.0"]),
-        (["a", "brillig"], ["a@=1.0", "a@=2.0", "brillig@=1.0.0", "brillig@=2.0.0"]),
+        (["pkg-a"], ["pkg-a@=1.0", "pkg-a@=2.0"]),
+        (["pkg-a", "brillig"], ["pkg-a@=1.0", "pkg-a@=2.0", "brillig@=1.0.0", "brillig@=2.0.0"]),
     ],
 )
 def test_get_all_versions(specs, expected_specs):

lib/spack/spack/test/modules/common.py

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 
 import pytest
 
+from llnl.util.symlink import readlink
+
 import spack.cmd.modules
 import spack.config
 import spack.error
@@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ def test_modules_default_symlink(
 
     link_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(mock_module_filename), "default")
     assert os.path.islink(link_path)
-    assert os.readlink(link_path) == mock_module_filename
+    assert readlink(link_path) == mock_module_filename
 
     generator.remove()
     assert not os.path.lexists(link_path)

lib/spack/spack/test/oci/mock_registry.py

@@ -151,7 +151,9 @@ class InMemoryOCIRegistry(DummyServer):
     A third option is to use the chunked upload, but this is not implemented here, because
     it's typically a major performance hit in upload speed, so we're not using it in Spack."""
 
-    def __init__(self, domain: str, allow_single_post: bool = True) -> None:
+    def __init__(
+        self, domain: str, allow_single_post: bool = True, tags_per_page: int = 100
+    ) -> None:
         super().__init__(domain)
         self.router.register("GET", r"/v2/", self.index)
         self.router.register("HEAD", r"/v2/(?P<name>.+)/blobs/(?P<digest>.+)", self.head_blob)
@@ -165,6 +167,9 @@ def __init__(self, domain: str, allow_single_post: bool = True) -> None:
         # If True, allow single POST upload, not all registries support this
         self.allow_single_post = allow_single_post
 
+        # How many tags are returned in a single request
+        self.tags_per_page = tags_per_page
+
         # Used for POST + PUT upload. This is a map from session ID to image name
         self.sessions: Dict[str, str] = {}
 
@@ -280,10 +285,34 @@ def handle_upload(self, req: Request, name: str, digest: Digest):
         return MockHTTPResponse(201, "Created", headers={"Location": f"/v2/{name}/blobs/{digest}"})
 
     def list_tags(self, req: Request, name: str):
+        # Paginate using Link headers, this was added to the spec in the following commit:
+        # https://github.com/opencontainers/distribution-spec/commit/2ed79d930ecec11dd755dc8190409a3b10f01ca9
+
         # List all tags, exclude digests.
-        tags = [_tag for _name, _tag in self.manifests.keys() if _name == name and ":" not in _tag]
-        tags.sort()
-        return MockHTTPResponse.with_json(200, "OK", body={"tags": tags})
+        all_tags = sorted(
+            _tag for _name, _tag in self.manifests.keys() if _name == name and ":" not in _tag
+        )
+
+        query = urllib.parse.parse_qs(urllib.parse.urlparse(req.full_url).query)
+
+        n = int(query["n"][0]) if "n" in query else self.tags_per_page
+
+        if "last" in query:
+            try:
+                offset = all_tags.index(query["last"][0]) + 1
+            except ValueError:
+                return MockHTTPResponse(404, "Not found")
+        else:
+            offset = 0
+
+        tags = all_tags[offset : offset + n]
+
+        if offset + n < len(all_tags):
+            headers = {"Link": f'</v2/{name}/tags/list?last={tags[-1]}&n={n}>; rel="next"'}
+        else:
+            headers = None
+
+        return MockHTTPResponse.with_json(200, "OK", headers=headers, body={"tags": tags})
 
 
 class DummyServerUrllibHandler(urllib.request.BaseHandler):

lib/spack/spack/test/oci/urlopen.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 import hashlib
 import json
+import random
 import urllib.error
 import urllib.parse
 import urllib.request
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@
     copy_missing_layers,
     get_manifest_and_config,
     image_from_mirror,
+    list_tags,
     upload_blob,
     upload_manifest,
 )
@@ -670,3 +672,31 @@ def test_retry(url, max_retries, expect_failure, expect_requests):
 
     assert len(server.requests) == expect_requests
     assert sleep_time == [2**i for i in range(expect_requests - 1)]
+
+
+def test_list_tags():
+    # Follows a relatively new rewording of the OCI distribution spec, which is not yet tagged.
+    # https://github.com/opencontainers/distribution-spec/commit/2ed79d930ecec11dd755dc8190409a3b10f01ca9
+    N = 20
+    urlopen = create_opener(InMemoryOCIRegistry("example.com", tags_per_page=5)).open
+    image = ImageReference.from_string("example.com/image")
+    to_tag = lambda i: f"tag-{i:02}"
+
+    # Create N tags in arbitrary order
+    _tags_to_create = [to_tag(i) for i in range(N)]
+    random.shuffle(_tags_to_create)
+    for tag in _tags_to_create:
+        upload_manifest(image.with_tag(tag), default_manifest(), tag=True, _urlopen=urlopen)
+
+    # list_tags should return all tags from all pages in order
+    tags = list_tags(image, urlopen)
+    assert len(tags) == N
+    assert [to_tag(i) for i in range(N)] == tags
+
+    # Test a single request, which should give the first 5 tags
+    assert json.loads(urlopen(image.tags_url()).read())["tags"] == [to_tag(i) for i in range(5)]
+
+    # Test response at an offset, which should exclude the `last` tag.
+    assert json.loads(urlopen(image.tags_url() + f"?last={to_tag(N - 3)}").read())["tags"] == [
+        to_tag(i) for i in range(N - 2, N)
+    ]

lib/spack/spack/test/optional_deps.py

@@ -13,28 +13,44 @@
         # Normalize simple conditionals
         ("optional-dep-test", {"optional-dep-test": None}),
         ("optional-dep-test~a", {"optional-dep-test~a": None}),
-        ("optional-dep-test+a", {"optional-dep-test+a": {"a": None}}),
-        ("optional-dep-test a=true", {"optional-dep-test a=true": {"a": None}}),
-        ("optional-dep-test a=true", {"optional-dep-test+a": {"a": None}}),
-        ("optional-dep-test@1.1", {"optional-dep-test@1.1": {"b": None}}),
-        ("optional-dep-test%intel", {"optional-dep-test%intel": {"c": None}}),
-        ("optional-dep-test%intel@64.1", {"optional-dep-test%intel@64.1": {"c": None, "d": None}}),
+        ("optional-dep-test+a", {"optional-dep-test+a": {"pkg-a": None}}),
+        ("optional-dep-test a=true", {"optional-dep-test a=true": {"pkg-a": None}}),
+        ("optional-dep-test a=true", {"optional-dep-test+a": {"pkg-a": None}}),
+        ("optional-dep-test@1.1", {"optional-dep-test@1.1": {"pkg-b": None}}),
+        ("optional-dep-test%intel", {"optional-dep-test%intel": {"pkg-c": None}}),
+        (
+            "optional-dep-test%intel@64.1",
+            {"optional-dep-test%intel@64.1": {"pkg-c": None, "pkg-d": None}},
+        ),
         (
             "optional-dep-test%intel@64.1.2",
-            {"optional-dep-test%intel@64.1.2": {"c": None, "d": None}},
+            {"optional-dep-test%intel@64.1.2": {"pkg-c": None, "pkg-d": None}},
         ),
-        ("optional-dep-test%clang@35", {"optional-dep-test%clang@35": {"e": None}}),
+        ("optional-dep-test%clang@35", {"optional-dep-test%clang@35": {"pkg-e": None}}),
         # Normalize multiple conditionals
-        ("optional-dep-test+a@1.1", {"optional-dep-test+a@1.1": {"a": None, "b": None}}),
-        ("optional-dep-test+a%intel", {"optional-dep-test+a%intel": {"a": None, "c": None}}),
-        ("optional-dep-test@1.1%intel", {"optional-dep-test@1.1%intel": {"b": None, "c": None}}),
+        ("optional-dep-test+a@1.1", {"optional-dep-test+a@1.1": {"pkg-a": None, "pkg-b": None}}),
+        (
+            "optional-dep-test+a%intel",
+            {"optional-dep-test+a%intel": {"pkg-a": None, "pkg-c": None}},
+        ),
+        (
+            "optional-dep-test@1.1%intel",
+            {"optional-dep-test@1.1%intel": {"pkg-b": None, "pkg-c": None}},
+        ),
         (
             "optional-dep-test@1.1%intel@64.1.2+a",
-            {"optional-dep-test@1.1%intel@64.1.2+a": {"a": None, "b": None, "c": None, "d": None}},
+            {
+                "optional-dep-test@1.1%intel@64.1.2+a": {
+                    "pkg-a": None,
+                    "pkg-b": None,
+                    "pkg-c": None,
+                    "pkg-d": None,
+                }
+            },
         ),
         (
             "optional-dep-test@1.1%clang@36.5+a",
-            {"optional-dep-test@1.1%clang@36.5+a": {"b": None, "a": None, "e": None}},
+            {"optional-dep-test@1.1%clang@36.5+a": {"pkg-b": None, "pkg-a": None, "pkg-e": None}},
         ),
         # Chained MPI
         (
@@ -44,7 +60,10 @@
         # Each of these dependencies comes from a conditional
         # dependency on another.  This requires iterating to evaluate
         # the whole chain.
-        ("optional-dep-test+f", {"optional-dep-test+f": {"f": None, "g": None, "mpi": None}}),
+        (
+            "optional-dep-test+f",
+            {"optional-dep-test+f": {"pkg-f": None, "pkg-g": None, "mpi": None}},
+        ),
     ]
 )
 def spec_and_expected(request):
@@ -63,12 +82,12 @@ def test_normalize(spec_and_expected, config, mock_packages):
 def test_default_variant(config, mock_packages):
     spec = Spec("optional-dep-test-3")
     spec.concretize()
-    assert "a" in spec
+    assert "pkg-a" in spec
 
     spec = Spec("optional-dep-test-3~var")
     spec.concretize()
-    assert "a" in spec
+    assert "pkg-a" in spec
 
     spec = Spec("optional-dep-test-3+var")
     spec.concretize()
-    assert "b" in spec
+    assert "pkg-b" in spec

lib/spack/spack/test/package_class.py

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import spack.install_test
 import spack.package_base
 import spack.repo
+import spack.spec
 from spack.build_systems.generic import Package
 from spack.installer import InstallError
 
@@ -142,19 +143,19 @@ def setup_install_test(source_paths, test_root):
     "spec,sources,extras,expect",
     [
         (
-            "a",
+            "pkg-a",
             ["example/a.c"],  # Source(s)
             ["example/a.c"],  # Extra test source
             ["example/a.c"],
         ),  # Test install dir source(s)
         (
-            "b",
+            "pkg-b",
             ["test/b.cpp", "test/b.hpp", "example/b.txt"],  # Source(s)
             ["test"],  # Extra test source
             ["test/b.cpp", "test/b.hpp"],
         ),  # Test install dir source
         (
-            "c",
+            "pkg-c",
             ["examples/a.py", "examples/b.py", "examples/c.py", "tests/d.py"],
             ["examples/b.py", "tests"],
             ["examples/b.py", "tests/d.py"],
@@ -202,7 +203,7 @@ def test_cache_extra_sources(install_mockery, spec, sources, extras, expect):
 
 
 def test_cache_extra_sources_fails(install_mockery):
-    s = spack.spec.Spec("a").concretized()
+    s = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a").concretized()
     s.package.spec.concretize()
 
     with pytest.raises(InstallError) as exc_info:
@@ -226,7 +227,7 @@ class URLsPackage(spack.package.Package):
         url = "https://www.example.com/url-package-1.0.tgz"
         urls = ["https://www.example.com/archive"]
 
-    s = spack.spec.Spec("a")
+    s = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a")
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="defines both"):
         URLsPackage(s)
 
@@ -236,7 +237,7 @@ class LicensedPackage(spack.package.Package):
         extendees = None  # currently a required attribute for is_extension()
         license_files = None
 
-    s = spack.spec.Spec("a")
+    s = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a")
     pkg = LicensedPackage(s)
     assert pkg.global_license_file is None
 
@@ -249,21 +250,21 @@ class BaseTestPackage(Package):
 
 
 def test_package_version_fails():
-    s = spack.spec.Spec("a")
+    s = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a")
     pkg = BaseTestPackage(s)
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="does not have a concrete version"):
         pkg.version()
 
 
 def test_package_tester_fails():
-    s = spack.spec.Spec("a")
+    s = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a")
     pkg = BaseTestPackage(s)
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="without concrete version"):
         pkg.tester()
 
 
 def test_package_fetcher_fails():
-    s = spack.spec.Spec("a")
+    s = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a")
     pkg = BaseTestPackage(s)
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="without concrete version"):
         pkg.fetcher
@@ -275,7 +276,7 @@ def compilers(compiler, arch_spec):
 
     monkeypatch.setattr(spack.compilers, "compilers_for_spec", compilers)
 
-    s = spack.spec.Spec("a")
+    s = spack.spec.Spec("pkg-a")
     pkg = BaseTestPackage(s)
     pkg.test_requires_compiler = True
     pkg.do_test()

lib/spack/spack/test/packaging.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 import pytest
 
 from llnl.util import filesystem as fs
-from llnl.util.symlink import symlink
+from llnl.util.symlink import readlink, symlink
 
 import spack.binary_distribution as bindist
 import spack.cmd.buildcache as buildcache
@@ -181,12 +181,12 @@ def test_relocate_links(tmpdir):
         relocate_links(["to_self", "to_dependency", "to_system"], prefix_to_prefix)
 
         # These two are relocated
-        assert os.readlink("to_self") == str(tmpdir.join("new_prefix_a", "file"))
-        assert os.readlink("to_dependency") == str(tmpdir.join("new_prefix_b", "file"))
+        assert readlink("to_self") == str(tmpdir.join("new_prefix_a", "file"))
+        assert readlink("to_dependency") == str(tmpdir.join("new_prefix_b", "file"))
 
         # These two are not.
-        assert os.readlink("to_system") == system_path
-        assert os.readlink("to_self_but_relative") == "relative"
+        assert readlink("to_system") == system_path
+        assert readlink("to_self_but_relative") == "relative"
 
 
 def test_needs_relocation():
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ def test_manual_download(
     def _instr(pkg):
         return f"Download instructions for {pkg.spec.name}"
 
-    spec = default_mock_concretization("a")
+    spec = default_mock_concretization("pkg-a")
     spec.package.manual_download = manual
     if instr:
         monkeypatch.setattr(spack.package_base.PackageBase, "download_instr", _instr)
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ def test_fetch_without_code_is_noop(
     default_mock_concretization, install_mockery, fetching_not_allowed
 ):
     """do_fetch for packages without code should be a no-op"""
-    pkg = default_mock_concretization("a").package
+    pkg = default_mock_concretization("pkg-a").package
     pkg.has_code = False
     pkg.do_fetch()
 
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ def test_fetch_external_package_is_noop(
     default_mock_concretization, install_mockery, fetching_not_allowed
 ):
     """do_fetch for packages without code should be a no-op"""
-    spec = default_mock_concretization("a")
+    spec = default_mock_concretization("pkg-a")
     spec.external_path = "/some/where"
     assert spec.external
     spec.package.do_fetch()

lib/spack/spack/test/patch.py

@@ -270,12 +270,9 @@ def trigger_bad_patch(pkg):
 def test_patch_failure_develop_spec_exits_gracefully(
     mock_packages, config, install_mockery, mock_fetch, tmpdir, mock_stage
 ):
-    """
-    ensure that a failing patch does not trigger exceptions
-    for develop specs
-    """
+    """ensure that a failing patch does not trigger exceptions for develop specs"""
 
-    spec = Spec("patch-a-dependency " "^libelf dev_path=%s" % str(tmpdir))
+    spec = Spec(f"patch-a-dependency ^libelf dev_path={tmpdir}")
     spec.concretize()
     libelf = spec["libelf"]
     assert "patches" in list(libelf.variants.keys())

lib/spack/spack/test/repo.py

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 import spack.package_base
 import spack.paths
 import spack.repo
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.file_cache
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(params=["packages", "", "foo"])
@@ -30,25 +32,25 @@ def extra_repo(tmpdir_factory, request):
 
 
 def test_repo_getpkg(mutable_mock_repo):
-    mutable_mock_repo.get_pkg_class("a")
-    mutable_mock_repo.get_pkg_class("builtin.mock.a")
+    mutable_mock_repo.get_pkg_class("pkg-a")
+    mutable_mock_repo.get_pkg_class("builtin.mock.pkg-a")
 
 
 def test_repo_multi_getpkg(mutable_mock_repo, extra_repo):
     mutable_mock_repo.put_first(extra_repo[0])
-    mutable_mock_repo.get_pkg_class("a")
-    mutable_mock_repo.get_pkg_class("builtin.mock.a")
+    mutable_mock_repo.get_pkg_class("pkg-a")
+    mutable_mock_repo.get_pkg_class("builtin.mock.pkg-a")
 
 
 def test_repo_multi_getpkgclass(mutable_mock_repo, extra_repo):
     mutable_mock_repo.put_first(extra_repo[0])
-    mutable_mock_repo.get_pkg_class("a")
-    mutable_mock_repo.get_pkg_class("builtin.mock.a")
+    mutable_mock_repo.get_pkg_class("pkg-a")
+    mutable_mock_repo.get_pkg_class("builtin.mock.pkg-a")
 
 
 def test_repo_pkg_with_unknown_namespace(mutable_mock_repo):
     with pytest.raises(spack.repo.UnknownNamespaceError):
-        mutable_mock_repo.get_pkg_class("unknown.a")
+        mutable_mock_repo.get_pkg_class("unknown.pkg-a")
 
 
 def test_repo_unknown_pkg(mutable_mock_repo):
@@ -142,14 +144,14 @@ def test_get_all_mock_packages(mock_packages):
 
 def test_repo_path_handles_package_removal(tmpdir, mock_packages):
     builder = spack.repo.MockRepositoryBuilder(tmpdir, namespace="removal")
-    builder.add_package("c")
+    builder.add_package("pkg-c")
     with spack.repo.use_repositories(builder.root, override=False) as repos:
-        r = repos.repo_for_pkg("c")
+        r = repos.repo_for_pkg("pkg-c")
         assert r.namespace == "removal"
 
-    builder.remove("c")
+    builder.remove("pkg-c")
     with spack.repo.use_repositories(builder.root, override=False) as repos:
-        r = repos.repo_for_pkg("c")
+        r = repos.repo_for_pkg("pkg-c")
         assert r.namespace == "builtin.mock"
 
 

lib/spack/spack/test/spec_dag.py

@@ -138,19 +138,19 @@ def test_specify_preinstalled_dep(tmpdir, monkeypatch):
     transitive dependency that is only supplied by the preinstalled package.
     """
     builder = spack.repo.MockRepositoryBuilder(tmpdir)
-    builder.add_package("c")
-    builder.add_package("b", dependencies=[("c", None, None)])
-    builder.add_package("a", dependencies=[("b", None, None)])
+    builder.add_package("pkg-c")
+    builder.add_package("pkg-b", dependencies=[("pkg-c", None, None)])
+    builder.add_package("pkg-a", dependencies=[("pkg-b", None, None)])
 
     with spack.repo.use_repositories(builder.root):
-        b_spec = Spec("b").concretized()
-        monkeypatch.setattr(Spec, "installed", property(lambda x: x.name != "a"))
+        b_spec = Spec("pkg-b").concretized()
+        monkeypatch.setattr(Spec, "installed", property(lambda x: x.name != "pkg-a"))
 
-        a_spec = Spec("a")
+        a_spec = Spec("pkg-a")
         a_spec._add_dependency(b_spec, depflag=dt.BUILD | dt.LINK, virtuals=())
         a_spec.concretize()
 
-        assert set(x.name for x in a_spec.traverse()) == set(["a", "b", "c"])
+        assert {x.name for x in a_spec.traverse()} == {"pkg-a", "pkg-b", "pkg-c"}
 
 
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures("config")
@@ -982,15 +982,15 @@ def test_synthetic_construction_of_split_dependencies_from_same_package(mock_pac
     # Construct in a synthetic way (i.e. without using the solver)
     # the following spec:
     #
-    #          b
+    #        pkg-b
     #  build /   \ link,run
-    #    c@2.0   c@1.0
+    #  pkg-c@2.0   pkg-c@1.0
     #
     # To demonstrate that a spec can now hold two direct
     # dependencies from the same package
-    root = Spec("b").concretized()
-    link_run_spec = Spec("c@=1.0").concretized()
-    build_spec = Spec("c@=2.0").concretized()
+    root = Spec("pkg-b").concretized()
+    link_run_spec = Spec("pkg-c@=1.0").concretized()
+    build_spec = Spec("pkg-c@=2.0").concretized()
 
     root.add_dependency_edge(link_run_spec, depflag=dt.LINK, virtuals=())
     root.add_dependency_edge(link_run_spec, depflag=dt.RUN, virtuals=())
@@ -998,10 +998,10 @@ def test_synthetic_construction_of_split_dependencies_from_same_package(mock_pac
 
     # Check dependencies from the perspective of root
     assert len(root.dependencies()) == 2
-    assert all(x.name == "c" for x in root.dependencies())
+    assert all(x.name == "pkg-c" for x in root.dependencies())
 
-    assert "@2.0" in root.dependencies(name="c", deptype=dt.BUILD)[0]
-    assert "@1.0" in root.dependencies(name="c", deptype=dt.LINK | dt.RUN)[0]
+    assert "@2.0" in root.dependencies(name="pkg-c", deptype=dt.BUILD)[0]
+    assert "@1.0" in root.dependencies(name="pkg-c", deptype=dt.LINK | dt.RUN)[0]
 
     # Check parent from the perspective of the dependencies
     assert len(build_spec.dependents()) == 1
@@ -1013,30 +1013,30 @@ def test_synthetic_construction_of_split_dependencies_from_same_package(mock_pac
 def test_synthetic_construction_bootstrapping(mock_packages, config):
     # Construct the following spec:
     #
-    #  b@2.0
+    #  pkg-b@2.0
     #    | build
-    #  b@1.0
+    #  pkg-b@1.0
     #
-    root = Spec("b@=2.0").concretized()
-    bootstrap = Spec("b@=1.0").concretized()
+    root = Spec("pkg-b@=2.0").concretized()
+    bootstrap = Spec("pkg-b@=1.0").concretized()
 
     root.add_dependency_edge(bootstrap, depflag=dt.BUILD, virtuals=())
 
     assert len(root.dependencies()) == 1
-    assert root.dependencies()[0].name == "b"
-    assert root.name == "b"
+    assert root.dependencies()[0].name == "pkg-b"
+    assert root.name == "pkg-b"
 
 
 def test_addition_of_different_deptypes_in_multiple_calls(mock_packages, config):
     # Construct the following spec:
     #
-    #  b@2.0
+    #  pkg-b@2.0
     #    | build,link,run
-    #  b@1.0
+    #  pkg-b@1.0
     #
     # with three calls and check we always have a single edge
-    root = Spec("b@=2.0").concretized()
-    bootstrap = Spec("b@=1.0").concretized()
+    root = Spec("pkg-b@=2.0").concretized()
+    bootstrap = Spec("pkg-b@=1.0").concretized()
 
     for current_depflag in (dt.BUILD, dt.LINK, dt.RUN):
         root.add_dependency_edge(bootstrap, depflag=current_depflag, virtuals=())
@@ -1063,9 +1063,9 @@ def test_addition_of_different_deptypes_in_multiple_calls(mock_packages, config)
 def test_adding_same_deptype_with_the_same_name_raises(
     mock_packages, config, c1_depflag, c2_depflag
 ):
-    p = Spec("b@=2.0").concretized()
-    c1 = Spec("b@=1.0").concretized()
-    c2 = Spec("b@=2.0").concretized()
+    p = Spec("pkg-b@=2.0").concretized()
+    c1 = Spec("pkg-b@=1.0").concretized()
+    c2 = Spec("pkg-b@=2.0").concretized()
 
     p.add_dependency_edge(c1, depflag=c1_depflag, virtuals=())
     with pytest.raises(spack.error.SpackError):
@@ -1105,3 +1105,23 @@ def test_indexing_prefers_direct_or_transitive_link_deps():
 
     # Ensure that the full DAG is still searched
     assert root["a2"]
+
+
+def test_getitem_sticks_to_subdag():
+    """Test that indexing on Spec by virtual does not traverse outside the dag, which happens in
+    the unlikely case someone would rewrite __getitem__ in terms of edges_from_dependents instead
+    of edges_to_dependencies."""
+    x, y, z = Spec("x"), Spec("y"), Spec("z")
+    x.add_dependency_edge(z, depflag=dt.LINK, virtuals=("virtual",))
+    y.add_dependency_edge(z, depflag=dt.LINK, virtuals=())
+    assert x["virtual"].name == "z"
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError):
+        y["virtual"]
+
+
+def test_getitem_finds_transitive_virtual():
+    x, y, z = Spec("x"), Spec("y"), Spec("z")
+    x.add_dependency_edge(z, depflag=dt.LINK, virtuals=())
+    x.add_dependency_edge(y, depflag=dt.LINK, virtuals=())
+    y.add_dependency_edge(z, depflag=dt.LINK, virtuals=("virtual",))
+    assert x["virtual"].name == "z"