[py-langsmith] added version 0.1.81 (#46259)

* py-httpcore: Added new version

* [py-httpcore]

- added version 0.18.0
- restructured dependencies as everything has a when and
  type/when ordering was all over the place

* [py-httpcore] ordered dependencies in the order listed in v1.0.5 pyproject.toml

---------

Co-authored-by: Alex C Leute <aclrc@rit.edu>

.github/workflows/audit.yaml

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ jobs:
         shell: ${{ matrix.system.shell }}
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@f677139bbe7f9c59b41e40162b753c062f5d49a3
       with:
         python-version: ${{inputs.python_version}}
     - name: Install Python packages

.github/workflows/bootstrap.yml

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@f677139bbe7f9c59b41e40162b753c062f5d49a3
         with:
           python-version: "3.12"
       - name: Bootstrap clingo
@@ -112,10 +112,10 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.runner }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        runner: ['macos-13', 'macos-14', "ubuntu-latest"]
+        runner: ['macos-13', 'macos-14', "ubuntu-latest", "windows-latest"]
     steps:
       - name: Setup macOS
-        if: ${{ matrix.runner != 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+        if: ${{ matrix.runner != 'ubuntu-latest' && matrix.runner != 'windows-latest'}}
         run: |
           brew install tree
           # Remove GnuPG since we want to bootstrap it
@@ -124,11 +124,16 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ matrix.runner == 'ubuntu-latest' }}
         run: |
           sudo rm -rf $(which gpg) $(which gpg2) $(which patchelf)
+      - name: Setup Windows
+        if: ${{ matrix.runner == 'windows-latest' }}
+        run: |
+          Remove-Item -Path (Get-Command gpg).Path
+          Remove-Item -Path (Get-Command file).Path
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@f677139bbe7f9c59b41e40162b753c062f5d49a3
         with:
           python-version: |
             3.8
@@ -137,11 +142,20 @@ jobs:
             3.11
             3.12
       - name: Set bootstrap sources
+        env:
+          SETUP_SCRIPT_EXT: ${{ matrix.runner == 'windows-latest' && 'ps1' || 'sh' }}
+          SETUP_SCRIPT_SOURCE: ${{ matrix.runner == 'windows-latest' && './' || 'source ' }}
+        run: |
+          ${{ env.SETUP_SCRIPT_SOURCE }}share/spack/setup-env.${{ env.SETUP_SCRIPT_EXT }}
+          spack bootstrap disable github-actions-v0.4
+      - name: Disable from source bootstrap
+        if: ${{ matrix.runner != 'windows-latest' }}
         run: |
           source share/spack/setup-env.sh
-          spack bootstrap disable github-actions-v0.4
           spack bootstrap disable spack-install
       - name: Bootstrap clingo
+        # No binary clingo on Windows yet
+        if: ${{ matrix.runner != 'windows-latest' }}
         run: |
           set -e
           for ver in '3.8' '3.9' '3.10' '3.11' '3.12' ; do
@@ -164,7 +178,24 @@ jobs:
             fi
           done
       - name: Bootstrap GnuPG
+        env:
+          SETUP_SCRIPT_EXT: ${{ matrix.runner == 'windows-latest' && 'ps1' || 'sh' }}
+          SETUP_SCRIPT_SOURCE: ${{ matrix.runner == 'windows-latest' && './' || 'source ' }}
+          USER_SCOPE_PARENT_DIR: ${{ matrix.runner == 'windows-latest' && '$env:userprofile' || '$HOME' }}
+          VALIDATE_LAST_EXIT: ${{ matrix.runner == 'windows-latest' && './share/spack/qa/validate_last_exit.ps1' || '' }}
         run: |
-          source share/spack/setup-env.sh
+          ${{ env.SETUP_SCRIPT_SOURCE }}share/spack/setup-env.${{ env.SETUP_SCRIPT_EXT }}
           spack -d gpg list
-          tree ~/.spack/bootstrap/store/
+          ${{ env.VALIDATE_LAST_EXIT }}
+          tree ${{ env.USER_SCOPE_PARENT_DIR }}/.spack/bootstrap/store/
+      - name: Bootstrap File
+        env:
+          SETUP_SCRIPT_EXT: ${{ matrix.runner == 'windows-latest' && 'ps1' || 'sh' }}
+          SETUP_SCRIPT_SOURCE: ${{ matrix.runner == 'windows-latest' && './' || 'source ' }}
+          USER_SCOPE_PARENT_DIR: ${{ matrix.runner == 'windows-latest' && '$env:userprofile' || '$HOME' }}
+          VALIDATE_LAST_EXIT: ${{ matrix.runner == 'windows-latest' && './share/spack/qa/validate_last_exit.ps1' || '' }}
+        run: |
+          ${{ env.SETUP_SCRIPT_SOURCE }}share/spack/setup-env.${{ env.SETUP_SCRIPT_EXT }}
+          spack -d python share/spack/qa/bootstrap-file.py
+          ${{ env.VALIDATE_LAST_EXIT }}
+          tree ${{ env.USER_SCOPE_PARENT_DIR }}/.spack/bootstrap/store/

.github/workflows/build-containers.yml

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ jobs:
           fi
 
       - name: Upload Dockerfile
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@834a144ee995460fba8ed112a2fc961b36a5ec5a
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@50769540e7f4bd5e21e526ee35c689e35e0d6874
         with:
           name: dockerfiles_${{ matrix.dockerfile[0] }}
           path: dockerfiles
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ jobs:
     needs: deploy-images
     steps:
       - name: Merge Artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact/merge@834a144ee995460fba8ed112a2fc961b36a5ec5a
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact/merge@50769540e7f4bd5e21e526ee35c689e35e0d6874
         with:
           name: dockerfiles
           pattern: dockerfiles_*

.github/workflows/nightly-win-builds.yml

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ jobs:
     - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@f677139bbe7f9c59b41e40162b753c062f5d49a3
       with:
         python-version: 3.9
     - name: Install Python packages

.github/workflows/unit_tests.yaml

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ jobs:
     - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@f677139bbe7f9c59b41e40162b753c062f5d49a3
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
     - name: Install System packages
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ jobs:
     - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@f677139bbe7f9c59b41e40162b753c062f5d49a3
       with:
         python-version: '3.11'
     - name: Install System packages
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ jobs:
     - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@f677139bbe7f9c59b41e40162b753c062f5d49a3
       with:
         python-version: '3.11'
     - name: Install System packages
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ jobs:
     - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@f677139bbe7f9c59b41e40162b753c062f5d49a3
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
     - name: Install Python packages
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ jobs:
     - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@f677139bbe7f9c59b41e40162b753c062f5d49a3
       with:
         python-version: 3.9
     - name: Install Python packages

.github/workflows/valid-style.yml

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@f677139bbe7f9c59b41e40162b753c062f5d49a3
       with:
         python-version: '3.11'
         cache: 'pip'
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ jobs:
     - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@f677139bbe7f9c59b41e40162b753c062f5d49a3
       with:
         python-version: '3.11'
         cache: 'pip'

etc/spack/defaults/packages.yaml

@@ -72,3 +72,13 @@ packages:
     permissions:
       read: world
       write: user
+  cray-mpich:
+    buildable: false
+  cray-mvapich2:
+    buildable: false
+  fujitsu-mpi:
+    buildable: false
+  hpcx-mpi:
+    buildable: false
+  spectrum-mpi:
+    buildable: false

lib/spack/docs/environments.rst

@@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ named list ``compilers`` is ``['%gcc', '%clang', '%intel']`` on
    spack:
      definitions:
        - compilers: ['%gcc', '%clang']
-       - when: arch.satisfies('x86_64:')
+       - when: arch.satisfies('target=x86_64:')
          compilers: ['%intel']
 
 .. note::
@@ -893,8 +893,9 @@ The valid variables for a ``when`` clause are:
 
 #. ``env``. The user environment (usually ``os.environ`` in Python).
 
-#. ``hostname``. The hostname of the system (if ``hostname`` is an
-   executable in the user's PATH).
+#. ``hostname``. The hostname of the system.
+
+#. ``full_hostname``. The fully qualified hostname of the system.
 
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 SpecLists as Constraints

lib/spack/docs/packaging_guide.rst

@@ -1263,6 +1263,11 @@ Git fetching supports the following parameters to ``version``:
   option ``--depth 1`` will be used if the version of git and the specified
   transport protocol support it, and ``--single-branch`` will be used if the
   version of git supports it.
+* ``git_sparse_paths``: Use ``sparse-checkout`` to only clone these relative paths.
+  This feature requires ``git`` to be version ``2.25.0`` or later but is useful for
+  large repositories that have separate portions that can be built independently.
+  If paths provided are directories then all the subdirectories and associated files
+  will also be cloned. 
 
 Only one of ``tag``, ``branch``, or ``commit`` can be used at a time.
 
@@ -1361,6 +1366,41 @@ Submodules
   For more information about git submodules see the manpage of git: ``man
   git-submodule``.
 
+Sparse-Checkout
+  You can supply ``git_sparse_paths`` at the package or version level to utilize git's 
+  sparse-checkout feature. This will only clone the paths that are specified in the 
+  ``git_sparse_paths`` attribute for the package along with the files in the top level directory.
+  This feature allows you to only clone what you need from a large repository.
+  Note that this is a newer feature in git and requries git ``2.25.0`` or greater.
+  If ``git_sparse_paths`` is supplied and the git version is too old
+  then a warning will be issued and that package will use the standard cloning operations instead.
+  ``git_sparse_paths`` should be supplied as a list of paths, a callable function for versions,
+  or a more complex package attribute using the ``@property`` decorator. The return value should be
+  a list for a callable implementation of ``git_sparse_paths``.
+
+  .. code-block:: python
+
+    def sparse_path_function(package)
+        """a callable function that can be used in side a version"""
+        # paths can be directories or functions, all subdirectories and files are included
+        paths = ["doe", "rae", "me/file.cpp"]
+        if package.spec.version >  Version("1.2.0"):
+            paths.extend(["fae"])
+        return paths
+
+    class MyPackage(package):
+        # can also be a package attribute that will be used if not specified in versions
+        git_sparse_paths = ["doe", "rae"]
+
+        # use the package attribute
+        version("1.0.0")
+        version("1.1.0")
+        # use the function
+        version("1.1.5", git_sparse_paths=sparse_path_func)
+        version("1.2.0", git_sparse_paths=sparse_path_func)
+        version("1.2.5", git_sparse_paths=sparse_path_func)
+        version("1.1.5", git_sparse_paths=sparse_path_func)
+
 .. _github-fetch:
 
 ^^^^^^

lib/spack/external/__init__.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 * Homepage: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/archspec
 * Usage: Labeling, comparison and detection of microarchitectures
-* Version: 0.2.4 (commit 48b92512b9ce203ded0ebd1ac41b42593e931f7c)
+* Version: 0.2.5-dev (commit 7e6740012b897ae4a950f0bba7e9726b767e921f)
 
 astunparse
 ----------------

lib/spack/external/_vendoring/distro/distro.py

@@ -1265,27 +1265,29 @@ def _distro_release_info(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
             match = _DISTRO_RELEASE_BASENAME_PATTERN.match(basename)
         else:
             try:
-                basenames = [
-                    basename
-                    for basename in os.listdir(self.etc_dir)
-                    if basename not in _DISTRO_RELEASE_IGNORE_BASENAMES
-                    and os.path.isfile(os.path.join(self.etc_dir, basename))
-                ]
+                with os.scandir(self.etc_dir) as it:
+                    etc_files = [
+                        p.path for p in it
+                        if p.is_file() and p.name not in _DISTRO_RELEASE_IGNORE_BASENAMES
+                    ]
                 # We sort for repeatability in cases where there are multiple
                 # distro specific files; e.g. CentOS, Oracle, Enterprise all
                 # containing `redhat-release` on top of their own.
-                basenames.sort()
+                etc_files.sort()
             except OSError:
                 # This may occur when /etc is not readable but we can't be
                 # sure about the *-release files. Check common entries of
                 # /etc for information. If they turn out to not be there the
                 # error is handled in `_parse_distro_release_file()`.
-                basenames = _DISTRO_RELEASE_BASENAMES
-            for basename in basenames:
-                match = _DISTRO_RELEASE_BASENAME_PATTERN.match(basename)
+                etc_files = [
+                    os.path.join(self.etc_dir, basename)
+                    for basename in _DISTRO_RELEASE_BASENAMES
+                ]
+
+            for filepath in etc_files:
+                match = _DISTRO_RELEASE_BASENAME_PATTERN.match(os.path.basename(filepath))
                 if match is None:
                     continue
-                filepath = os.path.join(self.etc_dir, basename)
                 distro_info = self._parse_distro_release_file(filepath)
                 # The name is always present if the pattern matches.
                 if "name" not in distro_info:

lib/spack/external/_vendoring/jsonschema/_format.py

@@ -231,96 +231,6 @@ def is_host_name(instance):
     return True
 
 
-try:
-    # The built-in `idna` codec only implements RFC 3890, so we go elsewhere.
-    import idna
-except ImportError:
-    pass
-else:
-    @_checks_drafts(draft7="idn-hostname", raises=idna.IDNAError)
-    def is_idn_host_name(instance):
-        if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
-            return True
-        idna.encode(instance)
-        return True
-
-
-try:
-    import rfc3987
-except ImportError:
-    try:
-        from rfc3986_validator import validate_rfc3986
-    except ImportError:
-        pass
-    else:
-        @_checks_drafts(name="uri")
-        def is_uri(instance):
-            if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
-                return True
-            return validate_rfc3986(instance, rule="URI")
-
-        @_checks_drafts(
-            draft6="uri-reference",
-            draft7="uri-reference",
-            raises=ValueError,
-        )
-        def is_uri_reference(instance):
-            if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
-                return True
-            return validate_rfc3986(instance, rule="URI_reference")
-
-else:
-    @_checks_drafts(draft7="iri", raises=ValueError)
-    def is_iri(instance):
-        if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
-            return True
-        return rfc3987.parse(instance, rule="IRI")
-
-    @_checks_drafts(draft7="iri-reference", raises=ValueError)
-    def is_iri_reference(instance):
-        if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
-            return True
-        return rfc3987.parse(instance, rule="IRI_reference")
-
-    @_checks_drafts(name="uri", raises=ValueError)
-    def is_uri(instance):
-        if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
-            return True
-        return rfc3987.parse(instance, rule="URI")
-
-    @_checks_drafts(
-        draft6="uri-reference",
-        draft7="uri-reference",
-        raises=ValueError,
-    )
-    def is_uri_reference(instance):
-        if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
-            return True
-        return rfc3987.parse(instance, rule="URI_reference")
-
-
-try:
-    from strict_rfc3339 import validate_rfc3339
-except ImportError:
-    try:
-        from rfc3339_validator import validate_rfc3339
-    except ImportError:
-        validate_rfc3339 = None
-
-if validate_rfc3339:
-    @_checks_drafts(name="date-time")
-    def is_datetime(instance):
-        if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
-            return True
-        return validate_rfc3339(instance)
-
-    @_checks_drafts(draft7="time")
-    def is_time(instance):
-        if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
-            return True
-        return is_datetime("1970-01-01T" + instance)
-
-
 @_checks_drafts(name="regex", raises=re.error)
 def is_regex(instance):
     if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
@@ -340,86 +250,3 @@ def is_draft3_time(instance):
     if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
         return True
     return datetime.datetime.strptime(instance, "%H:%M:%S")
-
-
-try:
-    import webcolors
-except ImportError:
-    pass
-else:
-    def is_css_color_code(instance):
-        return webcolors.normalize_hex(instance)
-
-    @_checks_drafts(draft3="color", raises=(ValueError, TypeError))
-    def is_css21_color(instance):
-        if (
-            not isinstance(instance, str_types) or
-            instance.lower() in webcolors.css21_names_to_hex
-        ):
-            return True
-        return is_css_color_code(instance)
-
-    def is_css3_color(instance):
-        if instance.lower() in webcolors.css3_names_to_hex:
-            return True
-        return is_css_color_code(instance)
-
-
-try:
-    import jsonpointer
-except ImportError:
-    pass
-else:
-    @_checks_drafts(
-        draft6="json-pointer",
-        draft7="json-pointer",
-        raises=jsonpointer.JsonPointerException,
-    )
-    def is_json_pointer(instance):
-        if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
-            return True
-        return jsonpointer.JsonPointer(instance)
-
-    # TODO: I don't want to maintain this, so it
-    #       needs to go either into jsonpointer (pending
-    #       https://github.com/stefankoegl/python-json-pointer/issues/34) or
-    #       into a new external library.
-    @_checks_drafts(
-        draft7="relative-json-pointer",
-        raises=jsonpointer.JsonPointerException,
-    )
-    def is_relative_json_pointer(instance):
-        # Definition taken from:
-        # https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-handrews-relative-json-pointer-01#section-3
-        if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
-            return True
-        non_negative_integer, rest = [], ""
-        for i, character in enumerate(instance):
-            if character.isdigit():
-                non_negative_integer.append(character)
-                continue
-
-            if not non_negative_integer:
-                return False
-
-            rest = instance[i:]
-            break
-        return (rest == "#") or jsonpointer.JsonPointer(rest)
-
-
-try:
-    import uritemplate.exceptions
-except ImportError:
-    pass
-else:
-    @_checks_drafts(
-        draft6="uri-template",
-        draft7="uri-template",
-        raises=uritemplate.exceptions.InvalidTemplate,
-    )
-    def is_uri_template(
-        instance,
-        template_validator=uritemplate.Validator().force_balanced_braces(),
-    ):
-        template = uritemplate.URITemplate(instance)
-        return template_validator.validate(template)

lib/spack/external/archspec/cpu/detect.py

@@ -47,7 +47,11 @@ def decorator(factory):
 
 
 def partial_uarch(
-    name: str = "", vendor: str = "", features: Optional[Set[str]] = None, generation: int = 0
+    name: str = "",
+    vendor: str = "",
+    features: Optional[Set[str]] = None,
+    generation: int = 0,
+    cpu_part: str = "",
 ) -> Microarchitecture:
     """Construct a partial microarchitecture, from information gathered during system scan."""
     return Microarchitecture(
@@ -57,6 +61,7 @@ def partial_uarch(
         features=features or set(),
         compilers={},
         generation=generation,
+        cpu_part=cpu_part,
     )
 
 
@@ -90,6 +95,7 @@ def proc_cpuinfo() -> Microarchitecture:
         return partial_uarch(
             vendor=_canonicalize_aarch64_vendor(data),
             features=_feature_set(data, key="Features"),
+            cpu_part=data.get("CPU part", ""),
         )
 
     if architecture in (PPC64LE, PPC64):
@@ -345,6 +351,10 @@ def sorting_fn(item):
     generic_candidates = [c for c in candidates if c.vendor == "generic"]
     best_generic = max(generic_candidates, key=sorting_fn)
 
+    # Relevant for AArch64. Filter on "cpu_part" if we have any match
+    if info.cpu_part != "" and any(c for c in candidates if info.cpu_part == c.cpu_part):
+        candidates = [c for c in candidates if info.cpu_part == c.cpu_part]
+
     # Filter the candidates to be descendant of the best generic candidate.
     # This is to avoid that the lack of a niche feature that can be disabled
     # from e.g. BIOS prevents detection of a reasonably performant architecture

lib/spack/external/archspec/cpu/microarchitecture.py

@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@
 # Archspec Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-"""Types and functions to manage information
-on CPU microarchitectures.
-"""
+"""Types and functions to manage information on CPU microarchitectures."""
 import functools
 import platform
 import re
@@ -65,21 +63,24 @@ class Microarchitecture:
                 passed in as argument above.
             * versions: versions that support this micro-architecture.
 
-        generation (int): generation of the micro-architecture, if
-            relevant.
+        generation (int): generation of the micro-architecture, if relevant.
+        cpu_part (str): cpu part of the architecture, if relevant.
     """
 
-    # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments
+    # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments,too-many-instance-attributes
     #: Aliases for micro-architecture's features
     feature_aliases = FEATURE_ALIASES
 
-    def __init__(self, name, parents, vendor, features, compilers, generation=0):
+    def __init__(self, name, parents, vendor, features, compilers, generation=0, cpu_part=""):
         self.name = name
         self.parents = parents
         self.vendor = vendor
         self.features = features
         self.compilers = compilers
+        # Only relevant for PowerPC
         self.generation = generation
+        # Only relevant for AArch64
+        self.cpu_part = cpu_part
         # Cache the ancestor computation
         self._ancestors = None
 
@@ -111,6 +112,7 @@ def __eq__(self, other):
             and self.parents == other.parents  # avoid ancestors here
             and self.compilers == other.compilers
             and self.generation == other.generation
+            and self.cpu_part == other.cpu_part
         )
 
     @coerce_target_names
@@ -143,7 +145,8 @@ def __repr__(self):
         cls_name = self.__class__.__name__
         fmt = (
             cls_name + "({0.name!r}, {0.parents!r}, {0.vendor!r}, "
-            "{0.features!r}, {0.compilers!r}, {0.generation!r})"
+            "{0.features!r}, {0.compilers!r}, generation={0.generation!r}, "
+            "cpu_part={0.cpu_part!r})"
         )
         return fmt.format(self)
 
@@ -190,6 +193,7 @@ def to_dict(self):
             "generation": self.generation,
             "parents": [str(x) for x in self.parents],
             "compilers": self.compilers,
+            "cpupart": self.cpu_part,
         }
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -202,6 +206,7 @@ def from_dict(data) -> "Microarchitecture":
             features=set(data["features"]),
             compilers=data.get("compilers", {}),
             generation=data.get("generation", 0),
+            cpu_part=data.get("cpupart", ""),
         )
 
     def optimization_flags(self, compiler, version):
@@ -360,8 +365,11 @@ def fill_target_from_dict(name, data, targets):
         features = set(values["features"])
         compilers = values.get("compilers", {})
         generation = values.get("generation", 0)
+        cpu_part = values.get("cpupart", "")
 
-        targets[name] = Microarchitecture(name, parents, vendor, features, compilers, generation)
+        targets[name] = Microarchitecture(
+            name, parents, vendor, features, compilers, generation=generation, cpu_part=cpu_part
+        )
 
     known_targets = {}
     data = archspec.cpu.schema.TARGETS_JSON["microarchitectures"]

lib/spack/external/archspec/json/cpu/microarchitectures.json

@@ -2225,10 +2225,14 @@
         ],
         "nvhpc": [
           {
-            "versions": "21.11:",
+            "versions": "21.11:23.8",
 	    "name": "zen3",
             "flags": "-tp {name}",
-	    "warnings": "zen4 is not fully supported by nvhpc yet, falling back to zen3"
+	    "warnings": "zen4 is not fully supported by nvhpc versions < 23.9, falling back to zen3"
+          },
+          {
+            "versions": "23.9:",
+            "flags": "-tp {name}"
           }
 	]
       }
@@ -2711,7 +2715,8 @@
             "flags": "-mcpu=thunderx2t99"
           }
         ]
-      }
+      },
+      "cpupart": "0x0af"
     },
     "a64fx": {
       "from": ["armv8.2a"],
@@ -2779,7 +2784,8 @@
             "flags": "-march=armv8.2-a+crc+crypto+fp16+sve"
           }
         ]
-      }
+      },
+      "cpupart": "0x001"
     },
     "cortex_a72": {
       "from": ["aarch64"],
@@ -2816,7 +2822,8 @@
                   "flags" : "-mcpu=cortex-a72"
               }
           ]
-      }
+      },
+      "cpupart": "0xd08"
     },
     "neoverse_n1": {
       "from": ["cortex_a72", "armv8.2a"],
@@ -2902,7 +2909,8 @@
                   "flags": "-tp {name}"
               }
           ]
-      }
+      },
+      "cpupart": "0xd0c"
     },
     "neoverse_v1": {
       "from": ["neoverse_n1", "armv8.4a"],
@@ -2926,8 +2934,6 @@
           "lrcpc",
           "dcpop",
           "sha3",
-          "sm3",
-          "sm4",
           "asimddp",
           "sha512",
           "sve",
@@ -3028,7 +3034,8 @@
                   "flags": "-tp {name}"
               }
           ]
-      }
+      },
+      "cpupart": "0xd40"
     },
     "neoverse_v2": {
       "from": ["neoverse_n1", "armv9.0a"],
@@ -3052,13 +3059,10 @@
 	  "lrcpc",
 	  "dcpop",
 	  "sha3",
-	  "sm3",
-	  "sm4",
 	  "asimddp",
 	  "sha512",
 	  "sve",
 	  "asimdfhm",
-	  "dit",
 	  "uscat",
 	  "ilrcpc",
 	  "flagm",
@@ -3066,18 +3070,12 @@
 	  "sb",
 	  "dcpodp",
 	  "sve2",
-	  "sveaes",
-	  "svepmull",
-	  "svebitperm",
-	  "svesha3",
-	  "svesm4",
 	  "flagm2",
 	  "frint",
 	  "svei8mm",
 	  "svebf16",
 	  "i8mm",
-	  "bf16",
-	  "dgh"
+	  "bf16"
       ],
       "compilers" : {
           "gcc": [
@@ -3102,15 +3100,19 @@
                   "flags" : "-march=armv8.5-a+sve -mtune=cortex-a76"
               },
               {
-                  "versions": "10.0:11.99",
+                  "versions": "10.0:11.3.99",
                   "flags" : "-march=armv8.5-a+sve+sve2+i8mm+bf16 -mtune=cortex-a77"
               },
+	      {
+                  "versions": "11.4:11.99",
+                  "flags" : "-mcpu=neoverse-v2"
+              },
               {
-                  "versions": "12.0:12.99",
+                  "versions": "12.0:12.2.99",
                   "flags" : "-march=armv9-a+i8mm+bf16 -mtune=cortex-a710"
               },
 	      {
-                  "versions": "13.0:",
+                  "versions": "12.3:",
                   "flags" : "-mcpu=neoverse-v2"
               }
           ],
@@ -3145,7 +3147,113 @@
                   "flags": "-tp {name}"
               }
           ]
-      }
+      },
+      "cpupart": "0xd4f"
+    },
+    "neoverse_n2": {
+      "from": ["neoverse_n1", "armv9.0a"],
+      "vendor": "ARM",
+      "features": [
+          "fp",
+	  "asimd",
+	  "evtstrm",
+	  "aes",
+	  "pmull",
+	  "sha1",
+	  "sha2",
+	  "crc32",
+	  "atomics",
+	  "fphp",
+	  "asimdhp",
+	  "cpuid",
+	  "asimdrdm",
+	  "jscvt",
+	  "fcma",
+	  "lrcpc",
+	  "dcpop",
+	  "sha3",
+	  "asimddp",
+	  "sha512",
+	  "sve",
+	  "asimdfhm",
+	  "uscat",
+	  "ilrcpc",
+	  "flagm",
+	  "ssbs",
+	  "sb",
+	  "dcpodp",
+	  "sve2",
+	  "flagm2",
+	  "frint",
+	  "svei8mm",
+	  "svebf16",
+	  "i8mm",
+	  "bf16"
+      ],
+      "compilers" : {
+          "gcc": [
+              {
+                  "versions": "4.8:5.99",
+                  "flags": "-march=armv8-a"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "6:6.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.1-a"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "7.0:7.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.2-a -mtune=cortex-a72"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "8.0:8.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.4-a+sve -mtune=cortex-a72"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "9.0:9.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.5-a+sve -mtune=cortex-a76"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "10.0:10.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.5-a+sve+sve2+i8mm+bf16 -mtune=cortex-a77"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "11.0:",
+                  "flags" : "-mcpu=neoverse-n2"
+              }
+          ],
+          "clang" : [
+              {
+                  "versions": "9.0:10.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.5-a+sve"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "11.0:13.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv8.5-a+sve+sve2+i8mm+bf16"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "14.0:15.99",
+                  "flags" : "-march=armv9-a+i8mm+bf16"
+              },
+              {
+                  "versions": "16.0:",
+                  "flags" : "-mcpu=neoverse-n2"
+              }
+          ],
+          "arm" : [
+              {
+                  "versions": "23.04.0:",
+                  "flags" : "-mcpu=neoverse-n2"
+              }
+          ],
+          "nvhpc" : [
+              {
+                  "versions": "23.3:",
+                  "name": "neoverse-n1",
+                  "flags": "-tp {name}"
+              }
+          ]
+      },
+      "cpupart": "0xd49"
     },
     "m1": {
       "from": ["armv8.4a"],
@@ -3211,7 +3319,8 @@
             "flags" : "-mcpu=apple-m1"
           }
         ]
-      }
+      },
+      "cpupart": "0x022"
     },
     "m2": {
       "from": ["m1", "armv8.5a"],
@@ -3289,7 +3398,8 @@
             "flags" : "-mcpu=apple-m2"
           }
         ]
-      }
+      },
+      "cpupart": "0x032"
     },
     "arm": {
       "from": [],

lib/spack/external/archspec/json/cpu/microarchitectures_schema.json

@@ -52,6 +52,9 @@
                   }
                 }
               }
+            },
+            "cpupart": {
+              "type": "string"
             }
           },
           "required": [
@@ -107,4 +110,4 @@
       "additionalProperties": false
     }
   }
-}
+}

lib/spack/external/patches/distro.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+diff --git a/lib/spack/external/_vendoring/distro/distro.py b/lib/spack/external/_vendoring/distro/distro.py
+index 89e1868047..50c3b18d4d 100644
+--- a/lib/spack/external/_vendoring/distro/distro.py
++++ b/lib/spack/external/_vendoring/distro/distro.py
+@@ -1265,27 +1265,29 @@ def _distro_release_info(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+             match = _DISTRO_RELEASE_BASENAME_PATTERN.match(basename)
+         else:
+             try:
+-                basenames = [
+-                    basename
+-                    for basename in os.listdir(self.etc_dir)
+-                    if basename not in _DISTRO_RELEASE_IGNORE_BASENAMES
+-                    and os.path.isfile(os.path.join(self.etc_dir, basename))
+-                ]
++                with os.scandir(self.etc_dir) as it:
++                    etc_files = [
++                        p.path for p in it
++                        if p.is_file() and p.name not in _DISTRO_RELEASE_IGNORE_BASENAMES
++                    ]
+                 # We sort for repeatability in cases where there are multiple
+                 # distro specific files; e.g. CentOS, Oracle, Enterprise all
+                 # containing `redhat-release` on top of their own.
+-                basenames.sort()
++                etc_files.sort()
+             except OSError:
+                 # This may occur when /etc is not readable but we can't be
+                 # sure about the *-release files. Check common entries of
+                 # /etc for information. If they turn out to not be there the
+                 # error is handled in `_parse_distro_release_file()`.
+-                basenames = _DISTRO_RELEASE_BASENAMES
+-            for basename in basenames:
+-                match = _DISTRO_RELEASE_BASENAME_PATTERN.match(basename)
++                etc_files = [
++                    os.path.join(self.etc_dir, basename)
++                    for basename in _DISTRO_RELEASE_BASENAMES
++                ]
++
++            for filepath in etc_files:
++                match = _DISTRO_RELEASE_BASENAME_PATTERN.match(os.path.basename(filepath))
+                 if match is None:
+                     continue
+-                filepath = os.path.join(self.etc_dir, basename)
+                 distro_info = self._parse_distro_release_file(filepath)
+                 # The name is always present if the pattern matches.
+                 if "name" not in distro_info:

lib/spack/external/patches/jsonschema.patch

@@ -13,3 +13,191 @@ index 6b630cdfbb..1791fe7fbf 100644
 -__version__ = metadata.version("jsonschema")
 +
 +__version__ = "3.2.0"
+diff --git a/lib/spack/external/_vendoring/jsonschema/_format.py b/lib/spack/external/_vendoring/jsonschema/_format.py
+index 281a7cfcff..29061e3661 100644
+--- a/lib/spack/external/_vendoring/jsonschema/_format.py
++++ b/lib/spack/external/_vendoring/jsonschema/_format.py
+@@ -231,96 +231,6 @@ def is_host_name(instance):
+     return True
+ 
+ 
+-try:
+-    # The built-in `idna` codec only implements RFC 3890, so we go elsewhere.
+-    import idna
+-except ImportError:
+-    pass
+-else:
+-    @_checks_drafts(draft7="idn-hostname", raises=idna.IDNAError)
+-    def is_idn_host_name(instance):
+-        if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
+-            return True
+-        idna.encode(instance)
+-        return True
+-
+-
+-try:
+-    import rfc3987
+-except ImportError:
+-    try:
+-        from rfc3986_validator import validate_rfc3986
+-    except ImportError:
+-        pass
+-    else:
+-        @_checks_drafts(name="uri")
+-        def is_uri(instance):
+-            if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
+-                return True
+-            return validate_rfc3986(instance, rule="URI")
+-
+-        @_checks_drafts(
+-            draft6="uri-reference",
+-            draft7="uri-reference",
+-            raises=ValueError,
+-        )
+-        def is_uri_reference(instance):
+-            if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
+-                return True
+-            return validate_rfc3986(instance, rule="URI_reference")
+-
+-else:
+-    @_checks_drafts(draft7="iri", raises=ValueError)
+-    def is_iri(instance):
+-        if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
+-            return True
+-        return rfc3987.parse(instance, rule="IRI")
+-
+-    @_checks_drafts(draft7="iri-reference", raises=ValueError)
+-    def is_iri_reference(instance):
+-        if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
+-            return True
+-        return rfc3987.parse(instance, rule="IRI_reference")
+-
+-    @_checks_drafts(name="uri", raises=ValueError)
+-    def is_uri(instance):
+-        if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
+-            return True
+-        return rfc3987.parse(instance, rule="URI")
+-
+-    @_checks_drafts(
+-        draft6="uri-reference",
+-        draft7="uri-reference",
+-        raises=ValueError,
+-    )
+-    def is_uri_reference(instance):
+-        if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
+-            return True
+-        return rfc3987.parse(instance, rule="URI_reference")
+-
+-
+-try:
+-    from strict_rfc3339 import validate_rfc3339
+-except ImportError:
+-    try:
+-        from rfc3339_validator import validate_rfc3339
+-    except ImportError:
+-        validate_rfc3339 = None
+-
+-if validate_rfc3339:
+-    @_checks_drafts(name="date-time")
+-    def is_datetime(instance):
+-        if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
+-            return True
+-        return validate_rfc3339(instance)
+-
+-    @_checks_drafts(draft7="time")
+-    def is_time(instance):
+-        if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
+-            return True
+-        return is_datetime("1970-01-01T" + instance)
+-
+-
+ @_checks_drafts(name="regex", raises=re.error)
+ def is_regex(instance):
+     if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
+@@ -340,86 +250,3 @@ def is_draft3_time(instance):
+     if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
+         return True
+     return datetime.datetime.strptime(instance, "%H:%M:%S")
+-
+-
+-try:
+-    import webcolors
+-except ImportError:
+-    pass
+-else:
+-    def is_css_color_code(instance):
+-        return webcolors.normalize_hex(instance)
+-
+-    @_checks_drafts(draft3="color", raises=(ValueError, TypeError))
+-    def is_css21_color(instance):
+-        if (
+-            not isinstance(instance, str_types) or
+-            instance.lower() in webcolors.css21_names_to_hex
+-        ):
+-            return True
+-        return is_css_color_code(instance)
+-
+-    def is_css3_color(instance):
+-        if instance.lower() in webcolors.css3_names_to_hex:
+-            return True
+-        return is_css_color_code(instance)
+-
+-
+-try:
+-    import jsonpointer
+-except ImportError:
+-    pass
+-else:
+-    @_checks_drafts(
+-        draft6="json-pointer",
+-        draft7="json-pointer",
+-        raises=jsonpointer.JsonPointerException,
+-    )
+-    def is_json_pointer(instance):
+-        if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
+-            return True
+-        return jsonpointer.JsonPointer(instance)
+-
+-    # TODO: I don't want to maintain this, so it
+-    #       needs to go either into jsonpointer (pending
+-    #       https://github.com/stefankoegl/python-json-pointer/issues/34) or
+-    #       into a new external library.
+-    @_checks_drafts(
+-        draft7="relative-json-pointer",
+-        raises=jsonpointer.JsonPointerException,
+-    )
+-    def is_relative_json_pointer(instance):
+-        # Definition taken from:
+-        # https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-handrews-relative-json-pointer-01#section-3
+-        if not isinstance(instance, str_types):
+-            return True
+-        non_negative_integer, rest = [], ""
+-        for i, character in enumerate(instance):
+-            if character.isdigit():
+-                non_negative_integer.append(character)
+-                continue
+-
+-            if not non_negative_integer:
+-                return False
+-
+-            rest = instance[i:]
+-            break
+-        return (rest == "#") or jsonpointer.JsonPointer(rest)
+-
+-
+-try:
+-    import uritemplate.exceptions
+-except ImportError:
+-    pass
+-else:
+-    @_checks_drafts(
+-        draft6="uri-template",
+-        draft7="uri-template",
+-        raises=uritemplate.exceptions.InvalidTemplate,
+-    )
+-    def is_uri_template(
+-        instance,
+-        template_validator=uritemplate.Validator().force_balanced_braces(),
+-    ):
+-        template = uritemplate.URITemplate(instance)
+-        return template_validator.validate(template)

lib/spack/llnl/util/filesystem.py

@@ -27,8 +27,6 @@
 from llnl.util.lang import dedupe, memoized
 from llnl.util.symlink import islink, readlink, resolve_link_target_relative_to_the_link, symlink
 
-from spack.util.executable import Executable, which
-
 from ..path import path_to_os_path, system_path_filter
 
 if sys.platform != "win32":
@@ -53,7 +51,6 @@
     "find_all_headers",
     "find_libraries",
     "find_system_libraries",
-    "fix_darwin_install_name",
     "force_remove",
     "force_symlink",
     "getuid",
@@ -248,42 +245,6 @@ def path_contains_subdirectory(path, root):
     return norm_path.startswith(norm_root)
 
 
-@memoized
-def file_command(*args):
-    """Creates entry point to `file` system command with provided arguments"""
-    file_cmd = which("file", required=True)
-    for arg in args:
-        file_cmd.add_default_arg(arg)
-    return file_cmd
-
-
-@memoized
-def _get_mime_type():
-    """Generate method to call `file` system command to aquire mime type
-    for a specified path
-    """
-    if sys.platform == "win32":
-        # -h option (no-dereference) does not exist in Windows
-        return file_command("-b", "--mime-type")
-    else:
-        return file_command("-b", "-h", "--mime-type")
-
-
-def mime_type(filename):
-    """Returns the mime type and subtype of a file.
-
-    Args:
-        filename: file to be analyzed
-
-    Returns:
-        Tuple containing the MIME type and subtype
-    """
-    output = _get_mime_type()(filename, output=str, error=str).strip()
-    tty.debug("==> " + output)
-    type, _, subtype = output.partition("/")
-    return type, subtype
-
-
 #: This generates the library filenames that may appear on any OS.
 library_extensions = ["a", "la", "so", "tbd", "dylib"]
 
@@ -1624,6 +1585,12 @@ def remove_linked_tree(path):
             shutil.rmtree(os.path.realpath(path), **kwargs)
             os.unlink(path)
         else:
+            if sys.platform == "win32":
+                # Adding this prefix allows shutil to remove long paths on windows
+                # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/fileio/maximum-file-path-limitation?tabs=registry
+                long_path_pfx = "\\\\?\\"
+                if not path.startswith(long_path_pfx):
+                    path = long_path_pfx + path
             shutil.rmtree(path, **kwargs)
 
 
@@ -1673,41 +1640,6 @@ def safe_remove(*files_or_dirs):
         raise
 
 
-@system_path_filter
-def fix_darwin_install_name(path):
-    """Fix install name of dynamic libraries on Darwin to have full path.
-
-    There are two parts of this task:
-
-    1. Use ``install_name('-id', ...)`` to change install name of a single lib
-    2. Use ``install_name('-change', ...)`` to change the cross linking between
-       libs. The function assumes that all libraries are in one folder and
-       currently won't follow subfolders.
-
-    Parameters:
-        path (str): directory in which .dylib files are located
-    """
-    libs = glob.glob(join_path(path, "*.dylib"))
-    for lib in libs:
-        # fix install name first:
-        install_name_tool = Executable("install_name_tool")
-        install_name_tool("-id", lib, lib)
-        otool = Executable("otool")
-        long_deps = otool("-L", lib, output=str).split("\n")
-        deps = [dep.partition(" ")[0][1::] for dep in long_deps[2:-1]]
-        # fix all dependencies:
-        for dep in deps:
-            for loc in libs:
-                # We really want to check for either
-                #     dep == os.path.basename(loc)   or
-                #     dep == join_path(builddir, os.path.basename(loc)),
-                # but we don't know builddir (nor how symbolic links look
-                # in builddir). We thus only compare the basenames.
-                if os.path.basename(dep) == os.path.basename(loc):
-                    install_name_tool("-change", dep, loc, lib)
-                    break
-
-
 def find_first(root: str, files: Union[Iterable[str], str], bfs_depth: int = 2) -> Optional[str]:
     """Find the first file matching a pattern.
 

lib/spack/llnl/util/lang.py

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 import collections.abc
 import contextlib
 import functools
-import inspect
 import itertools
 import os
 import re
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@
 from typing import Any, Callable, Iterable, List, Tuple
 
 # Ignore emacs backups when listing modules
-ignore_modules = [r"^\.#", "~$"]
+ignore_modules = r"^\.#|~$"
 
 
 def index_by(objects, *funcs):
@@ -84,20 +83,6 @@ def index_by(objects, *funcs):
     return result
 
 
-def caller_locals():
-    """This will return the locals of the *parent* of the caller.
-    This allows a function to insert variables into its caller's
-    scope.  Yes, this is some black magic, and yes it's useful
-    for implementing things like depends_on and provides.
-    """
-    # Passing zero here skips line context for speed.
-    stack = inspect.stack(0)
-    try:
-        return stack[2][0].f_locals
-    finally:
-        del stack
-
-
 def attr_setdefault(obj, name, value):
     """Like dict.setdefault, but for objects."""
     if not hasattr(obj, name):
@@ -105,15 +90,6 @@ def attr_setdefault(obj, name, value):
     return getattr(obj, name)
 
 
-def has_method(cls, name):
-    for base in inspect.getmro(cls):
-        if base is object:
-            continue
-        if name in base.__dict__:
-            return True
-    return False
-
-
 def union_dicts(*dicts):
     """Use update() to combine all dicts into one.
 
@@ -178,19 +154,22 @@ def list_modules(directory, **kwargs):
     order."""
     list_directories = kwargs.setdefault("directories", True)
 
-    for name in os.listdir(directory):
-        if name == "__init__.py":
-            continue
+    ignore = re.compile(ignore_modules)
 
-        path = os.path.join(directory, name)
-        if list_directories and os.path.isdir(path):
-            init_py = os.path.join(path, "__init__.py")
-            if os.path.isfile(init_py):
-                yield name
+    with os.scandir(directory) as it:
+        for entry in it:
+            if entry.name == "__init__.py" or entry.name == "__pycache__":
+                continue
 
-        elif name.endswith(".py"):
-            if not any(re.search(pattern, name) for pattern in ignore_modules):
-                yield re.sub(".py$", "", name)
+            if (
+                list_directories
+                and entry.is_dir()
+                and os.path.isfile(os.path.join(entry.path, "__init__.py"))
+            ):
+                yield entry.name
+
+            elif entry.name.endswith(".py") and entry.is_file() and not ignore.search(entry.name):
+                yield entry.name[:-3]  # strip .py
 
 
 def decorator_with_or_without_args(decorator):
@@ -237,8 +216,8 @@ def setter(name, value):
         value.__name__ = name
         setattr(cls, name, value)
 
-    if not has_method(cls, "_cmp_key"):
-        raise TypeError("'%s' doesn't define _cmp_key()." % cls.__name__)
+    if not hasattr(cls, "_cmp_key"):
+        raise TypeError(f"'{cls.__name__}' doesn't define _cmp_key().")
 
     setter("__eq__", lambda s, o: (s is o) or (o is not None and s._cmp_key() == o._cmp_key()))
     setter("__lt__", lambda s, o: o is not None and s._cmp_key() < o._cmp_key())
@@ -388,8 +367,8 @@ def cd_fun():
         TypeError: If the class does not have a ``_cmp_iter`` method
 
     """
-    if not has_method(cls, "_cmp_iter"):
-        raise TypeError("'%s' doesn't define _cmp_iter()." % cls.__name__)
+    if not hasattr(cls, "_cmp_iter"):
+        raise TypeError(f"'{cls.__name__}' doesn't define _cmp_iter().")
 
     # comparison operators are implemented in terms of lazy_eq and lazy_lt
     def eq(self, other):
@@ -864,20 +843,19 @@ def uniq(sequence):
     return uniq_list
 
 
-def elide_list(line_list, max_num=10):
+def elide_list(line_list: List[str], max_num: int = 10) -> List[str]:
     """Takes a long list and limits it to a smaller number of elements,
     replacing intervening elements with '...'.  For example::
 
-        elide_list([1,2,3,4,5,6], 4)
+        elide_list(["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6"], 4)
 
     gives::
 
-        [1, 2, 3, '...', 6]
+        ["1", "2", "3", "...", "6"]
     """
     if len(line_list) > max_num:
-        return line_list[: max_num - 1] + ["..."] + line_list[-1:]
-    else:
-        return line_list
+        return [*line_list[: max_num - 1], "...", line_list[-1]]
+    return line_list
 
 
 @contextlib.contextmanager

lib/spack/llnl/util/tty/log.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 import errno
 import io
 import multiprocessing
+import multiprocessing.connection
 import os
 import re
 import select

lib/spack/spack/abi.py

@@ -1,131 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2013-2024 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
-# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
-#
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-
-import os
-
-from llnl.util.lang import memoized
-
-import spack.spec
-import spack.version
-from spack.compilers.clang import Clang
-from spack.util.executable import Executable, ProcessError
-
-
-class ABI:
-    """This class provides methods to test ABI compatibility between specs.
-    The current implementation is rather rough and could be improved."""
-
-    def architecture_compatible(
-        self, target: spack.spec.Spec, constraint: spack.spec.Spec
-    ) -> bool:
-        """Return true if architecture of target spec is ABI compatible
-        to the architecture of constraint spec. If either the target
-        or constraint specs have no architecture, target is also defined
-        as architecture ABI compatible to constraint."""
-        return (
-            not target.architecture
-            or not constraint.architecture
-            or target.architecture.intersects(constraint.architecture)
-        )
-
-    @memoized
-    def _gcc_get_libstdcxx_version(self, version):
-        """Returns gcc ABI compatibility info by getting the library version of
-        a compiler's libstdc++ or libgcc_s"""
-        from spack.build_environment import dso_suffix
-
-        spec = spack.spec.CompilerSpec("gcc", version)
-        compilers = spack.compilers.compilers_for_spec(spec)
-        if not compilers:
-            return None
-        compiler = compilers[0]
-        rungcc = None
-        libname = None
-        output = None
-        if compiler.cxx:
-            rungcc = Executable(compiler.cxx)
-            libname = "libstdc++." + dso_suffix
-        elif compiler.cc:
-            rungcc = Executable(compiler.cc)
-            libname = "libgcc_s." + dso_suffix
-        else:
-            return None
-        try:
-            # Some gcc's are actually clang and don't respond properly to
-            # --print-file-name (they just print the filename, not the
-            # full path).  Ignore these and expect them to be handled as clang.
-            if Clang.default_version(rungcc.exe[0]) != "unknown":
-                return None
-
-            output = rungcc("--print-file-name=%s" % libname, output=str)
-        except ProcessError:
-            return None
-        if not output:
-            return None
-        libpath = os.path.realpath(output.strip())
-        if not libpath:
-            return None
-        return os.path.basename(libpath)
-
-    @memoized
-    def _gcc_compiler_compare(self, pversion, cversion):
-        """Returns true iff the gcc version pversion and cversion
-        are ABI compatible."""
-        plib = self._gcc_get_libstdcxx_version(pversion)
-        clib = self._gcc_get_libstdcxx_version(cversion)
-        if not plib or not clib:
-            return False
-        return plib == clib
-
-    def _intel_compiler_compare(
-        self, pversion: spack.version.ClosedOpenRange, cversion: spack.version.ClosedOpenRange
-    ) -> bool:
-        """Returns true iff the intel version pversion and cversion
-        are ABI compatible"""
-
-        # Test major and minor versions.  Ignore build version.
-        pv = pversion.lo
-        cv = cversion.lo
-        return pv.up_to(2) == cv.up_to(2)
-
-    def compiler_compatible(
-        self, parent: spack.spec.Spec, child: spack.spec.Spec, loose: bool = False
-    ) -> bool:
-        """Return true if compilers for parent and child are ABI compatible."""
-        if not parent.compiler or not child.compiler:
-            return True
-
-        if parent.compiler.name != child.compiler.name:
-            # Different compiler families are assumed ABI incompatible
-            return False
-
-        if loose:
-            return True
-
-        # TODO: Can we move the specialized ABI matching stuff
-        # TODO: into compiler classes?
-        for pversion in parent.compiler.versions:
-            for cversion in child.compiler.versions:
-                # For a few compilers use specialized comparisons.
-                # Otherwise match on version match.
-                if pversion.intersects(cversion):
-                    return True
-                elif parent.compiler.name == "gcc" and self._gcc_compiler_compare(
-                    pversion, cversion
-                ):
-                    return True
-                elif parent.compiler.name == "intel" and self._intel_compiler_compare(
-                    pversion, cversion
-                ):
-                    return True
-        return False
-
-    def compatible(
-        self, target: spack.spec.Spec, constraint: spack.spec.Spec, loose: bool = False
-    ) -> bool:
-        """Returns true if target spec is ABI compatible to constraint spec"""
-        return self.architecture_compatible(target, constraint) and self.compiler_compatible(
-            target, constraint, loose=loose
-        )

lib/spack/spack/audit.py

@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ def _search_duplicate_compilers(error_cls):
 import collections
 import collections.abc
 import glob
-import inspect
 import io
 import itertools
+import os
 import pathlib
 import pickle
 import re
@@ -210,6 +210,11 @@ def _search_duplicate_compilers(error_cls):
     group="configs", tag="CFG-PACKAGES", description="Sanity checks on packages.yaml", kwargs=()
 )
 
+#: Sanity checks on packages.yaml
+config_repos = AuditClass(
+    group="configs", tag="CFG-REPOS", description="Sanity checks on repositories", kwargs=()
+)
+
 
 @config_packages
 def _search_duplicate_specs_in_externals(error_cls):
@@ -252,40 +257,6 @@ def _search_duplicate_specs_in_externals(error_cls):
     return errors
 
 
-@config_packages
-def _deprecated_preferences(error_cls):
-    """Search package preferences deprecated in v0.21 (and slated for removal in v0.23)"""
-    # TODO (v0.23): remove this audit as the attributes will not be allowed in config
-    errors = []
-    packages_yaml = spack.config.CONFIG.get_config("packages")
-
-    def make_error(attribute_name, config_data, summary):
-        s = io.StringIO()
-        s.write("Occurring in the following file:\n")
-        dict_view = syaml.syaml_dict((k, v) for k, v in config_data.items() if k == attribute_name)
-        syaml.dump_config(dict_view, stream=s, blame=True)
-        return error_cls(summary=summary, details=[s.getvalue()])
-
-    if "all" in packages_yaml and "version" in packages_yaml["all"]:
-        summary = "Using the deprecated 'version' attribute under 'packages:all'"
-        errors.append(make_error("version", packages_yaml["all"], summary))
-
-    for package_name in packages_yaml:
-        if package_name == "all":
-            continue
-
-        package_conf = packages_yaml[package_name]
-        for attribute in ("compiler", "providers", "target"):
-            if attribute not in package_conf:
-                continue
-            summary = (
-                f"Using the deprecated '{attribute}' attribute " f"under 'packages:{package_name}'"
-            )
-            errors.append(make_error(attribute, package_conf, summary))
-
-    return errors
-
-
 @config_packages
 def _avoid_mismatched_variants(error_cls):
     """Warns if variant preferences have mismatched types or names."""
@@ -367,6 +338,27 @@ def _ensure_all_virtual_packages_have_default_providers(error_cls):
     ]
 
 
+@config_repos
+def _ensure_no_folders_without_package_py(error_cls):
+    """Check that we don't leave any folder without a package.py in repos"""
+    errors = []
+    for repository in spack.repo.PATH.repos:
+        missing = []
+        for entry in os.scandir(repository.packages_path):
+            if not entry.is_dir():
+                continue
+            package_py = pathlib.Path(entry.path) / spack.repo.package_file_name
+            if not package_py.exists():
+                missing.append(entry.path)
+        if missing:
+            summary = (
+                f"The '{repository.namespace}' repository misses a package.py file"
+                f" in the following folders"
+            )
+            errors.append(error_cls(summary=summary, details=[f"{x}" for x in missing]))
+    return errors
+
+
 def _make_config_error(config_data, summary, error_cls):
     s = io.StringIO()
     s.write("Occurring in the following file:\n")
@@ -498,7 +490,7 @@ def _search_for_reserved_attributes_names_in_packages(pkgs, error_cls):
         name_definitions = collections.defaultdict(list)
         pkg_cls = spack.repo.PATH.get_pkg_class(pkg_name)
 
-        for cls_item in inspect.getmro(pkg_cls):
+        for cls_item in pkg_cls.__mro__:
             for name in RESERVED_NAMES:
                 current_value = cls_item.__dict__.get(name)
                 if current_value is None:
@@ -527,7 +519,7 @@ def _ensure_all_package_names_are_lowercase(pkgs, error_cls):
     badname_regex, errors = re.compile(r"[_A-Z]"), []
     for pkg_name in pkgs:
         if badname_regex.search(pkg_name):
-            error_msg = "Package name '{}' is either lowercase or conatine '_'".format(pkg_name)
+            error_msg = f"Package name '{pkg_name}' should be lowercase and must not contain '_'"
             errors.append(error_cls(error_msg, []))
     return errors
 

lib/spack/spack/binary_distribution.py

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 import codecs
 import collections
 import concurrent.futures
-import contextlib
 import copy
 import hashlib
 import io
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@
 import urllib.request
 import warnings
 from contextlib import closing
-from typing import Dict, Generator, Iterable, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Dict, Iterable, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fsys
 import llnl.util.lang
@@ -55,6 +54,7 @@
 import spack.util.archive
 import spack.util.crypto
 import spack.util.file_cache as file_cache
+import spack.util.filesystem as ssys
 import spack.util.gpg
 import spack.util.parallel
 import spack.util.path
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class BuildCacheDatabase(spack_db.Database):
     record_fields = ("spec", "ref_count", "in_buildcache")
 
     def __init__(self, root):
-        super().__init__(root, lock_cfg=spack_db.NO_LOCK)
+        super().__init__(root, lock_cfg=spack_db.NO_LOCK, layout=None)
         self._write_transaction_impl = llnl.util.lang.nullcontext
         self._read_transaction_impl = llnl.util.lang.nullcontext
 
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ def get_buildfile_manifest(spec):
     # Non-symlinks.
     for rel_path in visitor.files:
         abs_path = os.path.join(root, rel_path)
-        m_type, m_subtype = fsys.mime_type(abs_path)
+        m_type, m_subtype = ssys.mime_type(abs_path)
 
         if relocate.needs_binary_relocation(m_type, m_subtype):
             # Why is this branch not part of needs_binary_relocation? :(
@@ -789,7 +789,9 @@ def sign_specfile(key: str, specfile_path: str) -> str:
     return signed_specfile_path
 
 
-def _read_specs_and_push_index(file_list, read_method, cache_prefix, db, temp_dir, concurrency):
+def _read_specs_and_push_index(
+    file_list, read_method, cache_prefix, db: BuildCacheDatabase, temp_dir, concurrency
+):
     """Read all the specs listed in the provided list, using thread given thread parallelism,
         generate the index, and push it to the mirror.
 
@@ -813,7 +815,7 @@ def _read_specs_and_push_index(file_list, read_method, cache_prefix, db, temp_di
         else:
             continue
 
-        db.add(fetched_spec, None)
+        db.add(fetched_spec)
         db.mark(fetched_spec, "in_buildcache", True)
 
     # Now generate the index, compute its hash, and push the two files to
@@ -958,7 +960,7 @@ def _spec_files_from_cache(url: str):
     raise ListMirrorSpecsError("Failed to get list of specs from {0}".format(url))
 
 
-def generate_package_index(url: str, tmpdir: str, concurrency: int = 32):
+def _url_generate_package_index(url: str, tmpdir: str, concurrency: int = 32):
     """Create or replace the build cache index on the given mirror.  The
     buildcache index contains an entry for each binary package under the
     cache_prefix.
@@ -1119,7 +1121,7 @@ def _exists_in_buildcache(spec: Spec, tmpdir: str, out_url: str) -> ExistsInBuil
     return ExistsInBuildcache(signed, unsigned, tarball)
 
 
-def _upload_tarball_and_specfile(
+def _url_upload_tarball_and_specfile(
     spec: Spec, tmpdir: str, out_url: str, exists: ExistsInBuildcache, signing_key: Optional[str]
 ):
     files = BuildcacheFiles(spec, tmpdir, out_url)
@@ -1154,49 +1156,146 @@ def _upload_tarball_and_specfile(
     )
 
 
+class Uploader:
+    def __init__(self, mirror: spack.mirror.Mirror, force: bool, update_index: bool):
+        self.mirror = mirror
+        self.force = force
+        self.update_index = update_index
+
+        self.tmpdir: str
+        self.executor: concurrent.futures.Executor
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self._tmpdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(dir=spack.stage.get_stage_root())
+        self._executor = spack.util.parallel.make_concurrent_executor()
+
+        self.tmpdir = self._tmpdir.__enter__()
+        self.executor = self.executor = self._executor.__enter__()
+
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        self._executor.__exit__(*args)
+        self._tmpdir.__exit__(*args)
+
+    def push_or_raise(self, specs: List[spack.spec.Spec]) -> List[spack.spec.Spec]:
+        skipped, errors = self.push(specs)
+        if errors:
+            raise PushToBuildCacheError(
+                f"Failed to push {len(errors)} specs to {self.mirror.push_url}:\n"
+                + "\n".join(
+                    f"Failed to push {_format_spec(spec)}: {error}" for spec, error in errors
+                )
+            )
+        return skipped
+
+    def push(
+        self, specs: List[spack.spec.Spec]
+    ) -> Tuple[List[spack.spec.Spec], List[Tuple[spack.spec.Spec, BaseException]]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def tag(self, tag: str, roots: List[spack.spec.Spec]):
+        """Make a list of selected specs together available under the given tag"""
+        pass
+
+
+class OCIUploader(Uploader):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        mirror: spack.mirror.Mirror,
+        force: bool,
+        update_index: bool,
+        base_image: Optional[str],
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(mirror, force, update_index)
+        self.target_image = spack.oci.oci.image_from_mirror(mirror)
+        self.base_image = ImageReference.from_string(base_image) if base_image else None
+
+    def push(
+        self, specs: List[spack.spec.Spec]
+    ) -> Tuple[List[spack.spec.Spec], List[Tuple[spack.spec.Spec, BaseException]]]:
+        skipped, base_images, checksums, upload_errors = _oci_push(
+            target_image=self.target_image,
+            base_image=self.base_image,
+            installed_specs_with_deps=specs,
+            force=self.force,
+            tmpdir=self.tmpdir,
+            executor=self.executor,
+        )
+
+        self._base_images = base_images
+        self._checksums = checksums
+
+        # only update index if any binaries were uploaded
+        if self.update_index and len(skipped) + len(upload_errors) < len(specs):
+            _oci_update_index(self.target_image, self.tmpdir, self.executor)
+
+        return skipped, upload_errors
+
+    def tag(self, tag: str, roots: List[spack.spec.Spec]):
+        tagged_image = self.target_image.with_tag(tag)
+
+        # _push_oci may not populate self._base_images if binaries were already in the registry
+        for spec in roots:
+            _oci_update_base_images(
+                base_image=self.base_image,
+                target_image=self.target_image,
+                spec=spec,
+                base_image_cache=self._base_images,
+            )
+        _oci_put_manifest(
+            self._base_images, self._checksums, tagged_image, self.tmpdir, None, None, *roots
+        )
+
+
+class URLUploader(Uploader):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        mirror: spack.mirror.Mirror,
+        force: bool,
+        update_index: bool,
+        signing_key: Optional[str],
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(mirror, force, update_index)
+        self.url = mirror.push_url
+        self.signing_key = signing_key
+
+    def push(
+        self, specs: List[spack.spec.Spec]
+    ) -> Tuple[List[spack.spec.Spec], List[Tuple[spack.spec.Spec, BaseException]]]:
+        return _url_push(
+            specs,
+            out_url=self.url,
+            force=self.force,
+            update_index=self.update_index,
+            signing_key=self.signing_key,
+            tmpdir=self.tmpdir,
+            executor=self.executor,
+        )
+
+
+def make_uploader(
+    mirror: spack.mirror.Mirror,
+    force: bool = False,
+    update_index: bool = False,
+    signing_key: Optional[str] = None,
+    base_image: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> Uploader:
+    """Builder for the appropriate uploader based on the mirror type"""
+    if mirror.push_url.startswith("oci://"):
+        return OCIUploader(
+            mirror=mirror, force=force, update_index=update_index, base_image=base_image
+        )
+    else:
+        return URLUploader(
+            mirror=mirror, force=force, update_index=update_index, signing_key=signing_key
+        )
+
+
 def _format_spec(spec: Spec) -> str:
     return spec.cformat("{name}{@version}{/hash:7}")
 
 
-@contextlib.contextmanager
-def default_push_context() -> Generator[Tuple[str, concurrent.futures.Executor], None, None]:
-    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(
-        dir=spack.stage.get_stage_root()
-    ) as tmpdir, spack.util.parallel.make_concurrent_executor() as executor:
-        yield tmpdir, executor
-
-
-def push_or_raise(
-    specs: List[Spec],
-    out_url: str,
-    signing_key: Optional[str],
-    force: bool = False,
-    update_index: bool = False,
-) -> List[Spec]:
-    """Same as push, but raises an exception on error. Returns a list of skipped specs already
-    present in the build cache when force=False."""
-    skipped, errors = push(specs, out_url, signing_key, force, update_index)
-    if errors:
-        raise PushToBuildCacheError(
-            f"Failed to push {len(errors)} specs to {out_url}:\n"
-            + "\n".join(f"Failed to push {_format_spec(spec)}: {error}" for spec, error in errors)
-        )
-    return skipped
-
-
-def push(
-    specs: List[Spec],
-    out_url: str,
-    signing_key: Optional[str],
-    force: bool = False,
-    update_index: bool = False,
-) -> Tuple[List[Spec], List[Tuple[Spec, BaseException]]]:
-    """Pushes to the provided build cache, and returns a list of skipped specs that were already
-    present (when force=False). Does not raise on error."""
-    with default_push_context() as (tmpdir, executor):
-        return _push(specs, out_url, signing_key, force, update_index, tmpdir, executor)
-
-
 class FancyProgress:
     def __init__(self, total: int):
         self.n = 0
@@ -1234,7 +1333,7 @@ def fail(self) -> None:
         tty.info(f"{self.pre}Failed to push {self.pretty_spec}")
 
 
-def _push(
+def _url_push(
     specs: List[Spec],
     out_url: str,
     signing_key: Optional[str],
@@ -1279,7 +1378,7 @@ def _push(
 
     upload_futures = [
         executor.submit(
-            _upload_tarball_and_specfile,
+            _url_upload_tarball_and_specfile,
             spec,
             tmpdir,
             out_url,
@@ -1309,12 +1408,12 @@ def _push(
     if signing_key:
         keys_tmpdir = os.path.join(tmpdir, "keys")
         os.mkdir(keys_tmpdir)
-        push_keys(out_url, keys=[signing_key], update_index=update_index, tmpdir=keys_tmpdir)
+        _url_push_keys(out_url, keys=[signing_key], update_index=update_index, tmpdir=keys_tmpdir)
 
     if update_index:
         index_tmpdir = os.path.join(tmpdir, "index")
         os.mkdir(index_tmpdir)
-        generate_package_index(out_url, index_tmpdir)
+        _url_generate_package_index(out_url, index_tmpdir)
 
     return skipped, errors
 
@@ -1431,12 +1530,9 @@ def _oci_put_manifest(
     for s in expected_blobs:
         # If a layer for a dependency has gone missing (due to removed manifest in the registry, a
         # failed push, or a local forced uninstall), we cannot create a runnable container image.
-        # If an OCI registry is only used for storage, this is not a hard error, but for now we
-        # raise an exception unconditionally, until someone requests a more lenient behavior.
         checksum = checksums.get(s.dag_hash())
-        if not checksum:
-            raise MissingLayerError(f"missing layer for {_format_spec(s)}")
-        config["rootfs"]["diff_ids"].append(str(checksum.uncompressed_digest))
+        if checksum:
+            config["rootfs"]["diff_ids"].append(str(checksum.uncompressed_digest))
 
     # Set the environment variables
     config["config"]["Env"] = [f"{k}={v}" for k, v in env.items()]
@@ -1481,6 +1577,7 @@ def _oci_put_manifest(
                     "size": checksums[s.dag_hash()].size,
                 }
                 for s in expected_blobs
+                if s.dag_hash() in checksums
             ),
         ],
     }
@@ -1519,7 +1616,7 @@ def _oci_update_base_images(
         )
 
 
-def _push_oci(
+def _oci_push(
     *,
     target_image: ImageReference,
     base_image: Optional[ImageReference],
@@ -1671,7 +1768,7 @@ def _oci_update_index(
 
     for spec_dict in spec_dicts:
         spec = Spec.from_dict(spec_dict)
-        db.add(spec, directory_layout=None)
+        db.add(spec)
         db.mark(spec, "in_buildcache", True)
 
     # Create the index.json file
@@ -2467,9 +2564,8 @@ def install_root_node(spec, unsigned=False, force=False, sha256=None):
     with spack.util.path.filter_padding():
         tty.msg('Installing "{0}" from a buildcache'.format(spec.format()))
         extract_tarball(spec, download_result, force)
-        spec.package.windows_establish_runtime_linkage()
         spack.hooks.post_install(spec, False)
-        spack.store.STORE.db.add(spec, spack.store.STORE.layout)
+        spack.store.STORE.db.add(spec)
 
 
 def install_single_spec(spec, unsigned=False, force=False):
@@ -2645,7 +2741,7 @@ def get_keys(install=False, trust=False, force=False, mirrors=None):
                     )
 
 
-def push_keys(
+def _url_push_keys(
     *mirrors: Union[spack.mirror.Mirror, str],
     keys: List[str],
     tmpdir: str,
@@ -3096,7 +3192,3 @@ class CannotListKeys(GenerateIndexError):
 
 class PushToBuildCacheError(spack.error.SpackError):
     """Raised when unable to push objects to binary mirror"""
-
-
-class MissingLayerError(spack.error.SpackError):
-    """Raised when a required layer for a dependency is missing in an OCI registry."""

lib/spack/spack/bootstrap/__init__.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
     all_core_root_specs,
     ensure_clingo_importable_or_raise,
     ensure_core_dependencies,
+    ensure_file_in_path_or_raise,
     ensure_gpg_in_path_or_raise,
     ensure_patchelf_in_path_or_raise,
 )
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@
     "is_bootstrapping",
     "ensure_bootstrap_configuration",
     "ensure_core_dependencies",
+    "ensure_file_in_path_or_raise",
     "ensure_gpg_in_path_or_raise",
     "ensure_clingo_importable_or_raise",
     "ensure_patchelf_in_path_or_raise",

lib/spack/spack/bootstrap/_common.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 """Common basic functions used through the spack.bootstrap package"""
 import fnmatch
+import importlib
 import os.path
 import re
 import sys
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@
 
 def _python_import(module: str) -> bool:
     try:
-        __import__(module)
+        importlib.import_module(module)
     except ImportError:
         return False
     return True

lib/spack/spack/bootstrap/config.py

@@ -143,11 +143,7 @@ def _bootstrap_config_scopes() -> Sequence["spack.config.ConfigScope"]:
 def _add_compilers_if_missing() -> None:
     arch = spack.spec.ArchSpec.frontend_arch()
     if not spack.compilers.compilers_for_arch(arch):
-        new_compilers = spack.compilers.find_new_compilers(
-            mixed_toolchain=sys.platform == "darwin"
-        )
-        if new_compilers:
-            spack.compilers.add_compilers_to_config(new_compilers)
+        spack.compilers.find_compilers()
 
 
 @contextlib.contextmanager
@@ -156,7 +152,7 @@ def _ensure_bootstrap_configuration() -> Generator:
     bootstrap_store_path = store_path()
     user_configuration = _read_and_sanitize_configuration()
     with spack.environment.no_active_environment():
-        with spack.platforms.prevent_cray_detection(), spack.platforms.use_platform(
+        with spack.platforms.use_platform(
             spack.platforms.real_host()
         ), spack.repo.use_repositories(spack.paths.packages_path):
             # Default configuration scopes excluding command line

lib/spack/spack/bootstrap/core.py

@@ -472,7 +472,8 @@ def ensure_clingo_importable_or_raise() -> None:
 
 def gnupg_root_spec() -> str:
     """Return the root spec used to bootstrap GnuPG"""
-    return _root_spec("gnupg@2.3:")
+    root_spec_name = "win-gpg" if IS_WINDOWS else "gnupg"
+    return _root_spec(f"{root_spec_name}@2.3:")
 
 
 def ensure_gpg_in_path_or_raise() -> None:
@@ -482,6 +483,19 @@ def ensure_gpg_in_path_or_raise() -> None:
     )
 
 
+def file_root_spec() -> str:
+    """Return the root spec used to bootstrap file"""
+    root_spec_name = "win-file" if IS_WINDOWS else "file"
+    return _root_spec(root_spec_name)
+
+
+def ensure_file_in_path_or_raise() -> None:
+    """Ensure file is in the PATH or raise"""
+    return ensure_executables_in_path_or_raise(
+        executables=["file"], abstract_spec=file_root_spec()
+    )
+
+
 def patchelf_root_spec() -> str:
     """Return the root spec used to bootstrap patchelf"""
     # 0.13.1 is the last version not to require C++17.
@@ -565,14 +579,15 @@ def ensure_core_dependencies() -> None:
     """Ensure the presence of all the core dependencies."""
     if sys.platform.lower() == "linux":
         ensure_patchelf_in_path_or_raise()
-    if not IS_WINDOWS:
-        ensure_gpg_in_path_or_raise()
+    elif sys.platform == "win32":
+        ensure_file_in_path_or_raise()
+    ensure_gpg_in_path_or_raise()
     ensure_clingo_importable_or_raise()
 
 
 def all_core_root_specs() -> List[str]:
     """Return a list of all the core root specs that may be used to bootstrap Spack"""
-    return [clingo_root_spec(), gnupg_root_spec(), patchelf_root_spec()]
+    return [clingo_root_spec(), gnupg_root_spec(), patchelf_root_spec(), file_root_spec()]
 
 
 def bootstrapping_sources(scope: Optional[str] = None):

lib/spack/spack/bootstrap/status.py

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ def _core_requirements() -> List[RequiredResponseType]:
 
 def _buildcache_requirements() -> List[RequiredResponseType]:
     _buildcache_exes = {
-        "file": _missing("file", "required to analyze files for buildcaches"),
+        "file": _missing("file", "required to analyze files for buildcaches", system_only=False),
         ("gpg2", "gpg"): _missing("gpg2", "required to sign/verify buildcaches", False),
     }
     if platform.system().lower() == "darwin":
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ def _development_requirements() -> List[RequiredResponseType]:
     # Ensure we trigger environment modifications if we have an environment
     if BootstrapEnvironment.spack_yaml().exists():
         with BootstrapEnvironment() as env:
-            env.update_syspath_and_environ()
+            env.load()
 
     return [
         _required_executable(

lib/spack/spack/build_environment.py

@@ -457,9 +457,12 @@ def set_wrapper_variables(pkg, env):
     env.set(SPACK_DEBUG_LOG_ID, pkg.spec.format("{name}-{hash:7}"))
     env.set(SPACK_DEBUG_LOG_DIR, spack.main.spack_working_dir)
 
-    # Find ccache binary and hand it to build environment
     if spack.config.get("config:ccache"):
+        # Enable ccache in the compiler wrapper
         env.set(SPACK_CCACHE_BINARY, spack.util.executable.which_string("ccache", required=True))
+    else:
+        # Avoid cache pollution if a build system forces `ccache <compiler wrapper invocation>`.
+        env.set("CCACHE_DISABLE", "1")
 
     # Gather information about various types of dependencies
     link_deps = set(pkg.spec.traverse(root=False, deptype=("link")))
@@ -1000,7 +1003,6 @@ def set_all_package_py_globals(self):
         """Set the globals in modules of package.py files."""
         for dspec, flag in chain(self.external, self.nonexternal):
             pkg = dspec.package
-
             if self.should_set_package_py_globals & flag:
                 if self.context == Context.BUILD and self.needs_build_context & flag:
                     set_package_py_globals(pkg, context=Context.BUILD)
@@ -1008,6 +1010,12 @@ def set_all_package_py_globals(self):
                     # This includes runtime dependencies, also runtime deps of direct build deps.
                     set_package_py_globals(pkg, context=Context.RUN)
 
+        # Looping over the set of packages a second time
+        # ensures all globals are loaded into the module space prior to
+        # any package setup. This guarantees package setup methods have
+        # access to expected module level definitions such as "spack_cc"
+        for dspec, flag in chain(self.external, self.nonexternal):
+            pkg = dspec.package
             for spec in dspec.dependents():
                 # Note: some specs have dependents that are unreachable from the root, so avoid
                 # setting globals for those.
@@ -1550,21 +1558,21 @@ class ModuleChangePropagator:
 
     _PROTECTED_NAMES = ("package", "current_module", "modules_in_mro", "_set_attributes")
 
-    def __init__(self, package):
+    def __init__(self, package: spack.package_base.PackageBase) -> None:
         self._set_self_attributes("package", package)
         self._set_self_attributes("current_module", package.module)
 
         #: Modules for the classes in the MRO up to PackageBase
         modules_in_mro = []
-        for cls in inspect.getmro(type(package)):
-            module = cls.module
+        for cls in package.__class__.__mro__:
+            module = getattr(cls, "module", None)
 
-            if module == self.current_module:
-                continue
-
-            if module == spack.package_base:
+            if module is None or module is spack.package_base:
                 break
 
+            if module is self.current_module:
+                continue
+
             modules_in_mro.append(module)
         self._set_self_attributes("modules_in_mro", modules_in_mro)
         self._set_self_attributes("_set_attributes", {})

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/autotools.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-import inspect
 import os
 import os.path
 import stat
@@ -549,13 +548,12 @@ def autoreconf(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         tty.warn("*        a custom AUTORECONF phase in the package       *")
         tty.warn("*********************************************************")
         with fs.working_dir(self.configure_directory):
-            m = inspect.getmodule(self.pkg)
             # This line is what is needed most of the time
             # --install, --verbose, --force
             autoreconf_args = ["-ivf"]
             autoreconf_args += self.autoreconf_search_path_args
             autoreconf_args += self.autoreconf_extra_args
-            m.autoreconf(*autoreconf_args)
+            self.pkg.module.autoreconf(*autoreconf_args)
 
     @property
     def autoreconf_search_path_args(self):
@@ -579,7 +577,9 @@ def set_configure_or_die(self):
             raise RuntimeError(msg.format(self.configure_directory))
 
         # Monkey-patch the configure script in the corresponding module
-        inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).configure = Executable(self.configure_abs_path)
+        globals_for_pkg = spack.build_environment.ModuleChangePropagator(self.pkg)
+        globals_for_pkg.configure = Executable(self.configure_abs_path)
+        globals_for_pkg.propagate_changes_to_mro()
 
     def configure_args(self):
         """Return the list of all the arguments that must be passed to configure,
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ def configure(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         options += self.configure_args()
 
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory, create=True):
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).configure(*options)
+            pkg.module.configure(*options)
 
     def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Run "make" on the build targets specified by the builder."""
@@ -604,12 +604,12 @@ def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         params = ["V=1"]
         params += self.build_targets
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).make(*params)
+            pkg.module.make(*params)
 
     def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Run "make" on the install targets specified by the builder."""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).make(*self.install_targets)
+            pkg.module.make(*self.install_targets)
 
     spack.builder.run_after("build")(execute_build_time_tests)
 

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/cargo.py

@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 
-import inspect
-
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
 
 import spack.builder
@@ -72,9 +70,7 @@ def check_args(self):
     def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Runs ``cargo install`` in the source directory"""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
-            inspect.getmodule(pkg).cargo(
-                "install", "--root", "out", "--path", ".", *self.build_args
-            )
+            pkg.module.cargo("install", "--root", "out", "--path", ".", *self.build_args)
 
     def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Copy build files into package prefix."""
@@ -86,4 +82,4 @@ def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
     def check(self):
         """Run "cargo test"."""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).cargo("test", *self.check_args)
+            self.pkg.module.cargo("test", *self.check_args)

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/cmake.py

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 import collections.abc
-import inspect
 import os
 import pathlib
 import platform
@@ -108,6 +107,11 @@ def _conditional_cmake_defaults(pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase, args: List[
     if _supports_compilation_databases(pkg):
         args.append(CMakeBuilder.define("CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS", True))
 
+    # Enable MACOSX_RPATH by default when cmake_minimum_required < 3
+    # https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/policy/CMP0042.html
+    if pkg.spec.satisfies("platform=darwin") and cmake.satisfies("@3:"):
+        args.append(CMakeBuilder.define("CMAKE_POLICY_DEFAULT_CMP0042", "NEW"))
+
 
 def generator(*names: str, default: Optional[str] = None):
     """The build system generator to use.
@@ -539,24 +543,24 @@ def cmake(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         options += self.cmake_args()
         options.append(os.path.abspath(self.root_cmakelists_dir))
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory, create=True):
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).cmake(*options)
+            pkg.module.cmake(*options)
 
     def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Make the build targets"""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             if self.generator == "Unix Makefiles":
-                inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).make(*self.build_targets)
+                pkg.module.make(*self.build_targets)
             elif self.generator == "Ninja":
                 self.build_targets.append("-v")
-                inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).ninja(*self.build_targets)
+                pkg.module.ninja(*self.build_targets)
 
     def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Make the install targets"""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             if self.generator == "Unix Makefiles":
-                inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).make(*self.install_targets)
+                pkg.module.make(*self.install_targets)
             elif self.generator == "Ninja":
-                inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).ninja(*self.install_targets)
+                pkg.module.ninja(*self.install_targets)
 
     spack.builder.run_after("build")(execute_build_time_tests)
 

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/cuda.py

@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ def cuda_flags(arch_list):
         conflicts("%gcc@11.2:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:11.5")
         conflicts("%gcc@12:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:11.8")
         conflicts("%gcc@13:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:12.3")
-        conflicts("%gcc@14:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:12.5")
+        conflicts("%gcc@14:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:12.6")
         conflicts("%clang@12:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:11.4.0")
         conflicts("%clang@13:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:11.5")
         conflicts("%clang@14:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:11.7")
@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ def cuda_flags(arch_list):
         conflicts("%clang@16:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:12.1")
         conflicts("%clang@17:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:12.3")
         conflicts("%clang@18:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:12.5")
+        conflicts("%clang@19:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:12.6")
 
         # https://gist.github.com/ax3l/9489132#gistcomment-3860114
         conflicts("%gcc@10", when="+cuda ^cuda@:11.4.0")

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/go.py

@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 
-import inspect
-
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
 
 import spack.builder
@@ -82,7 +80,7 @@ def check_args(self):
     def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Runs ``go build`` in the source directory"""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
-            inspect.getmodule(pkg).go("build", *self.build_args)
+            pkg.module.go("build", *self.build_args)
 
     def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Install built binaries into prefix bin."""
@@ -95,4 +93,4 @@ def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
     def check(self):
         """Run ``go test .`` in the source directory"""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).go("test", *self.check_args)
+            self.pkg.module.go("test", *self.check_args)

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/makefile.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-import inspect
 from typing import List
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
@@ -103,12 +102,12 @@ def edit(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
     def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Run "make" on the build targets specified by the builder."""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).make(*self.build_targets)
+            pkg.module.make(*self.build_targets)
 
     def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Run "make" on the install targets specified by the builder."""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).make(*self.install_targets)
+            pkg.module.make(*self.install_targets)
 
     spack.builder.run_after("build")(execute_build_time_tests)
 

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/meson.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-import inspect
 import os
 from typing import List
 
@@ -195,19 +194,19 @@ def meson(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         options += self.std_meson_args
         options += self.meson_args()
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory, create=True):
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).meson(*options)
+            pkg.module.meson(*options)
 
     def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Make the build targets"""
         options = ["-v"]
         options += self.build_targets
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).ninja(*options)
+            pkg.module.ninja(*options)
 
     def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Make the install targets"""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).ninja(*self.install_targets)
+            pkg.module.ninja(*self.install_targets)
 
     spack.builder.run_after("build")(execute_build_time_tests)
 

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/msbuild.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-import inspect
 from typing import List  # novm
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
@@ -104,7 +103,7 @@ def msbuild_install_args(self):
     def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Run "msbuild" on the build targets specified by the builder."""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).msbuild(
+            pkg.module.msbuild(
                 *self.std_msbuild_args,
                 *self.msbuild_args(),
                 self.define_targets(*self.build_targets),
@@ -114,6 +113,6 @@ def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Run "msbuild" on the install targets specified by the builder.
         This is INSTALL by default"""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).msbuild(
+            pkg.module.msbuild(
                 *self.msbuild_install_args(), self.define_targets(*self.install_targets)
             )

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/nmake.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-import inspect
 from typing import List  # novm
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
@@ -132,9 +131,7 @@ def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         if self.makefile_name:
             opts.append("/F{}".format(self.makefile_name))
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).nmake(
-                *opts, *self.build_targets, ignore_quotes=self.ignore_quotes
-            )
+            pkg.module.nmake(*opts, *self.build_targets, ignore_quotes=self.ignore_quotes)
 
     def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Run "nmake" on the install targets specified by the builder.
@@ -146,6 +143,4 @@ def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
             opts.append("/F{}".format(self.makefile_name))
         opts.append(self.define("PREFIX", fs.windows_sfn(prefix)))
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).nmake(
-                *opts, *self.install_targets, ignore_quotes=self.ignore_quotes
-            )
+            pkg.module.nmake(*opts, *self.install_targets, ignore_quotes=self.ignore_quotes)

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/octave.py

@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-import inspect
-
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
 from spack.directives import build_system, extends
@@ -47,7 +45,7 @@ class OctaveBuilder(BaseBuilder):
 
     def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Install the package from the archive file"""
-        inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).octave(
+        pkg.module.octave(
             "--quiet",
             "--norc",
             "--built-in-docstrings-file=/dev/null",

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/perl.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-import inspect
 import os
 from typing import Iterable
 
@@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ def build_method(self):
     def build_executable(self):
         """Returns the executable method to build the perl package"""
         if self.build_method == "Makefile.PL":
-            build_executable = inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).make
+            build_executable = self.pkg.module.make
         elif self.build_method == "Build.PL":
             build_executable = Executable(os.path.join(self.pkg.stage.source_path, "Build"))
         return build_executable
@@ -158,7 +157,7 @@ def configure(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
             options = ["Build.PL", "--install_base", prefix]
         options += self.configure_args()
 
-        inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).perl(*options)
+        pkg.module.perl(*options)
 
     # It is possible that the shebang in the Build script that is created from
     # Build.PL may be too long causing the build to fail. Patching the shebang

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/python.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 
 import functools
-import inspect
 import operator
 import os
 import re
@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
 import llnl.util.lang as lang
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
-from llnl.util.filesystem import HeaderList, LibraryList
+from llnl.util.filesystem import HeaderList, LibraryList, join_path
 
 import spack.builder
 import spack.config
@@ -120,6 +119,12 @@ def skip_modules(self) -> Iterable[str]:
         """
         return []
 
+    @property
+    def bindir(self) -> str:
+        """Path to Python package's bindir, bin on unix like OS's Scripts on Windows"""
+        windows = self.spec.satisfies("platform=windows")
+        return join_path(self.spec.prefix, "Scripts" if windows else "bin")
+
     def view_file_conflicts(self, view, merge_map):
         """Report all file conflicts, excepting special cases for python.
         Specifically, this does not report errors for duplicate
@@ -222,7 +227,7 @@ def test_imports(self) -> None:
 
         # Make sure we are importing the installed modules,
         # not the ones in the source directory
-        python = inspect.getmodule(self).python  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+        python = self.module.python
         for module in self.import_modules:
             with test_part(
                 self,
@@ -309,9 +314,9 @@ def get_external_python_for_prefix(self):
         )
 
         python_externals_detected = [
-            d.spec
-            for d in python_externals_detection.get("python", [])
-            if d.prefix == self.spec.external_path
+            spec
+            for spec in python_externals_detection.get("python", [])
+            if spec.external_path == self.spec.external_path
         ]
         if python_externals_detected:
             return python_externals_detected[0]

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/qmake.py

@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-import inspect
-
 from llnl.util.filesystem import working_dir
 
 import spack.builder
@@ -66,17 +64,17 @@ def qmake_args(self):
     def qmake(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Run ``qmake`` to configure the project and generate a Makefile."""
         with working_dir(self.build_directory):
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).qmake(*self.qmake_args())
+            pkg.module.qmake(*self.qmake_args())
 
     def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Make the build targets"""
         with working_dir(self.build_directory):
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).make()
+            pkg.module.make()
 
     def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Make the install targets"""
         with working_dir(self.build_directory):
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).make("install")
+            pkg.module.make("install")
 
     def check(self):
         """Search the Makefile for a ``check:`` target and runs it if found."""

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/r.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-import inspect
 from typing import Optional, Tuple
 
 import llnl.util.lang as lang
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
 
         args.extend(["--library={0}".format(self.pkg.module.r_lib_dir), self.stage.source_path])
 
-        inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).R(*args)
+        pkg.module.R(*args)
 
 
 class RPackage(Package):
@@ -85,28 +84,20 @@ def homepage(cls):
             return "https://bioconductor.org/packages/" + cls.bioc
 
     @lang.classproperty
-    def urls(cls):
+    def url(cls):
         if cls.cran:
-            return [
+            return (
                 "https://cloud.r-project.org/src/contrib/"
-                + f"{cls.cran}_{str(list(cls.versions)[0])}.tar.gz",
-                "https://cloud.r-project.org/src/contrib/Archive/{cls.cran}/"
-                + f"{cls.cran}_{str(list(cls.versions)[0])}.tar.gz",
-            ]
-        elif cls.bioc:
-            return [
-                "https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/src/contrib/"
-                + f"{cls.bioc}_{str(list(cls.versions)[0])}.tar.gz",
-                "https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/data/annotation/src/contrib/"
-                + f"{cls.bioc}_{str(list(cls.versions)[0])}.tar.gz",
-            ]
-        else:
-            return [cls.url]
+                + cls.cran
+                + "_"
+                + str(list(cls.versions)[0])
+                + ".tar.gz"
+            )
 
     @lang.classproperty
     def list_url(cls):
         if cls.cran:
-            return "https://cloud.r-project.org/src/contrib/"
+            return "https://cloud.r-project.org/src/contrib/Archive/" + cls.cran + "/"
 
     @property
     def git(self):

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/ruby.py

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 import glob
-import inspect
 
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
@@ -52,10 +51,10 @@ def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         gemspecs = glob.glob("*.gemspec")
         rakefiles = glob.glob("Rakefile")
         if gemspecs:
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).gem("build", "--norc", gemspecs[0])
+            pkg.module.gem("build", "--norc", gemspecs[0])
         elif rakefiles:
-            jobs = inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).make_jobs
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).rake("package", "-j{0}".format(jobs))
+            jobs = pkg.module.make_jobs
+            pkg.module.rake("package", "-j{0}".format(jobs))
         else:
             # Some Ruby packages only ship `*.gem` files, so nothing to build
             pass
@@ -70,6 +69,6 @@ def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
             # if --install-dir is not used, GEM_PATH is deleted from the
             # environement, and Gems required to build native extensions will
             # not be found. Those extensions are built during `gem install`.
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).gem(
+            pkg.module.gem(
                 "install", "--norc", "--ignore-dependencies", "--install-dir", prefix, gems[0]
             )

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/scons.py

@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-import inspect
-
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
 from spack.directives import build_system, depends_on
@@ -63,8 +61,7 @@ def build_args(self, spec, prefix):
 
     def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Build the package."""
-        args = self.build_args(spec, prefix)
-        inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).scons(*args)
+        pkg.module.scons(*self.build_args(spec, prefix))
 
     def install_args(self, spec, prefix):
         """Arguments to pass to install."""
@@ -72,9 +69,7 @@ def install_args(self, spec, prefix):
 
     def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Install the package."""
-        args = self.install_args(spec, prefix)
-
-        inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).scons("install", *args)
+        pkg.module.scons("install", *self.install_args(spec, prefix))
 
     def build_test(self):
         """Run unit tests after build.

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/sip.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-import inspect
 import os
 import re
 
@@ -86,14 +85,13 @@ def import_modules(self):
 
     def python(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """The python ``Executable``."""
-        inspect.getmodule(self).python(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.pkg.module.python(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def test_imports(self):
         """Attempts to import modules of the installed package."""
 
         # Make sure we are importing the installed modules,
         # not the ones in the source directory
-        python = inspect.getmodule(self).python
         for module in self.import_modules:
             with spack.install_test.test_part(
                 self,
@@ -101,7 +99,7 @@ def test_imports(self):
                 purpose="checking import of {0}".format(module),
                 work_dir="spack-test",
             ):
-                python("-c", "import {0}".format(module))
+                self.python("-c", "import {0}".format(module))
 
 
 @spack.builder.builder("sip")
@@ -136,7 +134,7 @@ def configure(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         """Configure the package."""
 
         # https://www.riverbankcomputing.com/static/Docs/sip/command_line_tools.html
-        args = ["--verbose", "--target-dir", inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).python_platlib]
+        args = ["--verbose", "--target-dir", pkg.module.python_platlib]
         args.extend(self.configure_args())
 
         # https://github.com/Python-SIP/sip/commit/cb0be6cb6e9b756b8b0db3136efb014f6fb9b766
@@ -155,7 +153,7 @@ def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         args = self.build_args()
 
         with working_dir(self.build_directory):
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).make(*args)
+            pkg.module.make(*args)
 
     def build_args(self):
         """Arguments to pass to build."""
@@ -166,7 +164,7 @@ def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         args = self.install_args()
 
         with working_dir(self.build_directory):
-            inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).make("install", *args)
+            pkg.module.make("install", *args)
 
     def install_args(self):
         """Arguments to pass to install."""

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/waf.py

@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-import inspect
-
 from llnl.util.filesystem import working_dir
 
 import spack.builder
@@ -90,11 +88,11 @@ def build_directory(self):
 
     def python(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """The python ``Executable``."""
-        inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).python(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.pkg.module.python(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def waf(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """Runs the waf ``Executable``."""
-        jobs = inspect.getmodule(self.pkg).make_jobs
+        jobs = self.pkg.module.make_jobs
 
         with working_dir(self.build_directory):
             self.python("waf", "-j{0}".format(jobs), *args, **kwargs)

lib/spack/spack/builder.py

@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@
 import collections.abc
 import copy
 import functools
-import inspect
 from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
 
 from llnl.util import lang
 
 import spack.build_environment
+import spack.multimethod
 
 #: Builder classes, as registered by the "builder" decorator
 BUILDER_CLS = {}
@@ -96,11 +96,10 @@ class hierarchy (look at AspellDictPackage for an example of that)
     Args:
         pkg (spack.package_base.PackageBase): package object for which we need a builder
     """
-    package_module = inspect.getmodule(pkg)
     package_buildsystem = buildsystem_name(pkg)
     default_builder_cls = BUILDER_CLS[package_buildsystem]
     builder_cls_name = default_builder_cls.__name__
-    builder_cls = getattr(package_module, builder_cls_name, None)
+    builder_cls = getattr(pkg.module, builder_cls_name, None)
     if builder_cls:
         return builder_cls(pkg)
 
@@ -295,7 +294,11 @@ def _decorator(fn):
         return _decorator
 
 
-class BuilderMeta(PhaseCallbacksMeta, type(collections.abc.Sequence)):  # type: ignore
+class BuilderMeta(
+    PhaseCallbacksMeta,
+    spack.multimethod.MultiMethodMeta,
+    type(collections.abc.Sequence),  # type: ignore
+):
     pass
 
 

lib/spack/spack/caches.py

@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@
 
 import llnl.util.lang
 from llnl.util.filesystem import mkdirp
-from llnl.util.symlink import symlink
 
 import spack.config
 import spack.error
 import spack.fetch_strategy
+import spack.mirror
 import spack.paths
 import spack.util.file_cache
 import spack.util.path
@@ -74,23 +74,6 @@ def store(self, fetcher, relative_dest):
         mkdirp(os.path.dirname(dst))
         fetcher.archive(dst)
 
-    def symlink(self, mirror_ref):
-        """Symlink a human readible path in our mirror to the actual
-        storage location."""
-
-        cosmetic_path = os.path.join(self.root, mirror_ref.cosmetic_path)
-        storage_path = os.path.join(self.root, mirror_ref.storage_path)
-        relative_dst = os.path.relpath(storage_path, start=os.path.dirname(cosmetic_path))
-
-        if not os.path.exists(cosmetic_path):
-            if os.path.lexists(cosmetic_path):
-                # In this case the link itself exists but it is broken: remove
-                # it and recreate it (in order to fix any symlinks broken prior
-                # to https://github.com/spack/spack/pull/13908)
-                os.unlink(cosmetic_path)
-            mkdirp(os.path.dirname(cosmetic_path))
-            symlink(relative_dst, cosmetic_path)
-
 
 #: Spack's local cache for downloaded source archives
 FETCH_CACHE: Union[spack.fetch_strategy.FsCache, llnl.util.lang.Singleton] = (

lib/spack/spack/ci.py

@@ -1110,7 +1110,8 @@ def main_script_replacements(cmd):
             cdash_handler.populate_buildgroup(all_job_names)
         except (SpackError, HTTPError, URLError, TimeoutError) as err:
             tty.warn(f"Problem populating buildgroup: {err}")
-    else:
+    elif cdash_config:
+        # warn only if there was actually a CDash configuration.
         tty.warn("Unable to populate buildgroup without CDash credentials")
 
     service_job_retries = {
@@ -1382,8 +1383,10 @@ def push_to_build_cache(spec: spack.spec.Spec, mirror_url: str, sign_binaries: b
     """
     tty.debug(f"Pushing to build cache ({'signed' if sign_binaries else 'unsigned'})")
     signing_key = bindist.select_signing_key() if sign_binaries else None
+    mirror = spack.mirror.Mirror.from_url(mirror_url)
     try:
-        bindist.push_or_raise([spec], out_url=mirror_url, signing_key=signing_key)
+        with bindist.make_uploader(mirror, signing_key=signing_key) as uploader:
+            uploader.push_or_raise([spec])
         return True
     except bindist.PushToBuildCacheError as e:
         tty.error(f"Problem writing to {mirror_url}: {e}")
@@ -1433,10 +1436,6 @@ def copy_stage_logs_to_artifacts(job_spec: spack.spec.Spec, job_log_dir: str) ->
         job_log_dir: path into which build log should be copied
     """
     tty.debug(f"job spec: {job_spec}")
-    if not job_spec:
-        msg = f"Cannot copy stage logs: job spec ({job_spec}) is required"
-        tty.error(msg)
-        return
 
     try:
         pkg_cls = spack.repo.PATH.get_pkg_class(job_spec.name)

lib/spack/spack/cmd/__init__.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 
 import argparse
+import importlib
 import os
 import re
 import sys
@@ -114,8 +115,8 @@ def get_module(cmd_name):
 
     try:
         # Try to import the command from the built-in directory
-        module_name = "%s.%s" % (__name__, pname)
-        module = __import__(module_name, fromlist=[pname, SETUP_PARSER, DESCRIPTION], level=0)
+        module_name = f"{__name__}.{pname}"
+        module = importlib.import_module(module_name)
         tty.debug("Imported {0} from built-in commands".format(pname))
     except ImportError:
         module = spack.extensions.get_module(cmd_name)

lib/spack/spack/cmd/buildcache.py

@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@
 from spack import traverse
 from spack.cmd import display_specs
 from spack.cmd.common import arguments
-from spack.oci.image import ImageReference
 from spack.spec import Spec, save_dependency_specfiles
 
 description = "create, download and install binary packages"
@@ -392,13 +391,8 @@ def push_fn(args):
     else:
         roots = spack.cmd.require_active_env(cmd_name="buildcache push").concrete_roots()
 
-    mirror: spack.mirror.Mirror = args.mirror
-
-    # Check if this is an OCI image.
-    try:
-        target_image = spack.oci.oci.image_from_mirror(mirror)
-    except ValueError:
-        target_image = None
+    mirror = args.mirror
+    assert isinstance(mirror, spack.mirror.Mirror)
 
     push_url = mirror.push_url
 
@@ -409,14 +403,11 @@ def push_fn(args):
         unsigned = not (args.key or args.signed)
 
     # For OCI images, we require dependencies to be pushed for now.
-    if target_image:
-        if "dependencies" not in args.things_to_install:
-            tty.die("Dependencies must be pushed for OCI images.")
-        if not unsigned:
-            tty.warn(
-                "Code signing is currently not supported for OCI images. "
-                "Use --unsigned to silence this warning."
-            )
+    if mirror.push_url.startswith("oci://") and not unsigned:
+        tty.warn(
+            "Code signing is currently not supported for OCI images. "
+            "Use --unsigned to silence this warning."
+        )
         unsigned = True
 
     # Select a signing key, or None if unsigned.
@@ -447,49 +438,17 @@ def push_fn(args):
                     (s, PackageNotInstalledError("package not installed")) for s in not_installed
                 )
 
-    with bindist.default_push_context() as (tmpdir, executor):
-        if target_image:
-            base_image = ImageReference.from_string(args.base_image) if args.base_image else None
-            skipped, base_images, checksums, upload_errors = bindist._push_oci(
-                target_image=target_image,
-                base_image=base_image,
-                installed_specs_with_deps=specs,
-                force=args.force,
-                tmpdir=tmpdir,
-                executor=executor,
-            )
-
-            if upload_errors:
-                failed.extend(upload_errors)
-
-            # Apart from creating manifests for each individual spec, we allow users to create a
-            # separate image tag for all root specs and their runtime dependencies.
-            elif args.tag:
-                tagged_image = target_image.with_tag(args.tag)
-                # _push_oci may not populate base_images if binaries were already in the registry
-                for spec in roots:
-                    bindist._oci_update_base_images(
-                        base_image=base_image,
-                        target_image=target_image,
-                        spec=spec,
-                        base_image_cache=base_images,
-                    )
-                bindist._oci_put_manifest(
-                    base_images, checksums, tagged_image, tmpdir, None, None, *roots
-                )
-                tty.info(f"Tagged {tagged_image}")
-
-        else:
-            skipped, upload_errors = bindist._push(
-                specs,
-                out_url=push_url,
-                force=args.force,
-                update_index=args.update_index,
-                signing_key=signing_key,
-                tmpdir=tmpdir,
-                executor=executor,
-            )
-            failed.extend(upload_errors)
+    with bindist.make_uploader(
+        mirror=mirror,
+        force=args.force,
+        update_index=args.update_index,
+        signing_key=signing_key,
+        base_image=args.base_image,
+    ) as uploader:
+        skipped, upload_errors = uploader.push(specs=specs)
+        failed.extend(upload_errors)
+        if not upload_errors and args.tag:
+            uploader.tag(args.tag, roots)
 
     if skipped:
         if len(specs) == 1:
@@ -501,7 +460,7 @@ def push_fn(args):
                 "The following {} specs were skipped as they already exist in the buildcache:\n"
                 "    {}\n"
                 "    Use --force to overwrite them.".format(
-                    len(skipped), ", ".join(elide_list(skipped, 5))
+                    len(skipped), ", ".join(elide_list([_format_spec(s) for s in skipped], 5))
                 )
             )
 
@@ -522,13 +481,6 @@ def push_fn(args):
             ),
         )
 
-    # Update the OCI index if requested
-    if target_image and len(skipped) < len(specs) and args.update_index:
-        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(
-            dir=spack.stage.get_stage_root()
-        ) as tmpdir, spack.util.parallel.make_concurrent_executor() as executor:
-            bindist._oci_update_index(target_image, tmpdir, executor)
-
 
 def install_fn(args):
     """install from a binary package"""
@@ -816,7 +768,7 @@ def update_index(mirror: spack.mirror.Mirror, update_keys=False):
     url = mirror.push_url
 
     with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(dir=spack.stage.get_stage_root()) as tmpdir:
-        bindist.generate_package_index(url, tmpdir)
+        bindist._url_generate_package_index(url, tmpdir)
 
     if update_keys:
         keys_url = url_util.join(

lib/spack/spack/cmd/commands.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 import copy
 import os
 import re
+import shlex
 import sys
 from argparse import ArgumentParser, Namespace
 from typing import IO, Any, Callable, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Sequence, Set, Tuple, Union
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@
 import spack.cmd
 import spack.main
 import spack.paths
+import spack.platforms
 from spack.main import section_descriptions
 
 description = "list available spack commands"
@@ -139,7 +141,7 @@ def usage(self, usage: str) -> str:
 
         cmd = self.parser.prog.replace(" ", "-")
         if cmd in self.documented:
-            string += "\n:ref:`More documentation <cmd-{0}>`\n".format(cmd)
+            string = f"{string}\n:ref:`More documentation <cmd-{cmd}>`\n"
 
         return string
 
@@ -249,33 +251,27 @@ def body(
             Function body.
         """
         if positionals:
-            return """
+            return f"""
     if $list_options
     then
-        {0}
+        {self.optionals(optionals)}
     else
-        {1}
+        {self.positionals(positionals)}
     fi
-""".format(
-                self.optionals(optionals), self.positionals(positionals)
-            )
+"""
         elif subcommands:
-            return """
+            return f"""
     if $list_options
     then
-        {0}
+        {self.optionals(optionals)}
     else
-        {1}
+        {self.subcommands(subcommands)}
     fi
-""".format(
-                self.optionals(optionals), self.subcommands(subcommands)
-            )
+"""
         else:
-            return """
-    {0}
-""".format(
-                self.optionals(optionals)
-            )
+            return f"""
+    {self.optionals(optionals)}
+"""
 
     def positionals(self, positionals: Sequence[str]) -> str:
         """Return the syntax for reporting positional arguments.
@@ -304,7 +300,7 @@ def optionals(self, optionals: Sequence[str]) -> str:
         Returns:
             Syntax for optional flags.
         """
-        return 'SPACK_COMPREPLY="{0}"'.format(" ".join(optionals))
+        return f'SPACK_COMPREPLY="{" ".join(optionals)}"'
 
     def subcommands(self, subcommands: Sequence[str]) -> str:
         """Return the syntax for reporting subcommands.
@@ -315,7 +311,7 @@ def subcommands(self, subcommands: Sequence[str]) -> str:
         Returns:
             Syntax for subcommand parsers
         """
-        return 'SPACK_COMPREPLY="{0}"'.format(" ".join(subcommands))
+        return f'SPACK_COMPREPLY="{" ".join(subcommands)}"'
 
 
 # Map argument destination names to their complete commands
@@ -395,7 +391,7 @@ def _fish_dest_get_complete(prog: str, dest: str) -> Optional[str]:
     subcmd = s[1] if len(s) == 2 else ""
 
     for (prog_key, pos_key), value in _dest_to_fish_complete.items():
-        if subcmd.startswith(prog_key) and re.match("^" + pos_key + "$", dest):
+        if subcmd.startswith(prog_key) and re.match(f"^{pos_key}$", dest):
             return value
     return None
 
@@ -427,24 +423,6 @@ def format(self, cmd: Command) -> str:
             + self.complete(cmd.prog, positionals, optionals, subcommands)
         )
 
-    def _quote(self, string: str) -> str:
-        """Quote string and escape special characters if necessary.
-
-        Args:
-            string: Input string.
-
-        Returns:
-            Quoted string.
-        """
-        # Goal here is to match fish_indent behavior
-
-        # Strings without spaces (or other special characters) do not need to be escaped
-        if not any([sub in string for sub in [" ", "'", '"']]):
-            return string
-
-        string = string.replace("'", r"\'")
-        return f"'{string}'"
-
     def optspecs(
         self,
         prog: str,
@@ -463,7 +441,7 @@ def optspecs(
         optspec_var = "__fish_spack_optspecs_" + prog.replace(" ", "_").replace("-", "_")
 
         if optionals is None:
-            return "set -g %s\n" % optspec_var
+            return f"set -g {optspec_var}\n"
 
         # Build optspec by iterating over options
         args = []
@@ -490,11 +468,11 @@ def optspecs(
             long = [f[2:] for f in flags if f.startswith("--")]
 
             while len(short) > 0 and len(long) > 0:
-                arg = "%s/%s%s" % (short.pop(), long.pop(), required)
+                arg = f"{short.pop()}/{long.pop()}{required}"
             while len(short) > 0:
-                arg = "%s/%s" % (short.pop(), required)
+                arg = f"{short.pop()}/{required}"
             while len(long) > 0:
-                arg = "%s%s" % (long.pop(), required)
+                arg = f"{long.pop()}{required}"
 
             args.append(arg)
 
@@ -503,7 +481,7 @@ def optspecs(
         # indicate that such subcommand exists.
         args = " ".join(args)
 
-        return "set -g %s %s\n" % (optspec_var, args)
+        return f"set -g {optspec_var} {args}\n"
 
     @staticmethod
     def complete_head(
@@ -524,12 +502,14 @@ def complete_head(
         subcmd = s[1] if len(s) == 2 else ""
 
         if index is None:
-            return "complete -c %s -n '__fish_spack_using_command %s'" % (s[0], subcmd)
+            return f"complete -c {s[0]} -n '__fish_spack_using_command {subcmd}'"
         elif nargs in [argparse.ZERO_OR_MORE, argparse.ONE_OR_MORE, argparse.REMAINDER]:
-            head = "complete -c %s -n '__fish_spack_using_command_pos_remainder %d %s'"
+            return (
+                f"complete -c {s[0]} -n '__fish_spack_using_command_pos_remainder "
+                f"{index} {subcmd}'"
+            )
         else:
-            head = "complete -c %s -n '__fish_spack_using_command_pos %d %s'"
-        return head % (s[0], index, subcmd)
+            return f"complete -c {s[0]} -n '__fish_spack_using_command_pos {index} {subcmd}'"
 
     def complete(
         self,
@@ -597,25 +577,18 @@ def positionals(
 
             if choices is not None:
                 # If there are choices, we provide a completion for all possible values.
-                commands.append(head + " -f -a %s" % self._quote(" ".join(choices)))
+                commands.append(f"{head} -f -a {shlex.quote(' '.join(choices))}")
             else:
                 # Otherwise, we try to find a predefined completion for it
                 value = _fish_dest_get_complete(prog, args)
                 if value is not None:
-                    commands.append(head + " " + value)
+                    commands.append(f"{head} {value}")
 
         return "\n".join(commands) + "\n"
 
     def prog_comment(self, prog: str) -> str:
-        """Return a comment line for the command.
-
-        Args:
-            prog: Program name.
-
-        Returns:
-            Comment line.
-        """
-        return "\n# %s\n" % prog
+        """Return a comment line for the command."""
+        return f"\n# {prog}\n"
 
     def optionals(
         self,
@@ -658,28 +631,28 @@ def optionals(
             for f in flags:
                 if f.startswith("--"):
                     long = f[2:]
-                    prefix += " -l %s" % long
+                    prefix = f"{prefix} -l {long}"
                 elif f.startswith("-"):
                     short = f[1:]
                     assert len(short) == 1
-                    prefix += " -s %s" % short
+                    prefix = f"{prefix} -s {short}"
 
             # Check if option require argument.
             # Currently multi-argument options are not supported, so we treat it like one argument.
             if nargs != 0:
-                prefix += " -r"
+                prefix = f"{prefix} -r"
 
             if dest is not None:
                 # If there are choices, we provide a completion for all possible values.
-                commands.append(prefix + " -f -a %s" % self._quote(" ".join(dest)))
+                commands.append(f"{prefix} -f -a {shlex.quote(' '.join(dest))}")
             else:
                 # Otherwise, we try to find a predefined completion for it
                 value = _fish_dest_get_complete(prog, dest)
                 if value is not None:
-                    commands.append(prefix + " " + value)
+                    commands.append(f"{prefix} {value}")
 
             if help:
-                commands.append(prefix + " -d %s" % self._quote(help))
+                commands.append(f"{prefix} -d {shlex.quote(help)}")
 
         return "\n".join(commands) + "\n"
 
@@ -697,11 +670,11 @@ def subcommands(self, prog: str, subcommands: List[Tuple[ArgumentParser, str, st
         head = self.complete_head(prog, 0)
 
         for _, subcommand, help in subcommands:
-            command = head + " -f -a %s" % self._quote(subcommand)
+            command = f"{head} -f -a {shlex.quote(subcommand)}"
 
             if help is not None and len(help) > 0:
                 help = help.split("\n")[0]
-                command += " -d %s" % self._quote(help)
+                command = f"{command} -d {shlex.quote(help)}"
 
             commands.append(command)
 
@@ -747,7 +720,7 @@ def rst_index(out: IO) -> None:
 
         for i, cmd in enumerate(sorted(commands)):
             description = description.capitalize() if i == 0 else ""
-            ref = ":ref:`%s <spack-%s>`" % (cmd, cmd)
+            ref = f":ref:`{cmd} <spack-{cmd}>`"
             comma = "," if i != len(commands) - 1 else ""
             bar = "| " if i % 8 == 0 else "  "
             out.write(line % (description, bar + ref + comma))
@@ -858,10 +831,10 @@ def _commands(parser: ArgumentParser, args: Namespace) -> None:
 
     # check header first so we don't open out files unnecessarily
     if args.header and not os.path.exists(args.header):
-        tty.die("No such file: '%s'" % args.header)
+        tty.die(f"No such file: '{args.header}'")
 
     if args.update:
-        tty.msg("Updating file: %s" % args.update)
+        tty.msg(f"Updating file: {args.update}")
         with open(args.update, "w") as f:
             prepend_header(args, f)
             formatter(args, f)

lib/spack/spack/cmd/compiler.py

@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ def setup_parser(subparser):
         default=lambda: spack.config.default_modify_scope("compilers"),
         help="configuration scope to modify",
     )
+    arguments.add_common_arguments(find_parser, ["jobs"])
 
     # Remove
     remove_parser = sp.add_parser("remove", aliases=["rm"], help="remove compiler by spec")
@@ -78,25 +79,21 @@ def setup_parser(subparser):
 def compiler_find(args):
     """Search either $PATH or a list of paths OR MODULES for compilers and
     add them to Spack's configuration.
-
     """
-    # None signals spack.compiler.find_compilers to use its default logic
     paths = args.add_paths or None
-
-    # Below scope=None because we want new compilers that don't appear
-    # in any other configuration.
-    new_compilers = spack.compilers.find_new_compilers(
-        paths, scope=None, mixed_toolchain=args.mixed_toolchain
+    new_compilers = spack.compilers.find_compilers(
+        path_hints=paths,
+        scope=args.scope,
+        mixed_toolchain=args.mixed_toolchain,
+        max_workers=args.jobs,
     )
     if new_compilers:
-        spack.compilers.add_compilers_to_config(new_compilers, scope=args.scope)
         n = len(new_compilers)
         s = "s" if n > 1 else ""
-
-        config = spack.config.CONFIG
-        filename = config.get_config_filename(args.scope, "compilers")
-        tty.msg("Added %d new compiler%s to %s" % (n, s, filename))
-        colify(reversed(sorted(c.spec.display_str for c in new_compilers)), indent=4)
+        filename = spack.config.CONFIG.get_config_filename(args.scope, "compilers")
+        tty.msg(f"Added {n:d} new compiler{s} to {filename}")
+        compiler_strs = sorted(f"{c.spec.name}@{c.spec.version}" for c in new_compilers)
+        colify(reversed(compiler_strs), indent=4)
     else:
         tty.msg("Found no new compilers")
     tty.msg("Compilers are defined in the following files:")

lib/spack/spack/cmd/create.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 import re
 import sys
 import urllib.parse
+from typing import List
 
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
 from llnl.util.filesystem import mkdirp
@@ -14,9 +15,15 @@
 import spack.stage
 import spack.util.web
 from spack.spec import Spec
-from spack.url import UndetectableNameError, UndetectableVersionError, parse_name, parse_version
+from spack.url import (
+    UndetectableNameError,
+    UndetectableVersionError,
+    find_versions_of_archive,
+    parse_name,
+    parse_version,
+)
 from spack.util.editor import editor
-from spack.util.executable import ProcessError, which
+from spack.util.executable import which
 from spack.util.format import get_version_lines
 from spack.util.naming import mod_to_class, simplify_name, valid_fully_qualified_module_name
 
@@ -89,14 +96,20 @@ class BundlePackageTemplate:
     url_def = "    # There is no URL since there is no code to download."
     body_def = "    # There is no need for install() since there is no code."
 
-    def __init__(self, name, versions):
+    def __init__(self, name: str, versions, languages: List[str]):
         self.name = name
         self.class_name = mod_to_class(name)
         self.versions = versions
+        self.languages = languages
 
     def write(self, pkg_path):
         """Writes the new package file."""
 
+        all_deps = [f'    depends_on("{lang}", type="build")' for lang in self.languages]
+        if all_deps and self.dependencies:
+            all_deps.append("")
+        all_deps.append(self.dependencies)
+
         # Write out a template for the file
         with open(pkg_path, "w") as pkg_file:
             pkg_file.write(
@@ -106,7 +119,7 @@ def write(self, pkg_path):
                     base_class_name=self.base_class_name,
                     url_def=self.url_def,
                     versions=self.versions,
-                    dependencies=self.dependencies,
+                    dependencies="\n".join(all_deps),
                     body_def=self.body_def,
                 )
             )
@@ -125,8 +138,8 @@ def install(self, spec, prefix):
 
     url_line = '    url = "{url}"'
 
-    def __init__(self, name, url, versions):
-        super().__init__(name, versions)
+    def __init__(self, name, url, versions, languages: List[str]):
+        super().__init__(name, versions, languages)
 
         self.url_def = self.url_line.format(url=url)
 
@@ -214,13 +227,13 @@ def luarocks_args(self):
         args = []
         return args"""
 
-    def __init__(self, name, url, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, name, url, versions, languages: List[str]):
         # If the user provided `--name lua-lpeg`, don't rename it lua-lua-lpeg
         if not name.startswith("lua-"):
             # Make it more obvious that we are renaming the package
             tty.msg("Changing package name from {0} to lua-{0}".format(name))
             name = "lua-{0}".format(name)
-        super().__init__(name, url, *args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(name, url, versions, languages)
 
 
 class MesonPackageTemplate(PackageTemplate):
@@ -321,14 +334,14 @@ class RacketPackageTemplate(PackageTemplate):
     # subdirectory = None
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, name, url, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, name, url, versions, languages: List[str]):
         # If the user provided `--name rkt-scribble`, don't rename it rkt-rkt-scribble
         if not name.startswith("rkt-"):
             # Make it more obvious that we are renaming the package
             tty.msg("Changing package name from {0} to rkt-{0}".format(name))
             name = "rkt-{0}".format(name)
         self.body_def = self.body_def.format(name[4:])
-        super().__init__(name, url, *args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(name, url, versions, languages)
 
 
 class PythonPackageTemplate(PackageTemplate):
@@ -361,7 +374,7 @@ def config_settings(self, spec, prefix):
         settings = {}
         return settings"""
 
-    def __init__(self, name, url, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, name, url, versions, languages: List[str]):
         # If the user provided `--name py-numpy`, don't rename it py-py-numpy
         if not name.startswith("py-"):
             # Make it more obvious that we are renaming the package
@@ -415,7 +428,7 @@ def __init__(self, name, url, *args, **kwargs):
                 + self.url_line
             )
 
-        super().__init__(name, url, *args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(name, url, versions, languages)
 
 
 class RPackageTemplate(PackageTemplate):
@@ -434,7 +447,7 @@ def configure_args(self):
         args = []
         return args"""
 
-    def __init__(self, name, url, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, name, url, versions, languages: List[str]):
         # If the user provided `--name r-rcpp`, don't rename it r-r-rcpp
         if not name.startswith("r-"):
             # Make it more obvious that we are renaming the package
@@ -454,7 +467,7 @@ def __init__(self, name, url, *args, **kwargs):
         if bioc:
             self.url_line = '    url = "{0}"\n' '    bioc = "{1}"'.format(url, r_name)
 
-        super().__init__(name, url, *args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(name, url, versions, languages)
 
 
 class PerlmakePackageTemplate(PackageTemplate):
@@ -474,14 +487,14 @@ def configure_args(self):
         args = []
         return args"""
 
-    def __init__(self, name, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, name, url, versions, languages: List[str]):
         # If the user provided `--name perl-cpp`, don't rename it perl-perl-cpp
         if not name.startswith("perl-"):
             # Make it more obvious that we are renaming the package
             tty.msg("Changing package name from {0} to perl-{0}".format(name))
             name = "perl-{0}".format(name)
 
-        super().__init__(name, *args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(name, url, versions, languages)
 
 
 class PerlbuildPackageTemplate(PerlmakePackageTemplate):
@@ -506,7 +519,7 @@ class OctavePackageTemplate(PackageTemplate):
     # FIXME: Add additional dependencies if required.
     # depends_on("octave-foo", type=("build", "run"))"""
 
-    def __init__(self, name, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, name, url, versions, languages: List[str]):
         # If the user provided `--name octave-splines`, don't rename it
         # octave-octave-splines
         if not name.startswith("octave-"):
@@ -514,7 +527,7 @@ def __init__(self, name, *args, **kwargs):
             tty.msg("Changing package name from {0} to octave-{0}".format(name))
             name = "octave-{0}".format(name)
 
-        super().__init__(name, *args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(name, url, versions, languages)
 
 
 class RubyPackageTemplate(PackageTemplate):
@@ -534,7 +547,7 @@ def build(self, spec, prefix):
         # FIXME: If not needed delete this function
         pass"""
 
-    def __init__(self, name, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, name, url, versions, languages: List[str]):
         # If the user provided `--name ruby-numpy`, don't rename it
         # ruby-ruby-numpy
         if not name.startswith("ruby-"):
@@ -542,7 +555,7 @@ def __init__(self, name, *args, **kwargs):
             tty.msg("Changing package name from {0} to ruby-{0}".format(name))
             name = "ruby-{0}".format(name)
 
-        super().__init__(name, *args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(name, url, versions, languages)
 
 
 class MakefilePackageTemplate(PackageTemplate):
@@ -580,14 +593,14 @@ def configure_args(self, spec, prefix):
         args = []
         return args"""
 
-    def __init__(self, name, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, name, url, versions, languages: List[str]):
         # If the user provided `--name py-pyqt4`, don't rename it py-py-pyqt4
         if not name.startswith("py-"):
             # Make it more obvious that we are renaming the package
             tty.msg("Changing package name from {0} to py-{0}".format(name))
             name = "py-{0}".format(name)
 
-        super().__init__(name, *args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(name, url, versions, languages)
 
 
 templates = {
@@ -658,8 +671,48 @@ def setup_parser(subparser):
     )
 
 
-class BuildSystemGuesser:
-    """An instance of BuildSystemGuesser provides a callable object to be used
+#: C file extensions
+C_EXT = {".c"}
+
+#: C++ file extensions
+CXX_EXT = {
+    ".C",
+    ".c++",
+    ".cc",
+    ".ccm",
+    ".cpp",
+    ".CPP",
+    ".cxx",
+    ".h++",
+    ".hh",
+    ".hpp",
+    ".hxx",
+    ".inl",
+    ".ipp",
+    ".ixx",
+    ".tcc",
+    ".tpp",
+}
+
+#: Fortran file extensions
+FORTRAN_EXT = {
+    ".f77",
+    ".F77",
+    ".f90",
+    ".F90",
+    ".f95",
+    ".F95",
+    ".f",
+    ".F",
+    ".for",
+    ".FOR",
+    ".ftn",
+    ".FTN",
+}
+
+
+class BuildSystemAndLanguageGuesser:
+    """An instance of BuildSystemAndLanguageGuesser provides a callable object to be used
     during ``spack create``. By passing this object to ``spack checksum``, we
     can take a peek at the fetched tarball and discern the build system it uses
     """
@@ -667,81 +720,119 @@ class BuildSystemGuesser:
     def __init__(self):
         """Sets the default build system."""
         self.build_system = "generic"
+        self._c = False
+        self._cxx = False
+        self._fortran = False
 
-    def __call__(self, stage, url):
+        # List of files in the archive ordered by their depth in the directory tree.
+        self._file_entries: List[str] = []
+
+    def __call__(self, archive: str, url: str) -> None:
         """Try to guess the type of build system used by a project based on
         the contents of its archive or the URL it was downloaded from."""
 
-        if url is not None:
-            # Most octave extensions are hosted on Octave-Forge:
-            #     https://octave.sourceforge.net/index.html
-            # They all have the same base URL.
-            if "downloads.sourceforge.net/octave/" in url:
-                self.build_system = "octave"
-                return
-            if url.endswith(".gem"):
-                self.build_system = "ruby"
-                return
-            if url.endswith(".whl") or ".whl#" in url:
-                self.build_system = "python"
-                return
-            if url.endswith(".rock"):
-                self.build_system = "lua"
-                return
-
-        # A list of clues that give us an idea of the build system a package
-        # uses. If the regular expression matches a file contained in the
-        # archive, the corresponding build system is assumed.
-        # NOTE: Order is important here. If a package supports multiple
-        # build systems, we choose the first match in this list.
-        clues = [
-            (r"/CMakeLists\.txt$", "cmake"),
-            (r"/NAMESPACE$", "r"),
-            (r"/Cargo\.toml$", "cargo"),
-            (r"/go\.mod$", "go"),
-            (r"/configure$", "autotools"),
-            (r"/configure\.(in|ac)$", "autoreconf"),
-            (r"/Makefile\.am$", "autoreconf"),
-            (r"/pom\.xml$", "maven"),
-            (r"/SConstruct$", "scons"),
-            (r"/waf$", "waf"),
-            (r"/pyproject.toml", "python"),
-            (r"/setup\.(py|cfg)$", "python"),
-            (r"/WORKSPACE$", "bazel"),
-            (r"/Build\.PL$", "perlbuild"),
-            (r"/Makefile\.PL$", "perlmake"),
-            (r"/.*\.gemspec$", "ruby"),
-            (r"/Rakefile$", "ruby"),
-            (r"/setup\.rb$", "ruby"),
-            (r"/.*\.pro$", "qmake"),
-            (r"/.*\.rockspec$", "lua"),
-            (r"/(GNU)?[Mm]akefile$", "makefile"),
-            (r"/DESCRIPTION$", "octave"),
-            (r"/meson\.build$", "meson"),
-            (r"/configure\.py$", "sip"),
-        ]
-
         # Peek inside the compressed file.
-        if stage.archive_file.endswith(".zip") or ".zip#" in stage.archive_file:
+        if archive.endswith(".zip") or ".zip#" in archive:
             try:
                 unzip = which("unzip")
-                output = unzip("-lq", stage.archive_file, output=str)
-            except ProcessError:
+                assert unzip is not None
+                output = unzip("-lq", archive, output=str)
+            except Exception:
                 output = ""
         else:
             try:
                 tar = which("tar")
-                output = tar("--exclude=*/*/*", "-tf", stage.archive_file, output=str)
-            except ProcessError:
+                assert tar is not None
+                output = tar("tf", archive, output=str)
+            except Exception:
                 output = ""
-        lines = output.splitlines()
+        self._file_entries[:] = output.splitlines()
 
-        # Determine the build system based on the files contained
-        # in the archive.
-        for pattern, bs in clues:
-            if any(re.search(pattern, line) for line in lines):
-                self.build_system = bs
-                break
+        # Files closest to the root should be considered first when determining build system.
+        self._file_entries.sort(key=lambda p: p.count("/"))
+
+        self._determine_build_system(url)
+        self._determine_language()
+
+    def _determine_build_system(self, url: str) -> None:
+        # Most octave extensions are hosted on Octave-Forge:
+        #     https://octave.sourceforge.net/index.html
+        # They all have the same base URL.
+        if "downloads.sourceforge.net/octave/" in url:
+            self.build_system = "octave"
+        elif url.endswith(".gem"):
+            self.build_system = "ruby"
+        elif url.endswith(".whl") or ".whl#" in url:
+            self.build_system = "python"
+        elif url.endswith(".rock"):
+            self.build_system = "lua"
+        elif self._file_entries:
+            # A list of clues that give us an idea of the build system a package
+            # uses. If the regular expression matches a file contained in the
+            # archive, the corresponding build system is assumed.
+            # NOTE: Order is important here. If a package supports multiple
+            # build systems, we choose the first match in this list.
+            clues = [
+                (re.compile(pattern), build_system)
+                for pattern, build_system in (
+                    (r"/CMakeLists\.txt$", "cmake"),
+                    (r"/NAMESPACE$", "r"),
+                    (r"/Cargo\.toml$", "cargo"),
+                    (r"/go\.mod$", "go"),
+                    (r"/configure$", "autotools"),
+                    (r"/configure\.(in|ac)$", "autoreconf"),
+                    (r"/Makefile\.am$", "autoreconf"),
+                    (r"/pom\.xml$", "maven"),
+                    (r"/SConstruct$", "scons"),
+                    (r"/waf$", "waf"),
+                    (r"/pyproject.toml", "python"),
+                    (r"/setup\.(py|cfg)$", "python"),
+                    (r"/WORKSPACE$", "bazel"),
+                    (r"/Build\.PL$", "perlbuild"),
+                    (r"/Makefile\.PL$", "perlmake"),
+                    (r"/.*\.gemspec$", "ruby"),
+                    (r"/Rakefile$", "ruby"),
+                    (r"/setup\.rb$", "ruby"),
+                    (r"/.*\.pro$", "qmake"),
+                    (r"/.*\.rockspec$", "lua"),
+                    (r"/(GNU)?[Mm]akefile$", "makefile"),
+                    (r"/DESCRIPTION$", "octave"),
+                    (r"/meson\.build$", "meson"),
+                    (r"/configure\.py$", "sip"),
+                )
+            ]
+
+            # Determine the build system based on the files contained in the archive.
+            for file in self._file_entries:
+                for pattern, build_system in clues:
+                    if pattern.search(file):
+                        self.build_system = build_system
+                        return
+
+    def _determine_language(self):
+        for entry in self._file_entries:
+            _, ext = os.path.splitext(entry)
+
+            if not self._c and ext in C_EXT:
+                self._c = True
+            elif not self._cxx and ext in CXX_EXT:
+                self._cxx = True
+            elif not self._fortran and ext in FORTRAN_EXT:
+                self._fortran = True
+
+            if self._c and self._cxx and self._fortran:
+                return
+
+    @property
+    def languages(self) -> List[str]:
+        langs: List[str] = []
+        if self._c:
+            langs.append("c")
+        if self._cxx:
+            langs.append("cxx")
+        if self._fortran:
+            langs.append("fortran")
+        return langs
 
 
 def get_name(name, url):
@@ -811,7 +902,7 @@ def get_url(url):
 def get_versions(args, name):
     """Returns a list of versions and hashes for a package.
 
-    Also returns a BuildSystemGuesser object.
+    Also returns a BuildSystemAndLanguageGuesser object.
 
     Returns default values if no URL is provided.
 
@@ -820,7 +911,7 @@ def get_versions(args, name):
         name (str): The name of the package
 
     Returns:
-        tuple: versions and hashes, and a BuildSystemGuesser object
+        tuple: versions and hashes, and a BuildSystemAndLanguageGuesser object
     """
 
     # Default version with hash
@@ -834,7 +925,7 @@ def get_versions(args, name):
     # version("1.2.4")"""
 
     # Default guesser
-    guesser = BuildSystemGuesser()
+    guesser = BuildSystemAndLanguageGuesser()
 
     valid_url = True
     try:
@@ -847,7 +938,7 @@ def get_versions(args, name):
     if args.url is not None and args.template != "bundle" and valid_url:
         # Find available versions
         try:
-            url_dict = spack.url.find_versions_of_archive(args.url)
+            url_dict = find_versions_of_archive(args.url)
             if len(url_dict) > 1 and not args.batch and sys.stdin.isatty():
                 url_dict_filtered = spack.stage.interactive_version_filter(url_dict)
                 if url_dict_filtered is None:
@@ -874,7 +965,7 @@ def get_versions(args, name):
     return versions, guesser
 
 
-def get_build_system(template, url, guesser):
+def get_build_system(template: str, url: str, guesser: BuildSystemAndLanguageGuesser) -> str:
     """Determine the build system template.
 
     If a template is specified, always use that. Otherwise, if a URL
@@ -882,11 +973,10 @@ def get_build_system(template, url, guesser):
     build system it uses. Otherwise, use a generic template by default.
 
     Args:
-        template (str): ``--template`` argument given to ``spack create``
-        url (str): ``url`` argument given to ``spack create``
-        args (argparse.Namespace): The arguments given to ``spack create``
-        guesser (BuildSystemGuesser): The first_stage_function given to
-            ``spack checksum`` which records the build system it detects
+        template: ``--template`` argument given to ``spack create``
+        url: ``url`` argument given to ``spack create``
+        guesser: The first_stage_function given to ``spack checksum`` which records the build
+            system it detects
 
     Returns:
         str: The name of the build system template to use
@@ -960,7 +1050,7 @@ def create(parser, args):
     build_system = get_build_system(args.template, url, guesser)
 
     # Create the package template object
-    constr_args = {"name": name, "versions": versions}
+    constr_args = {"name": name, "versions": versions, "languages": guesser.languages}
     package_class = templates[build_system]
     if package_class != BundlePackageTemplate:
         constr_args["url"] = url

lib/spack/spack/cmd/deprecate.py

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 installation and its deprecator.
 """
 import argparse
-import os
 
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
 from llnl.util.symlink import symlink
@@ -76,12 +75,7 @@ def setup_parser(sp):
     )
 
     sp.add_argument(
-        "-l",
-        "--link-type",
-        type=str,
-        default="soft",
-        choices=["soft", "hard"],
-        help="type of filesystem link to use for deprecation (default soft)",
+        "-l", "--link-type", type=str, default=None, choices=["soft", "hard"], help="(deprecated)"
     )
 
     sp.add_argument(
@@ -91,6 +85,9 @@ def setup_parser(sp):
 
 def deprecate(parser, args):
     """Deprecate one spec in favor of another"""
+    if args.link_type is not None:
+        tty.warn("The --link-type option is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.")
+
     env = ev.active_environment()
     specs = spack.cmd.parse_specs(args.specs)
 
@@ -144,7 +141,5 @@ def deprecate(parser, args):
         if not answer:
             tty.die("Will not deprecate any packages.")
 
-    link_fn = os.link if args.link_type == "hard" else symlink
-
     for dcate, dcator in zip(all_deprecate, all_deprecators):
-        dcate.package.do_deprecate(dcator, link_fn)
+        dcate.package.do_deprecate(dcator, symlink)

lib/spack/spack/cmd/develop.py

@@ -10,8 +10,10 @@
 import spack.cmd
 import spack.config
 import spack.fetch_strategy
+import spack.package_base
 import spack.repo
 import spack.spec
+import spack.stage
 import spack.util.path
 import spack.version
 from spack.cmd.common import arguments
@@ -62,7 +64,7 @@ def change_fn(section):
     spack.config.change_or_add("develop", find_fn, change_fn)
 
 
-def _retrieve_develop_source(spec, abspath):
+def _retrieve_develop_source(spec: spack.spec.Spec, abspath: str) -> None:
     # "steal" the source code via staging API. We ask for a stage
     # to be created, then copy it afterwards somewhere else. It would be
     # better if we can create the `source_path` directly into its final
@@ -71,13 +73,13 @@ def _retrieve_develop_source(spec, abspath):
     # We construct a package class ourselves, rather than asking for
     # Spec.package, since Spec only allows this when it is concrete
     package = pkg_cls(spec)
-    source_stage = package.stage[0]
+    source_stage: spack.stage.Stage = package.stage[0]
     if isinstance(source_stage.fetcher, spack.fetch_strategy.GitFetchStrategy):
         source_stage.fetcher.get_full_repo = True
         # If we retrieved this version before and cached it, we may have
         # done so without cloning the full git repo; likewise, any
         # mirror might store an instance with truncated history.
-        source_stage.disable_mirrors()
+        source_stage.default_fetcher_only = True
 
     source_stage.fetcher.set_package(package)
     package.stage.steal_source(abspath)

lib/spack/spack/cmd/env.py

@@ -468,32 +468,30 @@ def env_remove(args):
     This removes an environment managed by Spack. Directory environments
     and manifests embedded in repositories should be removed manually.
     """
-    read_envs = []
+    remove_envs = []
     valid_envs = []
     bad_envs = []
-    invalid_envs = []
 
     for env_name in ev.all_environment_names():
         try:
             env = ev.read(env_name)
-            valid_envs.append(env_name)
+            valid_envs.append(env)
 
             if env_name in args.rm_env:
-                read_envs.append(env)
+                remove_envs.append(env)
         except (spack.config.ConfigFormatError, ev.SpackEnvironmentConfigError):
-            invalid_envs.append(env_name)
-
             if env_name in args.rm_env:
                 bad_envs.append(env_name)
 
-        # Check if env is linked to another before trying to remove
-        for name in valid_envs:
+    # Check if remove_env is included from another env before trying to remove
+    for env in valid_envs:
+        for remove_env in remove_envs:
             # don't check if environment is included to itself
-            if name == env_name:
+            if env.name == remove_env.name:
                 continue
-            environ = ev.Environment(ev.root(name))
-            if ev.root(env_name) in environ.included_concrete_envs:
-                msg = f'Environment "{env_name}" is being used by environment "{name}"'
+
+            if remove_env.path in env.included_concrete_envs:
+                msg = f'Environment "{remove_env.name}" is being used by environment "{env.name}"'
                 if args.force:
                     tty.warn(msg)
                 else:
@@ -506,7 +504,7 @@ def env_remove(args):
         if not answer:
             tty.die("Will not remove any environments")
 
-    for env in read_envs:
+    for env in remove_envs:
         name = env.name
         if env.active:
             tty.die(f"Environment {name} can't be removed while activated.")

lib/spack/spack/cmd/gpg.py

@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ def gpg_publish(args):
         mirror = spack.mirror.Mirror(args.mirror_url, args.mirror_url)
 
     with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(dir=spack.stage.get_stage_root()) as tmpdir:
-        spack.binary_distribution.push_keys(
+        spack.binary_distribution._url_push_keys(
             mirror, keys=args.keys, tmpdir=tmpdir, update_index=args.update_index
         )
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/info.py

@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ def print_licenses(pkg, args):
 
 def info(parser, args):
     spec = spack.spec.Spec(args.package)
-    pkg_cls = spack.repo.PATH.get_pkg_class(spec.name)
+    pkg_cls = spack.repo.PATH.get_pkg_class(spec.fullname)
     pkg = pkg_cls(spec)
 
     # Output core package information

lib/spack/spack/cmd/versions.py

@@ -23,11 +23,6 @@ def setup_parser(subparser):
     output.add_argument(
         "-s", "--safe", action="store_true", help="only list safe versions of the package"
     )
-    output.add_argument(
-        "--safe-only",
-        action="store_true",
-        help="[deprecated] only list safe versions of the package",
-    )
     output.add_argument(
         "-r", "--remote", action="store_true", help="only list remote versions of the package"
     )
@@ -47,17 +42,13 @@ def versions(parser, args):
 
     safe_versions = pkg.versions
 
-    if args.safe_only:
-        tty.warn('"--safe-only" is deprecated. Use "--safe" instead.')
-        args.safe = args.safe_only
-
     if not (args.remote or args.new):
         if sys.stdout.isatty():
             tty.msg("Safe versions (already checksummed):")
 
         if not safe_versions:
             if sys.stdout.isatty():
-                tty.warn("Found no versions for {0}".format(pkg.name))
+                tty.warn(f"Found no versions for {pkg.name}")
                 tty.debug("Manually add versions to the package.")
         else:
             colify(sorted(safe_versions, reverse=True), indent=2)
@@ -83,12 +74,12 @@ def versions(parser, args):
     if not remote_versions:
         if sys.stdout.isatty():
             if not fetched_versions:
-                tty.warn("Found no versions for {0}".format(pkg.name))
+                tty.warn(f"Found no versions for {pkg.name}")
                 tty.debug(
                     "Check the list_url and list_depth attributes of "
                     "the package to help Spack find versions."
                 )
             else:
-                tty.warn("Found no unchecksummed versions for {0}".format(pkg.name))
+                tty.warn(f"Found no unchecksummed versions for {pkg.name}")
     else:
         colify(sorted(remote_versions, reverse=True), indent=2)

lib/spack/spack/compiler.py

@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@
 
 __all__ = ["Compiler"]
 
+PATH_INSTANCE_VARS = ["cc", "cxx", "f77", "fc"]
+FLAG_INSTANCE_VARS = ["cflags", "cppflags", "cxxflags", "fflags"]
+
 
 @llnl.util.lang.memoized
 def _get_compiler_version_output(compiler_path, version_arg, ignore_errors=()):
@@ -700,6 +703,30 @@ def compiler_environment(self):
             os.environ.clear()
             os.environ.update(backup_env)
 
+    def to_dict(self):
+        flags_dict = {fname: " ".join(fvals) for fname, fvals in self.flags.items()}
+        flags_dict.update(
+            {attr: getattr(self, attr, None) for attr in FLAG_INSTANCE_VARS if hasattr(self, attr)}
+        )
+        result = {
+            "spec": str(self.spec),
+            "paths": {attr: getattr(self, attr, None) for attr in PATH_INSTANCE_VARS},
+            "flags": flags_dict,
+            "operating_system": str(self.operating_system),
+            "target": str(self.target),
+            "modules": self.modules or [],
+            "environment": self.environment or {},
+            "extra_rpaths": self.extra_rpaths or [],
+        }
+
+        if self.enable_implicit_rpaths is not None:
+            result["implicit_rpaths"] = self.enable_implicit_rpaths
+
+        if self.alias:
+            result["alias"] = self.alias
+
+        return result
+
 
 class CompilerAccessError(spack.error.SpackError):
     def __init__(self, compiler, paths):

lib/spack/spack/compilers/__init__.py

@@ -6,12 +6,11 @@
 """This module contains functions related to finding compilers on the
 system and configuring Spack to use multiple compilers.
 """
-import collections
-import itertools
-import multiprocessing.pool
+import importlib
 import os
+import sys
 import warnings
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional
 
 import archspec.cpu
 
@@ -22,16 +21,15 @@
 import spack.compiler
 import spack.config
 import spack.error
-import spack.operating_systems
 import spack.paths
 import spack.platforms
+import spack.repo
 import spack.spec
 import spack.version
+from spack.operating_systems import windows_os
 from spack.util.environment import get_path
 from spack.util.naming import mod_to_class
 
-_path_instance_vars = ["cc", "cxx", "f77", "fc"]
-_flags_instance_vars = ["cflags", "cppflags", "cxxflags", "fflags"]
 _other_instance_vars = [
     "modules",
     "operating_system",
@@ -63,6 +61,10 @@
 }
 
 
+#: Tag used to identify packages providing a compiler
+COMPILER_TAG = "compiler"
+
+
 def pkg_spec_for_compiler(cspec):
     """Return the spec of the package that provides the compiler."""
     for spec, package in _compiler_to_pkg.items():
@@ -85,29 +87,7 @@ def converter(cspec_like, *args, **kwargs):
 
 def _to_dict(compiler):
     """Return a dict version of compiler suitable to insert in YAML."""
-    d = {}
-    d["spec"] = str(compiler.spec)
-    d["paths"] = dict((attr, getattr(compiler, attr, None)) for attr in _path_instance_vars)
-    d["flags"] = dict((fname, " ".join(fvals)) for fname, fvals in compiler.flags.items())
-    d["flags"].update(
-        dict(
-            (attr, getattr(compiler, attr, None))
-            for attr in _flags_instance_vars
-            if hasattr(compiler, attr)
-        )
-    )
-    d["operating_system"] = str(compiler.operating_system)
-    d["target"] = str(compiler.target)
-    d["modules"] = compiler.modules or []
-    d["environment"] = compiler.environment or {}
-    d["extra_rpaths"] = compiler.extra_rpaths or []
-    if compiler.enable_implicit_rpaths is not None:
-        d["implicit_rpaths"] = compiler.enable_implicit_rpaths
-
-    if compiler.alias:
-        d["alias"] = compiler.alias
-
-    return {"compiler": d}
+    return {"compiler": compiler.to_dict()}
 
 
 def get_compiler_config(
@@ -127,7 +107,7 @@ def get_compiler_config(
         # Do not init config because there is a non-empty scope
         return config
 
-    _init_compiler_config(configuration, scope=scope)
+    find_compilers(scope=scope)
     config = configuration.get("compilers", scope=scope)
     return config
 
@@ -136,125 +116,8 @@ def get_compiler_config_from_packages(
     configuration: "spack.config.Configuration", *, scope: Optional[str] = None
 ) -> List[Dict]:
     """Return the compiler configuration from packages.yaml"""
-    config = configuration.get("packages", scope=scope)
-    if not config:
-        return []
-
-    packages = []
-    compiler_package_names = supported_compilers() + list(package_name_to_compiler_name.keys())
-    for name, entry in config.items():
-        if name not in compiler_package_names:
-            continue
-        externals_config = entry.get("externals", None)
-        if not externals_config:
-            continue
-        packages.extend(_compiler_config_from_package_config(externals_config))
-
-    return packages
-
-
-def _compiler_config_from_package_config(config):
-    compilers = []
-    for entry in config:
-        compiler = _compiler_config_from_external(entry)
-        if compiler:
-            compilers.append(compiler)
-
-    return compilers
-
-
-def _compiler_config_from_external(config):
-    extra_attributes_key = "extra_attributes"
-    compilers_key = "compilers"
-    c_key, cxx_key, fortran_key = "c", "cxx", "fortran"
-
-    # Allow `@x.y.z` instead of `@=x.y.z`
-    spec = spack.spec.parse_with_version_concrete(config["spec"])
-
-    compiler_spec = spack.spec.CompilerSpec(
-        package_name_to_compiler_name.get(spec.name, spec.name), spec.version
-    )
-
-    err_header = f"The external spec '{spec}' cannot be used as a compiler"
-
-    # If extra_attributes is not there I might not want to use this entry as a compiler,
-    # therefore just leave a debug message, but don't be loud with a warning.
-    if extra_attributes_key not in config:
-        tty.debug(f"[{__file__}] {err_header}: missing the '{extra_attributes_key}' key")
-        return None
-    extra_attributes = config[extra_attributes_key]
-
-    # If I have 'extra_attributes' warn if 'compilers' is missing, or we don't have a C compiler
-    if compilers_key not in extra_attributes:
-        warnings.warn(
-            f"{err_header}: missing the '{compilers_key}' key under '{extra_attributes_key}'"
-        )
-        return None
-    attribute_compilers = extra_attributes[compilers_key]
-
-    if c_key not in attribute_compilers:
-        warnings.warn(
-            f"{err_header}: missing the C compiler path under "
-            f"'{extra_attributes_key}:{compilers_key}'"
-        )
-        return None
-    c_compiler = attribute_compilers[c_key]
-
-    # C++ and Fortran compilers are not mandatory, so let's just leave a debug trace
-    if cxx_key not in attribute_compilers:
-        tty.debug(f"[{__file__}] The external spec {spec} does not have a C++ compiler")
-
-    if fortran_key not in attribute_compilers:
-        tty.debug(f"[{__file__}] The external spec {spec} does not have a Fortran compiler")
-
-    # compilers format has cc/fc/f77, externals format has "c/fortran"
-    paths = {
-        "cc": c_compiler,
-        "cxx": attribute_compilers.get(cxx_key, None),
-        "fc": attribute_compilers.get(fortran_key, None),
-        "f77": attribute_compilers.get(fortran_key, None),
-    }
-
-    if not spec.architecture:
-        host_platform = spack.platforms.host()
-        operating_system = host_platform.operating_system("default_os")
-        target = host_platform.target("default_target").microarchitecture
-    else:
-        target = spec.architecture.target
-        if not target:
-            target = spack.platforms.host().target("default_target")
-        target = target.microarchitecture
-
-        operating_system = spec.os
-        if not operating_system:
-            host_platform = spack.platforms.host()
-            operating_system = host_platform.operating_system("default_os")
-
-    compiler_entry = {
-        "compiler": {
-            "spec": str(compiler_spec),
-            "paths": paths,
-            "flags": extra_attributes.get("flags", {}),
-            "operating_system": str(operating_system),
-            "target": str(target.family),
-            "modules": config.get("modules", []),
-            "environment": extra_attributes.get("environment", {}),
-            "extra_rpaths": extra_attributes.get("extra_rpaths", []),
-            "implicit_rpaths": extra_attributes.get("implicit_rpaths", None),
-        }
-    }
-    return compiler_entry
-
-
-def _init_compiler_config(
-    configuration: "spack.config.Configuration", *, scope: Optional[str]
-) -> None:
-    """Compiler search used when Spack has no compilers."""
-    compilers = find_compilers()
-    compilers_dict = []
-    for compiler in compilers:
-        compilers_dict.append(_to_dict(compiler))
-    configuration.set("compilers", compilers_dict, scope=scope)
+    packages_yaml = configuration.get("packages", scope=scope)
+    return CompilerConfigFactory.from_packages_yaml(packages_yaml)
 
 
 def compiler_config_files():
@@ -278,9 +141,7 @@ def add_compilers_to_config(compilers, scope=None):
         compilers: a list of Compiler objects.
         scope: configuration scope to modify.
     """
-    compiler_config = get_compiler_config(
-        configuration=spack.config.CONFIG, scope=scope, init_config=False
-    )
+    compiler_config = get_compiler_config(configuration=spack.config.CONFIG, scope=scope)
     for compiler in compilers:
         if not compiler.cc:
             tty.debug(f"{compiler.spec} does not have a C compiler")
@@ -329,9 +190,7 @@ def _remove_compiler_from_scope(compiler_spec, scope):
          True if one or more compiler entries were actually removed, False otherwise
     """
     assert scope is not None, "a specific scope is needed when calling this function"
-    compiler_config = get_compiler_config(
-        configuration=spack.config.CONFIG, scope=scope, init_config=False
-    )
+    compiler_config = get_compiler_config(configuration=spack.config.CONFIG, scope=scope)
     filtered_compiler_config = [
         compiler_entry
         for compiler_entry in compiler_config
@@ -380,79 +239,77 @@ def all_compiler_specs(scope=None, init_config=True):
 
 
 def find_compilers(
-    path_hints: Optional[List[str]] = None, *, mixed_toolchain=False
+    path_hints: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+    *,
+    scope: Optional[str] = None,
+    mixed_toolchain: bool = False,
+    max_workers: Optional[int] = None,
 ) -> List["spack.compiler.Compiler"]:
-    """Return the list of compilers found in the paths given as arguments.
+    """Searches for compiler in the paths given as argument. If any new compiler is found, the
+    configuration is updated, and the list of new compiler objects is returned.
 
     Args:
         path_hints: list of path hints where to look for. A sensible default based on the ``PATH``
             environment variable will be used if the value is None
+        scope: configuration scope to modify
         mixed_toolchain: allow mixing compilers from different toolchains if otherwise missing for
             a certain language
+        max_workers: number of processes used to search for compilers
     """
+    import spack.detection
+
+    known_compilers = set(all_compilers(init_config=False))
+
     if path_hints is None:
         path_hints = get_path("PATH")
     default_paths = fs.search_paths_for_executables(*path_hints)
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        default_paths.extend(windows_os.WindowsOs().compiler_search_paths)
+    compiler_pkgs = spack.repo.PATH.packages_with_tags(COMPILER_TAG, full=True)
 
-    # To detect the version of the compilers, we dispatch a certain number
-    # of function calls to different workers. Here we construct the list
-    # of arguments for each call.
-    arguments = []
-    for o in all_os_classes():
-        search_paths = getattr(o, "compiler_search_paths", default_paths)
-        arguments.extend(arguments_to_detect_version_fn(o, search_paths))
-
-    # Here we map the function arguments to the corresponding calls
-    tp = multiprocessing.pool.ThreadPool()
-    try:
-        detected_versions = tp.map(detect_version, arguments)
-    finally:
-        tp.close()
-
-    def valid_version(item: Tuple[Optional[DetectVersionArgs], Optional[str]]) -> bool:
-        value, error = item
-        if error is None:
-            return True
-        try:
-            # This will fail on Python 2.6 if a non ascii
-            # character is in the error
-            tty.debug(error)
-        except UnicodeEncodeError:
-            pass
-        return False
-
-    def remove_errors(
-        item: Tuple[Optional[DetectVersionArgs], Optional[str]]
-    ) -> DetectVersionArgs:
-        value, _ = item
-        assert value is not None
-        return value
-
-    return make_compiler_list(
-        [remove_errors(detected) for detected in detected_versions if valid_version(detected)],
-        mixed_toolchain=mixed_toolchain,
+    detected_packages = spack.detection.by_path(
+        compiler_pkgs, path_hints=default_paths, max_workers=max_workers
     )
 
+    valid_compilers = {}
+    for name, detected in detected_packages.items():
+        compilers = [x for x in detected if CompilerConfigFactory.from_external_spec(x)]
+        if not compilers:
+            continue
+        valid_compilers[name] = compilers
 
-def find_new_compilers(
-    path_hints: Optional[List[str]] = None,
-    scope: Optional[str] = None,
-    *,
-    mixed_toolchain: bool = False,
-):
-    """Same as ``find_compilers`` but return only the compilers that are not
-    already in compilers.yaml.
+    def _has_fortran_compilers(x):
+        if "compilers" not in x.extra_attributes:
+            return False
 
-    Args:
-        path_hints: list of path hints where to look for. A sensible default based on the ``PATH``
-            environment variable will be used if the value is None
-        scope: scope to look for a compiler. If None consider the merged configuration.
-        mixed_toolchain: allow mixing compilers from different toolchains if otherwise missing for
-            a certain language
-    """
-    compilers = find_compilers(path_hints, mixed_toolchain=mixed_toolchain)
+        return "fortran" in x.extra_attributes["compilers"]
 
-    return select_new_compilers(compilers, scope)
+    if mixed_toolchain:
+        gccs = [x for x in valid_compilers.get("gcc", []) if _has_fortran_compilers(x)]
+        if gccs:
+            best_gcc = sorted(
+                gccs, key=lambda x: spack.spec.parse_with_version_concrete(x).version
+            )[-1]
+            gfortran = best_gcc.extra_attributes["compilers"]["fortran"]
+            for name in ("llvm", "apple-clang"):
+                if name not in valid_compilers:
+                    continue
+                candidates = valid_compilers[name]
+                for candidate in candidates:
+                    if _has_fortran_compilers(candidate):
+                        continue
+                    candidate.extra_attributes["compilers"]["fortran"] = gfortran
+
+    new_compilers = []
+    for name, detected in valid_compilers.items():
+        for config in CompilerConfigFactory.from_specs(detected):
+            c = _compiler_from_config_entry(config["compiler"])
+            if c in known_compilers:
+                continue
+            new_compilers.append(c)
+
+    add_compilers_to_config(new_compilers, scope=scope)
+    return new_compilers
 
 
 def select_new_compilers(compilers, scope=None):
@@ -462,7 +319,9 @@ def select_new_compilers(compilers, scope=None):
     compilers_not_in_config = []
     for c in compilers:
         arch_spec = spack.spec.ArchSpec((None, c.operating_system, c.target))
-        same_specs = compilers_for_spec(c.spec, arch_spec, scope=scope, init_config=False)
+        same_specs = compilers_for_spec(
+            c.spec, arch_spec=arch_spec, scope=scope, init_config=False
+        )
         if not same_specs:
             compilers_not_in_config.append(c)
 
@@ -510,8 +369,9 @@ def replace_apple_clang(name):
     return [replace_apple_clang(name) for name in all_compiler_module_names()]
 
 
+@llnl.util.lang.memoized
 def all_compiler_module_names() -> List[str]:
-    return [name for name in llnl.util.lang.list_modules(spack.paths.compilers_path)]
+    return list(llnl.util.lang.list_modules(spack.paths.compilers_path))
 
 
 @_auto_compiler_spec
@@ -531,7 +391,12 @@ def find(compiler_spec, scope=None, init_config=True):
 def find_specs_by_arch(compiler_spec, arch_spec, scope=None, init_config=True):
     """Return specs of available compilers that match the supplied
     compiler spec.  Return an empty list if nothing found."""
-    return [c.spec for c in compilers_for_spec(compiler_spec, arch_spec, scope, True, init_config)]
+    return [
+        c.spec
+        for c in compilers_for_spec(
+            compiler_spec, arch_spec=arch_spec, scope=scope, init_config=init_config
+        )
+    ]
 
 
 def all_compilers(scope=None, init_config=True):
@@ -553,14 +418,11 @@ def all_compilers_from(configuration, scope=None, init_config=True):
 
 
 @_auto_compiler_spec
-def compilers_for_spec(
-    compiler_spec, arch_spec=None, scope=None, use_cache=True, init_config=True
-):
+def compilers_for_spec(compiler_spec, *, arch_spec=None, scope=None, init_config=True):
     """This gets all compilers that satisfy the supplied CompilerSpec.
     Returns an empty list if none are found.
     """
     config = all_compilers_config(spack.config.CONFIG, scope=scope, init_config=init_config)
-
     matches = set(find(compiler_spec, scope, init_config))
     compilers = []
     for cspec in matches:
@@ -569,7 +431,7 @@ def compilers_for_spec(
 
 
 def compilers_for_arch(arch_spec, scope=None):
-    config = all_compilers_config(spack.config.CONFIG, scope=scope)
+    config = all_compilers_config(spack.config.CONFIG, scope=scope, init_config=False)
     return list(get_compilers(config, arch_spec=arch_spec))
 
 
@@ -601,13 +463,15 @@ def compiler_from_dict(items):
     os = items.get("operating_system", None)
     target = items.get("target", None)
 
-    if not ("paths" in items and all(n in items["paths"] for n in _path_instance_vars)):
+    if not (
+        "paths" in items and all(n in items["paths"] for n in spack.compiler.PATH_INSTANCE_VARS)
+    ):
         raise InvalidCompilerConfigurationError(cspec)
 
     cls = class_for_compiler_name(cspec.name)
 
     compiler_paths = []
-    for c in _path_instance_vars:
+    for c in spack.compiler.PATH_INSTANCE_VARS:
         compiler_path = items["paths"][c]
         if compiler_path != "None":
             compiler_paths.append(compiler_path)
@@ -735,24 +599,6 @@ def compiler_for_spec(compiler_spec, arch_spec):
     return compilers[0]
 
 
-@_auto_compiler_spec
-def get_compiler_duplicates(compiler_spec, arch_spec):
-    config = spack.config.CONFIG
-
-    scope_to_compilers = {}
-    for scope in config.scopes:
-        compilers = compilers_for_spec(compiler_spec, arch_spec=arch_spec, scope=scope)
-        if compilers:
-            scope_to_compilers[scope] = compilers
-
-    cfg_file_to_duplicates = {}
-    for scope, compilers in scope_to_compilers.items():
-        config_file = config.get_config_filename(scope, "compilers")
-        cfg_file_to_duplicates[config_file] = compilers
-
-    return cfg_file_to_duplicates
-
-
 @llnl.util.lang.memoized
 def class_for_compiler_name(compiler_name):
     """Given a compiler module name, get the corresponding Compiler class."""
@@ -766,7 +612,7 @@ def class_for_compiler_name(compiler_name):
         submodule_name = compiler_name.replace("-", "_")
 
     module_name = ".".join(["spack", "compilers", submodule_name])
-    module_obj = __import__(module_name, fromlist=[None])
+    module_obj = importlib.import_module(module_name)
     cls = getattr(module_obj, mod_to_class(compiler_name))
 
     # make a note of the name in the module so we can get to it easily.
@@ -775,272 +621,10 @@ def class_for_compiler_name(compiler_name):
     return cls
 
 
-def all_os_classes():
-    """
-    Return the list of classes for all operating systems available on
-    this platform
-    """
-    classes = []
-
-    platform = spack.platforms.host()
-    for os_class in platform.operating_sys.values():
-        classes.append(os_class)
-
-    return classes
-
-
 def all_compiler_types():
     return [class_for_compiler_name(c) for c in supported_compilers()]
 
 
-#: Gathers the attribute values by which a detected compiler is considered
-#: unique in Spack.
-#:
-#:  - os: the operating system
-#:  - compiler_name: the name of the compiler (e.g. 'gcc', 'clang', etc.)
-#:  - version: the version of the compiler
-#:
-CompilerID = collections.namedtuple("CompilerID", ["os", "compiler_name", "version"])
-
-#: Variations on a matched compiler name
-NameVariation = collections.namedtuple("NameVariation", ["prefix", "suffix"])
-
-#: Groups together the arguments needed by `detect_version`. The four entries
-#: in the tuple are:
-#:
-#: - id: An instance of the CompilerID named tuple (version can be set to None
-#:       as it will be detected later)
-#: - variation: a NameVariation for file being tested
-#: - language: compiler language being tested (one of 'cc', 'cxx', 'fc', 'f77')
-#: - path: full path to the executable being tested
-#:
-DetectVersionArgs = collections.namedtuple(
-    "DetectVersionArgs", ["id", "variation", "language", "path"]
-)
-
-
-def arguments_to_detect_version_fn(
-    operating_system: spack.operating_systems.OperatingSystem, paths: List[str]
-) -> List[DetectVersionArgs]:
-    """Returns a list of DetectVersionArgs tuples to be used in a
-    corresponding function to detect compiler versions.
-
-    The ``operating_system`` instance can customize the behavior of this
-    function by providing a method called with the same name.
-
-    Args:
-        operating_system: the operating system on which we are looking for compilers
-        paths: paths to search for compilers
-
-    Returns:
-        List of DetectVersionArgs tuples. Each item in the list will be later
-        mapped to the corresponding function call to detect the version of the
-        compilers in this OS.
-    """
-
-    def _default(search_paths: List[str]) -> List[DetectVersionArgs]:
-        command_arguments: List[DetectVersionArgs] = []
-        files_to_be_tested = fs.files_in(*search_paths)
-        for compiler_name in supported_compilers_for_host_platform():
-            compiler_cls = class_for_compiler_name(compiler_name)
-
-            for language in ("cc", "cxx", "f77", "fc"):
-                # Select only the files matching a regexp
-                for (file, full_path), regexp in itertools.product(
-                    files_to_be_tested, compiler_cls.search_regexps(language)
-                ):
-                    match = regexp.match(file)
-                    if match:
-                        compiler_id = CompilerID(operating_system, compiler_name, None)
-                        detect_version_args = DetectVersionArgs(
-                            id=compiler_id,
-                            variation=NameVariation(*match.groups()),
-                            language=language,
-                            path=full_path,
-                        )
-                        command_arguments.append(detect_version_args)
-
-        return command_arguments
-
-    fn = getattr(operating_system, "arguments_to_detect_version_fn", _default)
-    return fn(paths)
-
-
-def detect_version(
-    detect_version_args: DetectVersionArgs,
-) -> Tuple[Optional[DetectVersionArgs], Optional[str]]:
-    """Computes the version of a compiler and adds it to the information
-    passed as input.
-
-    As this function is meant to be executed by worker processes it won't
-    raise any exception but instead will return a (value, error) tuple that
-    needs to be checked by the code dispatching the calls.
-
-    Args:
-        detect_version_args: information on the compiler for which we should detect the version.
-
-    Returns:
-        A ``(DetectVersionArgs, error)`` tuple. If ``error`` is ``None`` the
-        version of the compiler was computed correctly and the first argument
-        of the tuple will contain it. Otherwise ``error`` is a string
-        containing an explanation on why the version couldn't be computed.
-    """
-
-    def _default(fn_args):
-        compiler_id = fn_args.id
-        language = fn_args.language
-        compiler_cls = class_for_compiler_name(compiler_id.compiler_name)
-        path = fn_args.path
-
-        # Get compiler names and the callback to detect their versions
-        callback = getattr(compiler_cls, f"{language}_version")
-
-        try:
-            version = callback(path)
-            if version and str(version).strip() and version != "unknown":
-                value = fn_args._replace(id=compiler_id._replace(version=version))
-                return value, None
-
-            error = f"Couldn't get version for compiler {path}".format(path)
-        except spack.util.executable.ProcessError as e:
-            error = f"Couldn't get version for compiler {path}\n" + str(e)
-        except spack.util.executable.ProcessTimeoutError as e:
-            error = f"Couldn't get version for compiler {path}\n" + str(e)
-        except Exception as e:
-            # Catching "Exception" here is fine because it just
-            # means something went wrong running a candidate executable.
-            error = "Error while executing candidate compiler {0}" "\n{1}: {2}".format(
-                path, e.__class__.__name__, str(e)
-            )
-        return None, error
-
-    operating_system = detect_version_args.id.os
-    fn = getattr(operating_system, "detect_version", _default)
-    return fn(detect_version_args)
-
-
-def make_compiler_list(
-    detected_versions: List[DetectVersionArgs], mixed_toolchain: bool = False
-) -> List["spack.compiler.Compiler"]:
-    """Process a list of detected versions and turn them into a list of
-    compiler specs.
-
-    Args:
-        detected_versions: list of DetectVersionArgs containing a valid version
-        mixed_toolchain: allow mixing compilers from different toolchains if langauge is missing
-
-    Returns:
-        list: list of Compiler objects
-    """
-    group_fn = lambda x: (x.id, x.variation, x.language)
-    sorted_compilers = sorted(detected_versions, key=group_fn)
-
-    # Gather items in a dictionary by the id, name variation and language
-    compilers_d: Dict[CompilerID, Dict[NameVariation, dict]] = {}
-    for sort_key, group in itertools.groupby(sorted_compilers, key=group_fn):
-        compiler_id, name_variation, language = sort_key
-        by_compiler_id = compilers_d.setdefault(compiler_id, {})
-        by_name_variation = by_compiler_id.setdefault(name_variation, {})
-        by_name_variation[language] = next(x.path for x in group)
-
-    def _default_make_compilers(cmp_id, paths):
-        operating_system, compiler_name, version = cmp_id
-        compiler_cls = class_for_compiler_name(compiler_name)
-        spec = spack.spec.CompilerSpec(compiler_cls.name, f"={version}")
-        paths = [paths.get(x, None) for x in ("cc", "cxx", "f77", "fc")]
-        # TODO: johnwparent - revist the following line as per discussion at:
-        # https://github.com/spack/spack/pull/33385/files#r1040036318
-        target = archspec.cpu.host()
-        compiler = compiler_cls(spec, operating_system, str(target.family), paths)
-        return [compiler]
-
-    # For compilers with the same compiler id:
-    #
-    # - Prefer with C compiler to without
-    # - Prefer with C++ compiler to without
-    # - Prefer no variations to variations (e.g., clang to clang-gpu)
-    #
-    sort_fn = lambda variation: (
-        "cc" not in by_compiler_id[variation],  # None last
-        "cxx" not in by_compiler_id[variation],  # None last
-        getattr(variation, "prefix", None),
-        getattr(variation, "suffix", None),
-    )
-
-    # Flatten to a list of compiler id, primary variation and compiler dictionary
-    flat_compilers: List[Tuple[CompilerID, NameVariation, dict]] = []
-    for compiler_id, by_compiler_id in compilers_d.items():
-        ordered = sorted(by_compiler_id, key=sort_fn)
-        selected_variation = ordered[0]
-        selected = by_compiler_id[selected_variation]
-
-        # Fill any missing parts from subsequent entries (without mixing toolchains)
-        for lang in ["cxx", "f77", "fc"]:
-            if lang not in selected:
-                next_lang = next(
-                    (by_compiler_id[v][lang] for v in ordered if lang in by_compiler_id[v]), None
-                )
-                if next_lang:
-                    selected[lang] = next_lang
-
-        flat_compilers.append((compiler_id, selected_variation, selected))
-
-    # Next, fill out the blanks of missing compilers by creating a mixed toolchain (if requested)
-    if mixed_toolchain:
-        make_mixed_toolchain(flat_compilers)
-
-    # Finally, create the compiler list
-    compilers: List["spack.compiler.Compiler"] = []
-    for compiler_id, _, compiler in flat_compilers:
-        make_compilers = getattr(compiler_id.os, "make_compilers", _default_make_compilers)
-        candidates = make_compilers(compiler_id, compiler)
-        compilers.extend(x for x in candidates if x.cc is not None)
-
-    return compilers
-
-
-def make_mixed_toolchain(compilers: List[Tuple[CompilerID, NameVariation, dict]]) -> None:
-    """Add missing compilers across toolchains when they are missing for a particular language.
-    This currently only adds the most sensible gfortran to (apple)-clang if it doesn't have a
-    fortran compiler (no flang)."""
-
-    # First collect the clangs that are missing a fortran compiler
-    clangs_without_flang = [
-        (id, variation, compiler)
-        for id, variation, compiler in compilers
-        if id.compiler_name in ("clang", "apple-clang")
-        and "f77" not in compiler
-        and "fc" not in compiler
-    ]
-    if not clangs_without_flang:
-        return
-
-    # Filter on GCCs with fortran compiler
-    gccs_with_fortran = [
-        (id, variation, compiler)
-        for id, variation, compiler in compilers
-        if id.compiler_name == "gcc" and "f77" in compiler and "fc" in compiler
-    ]
-
-    # Sort these GCCs by "best variation" (no prefix / suffix first)
-    gccs_with_fortran.sort(
-        key=lambda x: (getattr(x[1], "prefix", None), getattr(x[1], "suffix", None))
-    )
-
-    # Attach the optimal GCC fortran compiler to the clangs that don't have one
-    for clang_id, _, clang_compiler in clangs_without_flang:
-        gcc_compiler = next(
-            (gcc[2] for gcc in gccs_with_fortran if gcc[0].os == clang_id.os), None
-        )
-
-        if not gcc_compiler:
-            continue
-
-        # Update the fc / f77 entries
-        clang_compiler["f77"] = gcc_compiler["f77"]
-        clang_compiler["fc"] = gcc_compiler["fc"]
-
-
 def is_mixed_toolchain(compiler):
     """Returns True if the current compiler is a mixed toolchain,
     False otherwise.
@@ -1087,20 +671,164 @@ def name_matches(name, name_list):
     return False
 
 
+_EXTRA_ATTRIBUTES_KEY = "extra_attributes"
+_COMPILERS_KEY = "compilers"
+_C_KEY = "c"
+_CXX_KEY, _FORTRAN_KEY = "cxx", "fortran"
+
+
+class CompilerConfigFactory:
+    """Class aggregating all ways of constructing a list of compiler config entries."""
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_specs(specs: List["spack.spec.Spec"]) -> List[dict]:
+        result = []
+        compiler_package_names = supported_compilers() + list(package_name_to_compiler_name.keys())
+        for s in specs:
+            if s.name not in compiler_package_names:
+                continue
+
+            candidate = CompilerConfigFactory.from_external_spec(s)
+            if candidate is None:
+                continue
+
+            result.append(candidate)
+        return result
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_packages_yaml(packages_yaml) -> List[dict]:
+        compiler_specs = []
+        compiler_package_names = supported_compilers() + list(package_name_to_compiler_name.keys())
+        for name, entry in packages_yaml.items():
+            if name not in compiler_package_names:
+                continue
+
+            externals_config = entry.get("externals", None)
+            if not externals_config:
+                continue
+
+            current_specs = []
+            for current_external in externals_config:
+                compiler = CompilerConfigFactory._spec_from_external_config(current_external)
+                if compiler:
+                    current_specs.append(compiler)
+            compiler_specs.extend(current_specs)
+
+        return CompilerConfigFactory.from_specs(compiler_specs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _spec_from_external_config(config):
+        # Allow `@x.y.z` instead of `@=x.y.z`
+        err_header = f"The external spec '{config['spec']}' cannot be used as a compiler"
+        # If extra_attributes is not there I might not want to use this entry as a compiler,
+        # therefore just leave a debug message, but don't be loud with a warning.
+        if _EXTRA_ATTRIBUTES_KEY not in config:
+            tty.debug(f"[{__file__}] {err_header}: missing the '{_EXTRA_ATTRIBUTES_KEY}' key")
+            return None
+        extra_attributes = config[_EXTRA_ATTRIBUTES_KEY]
+        result = spack.spec.Spec(
+            str(spack.spec.parse_with_version_concrete(config["spec"])),
+            external_modules=config.get("modules"),
+        )
+        result.extra_attributes = extra_attributes
+        return result
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_external_spec(spec: "spack.spec.Spec") -> Optional[dict]:
+        spec = spack.spec.parse_with_version_concrete(spec)
+        extra_attributes = getattr(spec, _EXTRA_ATTRIBUTES_KEY, None)
+        if extra_attributes is None:
+            return None
+
+        paths = CompilerConfigFactory._extract_compiler_paths(spec)
+        if paths is None:
+            return None
+
+        compiler_spec = spack.spec.CompilerSpec(
+            package_name_to_compiler_name.get(spec.name, spec.name), spec.version
+        )
+
+        operating_system, target = CompilerConfigFactory._extract_os_and_target(spec)
+
+        compiler_entry = {
+            "compiler": {
+                "spec": str(compiler_spec),
+                "paths": paths,
+                "flags": extra_attributes.get("flags", {}),
+                "operating_system": str(operating_system),
+                "target": str(target.family),
+                "modules": getattr(spec, "external_modules", []),
+                "environment": extra_attributes.get("environment", {}),
+                "extra_rpaths": extra_attributes.get("extra_rpaths", []),
+                "implicit_rpaths": extra_attributes.get("implicit_rpaths", None),
+            }
+        }
+        return compiler_entry
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _extract_compiler_paths(spec: "spack.spec.Spec") -> Optional[Dict[str, str]]:
+        err_header = f"The external spec '{spec}' cannot be used as a compiler"
+        extra_attributes = spec.extra_attributes
+        # If I have 'extra_attributes' warn if 'compilers' is missing,
+        # or we don't have a C compiler
+        if _COMPILERS_KEY not in extra_attributes:
+            warnings.warn(
+                f"{err_header}: missing the '{_COMPILERS_KEY}' key under '{_EXTRA_ATTRIBUTES_KEY}'"
+            )
+            return None
+        attribute_compilers = extra_attributes[_COMPILERS_KEY]
+
+        if _C_KEY not in attribute_compilers:
+            warnings.warn(
+                f"{err_header}: missing the C compiler path under "
+                f"'{_EXTRA_ATTRIBUTES_KEY}:{_COMPILERS_KEY}'"
+            )
+            return None
+        c_compiler = attribute_compilers[_C_KEY]
+
+        # C++ and Fortran compilers are not mandatory, so let's just leave a debug trace
+        if _CXX_KEY not in attribute_compilers:
+            tty.debug(f"[{__file__}] The external spec {spec} does not have a C++ compiler")
+
+        if _FORTRAN_KEY not in attribute_compilers:
+            tty.debug(f"[{__file__}] The external spec {spec} does not have a Fortran compiler")
+
+        # compilers format has cc/fc/f77, externals format has "c/fortran"
+        return {
+            "cc": c_compiler,
+            "cxx": attribute_compilers.get(_CXX_KEY, None),
+            "fc": attribute_compilers.get(_FORTRAN_KEY, None),
+            "f77": attribute_compilers.get(_FORTRAN_KEY, None),
+        }
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _extract_os_and_target(spec: "spack.spec.Spec"):
+        if not spec.architecture:
+            host_platform = spack.platforms.host()
+            operating_system = host_platform.operating_system("default_os")
+            target = host_platform.target("default_target").microarchitecture
+        else:
+            target = spec.architecture.target
+            if not target:
+                target = spack.platforms.host().target("default_target")
+            target = target.microarchitecture
+
+            operating_system = spec.os
+            if not operating_system:
+                host_platform = spack.platforms.host()
+                operating_system = host_platform.operating_system("default_os")
+        return operating_system, target
+
+
 class InvalidCompilerConfigurationError(spack.error.SpackError):
     def __init__(self, compiler_spec):
         super().__init__(
-            'Invalid configuration for [compiler "%s"]: ' % compiler_spec,
-            "Compiler configuration must contain entries for all compilers: %s"
-            % _path_instance_vars,
+            f'Invalid configuration for [compiler "{compiler_spec}"]: ',
+            f"Compiler configuration must contain entries for "
+            f"all compilers: {spack.compiler.PATH_INSTANCE_VARS}",
         )
 
 
-class NoCompilersError(spack.error.SpackError):
-    def __init__(self):
-        super().__init__("Spack could not find any compilers!")
-
-
 class UnknownCompilerError(spack.error.SpackError):
     def __init__(self, compiler_name):
         super().__init__("Spack doesn't support the requested compiler: {0}".format(compiler_name))
@@ -1111,25 +839,3 @@ def __init__(self, compiler_spec, target):
         super().__init__(
             "No compilers for operating system %s satisfy spec %s" % (target, compiler_spec)
         )
-
-
-class CompilerDuplicateError(spack.error.SpackError):
-    def __init__(self, compiler_spec, arch_spec):
-        config_file_to_duplicates = get_compiler_duplicates(compiler_spec, arch_spec)
-        duplicate_table = list((x, len(y)) for x, y in config_file_to_duplicates.items())
-        descriptor = lambda num: "time" if num == 1 else "times"
-        duplicate_msg = lambda cfgfile, count: "{0}: {1} {2}".format(
-            cfgfile, str(count), descriptor(count)
-        )
-        msg = (
-            "Compiler configuration contains entries with duplicate"
-            + " specification ({0}, {1})".format(compiler_spec, arch_spec)
-            + " in the following files:\n\t"
-            + "\n\t".join(duplicate_msg(x, y) for x, y in duplicate_table)
-        )
-        super().__init__(msg)
-
-
-class CompilerSpecInsufficientlySpecificError(spack.error.SpackError):
-    def __init__(self, compiler_spec):
-        super().__init__("Multiple compilers satisfy spec %s" % compiler_spec)

lib/spack/spack/compilers/msvc.py

@@ -223,6 +223,30 @@ def get_oneapi_root(pth: str):
             )
         self.msvc_compiler_environment = CmdCall(*env_cmds)
 
+    @property
+    def cxx11_flag(self):
+        return "/std:c++11"
+
+    @property
+    def cxx14_flag(self):
+        return "/std:c++14"
+
+    @property
+    def cxx17_flag(self):
+        return "/std:c++17"
+
+    @property
+    def cxx20_flag(self):
+        return "/std:c++20"
+
+    @property
+    def c11_flag(self):
+        return "/std:c11"
+
+    @property
+    def c17_flag(self):
+        return "/std:c17"
+
     @property
     def msvc_version(self):
         """This is the VCToolset version *NOT* the actual version of the cl compiler

lib/spack/spack/concretize.py

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from itertools import chain
 
-import spack.abi
 import spack.compilers
 import spack.config
 import spack.environment

lib/spack/spack/config.py

@@ -1090,7 +1090,7 @@ def validate(
 
 
 def read_config_file(
-    filename: str, schema: Optional[YamlConfigDict] = None
+    path: str, schema: Optional[YamlConfigDict] = None
 ) -> Optional[YamlConfigDict]:
     """Read a YAML configuration file.
 
@@ -1100,21 +1100,9 @@ def read_config_file(
     # to preserve flexibility in calling convention (don't need to provide
     # schema when it's not necessary) while allowing us to validate against a
     # known schema when the top-level key could be incorrect.
-
-    if not os.path.exists(filename):
-        # Ignore nonexistent files.
-        tty.debug(f"Skipping nonexistent config path {filename}", level=3)
-        return None
-
-    elif not os.path.isfile(filename):
-        raise ConfigFileError(f"Invalid configuration. {filename} exists but is not a file.")
-
-    elif not os.access(filename, os.R_OK):
-        raise ConfigFileError(f"Config file is not readable: {filename}")
-
     try:
-        tty.debug(f"Reading config from file {filename}")
-        with open(filename) as f:
+        with open(path) as f:
+            tty.debug(f"Reading config from file {path}")
             data = syaml.load_config(f)
 
         if data:
@@ -1125,15 +1113,20 @@ def read_config_file(
 
         return data
 
-    except StopIteration:
-        raise ConfigFileError(f"Config file is empty or is not a valid YAML dict: {filename}")
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        # Ignore nonexistent files.
+        tty.debug(f"Skipping nonexistent config path {path}", level=3)
+        return None
+
+    except OSError as e:
+        raise ConfigFileError(f"Path is not a file or is not readable: {path}: {str(e)}") from e
+
+    except StopIteration as e:
+        raise ConfigFileError(f"Config file is empty or is not a valid YAML dict: {path}") from e
 
     except syaml.SpackYAMLError as e:
         raise ConfigFileError(str(e)) from e
 
-    except OSError as e:
-        raise ConfigFileError(f"Error reading configuration file {filename}: {str(e)}") from e
-
 
 def _override(string: str) -> bool:
     """Test if a spack YAML string is an override.

lib/spack/spack/cray_manifest.py

@@ -14,12 +14,14 @@
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
 
 import spack.cmd
+import spack.compilers
 import spack.deptypes as dt
 import spack.error
 import spack.hash_types as hash_types
 import spack.platforms
 import spack.repo
 import spack.spec
+import spack.store
 from spack.schema.cray_manifest import schema as manifest_schema
 
 #: Cray systems can store a Spack-compatible description of system
@@ -237,7 +239,7 @@ def read(path, apply_updates):
                 tty.debug(f"Include this\n{traceback.format_exc()}")
     if apply_updates:
         for spec in specs.values():
-            spack.store.STORE.db.add(spec, directory_layout=None)
+            spack.store.STORE.db.add(spec)
 
 
 class ManifestValidationError(spack.error.SpackError):

lib/spack/spack/database.py

@@ -59,7 +59,11 @@
 import spack.util.lock as lk
 import spack.util.spack_json as sjson
 import spack.version as vn
-from spack.directory_layout import DirectoryLayoutError, InconsistentInstallDirectoryError
+from spack.directory_layout import (
+    DirectoryLayout,
+    DirectoryLayoutError,
+    InconsistentInstallDirectoryError,
+)
 from spack.error import SpackError
 from spack.util.crypto import bit_length
 
@@ -208,7 +212,7 @@ def __init__(
         ref_count: int = 0,
         explicit: bool = False,
         installation_time: Optional[float] = None,
-        deprecated_for: Optional["spack.spec.Spec"] = None,
+        deprecated_for: Optional[str] = None,
         in_buildcache: bool = False,
         origin=None,
     ):
@@ -595,9 +599,11 @@ class Database:
     def __init__(
         self,
         root: str,
+        *,
         upstream_dbs: Optional[List["Database"]] = None,
         is_upstream: bool = False,
         lock_cfg: LockConfiguration = DEFAULT_LOCK_CFG,
+        layout: Optional[DirectoryLayout] = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Database for Spack installations.
 
@@ -620,6 +626,7 @@ def __init__(
         """
         self.root = root
         self.database_directory = os.path.join(self.root, _DB_DIRNAME)
+        self.layout = layout
 
         # Set up layout of database files within the db dir
         self._index_path = os.path.join(self.database_directory, "index.json")
@@ -664,14 +671,6 @@ def __init__(
 
         self.upstream_dbs = list(upstream_dbs) if upstream_dbs else []
 
-        # whether there was an error at the start of a read transaction
-        self._error = None
-
-        # For testing: if this is true, an exception is thrown when missing
-        # dependencies are detected (rather than just printing a warning
-        # message)
-        self._fail_when_missing_deps = False
-
         self._write_transaction_impl = lk.WriteTransaction
         self._read_transaction_impl = lk.ReadTransaction
 
@@ -774,7 +773,13 @@ def query_local_by_spec_hash(self, hash_key):
         with self.read_transaction():
             return self._data.get(hash_key, None)
 
-    def _assign_dependencies(self, spec_reader, hash_key, installs, data):
+    def _assign_dependencies(
+        self,
+        spec_reader: Type["spack.spec.SpecfileReaderBase"],
+        hash_key: str,
+        installs: dict,
+        data: Dict[str, InstallRecord],
+    ):
         # Add dependencies from other records in the install DB to
         # form a full spec.
         spec = data[hash_key].spec
@@ -787,26 +792,20 @@ def _assign_dependencies(self, spec_reader, hash_key, installs, data):
             for dname, dhash, dtypes, _, virtuals in spec_reader.read_specfile_dep_specs(
                 yaml_deps
             ):
-                # It is important that we always check upstream installations
-                # in the same order, and that we always check the local
-                # installation first: if a downstream Spack installs a package
-                # then dependents in that installation could be using it.
-                # If a hash is installed locally and upstream, there isn't
-                # enough information to determine which one a local package
-                # depends on, so the convention ensures that this isn't an
-                # issue.
-                upstream, record = self.query_by_spec_hash(dhash, data=data)
+                # It is important that we always check upstream installations in the same order,
+                # and that we always check the local installation first: if a downstream Spack
+                # installs a package then dependents in that installation could be using it. If a
+                # hash is installed locally and upstream, there isn't enough information to
+                # determine which one a local package depends on, so the convention ensures that
+                # this isn't an issue.
+                _, record = self.query_by_spec_hash(dhash, data=data)
                 child = record.spec if record else None
 
                 if not child:
-                    msg = "Missing dependency not in database: " "%s needs %s-%s" % (
-                        spec.cformat("{name}{/hash:7}"),
-                        dname,
-                        dhash[:7],
+                    tty.warn(
+                        f"Missing dependency not in database: "
+                        f"{spec.cformat('{name}{/hash:7}')} needs {dname}-{dhash[:7]}"
                     )
-                    if self._fail_when_missing_deps:
-                        raise MissingDependenciesError(msg)
-                    tty.warn(msg)
                     continue
 
                 spec._add_dependency(child, depflag=dt.canonicalize(dtypes), virtuals=virtuals)
@@ -873,8 +872,8 @@ def invalid_record(hash_key, error):
         # (i.e., its specs are a true Merkle DAG, unlike most specs.)
 
         # Pass 1: Iterate through database and build specs w/o dependencies
-        data = {}
-        installed_prefixes = set()
+        data: Dict[str, InstallRecord] = {}
+        installed_prefixes: Set[str] = set()
         for hash_key, rec in installs.items():
             try:
                 # This constructs a spec DAG from the list of all installs
@@ -911,7 +910,7 @@ def invalid_record(hash_key, error):
         self._data = data
         self._installed_prefixes = installed_prefixes
 
-    def reindex(self, directory_layout):
+    def reindex(self):
         """Build database index from scratch based on a directory layout.
 
         Locks the DB if it isn't locked already.
@@ -919,6 +918,8 @@ def reindex(self, directory_layout):
         if self.is_upstream:
             raise UpstreamDatabaseLockingError("Cannot reindex an upstream database")
 
+        error: Optional[CorruptDatabaseError] = None
+
         # Special transaction to avoid recursive reindex calls and to
         # ignore errors if we need to rebuild a corrupt database.
         def _read_suppress_error():
@@ -926,7 +927,8 @@ def _read_suppress_error():
                 if os.path.isfile(self._index_path):
                     self._read_from_file(self._index_path)
             except CorruptDatabaseError as e:
-                self._error = e
+                nonlocal error
+                error = e
                 self._data = {}
                 self._installed_prefixes = set()
 
@@ -935,14 +937,13 @@ def _read_suppress_error():
         )
 
         with transaction:
-            if self._error:
-                tty.warn("Spack database was corrupt. Will rebuild. Error was:", str(self._error))
-                self._error = None
+            if error is not None:
+                tty.warn(f"Spack database was corrupt. Will rebuild. Error was: {error}")
 
             old_data = self._data
             old_installed_prefixes = self._installed_prefixes
             try:
-                self._construct_from_directory_layout(directory_layout, old_data)
+                self._construct_from_directory_layout(old_data)
             except BaseException:
                 # If anything explodes, restore old data, skip write.
                 self._data = old_data
@@ -950,13 +951,16 @@ def _read_suppress_error():
                 raise
 
     def _construct_entry_from_directory_layout(
-        self, directory_layout, old_data, spec, deprecator=None
+        self,
+        old_data: Dict[str, InstallRecord],
+        spec: "spack.spec.Spec",
+        deprecator: Optional["spack.spec.Spec"] = None,
     ):
         # Try to recover explicit value from old DB, but
         # default it to True if DB was corrupt. This is
         # just to be conservative in case a command like
         # "autoremove" is run by the user after a reindex.
-        tty.debug("RECONSTRUCTING FROM SPEC.YAML: {0}".format(spec))
+        tty.debug(f"Reconstructing from spec file: {spec}")
         explicit = True
         inst_time = os.stat(spec.prefix).st_ctime
         if old_data is not None:
@@ -965,18 +969,17 @@ def _construct_entry_from_directory_layout(
                 explicit = old_info.explicit
                 inst_time = old_info.installation_time
 
-        extra_args = {"explicit": explicit, "installation_time": inst_time}
-        self._add(spec, directory_layout, **extra_args)
+        self._add(spec, explicit=explicit, installation_time=inst_time)
         if deprecator:
             self._deprecate(spec, deprecator)
 
-    def _construct_from_directory_layout(self, directory_layout, old_data):
-        # Read first the `spec.yaml` files in the prefixes. They should be
-        # considered authoritative with respect to DB reindexing, as
-        # entries in the DB may be corrupted in a way that still makes
-        # them readable. If we considered DB entries authoritative
-        # instead, we would perpetuate errors over a reindex.
-        with directory_layout.disable_upstream_check():
+    def _construct_from_directory_layout(self, old_data: Dict[str, InstallRecord]):
+        # Read first the spec files in the prefixes. They should be considered authoritative with
+        # respect to DB reindexing, as entries in the DB may be corrupted in a way that still makes
+        # them readable. If we considered DB entries authoritative instead, we would perpetuate
+        # errors over a reindex.
+        assert self.layout is not None, "Cannot reindex a database without a known layout"
+        with self.layout.disable_upstream_check():
             # Initialize data in the reconstructed DB
             self._data = {}
             self._installed_prefixes = set()
@@ -984,44 +987,36 @@ def _construct_from_directory_layout(self, directory_layout, old_data):
             # Start inspecting the installed prefixes
             processed_specs = set()
 
-            for spec in directory_layout.all_specs():
-                self._construct_entry_from_directory_layout(directory_layout, old_data, spec)
+            for spec in self.layout.all_specs():
+                self._construct_entry_from_directory_layout(old_data, spec)
                 processed_specs.add(spec)
 
-            for spec, deprecator in directory_layout.all_deprecated_specs():
-                self._construct_entry_from_directory_layout(
-                    directory_layout, old_data, spec, deprecator
-                )
+            for spec, deprecator in self.layout.all_deprecated_specs():
+                self._construct_entry_from_directory_layout(old_data, spec, deprecator)
                 processed_specs.add(spec)
 
-            for key, entry in old_data.items():
-                # We already took care of this spec using
-                # `spec.yaml` from its prefix.
+            for entry in old_data.values():
+                # We already took care of this spec using spec file from its prefix.
                 if entry.spec in processed_specs:
-                    msg = "SKIPPING RECONSTRUCTION FROM OLD DB: {0}"
-                    msg += " [already reconstructed from spec.yaml]"
-                    tty.debug(msg.format(entry.spec))
+                    tty.debug(
+                        f"Skipping reconstruction from old db: {entry.spec}"
+                        " [already reconstructed from spec file]"
+                    )
                     continue
 
-                # If we arrived here it very likely means that
-                # we have external specs that are not dependencies
-                # of other specs. This may be the case for externally
-                # installed compilers or externally installed
-                # applications.
-                tty.debug("RECONSTRUCTING FROM OLD DB: {0}".format(entry.spec))
+                # If we arrived here it very likely means that we have external specs that are not
+                # dependencies of other specs. This may be the case for externally installed
+                # compilers or externally installed applications.
+                tty.debug(f"Reconstructing from old db: {entry.spec}")
                 try:
-                    layout = None if entry.spec.external else directory_layout
-                    kwargs = {
-                        "spec": entry.spec,
-                        "directory_layout": layout,
-                        "explicit": entry.explicit,
-                        "installation_time": entry.installation_time,
-                    }
-                    self._add(**kwargs)
+                    self._add(
+                        spec=entry.spec,
+                        explicit=entry.explicit,
+                        installation_time=entry.installation_time,
+                    )
                     processed_specs.add(entry.spec)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    # Something went wrong, so the spec was not restored
-                    # from old data
+                    # Something went wrong, so the spec was not restored from old data
                     tty.debug(e)
 
             self._check_ref_counts()
@@ -1033,7 +1028,7 @@ def _check_ref_counts(self):
 
         Does no locking.
         """
-        counts = {}
+        counts: Dict[str, int] = {}
         for key, rec in self._data.items():
             counts.setdefault(key, 0)
             for dep in rec.spec.dependencies(deptype=_TRACKED_DEPENDENCIES):
@@ -1117,29 +1112,23 @@ def _read(self):
 
     def _add(
         self,
-        spec,
-        directory_layout=None,
-        explicit=False,
-        installation_time=None,
-        allow_missing=False,
+        spec: "spack.spec.Spec",
+        explicit: bool = False,
+        installation_time: Optional[float] = None,
+        allow_missing: bool = False,
     ):
         """Add an install record for this spec to the database.
 
-        Assumes spec is installed in ``directory_layout.path_for_spec(spec)``.
-
-        Also ensures dependencies are present and updated in the DB as
-        either installed or missing.
+        Also ensures dependencies are present and updated in the DB as either installed or missing.
 
         Args:
-            spec (spack.spec.Spec): spec to be added
-            directory_layout: layout of the spec installation
+            spec: spec to be added
             explicit:
                 Possible values: True, False, any
 
-                A spec that was installed following a specific user
-                request is marked as explicit. If instead it was
-                pulled-in as a dependency of a user requested spec
-                it's considered implicit.
+                A spec that was installed following a specific user request is marked as explicit.
+                If instead it was pulled-in as a dependency of a user requested spec it's
+                considered implicit.
 
             installation_time:
                 Date and time of installation
@@ -1150,48 +1139,42 @@ def _add(
             raise NonConcreteSpecAddError("Specs added to DB must be concrete.")
 
         key = spec.dag_hash()
-        spec_pkg_hash = spec._package_hash
+        spec_pkg_hash = spec._package_hash  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
         upstream, record = self.query_by_spec_hash(key)
         if upstream:
             return
 
-        # Retrieve optional arguments
         installation_time = installation_time or _now()
 
         for edge in spec.edges_to_dependencies(depflag=_TRACKED_DEPENDENCIES):
             if edge.spec.dag_hash() in self._data:
                 continue
-            # allow missing build-only deps. This prevents excessive
-            # warnings when a spec is installed, and its build dep
-            # is missing a build dep; there's no need to install the
-            # build dep's build dep first, and there's no need to warn
-            # about it missing.
-            dep_allow_missing = allow_missing or edge.depflag == dt.BUILD
             self._add(
                 edge.spec,
-                directory_layout,
                 explicit=False,
                 installation_time=installation_time,
-                allow_missing=dep_allow_missing,
+                # allow missing build-only deps. This prevents excessive warnings when a spec is
+                # installed, and its build dep is missing a build dep; there's no need to install
+                # the build dep's build dep first, and there's no need to warn about it missing.
+                allow_missing=allow_missing or edge.depflag == dt.BUILD,
             )
 
         # Make sure the directory layout agrees whether the spec is installed
-        if not spec.external and directory_layout:
-            path = directory_layout.path_for_spec(spec)
+        if not spec.external and self.layout:
+            path = self.layout.path_for_spec(spec)
             installed = False
             try:
-                directory_layout.ensure_installed(spec)
+                self.layout.ensure_installed(spec)
                 installed = True
                 self._installed_prefixes.add(path)
             except DirectoryLayoutError as e:
                 if not (allow_missing and isinstance(e, InconsistentInstallDirectoryError)):
-                    msg = (
-                        "{0} is being {1} in the database with prefix {2}, "
-                        "but this directory does not contain an installation of "
-                        "the spec, due to: {3}"
-                    )
                     action = "updated" if key in self._data else "registered"
-                    tty.warn(msg.format(spec.short_spec, action, path, str(e)))
+                    tty.warn(
+                        f"{spec.short_spec} is being {action} in the database with prefix {path}, "
+                        "but this directory does not contain an installation of "
+                        f"the spec, due to: {e}"
+                    )
         elif spec.external_path:
             path = spec.external_path
             installed = True
@@ -1202,23 +1185,27 @@ def _add(
         if key not in self._data:
             # Create a new install record with no deps initially.
             new_spec = spec.copy(deps=False)
-            extra_args = {"explicit": explicit, "installation_time": installation_time}
-            # Commands other than 'spack install' may add specs to the DB,
-            # we can record the source of an installed Spec with 'origin'
-            if hasattr(spec, "origin"):
-                extra_args["origin"] = spec.origin
-            self._data[key] = InstallRecord(new_spec, path, installed, ref_count=0, **extra_args)
+            self._data[key] = InstallRecord(
+                new_spec,
+                path=path,
+                installed=installed,
+                ref_count=0,
+                explicit=explicit,
+                installation_time=installation_time,
+                origin=None if not hasattr(spec, "origin") else spec.origin,
+            )
 
             # Connect dependencies from the DB to the new copy.
             for dep in spec.edges_to_dependencies(depflag=_TRACKED_DEPENDENCIES):
                 dkey = dep.spec.dag_hash()
                 upstream, record = self.query_by_spec_hash(dkey)
+                assert record, f"Missing dependency {dep.spec} in DB"
                 new_spec._add_dependency(record.spec, depflag=dep.depflag, virtuals=dep.virtuals)
                 if not upstream:
                     record.ref_count += 1
 
-            # Mark concrete once everything is built, and preserve
-            # the original hashes of concrete specs.
+            # Mark concrete once everything is built, and preserve the original hashes of concrete
+            # specs.
             new_spec._mark_concrete()
             new_spec._hash = key
             new_spec._package_hash = spec_pkg_hash
@@ -1231,7 +1218,7 @@ def _add(
         self._data[key].explicit = explicit
 
     @_autospec
-    def add(self, spec, directory_layout, explicit=False):
+    def add(self, spec: "spack.spec.Spec", *, explicit: bool = False) -> None:
         """Add spec at path to database, locking and reading DB to sync.
 
         ``add()`` will lock and read from the DB on disk.
@@ -1240,9 +1227,9 @@ def add(self, spec, directory_layout, explicit=False):
         # TODO: ensure that spec is concrete?
         # Entire add is transactional.
         with self.write_transaction():
-            self._add(spec, directory_layout, explicit=explicit)
+            self._add(spec, explicit=explicit)
 
-    def _get_matching_spec_key(self, spec, **kwargs):
+    def _get_matching_spec_key(self, spec: "spack.spec.Spec", **kwargs) -> str:
         """Get the exact spec OR get a single spec that matches."""
         key = spec.dag_hash()
         upstream, record = self.query_by_spec_hash(key)
@@ -1254,12 +1241,12 @@ def _get_matching_spec_key(self, spec, **kwargs):
         return key
 
     @_autospec
-    def get_record(self, spec, **kwargs):
+    def get_record(self, spec: "spack.spec.Spec", **kwargs) -> Optional[InstallRecord]:
         key = self._get_matching_spec_key(spec, **kwargs)
         upstream, record = self.query_by_spec_hash(key)
         return record
 
-    def _decrement_ref_count(self, spec):
+    def _decrement_ref_count(self, spec: "spack.spec.Spec") -> None:
         key = spec.dag_hash()
 
         if key not in self._data:
@@ -1276,7 +1263,7 @@ def _decrement_ref_count(self, spec):
             for dep in spec.dependencies(deptype=_TRACKED_DEPENDENCIES):
                 self._decrement_ref_count(dep)
 
-    def _increment_ref_count(self, spec):
+    def _increment_ref_count(self, spec: "spack.spec.Spec") -> None:
         key = spec.dag_hash()
 
         if key not in self._data:
@@ -1285,14 +1272,14 @@ def _increment_ref_count(self, spec):
         rec = self._data[key]
         rec.ref_count += 1
 
-    def _remove(self, spec):
+    def _remove(self, spec: "spack.spec.Spec") -> "spack.spec.Spec":
         """Non-locking version of remove(); does real work."""
         key = self._get_matching_spec_key(spec)
         rec = self._data[key]
 
         # This install prefix is now free for other specs to use, even if the
         # spec is only marked uninstalled.
-        if not rec.spec.external and rec.installed:
+        if not rec.spec.external and rec.installed and rec.path:
             self._installed_prefixes.remove(rec.path)
 
         if rec.ref_count > 0:
@@ -1316,7 +1303,7 @@ def _remove(self, spec):
         return rec.spec
 
     @_autospec
-    def remove(self, spec):
+    def remove(self, spec: "spack.spec.Spec") -> "spack.spec.Spec":
         """Removes a spec from the database.  To be called on uninstall.
 
         Reads the database, then:
@@ -1331,7 +1318,7 @@ def remove(self, spec):
         with self.write_transaction():
             return self._remove(spec)
 
-    def deprecator(self, spec):
+    def deprecator(self, spec: "spack.spec.Spec") -> Optional["spack.spec.Spec"]:
         """Return the spec that the given spec is deprecated for, or None"""
         with self.read_transaction():
             spec_key = self._get_matching_spec_key(spec)
@@ -1342,14 +1329,14 @@ def deprecator(self, spec):
             else:
                 return None
 
-    def specs_deprecated_by(self, spec):
+    def specs_deprecated_by(self, spec: "spack.spec.Spec") -> List["spack.spec.Spec"]:
         """Return all specs deprecated in favor of the given spec"""
         with self.read_transaction():
             return [
                 rec.spec for rec in self._data.values() if rec.deprecated_for == spec.dag_hash()
             ]
 
-    def _deprecate(self, spec, deprecator):
+    def _deprecate(self, spec: "spack.spec.Spec", deprecator: "spack.spec.Spec") -> None:
         spec_key = self._get_matching_spec_key(spec)
         spec_rec = self._data[spec_key]
 
@@ -1367,17 +1354,17 @@ def _deprecate(self, spec, deprecator):
         self._data[spec_key] = spec_rec
 
     @_autospec
-    def mark(self, spec, key, value):
+    def mark(self, spec: "spack.spec.Spec", key, value) -> None:
         """Mark an arbitrary record on a spec."""
         with self.write_transaction():
             return self._mark(spec, key, value)
 
-    def _mark(self, spec, key, value):
+    def _mark(self, spec: "spack.spec.Spec", key, value) -> None:
         record = self._data[self._get_matching_spec_key(spec)]
         setattr(record, key, value)
 
     @_autospec
-    def deprecate(self, spec, deprecator):
+    def deprecate(self, spec: "spack.spec.Spec", deprecator: "spack.spec.Spec") -> None:
         """Marks a spec as deprecated in favor of its deprecator"""
         with self.write_transaction():
             return self._deprecate(spec, deprecator)
@@ -1385,16 +1372,16 @@ def deprecate(self, spec, deprecator):
     @_autospec
     def installed_relatives(
         self,
-        spec,
-        direction="children",
-        transitive=True,
+        spec: "spack.spec.Spec",
+        direction: str = "children",
+        transitive: bool = True,
         deptype: Union[dt.DepFlag, dt.DepTypes] = dt.ALL,
-    ):
+    ) -> Set["spack.spec.Spec"]:
         """Return installed specs related to this one."""
         if direction not in ("parents", "children"):
             raise ValueError("Invalid direction: %s" % direction)
 
-        relatives = set()
+        relatives: Set[spack.spec.Spec] = set()
         for spec in self.query(spec):
             if transitive:
                 to_add = spec.traverse(direction=direction, root=False, deptype=deptype)
@@ -1405,17 +1392,13 @@ def installed_relatives(
 
             for relative in to_add:
                 hash_key = relative.dag_hash()
-                upstream, record = self.query_by_spec_hash(hash_key)
+                _, record = self.query_by_spec_hash(hash_key)
                 if not record:
-                    reltype = "Dependent" if direction == "parents" else "Dependency"
-                    msg = "Inconsistent state! %s %s of %s not in DB" % (
-                        reltype,
-                        hash_key,
-                        spec.dag_hash(),
+                    tty.warn(
+                        f"Inconsistent state: "
+                        f"{'dependent' if direction == 'parents' else 'dependency'} {hash_key} of "
+                        f"{spec.dag_hash()} not in DB"
                     )
-                    if self._fail_when_missing_deps:
-                        raise MissingDependenciesError(msg)
-                    tty.warn(msg)
                     continue
 
                 if not record.installed:
@@ -1425,7 +1408,7 @@ def installed_relatives(
         return relatives
 
     @_autospec
-    def installed_extensions_for(self, extendee_spec):
+    def installed_extensions_for(self, extendee_spec: "spack.spec.Spec"):
         """Returns the specs of all packages that extend the given spec"""
         for spec in self.query():
             if spec.package.extends(extendee_spec):
@@ -1684,7 +1667,7 @@ def unused_specs(
         self,
         root_hashes: Optional[Container[str]] = None,
         deptype: Union[dt.DepFlag, dt.DepTypes] = dt.LINK | dt.RUN,
-    ) -> "List[spack.spec.Spec]":
+    ) -> List["spack.spec.Spec"]:
         """Return all specs that are currently installed but not needed by root specs.
 
         By default, roots are all explicit specs in the database. If a set of root

lib/spack/spack/detection/__init__.py

@@ -2,17 +2,11 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-from .common import (
-    DetectedPackage,
-    executable_prefix,
-    set_virtuals_nonbuildable,
-    update_configuration,
-)
+from .common import executable_prefix, set_virtuals_nonbuildable, update_configuration
 from .path import by_path, executables_in_path
 from .test import detection_tests
 
 __all__ = [
-    "DetectedPackage",
     "by_path",
     "executables_in_path",
     "executable_prefix",

lib/spack/spack/detection/common.py

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 function to update packages.yaml given a list of detected packages.
 
 Ideally, each detection method should be placed in a specific subpackage
-and implement at least a function that returns a list of DetectedPackage
-objects. The update in packages.yaml can then be done using the function
-provided here.
+and implement at least a function that returns a list of specs.
+
+The update in packages.yaml can then be done using the function provided here.
 
 The module also contains other functions that might be useful across different
 detection mechanisms.
@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@
 import itertools
 import os
 import os.path
+import pathlib
 import re
 import sys
-from typing import Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
 
 import llnl.util.tty
 
@@ -30,25 +31,6 @@
 import spack.util.windows_registry
 
 
-class DetectedPackage(NamedTuple):
-    """Information on a package that has been detected."""
-
-    #: Spec that was detected
-    spec: spack.spec.Spec
-    #: Prefix of the spec
-    prefix: str
-
-    def __reduce__(self):
-        return DetectedPackage.restore, (str(self.spec), self.prefix, self.spec.extra_attributes)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def restore(
-        spec_str: str, prefix: str, extra_attributes: Optional[Dict[str, str]]
-    ) -> "DetectedPackage":
-        spec = spack.spec.Spec.from_detection(spec_str=spec_str, extra_attributes=extra_attributes)
-        return DetectedPackage(spec=spec, prefix=prefix)
-
-
 def _externals_in_packages_yaml() -> Set[spack.spec.Spec]:
     """Returns all the specs mentioned as externals in packages.yaml"""
     packages_yaml = spack.config.get("packages")
@@ -63,7 +45,7 @@ def _externals_in_packages_yaml() -> Set[spack.spec.Spec]:
 
 
 def _pkg_config_dict(
-    external_pkg_entries: List[DetectedPackage],
+    external_pkg_entries: List["spack.spec.Spec"],
 ) -> Dict[str, Union[bool, List[Dict[str, ExternalEntryType]]]]:
     """Generate a package specific config dict according to the packages.yaml schema.
 
@@ -83,22 +65,19 @@ def _pkg_config_dict(
     pkg_dict = spack.util.spack_yaml.syaml_dict()
     pkg_dict["externals"] = []
     for e in external_pkg_entries:
-        if not _spec_is_valid(e.spec):
+        if not _spec_is_valid(e):
             continue
 
         external_items: List[Tuple[str, ExternalEntryType]] = [
-            ("spec", str(e.spec)),
-            ("prefix", e.prefix),
+            ("spec", str(e)),
+            ("prefix", pathlib.Path(e.external_path).as_posix()),
         ]
-        if e.spec.external_modules:
-            external_items.append(("modules", e.spec.external_modules))
+        if e.external_modules:
+            external_items.append(("modules", e.external_modules))
 
-        if e.spec.extra_attributes:
+        if e.extra_attributes:
             external_items.append(
-                (
-                    "extra_attributes",
-                    spack.util.spack_yaml.syaml_dict(e.spec.extra_attributes.items()),
-                )
+                ("extra_attributes", spack.util.spack_yaml.syaml_dict(e.extra_attributes.items()))
             )
 
         # external_items.extend(e.spec.extra_attributes.items())
@@ -219,33 +198,32 @@ def library_prefix(library_dir: str) -> str:
 
 
 def update_configuration(
-    detected_packages: Dict[str, List[DetectedPackage]],
+    detected_packages: Dict[str, List["spack.spec.Spec"]],
     scope: Optional[str] = None,
     buildable: bool = True,
 ) -> List[spack.spec.Spec]:
     """Add the packages passed as arguments to packages.yaml
 
     Args:
-        detected_packages: list of DetectedPackage objects to be added
+        detected_packages: list of specs to be added
         scope: configuration scope where to add the detected packages
         buildable: whether the detected packages are buildable or not
     """
     predefined_external_specs = _externals_in_packages_yaml()
     pkg_to_cfg, all_new_specs = {}, []
     for package_name, entries in detected_packages.items():
-        new_entries = [e for e in entries if (e.spec not in predefined_external_specs)]
+        new_entries = [s for s in entries if s not in predefined_external_specs]
 
         pkg_config = _pkg_config_dict(new_entries)
         external_entries = pkg_config.get("externals", [])
         assert not isinstance(external_entries, bool), "unexpected value for external entry"
 
-        all_new_specs.extend([spack.spec.Spec(x["spec"]) for x in external_entries])
+        all_new_specs.extend(new_entries)
         if buildable is False:
             pkg_config["buildable"] = False
         pkg_to_cfg[package_name] = pkg_config
 
     pkgs_cfg = spack.config.get("packages", scope=scope)
-
     pkgs_cfg = spack.config.merge_yaml(pkgs_cfg, pkg_to_cfg)
     spack.config.set("packages", pkgs_cfg, scope=scope)
 

lib/spack/spack/detection/path.py

@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 import spack.util.ld_so_conf
 
 from .common import (
-    DetectedPackage,
     WindowsCompilerExternalPaths,
     WindowsKitExternalPaths,
     _convert_to_iterable,
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ def common_windows_package_paths(pkg_cls=None) -> List[str]:
 
 def file_identifier(path):
     s = os.stat(path)
-    return (s.st_dev, s.st_ino)
+    return s.st_dev, s.st_ino
 
 
 def executables_in_path(path_hints: List[str]) -> Dict[str, str]:
@@ -80,6 +79,8 @@ def executables_in_path(path_hints: List[str]) -> Dict[str, str]:
             constructed based on the PATH environment variable.
     """
     search_paths = llnl.util.filesystem.search_paths_for_executables(*path_hints)
+    # Make use we don't doubly list /usr/lib and /lib etc
+    search_paths = list(llnl.util.lang.dedupe(search_paths, key=file_identifier))
     return path_to_dict(search_paths)
 
 
@@ -227,7 +228,7 @@ def prefix_from_path(self, *, path: str) -> str:
 
     def detect_specs(
         self, *, pkg: Type["spack.package_base.PackageBase"], paths: List[str]
-    ) -> List[DetectedPackage]:
+    ) -> List["spack.spec.Spec"]:
         """Given a list of files matching the search patterns, returns a list of detected specs.
 
         Args:
@@ -293,16 +294,16 @@ def detect_specs(
                     warnings.warn(msg)
                     continue
 
-                if spec.external_path:
-                    prefix = spec.external_path
+                if not spec.external_path:
+                    spec.external_path = prefix
 
-                result.append(DetectedPackage(spec=spec, prefix=prefix))
+                result.append(spec)
 
         return result
 
     def find(
         self, *, pkg_name: str, repository, initial_guess: Optional[List[str]] = None
-    ) -> List[DetectedPackage]:
+    ) -> List["spack.spec.Spec"]:
         """For a given package, returns a list of detected specs.
 
         Args:
@@ -386,7 +387,7 @@ def by_path(
     *,
     path_hints: Optional[List[str]] = None,
     max_workers: Optional[int] = None,
-) -> Dict[str, List[DetectedPackage]]:
+) -> Dict[str, List["spack.spec.Spec"]]:
     """Return the list of packages that have been detected on the system, keyed by
     unqualified package name.
 

lib/spack/spack/detection/test.py

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ def execute(self) -> List[spack.spec.Spec]:
         with self._mock_layout() as path_hints:
             entries = by_path([self.test.pkg_name], path_hints=path_hints)
             _, unqualified_name = spack.repo.partition_package_name(self.test.pkg_name)
-            specs = set(x.spec for x in entries[unqualified_name])
+            specs = set(entries[unqualified_name])
         return list(specs)
 
     @contextlib.contextmanager
@@ -104,7 +104,9 @@ def _create_executable_scripts(self, mock_executables: MockExecutables) -> List[
     @property
     def expected_specs(self) -> List[spack.spec.Spec]:
         return [
-            spack.spec.Spec.from_detection(item.spec, extra_attributes=item.extra_attributes)
+            spack.spec.Spec.from_detection(
+                item.spec, external_path=self.tmpdir.name, extra_attributes=item.extra_attributes
+            )
             for item in self.test.results
         ]
 

lib/spack/spack/directives.py

@@ -32,10 +32,9 @@ class OpenMpi(Package):
 """
 import collections
 import collections.abc
-import functools
 import os.path
 import re
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
 
 import llnl.util.lang
 import llnl.util.tty.color
@@ -48,6 +47,7 @@ class OpenMpi(Package):
 import spack.util.crypto
 import spack.variant
 from spack.dependency import Dependency
+from spack.directives_meta import DirectiveError, DirectiveMeta
 from spack.fetch_strategy import from_kwargs
 from spack.resource import Resource
 from spack.version import (
@@ -80,22 +80,6 @@ class OpenMpi(Package):
     "redistribute",
 ]
 
-#: These are variant names used by Spack internally; packages can't use them
-reserved_names = [
-    "arch",
-    "architecture",
-    "dev_path",
-    "namespace",
-    "operating_system",
-    "os",
-    "patches",
-    "platform",
-    "target",
-]
-
-#: Names of possible directives. This list is mostly populated using the @directive decorator.
-#: Some directives leverage others and in that case are not automatically added.
-directive_names = ["build_system"]
 
 _patch_order_index = 0
 
@@ -155,219 +139,6 @@ def _make_when_spec(value: WhenType) -> Optional["spack.spec.Spec"]:
     return spack.spec.Spec(value)
 
 
-class DirectiveMeta(type):
-    """Flushes the directives that were temporarily stored in the staging
-    area into the package.
-    """
-
-    # Set of all known directives
-    _directive_dict_names: Set[str] = set()
-    _directives_to_be_executed: List[str] = []
-    _when_constraints_from_context: List[str] = []
-    _default_args: List[dict] = []
-
-    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attr_dict):
-        # Initialize the attribute containing the list of directives
-        # to be executed. Here we go reversed because we want to execute
-        # commands:
-        # 1. in the order they were defined
-        # 2. following the MRO
-        attr_dict["_directives_to_be_executed"] = []
-        for base in reversed(bases):
-            try:
-                directive_from_base = base._directives_to_be_executed
-                attr_dict["_directives_to_be_executed"].extend(directive_from_base)
-            except AttributeError:
-                # The base class didn't have the required attribute.
-                # Continue searching
-                pass
-
-        # De-duplicates directives from base classes
-        attr_dict["_directives_to_be_executed"] = [
-            x for x in llnl.util.lang.dedupe(attr_dict["_directives_to_be_executed"])
-        ]
-
-        # Move things to be executed from module scope (where they
-        # are collected first) to class scope
-        if DirectiveMeta._directives_to_be_executed:
-            attr_dict["_directives_to_be_executed"].extend(
-                DirectiveMeta._directives_to_be_executed
-            )
-            DirectiveMeta._directives_to_be_executed = []
-
-        return super(DirectiveMeta, cls).__new__(cls, name, bases, attr_dict)
-
-    def __init__(cls, name, bases, attr_dict):
-        # The instance is being initialized: if it is a package we must ensure
-        # that the directives are called to set it up.
-
-        if "spack.pkg" in cls.__module__:
-            # Ensure the presence of the dictionaries associated with the directives.
-            # All dictionaries are defaultdicts that create lists for missing keys.
-            for d in DirectiveMeta._directive_dict_names:
-                setattr(cls, d, {})
-
-            # Lazily execute directives
-            for directive in cls._directives_to_be_executed:
-                directive(cls)
-
-            # Ignore any directives executed *within* top-level
-            # directives by clearing out the queue they're appended to
-            DirectiveMeta._directives_to_be_executed = []
-
-        super(DirectiveMeta, cls).__init__(name, bases, attr_dict)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def push_to_context(when_spec):
-        """Add a spec to the context constraints."""
-        DirectiveMeta._when_constraints_from_context.append(when_spec)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def pop_from_context():
-        """Pop the last constraint from the context"""
-        return DirectiveMeta._when_constraints_from_context.pop()
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def push_default_args(default_args):
-        """Push default arguments"""
-        DirectiveMeta._default_args.append(default_args)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def pop_default_args():
-        """Pop default arguments"""
-        return DirectiveMeta._default_args.pop()
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def directive(dicts=None):
-        """Decorator for Spack directives.
-
-        Spack directives allow you to modify a package while it is being
-        defined, e.g. to add version or dependency information.  Directives
-        are one of the key pieces of Spack's package "language", which is
-        embedded in python.
-
-        Here's an example directive:
-
-        .. code-block:: python
-
-            @directive(dicts='versions')
-            version(pkg, ...):
-                ...
-
-        This directive allows you write:
-
-        .. code-block:: python
-
-            class Foo(Package):
-                version(...)
-
-        The ``@directive`` decorator handles a couple things for you:
-
-          1. Adds the class scope (pkg) as an initial parameter when
-             called, like a class method would.  This allows you to modify
-             a package from within a directive, while the package is still
-             being defined.
-
-          2. It automatically adds a dictionary called "versions" to the
-             package so that you can refer to pkg.versions.
-
-        The ``(dicts='versions')`` part ensures that ALL packages in Spack
-        will have a ``versions`` attribute after they're constructed, and
-        that if no directive actually modified it, it will just be an
-        empty dict.
-
-        This is just a modular way to add storage attributes to the
-        Package class, and it's how Spack gets information from the
-        packages to the core.
-        """
-        global directive_names
-
-        if isinstance(dicts, str):
-            dicts = (dicts,)
-
-        if not isinstance(dicts, collections.abc.Sequence):
-            message = "dicts arg must be list, tuple, or string. Found {0}"
-            raise TypeError(message.format(type(dicts)))
-
-        # Add the dictionary names if not already there
-        DirectiveMeta._directive_dict_names |= set(dicts)
-
-        # This decorator just returns the directive functions
-        def _decorator(decorated_function):
-            directive_names.append(decorated_function.__name__)
-
-            @functools.wraps(decorated_function)
-            def _wrapper(*args, **_kwargs):
-                # First merge default args with kwargs
-                kwargs = dict()
-                for default_args in DirectiveMeta._default_args:
-                    kwargs.update(default_args)
-                kwargs.update(_kwargs)
-
-                # Inject when arguments from the context
-                if DirectiveMeta._when_constraints_from_context:
-                    # Check that directives not yet supporting the when= argument
-                    # are not used inside the context manager
-                    if decorated_function.__name__ == "version":
-                        msg = (
-                            'directive "{0}" cannot be used within a "when"'
-                            ' context since it does not support a "when=" '
-                            "argument"
-                        )
-                        msg = msg.format(decorated_function.__name__)
-                        raise DirectiveError(msg)
-
-                    when_constraints = [
-                        spack.spec.Spec(x) for x in DirectiveMeta._when_constraints_from_context
-                    ]
-                    if kwargs.get("when"):
-                        when_constraints.append(spack.spec.Spec(kwargs["when"]))
-                    when_spec = spack.spec.merge_abstract_anonymous_specs(*when_constraints)
-
-                    kwargs["when"] = when_spec
-
-                # If any of the arguments are executors returned by a
-                # directive passed as an argument, don't execute them
-                # lazily. Instead, let the called directive handle them.
-                # This allows nested directive calls in packages.  The
-                # caller can return the directive if it should be queued.
-                def remove_directives(arg):
-                    directives = DirectiveMeta._directives_to_be_executed
-                    if isinstance(arg, (list, tuple)):
-                        # Descend into args that are lists or tuples
-                        for a in arg:
-                            remove_directives(a)
-                    else:
-                        # Remove directives args from the exec queue
-                        remove = next((d for d in directives if d is arg), None)
-                        if remove is not None:
-                            directives.remove(remove)
-
-                # Nasty, but it's the best way I can think of to avoid
-                # side effects if directive results are passed as args
-                remove_directives(args)
-                remove_directives(list(kwargs.values()))
-
-                # A directive returns either something that is callable on a
-                # package or a sequence of them
-                result = decorated_function(*args, **kwargs)
-
-                # ...so if it is not a sequence make it so
-                values = result
-                if not isinstance(values, collections.abc.Sequence):
-                    values = (values,)
-
-                DirectiveMeta._directives_to_be_executed.extend(values)
-
-                # wrapped function returns same result as original so
-                # that we can nest directives
-                return result
-
-            return _wrapper
-
-        return _decorator
-
-
 SubmoduleCallback = Callable[["spack.package_base.PackageBase"], Union[str, List[str], bool]]
 directive = DirectiveMeta.directive
 
@@ -846,7 +617,7 @@ def format_error(msg, pkg):
         msg += " @*r{{[{0}, variant '{1}']}}"
         return llnl.util.tty.color.colorize(msg.format(pkg.name, name))
 
-    if name in reserved_names:
+    if name in spack.variant.reserved_names:
 
         def _raise_reserved_name(pkg):
             msg = "The name '%s' is reserved by Spack" % name
@@ -1110,10 +881,6 @@ def _execute_languages(pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase"):
     return _execute_languages
 
 
-class DirectiveError(spack.error.SpackError):
-    """This is raised when something is wrong with a package directive."""
-
-
 class DependencyError(DirectiveError):
     """This is raised when a dependency specification is invalid."""
 

lib/spack/spack/directives_meta.py

@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+# Copyright 2013-2024 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
+# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+
+import collections.abc
+import functools
+from typing import List, Set
+
+import llnl.util.lang
+
+import spack.error
+import spack.spec
+
+#: Names of possible directives. This list is mostly populated using the @directive decorator.
+#: Some directives leverage others and in that case are not automatically added.
+directive_names = ["build_system"]
+
+
+class DirectiveMeta(type):
+    """Flushes the directives that were temporarily stored in the staging
+    area into the package.
+    """
+
+    # Set of all known directives
+    _directive_dict_names: Set[str] = set()
+    _directives_to_be_executed: List[str] = []
+    _when_constraints_from_context: List[str] = []
+    _default_args: List[dict] = []
+
+    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attr_dict):
+        # Initialize the attribute containing the list of directives
+        # to be executed. Here we go reversed because we want to execute
+        # commands:
+        # 1. in the order they were defined
+        # 2. following the MRO
+        attr_dict["_directives_to_be_executed"] = []
+        for base in reversed(bases):
+            try:
+                directive_from_base = base._directives_to_be_executed
+                attr_dict["_directives_to_be_executed"].extend(directive_from_base)
+            except AttributeError:
+                # The base class didn't have the required attribute.
+                # Continue searching
+                pass
+
+        # De-duplicates directives from base classes
+        attr_dict["_directives_to_be_executed"] = [
+            x for x in llnl.util.lang.dedupe(attr_dict["_directives_to_be_executed"])
+        ]
+
+        # Move things to be executed from module scope (where they
+        # are collected first) to class scope
+        if DirectiveMeta._directives_to_be_executed:
+            attr_dict["_directives_to_be_executed"].extend(
+                DirectiveMeta._directives_to_be_executed
+            )
+            DirectiveMeta._directives_to_be_executed = []
+
+        return super(DirectiveMeta, cls).__new__(cls, name, bases, attr_dict)
+
+    def __init__(cls, name, bases, attr_dict):
+        # The instance is being initialized: if it is a package we must ensure
+        # that the directives are called to set it up.
+
+        if "spack.pkg" in cls.__module__:
+            # Ensure the presence of the dictionaries associated with the directives.
+            # All dictionaries are defaultdicts that create lists for missing keys.
+            for d in DirectiveMeta._directive_dict_names:
+                setattr(cls, d, {})
+
+            # Lazily execute directives
+            for directive in cls._directives_to_be_executed:
+                directive(cls)
+
+            # Ignore any directives executed *within* top-level
+            # directives by clearing out the queue they're appended to
+            DirectiveMeta._directives_to_be_executed = []
+
+        super(DirectiveMeta, cls).__init__(name, bases, attr_dict)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def push_to_context(when_spec):
+        """Add a spec to the context constraints."""
+        DirectiveMeta._when_constraints_from_context.append(when_spec)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def pop_from_context():
+        """Pop the last constraint from the context"""
+        return DirectiveMeta._when_constraints_from_context.pop()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def push_default_args(default_args):
+        """Push default arguments"""
+        DirectiveMeta._default_args.append(default_args)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def pop_default_args():
+        """Pop default arguments"""
+        return DirectiveMeta._default_args.pop()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def directive(dicts=None):
+        """Decorator for Spack directives.
+
+        Spack directives allow you to modify a package while it is being
+        defined, e.g. to add version or dependency information.  Directives
+        are one of the key pieces of Spack's package "language", which is
+        embedded in python.
+
+        Here's an example directive:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            @directive(dicts='versions')
+            version(pkg, ...):
+                ...
+
+        This directive allows you write:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            class Foo(Package):
+                version(...)
+
+        The ``@directive`` decorator handles a couple things for you:
+
+          1. Adds the class scope (pkg) as an initial parameter when
+             called, like a class method would.  This allows you to modify
+             a package from within a directive, while the package is still
+             being defined.
+
+          2. It automatically adds a dictionary called "versions" to the
+             package so that you can refer to pkg.versions.
+
+        The ``(dicts='versions')`` part ensures that ALL packages in Spack
+        will have a ``versions`` attribute after they're constructed, and
+        that if no directive actually modified it, it will just be an
+        empty dict.
+
+        This is just a modular way to add storage attributes to the
+        Package class, and it's how Spack gets information from the
+        packages to the core.
+        """
+        global directive_names
+
+        if isinstance(dicts, str):
+            dicts = (dicts,)
+
+        if not isinstance(dicts, collections.abc.Sequence):
+            message = "dicts arg must be list, tuple, or string. Found {0}"
+            raise TypeError(message.format(type(dicts)))
+
+        # Add the dictionary names if not already there
+        DirectiveMeta._directive_dict_names |= set(dicts)
+
+        # This decorator just returns the directive functions
+        def _decorator(decorated_function):
+            directive_names.append(decorated_function.__name__)
+
+            @functools.wraps(decorated_function)
+            def _wrapper(*args, **_kwargs):
+                # First merge default args with kwargs
+                kwargs = dict()
+                for default_args in DirectiveMeta._default_args:
+                    kwargs.update(default_args)
+                kwargs.update(_kwargs)
+
+                # Inject when arguments from the context
+                if DirectiveMeta._when_constraints_from_context:
+                    # Check that directives not yet supporting the when= argument
+                    # are not used inside the context manager
+                    if decorated_function.__name__ == "version":
+                        msg = (
+                            'directive "{0}" cannot be used within a "when"'
+                            ' context since it does not support a "when=" '
+                            "argument"
+                        )
+                        msg = msg.format(decorated_function.__name__)
+                        raise DirectiveError(msg)
+
+                    when_constraints = [
+                        spack.spec.Spec(x) for x in DirectiveMeta._when_constraints_from_context
+                    ]
+                    if kwargs.get("when"):
+                        when_constraints.append(spack.spec.Spec(kwargs["when"]))
+                    when_spec = spack.spec.merge_abstract_anonymous_specs(*when_constraints)
+
+                    kwargs["when"] = when_spec
+
+                # If any of the arguments are executors returned by a
+                # directive passed as an argument, don't execute them
+                # lazily. Instead, let the called directive handle them.
+                # This allows nested directive calls in packages.  The
+                # caller can return the directive if it should be queued.
+                def remove_directives(arg):
+                    directives = DirectiveMeta._directives_to_be_executed
+                    if isinstance(arg, (list, tuple)):
+                        # Descend into args that are lists or tuples
+                        for a in arg:
+                            remove_directives(a)
+                    else:
+                        # Remove directives args from the exec queue
+                        remove = next((d for d in directives if d is arg), None)
+                        if remove is not None:
+                            directives.remove(remove)
+
+                # Nasty, but it's the best way I can think of to avoid
+                # side effects if directive results are passed as args
+                remove_directives(args)
+                remove_directives(list(kwargs.values()))
+
+                # A directive returns either something that is callable on a
+                # package or a sequence of them
+                result = decorated_function(*args, **kwargs)
+
+                # ...so if it is not a sequence make it so
+                values = result
+                if not isinstance(values, collections.abc.Sequence):
+                    values = (values,)
+
+                DirectiveMeta._directives_to_be_executed.extend(values)
+
+                # wrapped function returns same result as original so
+                # that we can nest directives
+                return result
+
+            return _wrapper
+
+        return _decorator
+
+
+class DirectiveError(spack.error.SpackError):
+    """This is raised when something is wrong with a package directive."""

lib/spack/spack/directory_layout.py

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
-import llnl.util.tty as tty
 from llnl.util.symlink import readlink
 
 import spack.config
@@ -23,13 +22,8 @@
 import spack.util.spack_json as sjson
 from spack.error import SpackError
 
-# Note: Posixpath is used here as opposed to
-# os.path.join due to spack.spec.Spec.format
-# requiring forward slash path seperators at this stage
 default_projections = {
-    "all": posixpath.join(
-        "{architecture}", "{compiler.name}-{compiler.version}", "{name}-{version}-{hash}"
-    )
+    "all": "{architecture}/{compiler.name}-{compiler.version}/{name}-{version}-{hash}"
 }
 
 
@@ -152,20 +146,9 @@ def read_spec(self, path):
     def spec_file_path(self, spec):
         """Gets full path to spec file"""
         _check_concrete(spec)
-        # Attempts to convert to JSON if possible.
-        # Otherwise just returns the YAML.
         yaml_path = os.path.join(self.metadata_path(spec), self._spec_file_name_yaml)
         json_path = os.path.join(self.metadata_path(spec), self.spec_file_name)
-        if os.path.exists(yaml_path) and fs.can_write_to_dir(yaml_path):
-            self.write_spec(spec, json_path)
-            try:
-                os.remove(yaml_path)
-            except OSError as err:
-                tty.debug("Could not remove deprecated {0}".format(yaml_path))
-                tty.debug(err)
-        elif os.path.exists(yaml_path):
-            return yaml_path
-        return json_path
+        return yaml_path if os.path.exists(yaml_path) else json_path
 
     def deprecated_file_path(self, deprecated_spec, deprecator_spec=None):
         """Gets full path to spec file for deprecated spec
@@ -199,17 +182,7 @@ def deprecated_file_path(self, deprecated_spec, deprecator_spec=None):
             deprecated_spec.dag_hash() + "_" + self.spec_file_name,
         )
 
-        if os.path.exists(yaml_path) and fs.can_write_to_dir(yaml_path):
-            self.write_spec(deprecated_spec, json_path)
-            try:
-                os.remove(yaml_path)
-            except (IOError, OSError) as err:
-                tty.debug("Could not remove deprecated {0}".format(yaml_path))
-                tty.debug(err)
-        elif os.path.exists(yaml_path):
-            return yaml_path
-
-        return json_path
+        return yaml_path if os.path.exists(yaml_path) else json_path
 
     @contextmanager
     def disable_upstream_check(self):

lib/spack/spack/environment/environment.py

@@ -58,9 +58,8 @@
 from spack.installer import PackageInstaller
 from spack.schema.env import TOP_LEVEL_KEY
 from spack.spec import Spec
-from spack.spec_list import InvalidSpecConstraintError, SpecList
+from spack.spec_list import SpecList
 from spack.util.path import substitute_path_variables
-from spack.variant import UnknownVariantError
 
 #: environment variable used to indicate the active environment
 spack_env_var = "SPACK_ENV"
@@ -1214,7 +1213,6 @@ def scope_name(self):
     def include_concrete_envs(self):
         """Copy and save the included envs' specs internally"""
 
-        lockfile_meta = None
         root_hash_seen = set()
         concrete_hash_seen = set()
         self.included_concrete_spec_data = {}
@@ -1225,37 +1223,26 @@ def include_concrete_envs(self):
                 raise SpackEnvironmentError(f"Unable to find env at {env_path}")
 
             env = Environment(env_path)
-
-            with open(env.lock_path) as f:
-                lockfile_as_dict = env._read_lockfile(f)
-
-            # Lockfile_meta must match each env and use at least format version 5
-            if lockfile_meta is None:
-                lockfile_meta = lockfile_as_dict["_meta"]
-            elif lockfile_meta != lockfile_as_dict["_meta"]:
-                raise SpackEnvironmentError("All lockfile _meta values must match")
-            elif lockfile_meta["lockfile-version"] < 5:
-                raise SpackEnvironmentError("The lockfile format must be at version 5 or higher")
+            self.included_concrete_spec_data[env_path] = {"roots": [], "concrete_specs": {}}
 
             # Copy unique root specs from env
-            self.included_concrete_spec_data[env_path] = {"roots": []}
-            for root_dict in lockfile_as_dict["roots"]:
+            for root_dict in env._concrete_roots_dict():
                 if root_dict["hash"] not in root_hash_seen:
                     self.included_concrete_spec_data[env_path]["roots"].append(root_dict)
                     root_hash_seen.add(root_dict["hash"])
 
             # Copy unique concrete specs from env
-            for concrete_spec in lockfile_as_dict["concrete_specs"]:
-                if concrete_spec not in concrete_hash_seen:
-                    self.included_concrete_spec_data[env_path].update(
-                        {"concrete_specs": lockfile_as_dict["concrete_specs"]}
+            for dag_hash, spec_details in env._concrete_specs_dict().items():
+                if dag_hash not in concrete_hash_seen:
+                    self.included_concrete_spec_data[env_path]["concrete_specs"].update(
+                        {dag_hash: spec_details}
                     )
-                    concrete_hash_seen.add(concrete_spec)
+                    concrete_hash_seen.add(dag_hash)
 
-            if "include_concrete" in lockfile_as_dict.keys():
-                self.included_concrete_spec_data[env_path]["include_concrete"] = lockfile_as_dict[
-                    "include_concrete"
-                ]
+            # Copy transitive include data
+            transitive = env.included_concrete_spec_data
+            if transitive:
+                self.included_concrete_spec_data[env_path]["include_concrete"] = transitive
 
         self._read_lockfile_dict(self._to_lockfile_dict())
         self.write()
@@ -1637,10 +1624,10 @@ def _concretize_separately(self, tests=False):
 
         # Concretize any new user specs that we haven't concretized yet
         args, root_specs, i = [], [], 0
-        for uspec, uspec_constraints in zip(self.user_specs, self.user_specs.specs_as_constraints):
+        for uspec in self.user_specs:
             if uspec not in old_concretized_user_specs:
                 root_specs.append(uspec)
-                args.append((i, [str(x) for x in uspec_constraints], tests))
+                args.append((i, str(uspec), tests))
                 i += 1
 
         # Ensure we don't try to bootstrap clingo in parallel
@@ -1656,7 +1643,7 @@ def _concretize_separately(self, tests=False):
 
         # Ensure we have compilers in compilers.yaml to avoid that
         # processes try to write the config file in parallel
-        _ = spack.compilers.get_compiler_config(spack.config.CONFIG, init_config=True)
+        _ = spack.compilers.all_compilers_config(spack.config.CONFIG)
 
         # Early return if there is nothing to do
         if len(args) == 0:
@@ -2173,16 +2160,23 @@ def _get_environment_specs(self, recurse_dependencies=True):
 
         return specs
 
-    def _to_lockfile_dict(self):
-        """Create a dictionary to store a lockfile for this environment."""
+    def _concrete_specs_dict(self):
         concrete_specs = {}
         for s in traverse.traverse_nodes(self.specs_by_hash.values(), key=traverse.by_dag_hash):
             spec_dict = s.node_dict_with_hashes(hash=ht.dag_hash)
             # Assumes no legacy formats, since this was just created.
             spec_dict[ht.dag_hash.name] = s.dag_hash()
             concrete_specs[s.dag_hash()] = spec_dict
+        return concrete_specs
 
+    def _concrete_roots_dict(self):
         hash_spec_list = zip(self.concretized_order, self.concretized_user_specs)
+        return [{"hash": h, "spec": str(s)} for h, s in hash_spec_list]
+
+    def _to_lockfile_dict(self):
+        """Create a dictionary to store a lockfile for this environment."""
+        concrete_specs = self._concrete_specs_dict()
+        root_specs = self._concrete_roots_dict()
 
         spack_dict = {"version": spack.spack_version}
         spack_commit = spack.main.get_spack_commit()
@@ -2203,7 +2197,7 @@ def _to_lockfile_dict(self):
             # spack version information
             "spack": spack_dict,
             # users specs + hashes are the 'roots' of the environment
-            "roots": [{"hash": h, "spec": str(s)} for h, s in hash_spec_list],
+            "roots": root_specs,
             # Concrete specs by hash, including dependencies
             "concrete_specs": concrete_specs,
         }
@@ -2513,52 +2507,11 @@ def display_specs(specs):
     print(tree_string)
 
 
-def _concretize_from_constraints(spec_constraints, tests=False):
-    # Accept only valid constraints from list and concretize spec
-    # Get the named spec even if out of order
-    root_spec = [s for s in spec_constraints if s.name]
-    if len(root_spec) != 1:
-        m = "The constraints %s are not a valid spec " % spec_constraints
-        m += "concretization target. all specs must have a single name "
-        m += "constraint for concretization."
-        raise InvalidSpecConstraintError(m)
-    spec_constraints.remove(root_spec[0])
-
-    invalid_constraints = []
-    while True:
-        # Attach all anonymous constraints to one named spec
-        s = root_spec[0].copy()
-        for c in spec_constraints:
-            if c not in invalid_constraints:
-                s.constrain(c)
-        try:
-            return s.concretized(tests=tests)
-        except spack.spec.InvalidDependencyError as e:
-            invalid_deps_string = ["^" + d for d in e.invalid_deps]
-            invalid_deps = [
-                c
-                for c in spec_constraints
-                if any(c.satisfies(invd) for invd in invalid_deps_string)
-            ]
-            if len(invalid_deps) != len(invalid_deps_string):
-                raise e
-            invalid_constraints.extend(invalid_deps)
-        except UnknownVariantError as e:
-            invalid_variants = e.unknown_variants
-            inv_variant_constraints = [
-                c for c in spec_constraints if any(name in c.variants for name in invalid_variants)
-            ]
-            if len(inv_variant_constraints) != len(invalid_variants):
-                raise e
-            invalid_constraints.extend(inv_variant_constraints)
-
-
 def _concretize_task(packed_arguments) -> Tuple[int, Spec, float]:
-    index, spec_constraints, tests = packed_arguments
-    spec_constraints = [Spec(x) for x in spec_constraints]
+    index, spec_str, tests = packed_arguments
     with tty.SuppressOutput(msg_enabled=False):
         start = time.time()
-        spec = _concretize_from_constraints(spec_constraints, tests)
+        spec = Spec(spec_str).concretized(tests=tests)
         return index, spec, time.time() - start
 
 

lib/spack/spack/fetch_strategy.py

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 import spack.version
 import spack.version.git_ref_lookup
 from spack.util.compression import decompressor_for
-from spack.util.executable import CommandNotFoundError, which
+from spack.util.executable import CommandNotFoundError, Executable, which
 
 #: List of all fetch strategies, created by FetchStrategy metaclass.
 all_strategies = []
@@ -246,33 +246,28 @@ class URLFetchStrategy(FetchStrategy):
 
     # these are checksum types. The generic 'checksum' is deprecated for
     # specific hash names, but we need it for backward compatibility
-    optional_attrs = list(crypto.hashes.keys()) + ["checksum"]
+    optional_attrs = [*crypto.hashes.keys(), "checksum"]
 
-    def __init__(self, url=None, checksum=None, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, *, url: str, checksum: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs) -> None:
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
-        # Prefer values in kwargs to the positionals.
-        self.url = kwargs.get("url", url)
+        self.url = url
         self.mirrors = kwargs.get("mirrors", [])
 
         # digest can be set as the first argument, or from an explicit
         # kwarg by the hash name.
-        self.digest = kwargs.get("checksum", checksum)
+        self.digest: Optional[str] = checksum
         for h in self.optional_attrs:
             if h in kwargs:
                 self.digest = kwargs[h]
 
-        self.expand_archive = kwargs.get("expand", True)
-        self.extra_options = kwargs.get("fetch_options", {})
-        self._curl = None
-
-        self.extension = kwargs.get("extension", None)
-
-        if not self.url:
-            raise ValueError("URLFetchStrategy requires a url for fetching.")
+        self.expand_archive: bool = kwargs.get("expand", True)
+        self.extra_options: dict = kwargs.get("fetch_options", {})
+        self._curl: Optional[Executable] = None
+        self.extension: Optional[str] = kwargs.get("extension", None)
 
     @property
-    def curl(self):
+    def curl(self) -> Executable:
         if not self._curl:
             self._curl = web_util.require_curl()
         return self._curl
@@ -348,8 +343,8 @@ def _fetch_urllib(self, url):
         if os.path.lexists(save_file):
             os.remove(save_file)
 
-        with open(save_file, "wb") as _open_file:
-            shutil.copyfileobj(response, _open_file)
+        with open(save_file, "wb") as f:
+            shutil.copyfileobj(response, f)
 
         self._check_headers(str(response.headers))
 
@@ -468,7 +463,7 @@ def check(self):
         """Check the downloaded archive against a checksum digest.
         No-op if this stage checks code out of a repository."""
         if not self.digest:
-            raise NoDigestError("Attempt to check URLFetchStrategy with no digest.")
+            raise NoDigestError(f"Attempt to check {self.__class__.__name__} with no digest.")
 
         verify_checksum(self.archive_file, self.digest)
 
@@ -479,8 +474,8 @@ def reset(self):
         """
         if not self.archive_file:
             raise NoArchiveFileError(
-                "Tried to reset URLFetchStrategy before fetching",
-                "Failed on reset() for URL %s" % self.url,
+                f"Tried to reset {self.__class__.__name__} before fetching",
+                f"Failed on reset() for URL{self.url}",
             )
 
         # Remove everything but the archive from the stage
@@ -493,14 +488,10 @@ def reset(self):
         self.expand()
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        url = self.url if self.url else "no url"
-        return "%s<%s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, url)
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}<{self.url}>"
 
     def __str__(self):
-        if self.url:
-            return self.url
-        else:
-            return "[no url]"
+        return self.url
 
 
 @fetcher
@@ -513,7 +504,7 @@ def fetch(self):
 
         # check whether the cache file exists.
         if not os.path.isfile(path):
-            raise NoCacheError("No cache of %s" % path)
+            raise NoCacheError(f"No cache of {path}")
 
         # remove old symlink if one is there.
         filename = self.stage.save_filename
@@ -523,8 +514,8 @@ def fetch(self):
         # Symlink to local cached archive.
         symlink(path, filename)
 
-        # Remove link if checksum fails, or subsequent fetchers
-        # will assume they don't need to download.
+        # Remove link if checksum fails, or subsequent fetchers will assume they don't need to
+        # download.
         if self.digest:
             try:
                 self.check()
@@ -533,12 +524,12 @@ def fetch(self):
                 raise
 
         # Notify the user how we fetched.
-        tty.msg("Using cached archive: {0}".format(path))
+        tty.msg(f"Using cached archive: {path}")
 
 
 class OCIRegistryFetchStrategy(URLFetchStrategy):
-    def __init__(self, url=None, checksum=None, **kwargs):
-        super().__init__(url, checksum, **kwargs)
+    def __init__(self, *, url: str, checksum: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(url=url, checksum=checksum, **kwargs)
 
         self._urlopen = kwargs.get("_urlopen", spack.oci.opener.urlopen)
 
@@ -583,18 +574,18 @@ def __init__(self, **kwargs):
         # Set a URL based on the type of fetch strategy.
         self.url = kwargs.get(self.url_attr, None)
         if not self.url:
-            raise ValueError("%s requires %s argument." % (self.__class__, self.url_attr))
+            raise ValueError(f"{self.__class__} requires {self.url_attr} argument.")
 
         for attr in self.optional_attrs:
             setattr(self, attr, kwargs.get(attr, None))
 
     @_needs_stage
     def check(self):
-        tty.debug("No checksum needed when fetching with {0}".format(self.url_attr))
+        tty.debug(f"No checksum needed when fetching with {self.url_attr}")
 
     @_needs_stage
     def expand(self):
-        tty.debug("Source fetched with %s is already expanded." % self.url_attr)
+        tty.debug(f"Source fetched with {self.url_attr} is already expanded.")
 
     @_needs_stage
     def archive(self, destination, *, exclude: Optional[str] = None):
@@ -614,10 +605,10 @@ def archive(self, destination, *, exclude: Optional[str] = None):
             )
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "VCS: %s" % self.url
+        return f"VCS: {self.url}"
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "%s<%s>" % (self.__class__, self.url)
+        return f"{self.__class__}<{self.url}>"
 
 
 @fetcher
@@ -720,11 +711,17 @@ class GitFetchStrategy(VCSFetchStrategy):
         "submodules",
         "get_full_repo",
         "submodules_delete",
+        "git_sparse_paths",
     ]
 
     git_version_re = r"git version (\S+)"
 
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+
+        self.commit: Optional[str] = None
+        self.tag: Optional[str] = None
+        self.branch: Optional[str] = None
+
         # Discards the keywords in kwargs that may conflict with the next call
         # to __init__
         forwarded_args = copy.copy(kwargs)
@@ -735,6 +732,7 @@ def __init__(self, **kwargs):
         self.submodules = kwargs.get("submodules", False)
         self.submodules_delete = kwargs.get("submodules_delete", False)
         self.get_full_repo = kwargs.get("get_full_repo", False)
+        self.git_sparse_paths = kwargs.get("git_sparse_paths", None)
 
     @property
     def git_version(self):
@@ -772,68 +770,71 @@ def git(self):
 
     @property
     def cachable(self):
-        return self.cache_enabled and bool(self.commit or self.tag)
+        return self.cache_enabled and bool(self.commit)
 
     def source_id(self):
-        return self.commit or self.tag
+        # TODO: tree-hash would secure download cache and mirrors, commit only secures checkouts.
+        return self.commit
 
     def mirror_id(self):
-        repo_ref = self.commit or self.tag or self.branch
-        if repo_ref:
+        if self.commit:
             repo_path = urllib.parse.urlparse(self.url).path
-            result = os.path.sep.join(["git", repo_path, repo_ref])
+            result = os.path.sep.join(["git", repo_path, self.commit])
             return result
 
     def _repo_info(self):
         args = ""
-
         if self.commit:
-            args = " at commit {0}".format(self.commit)
+            args = f" at commit {self.commit}"
         elif self.tag:
-            args = " at tag {0}".format(self.tag)
+            args = f" at tag {self.tag}"
         elif self.branch:
-            args = " on branch {0}".format(self.branch)
+            args = f" on branch {self.branch}"
 
-        return "{0}{1}".format(self.url, args)
+        return f"{self.url}{args}"
 
     @_needs_stage
     def fetch(self):
         if self.stage.expanded:
-            tty.debug("Already fetched {0}".format(self.stage.source_path))
+            tty.debug(f"Already fetched {self.stage.source_path}")
             return
 
-        self.clone(commit=self.commit, branch=self.branch, tag=self.tag)
+        if self.git_sparse_paths:
+            self._sparse_clone_src()
+        else:
+            self._clone_src()
+        self.submodule_operations()
 
-    def clone(self, dest=None, commit=None, branch=None, tag=None, bare=False):
+    def bare_clone(self, dest: str) -> None:
         """
-        Clone a repository to a path.
+        Execute a bare clone for metadata only
 
-        This method handles cloning from git, but does not require a stage.
-
-        Arguments:
-            dest (str or None): The path into which the code is cloned. If None,
-                requires a stage and uses the stage's source path.
-            commit (str or None): A commit to fetch from the remote. Only one of
-                commit, branch, and tag may be non-None.
-            branch (str or None): A branch to fetch from the remote.
-            tag (str or None): A tag to fetch from the remote.
-            bare (bool): Execute a "bare" git clone (--bare option to git)
+        Requires a destination since bare cloning does not provide source
+        and shouldn't be used for staging.
         """
         # Default to spack source path
-        dest = dest or self.stage.source_path
-        tty.debug("Cloning git repository: {0}".format(self._repo_info()))
+        tty.debug(f"Cloning git repository: {self._repo_info()}")
 
         git = self.git
         debug = spack.config.get("config:debug")
 
-        if bare:
-            # We don't need to worry about which commit/branch/tag is checked out
-            clone_args = ["clone", "--bare"]
-            if not debug:
-                clone_args.append("--quiet")
-            clone_args.extend([self.url, dest])
-            git(*clone_args)
-        elif commit:
+        # We don't need to worry about which commit/branch/tag is checked out
+        clone_args = ["clone", "--bare"]
+        if not debug:
+            clone_args.append("--quiet")
+        clone_args.extend([self.url, dest])
+        git(*clone_args)
+
+    def _clone_src(self) -> None:
+        """Clone a repository to a path using git."""
+        # Default to spack source path
+        dest = self.stage.source_path
+        tty.debug(f"Cloning git repository: {self._repo_info()}")
+
+        git = self.git
+        debug = spack.config.get("config:debug")
+
+        if self.commit:
             # Need to do a regular clone and check out everything if
             # they asked for a particular commit.
             clone_args = ["clone", self.url]
@@ -852,7 +853,7 @@ def clone(self, dest=None, commit=None, branch=None, tag=None, bare=False):
                 )
 
             with working_dir(dest):
-                checkout_args = ["checkout", commit]
+                checkout_args = ["checkout", self.commit]
                 if not debug:
                     checkout_args.insert(1, "--quiet")
                 git(*checkout_args)
@@ -864,10 +865,10 @@ def clone(self, dest=None, commit=None, branch=None, tag=None, bare=False):
                 args.append("--quiet")
 
             # If we want a particular branch ask for it.
-            if branch:
-                args.extend(["--branch", branch])
-            elif tag and self.git_version >= spack.version.Version("1.8.5.2"):
-                args.extend(["--branch", tag])
+            if self.branch:
+                args.extend(["--branch", self.branch])
+            elif self.tag and self.git_version >= spack.version.Version("1.8.5.2"):
+                args.extend(["--branch", self.tag])
 
             # Try to be efficient if we're using a new enough git.
             # This checks out only one branch's history
@@ -899,7 +900,7 @@ def clone(self, dest=None, commit=None, branch=None, tag=None, bare=False):
                 # For tags, be conservative and check them out AFTER
                 # cloning.  Later git versions can do this with clone
                 # --branch, but older ones fail.
-                if tag and self.git_version < spack.version.Version("1.8.5.2"):
+                if self.tag and self.git_version < spack.version.Version("1.8.5.2"):
                     # pull --tags returns a "special" error code of 1 in
                     # older versions that we have to ignore.
                     # see: https://github.com/git/git/commit/19d122b
@@ -912,6 +913,79 @@ def clone(self, dest=None, commit=None, branch=None, tag=None, bare=False):
                     git(*pull_args, ignore_errors=1)
                     git(*co_args)
 
+    def _sparse_clone_src(self, **kwargs):
+        """Use git's sparse checkout feature to clone portions of a git repository"""
+        dest = self.stage.source_path
+        git = self.git
+
+        if self.git_version < spack.version.Version("2.26.0"):
+            # technically this should be supported for 2.25, but bumping for OS issues
+            # see https://github.com/spack/spack/issues/45771
+            # code paths exist where the package is not set.  Assure some indentifier for the
+            # package that was configured  for sparse checkout exists in the error message
+            identifier = str(self.url)
+            if self.package:
+                identifier += f" ({self.package.name})"
+            tty.warn(
+                (
+                    f"{identifier} is configured for git sparse-checkout "
+                    "but the git version is too old to support sparse cloning. "
+                    "Cloning the full repository instead."
+                )
+            )
+            self._clone_src()
+        else:
+            # default to depth=2 to allow for retention of some git properties
+            depth = kwargs.get("depth", 2)
+            needs_fetch = self.branch or self.tag
+            git_ref = self.branch or self.tag or self.commit
+
+            assert git_ref
+
+            clone_args = ["clone"]
+
+            if needs_fetch:
+                clone_args.extend(["--branch", git_ref])
+
+            if self.get_full_repo:
+                clone_args.append("--no-single-branch")
+            else:
+                clone_args.append("--single-branch")
+
+            clone_args.extend(
+                [f"--depth={depth}", "--no-checkout", "--filter=blob:none", self.url]
+            )
+
+            sparse_args = ["sparse-checkout", "set"]
+
+            if callable(self.git_sparse_paths):
+                sparse_args.extend(self.git_sparse_paths())
+            else:
+                sparse_args.extend([p for p in self.git_sparse_paths])
+
+            sparse_args.append("--cone")
+
+            checkout_args = ["checkout", git_ref]
+
+            if not spack.config.get("config:debug"):
+                clone_args.insert(1, "--quiet")
+                checkout_args.insert(1, "--quiet")
+
+            with temp_cwd():
+                git(*clone_args)
+                repo_name = get_single_file(".")
+                if self.stage:
+                    self.stage.srcdir = repo_name
+                shutil.move(repo_name, dest)
+
+            with working_dir(dest):
+                git(*sparse_args)
+                git(*checkout_args)
+
+    def submodule_operations(self):
+        dest = self.stage.source_path
+        git = self.git
+
         if self.submodules_delete:
             with working_dir(dest):
                 for submodule_to_delete in self.submodules_delete:
@@ -964,7 +1038,7 @@ def protocol_supports_shallow_clone(self):
         return not (self.url.startswith("http://") or self.url.startswith("/"))
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "[git] {0}".format(self._repo_info())
+        return f"[git] {self._repo_info()}"
 
 
 @fetcher
@@ -1288,7 +1362,7 @@ def reset(self):
             shutil.move(scrubbed, source_path)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "[hg] %s" % self.url
+        return f"[hg] {self.url}"
 
 
 @fetcher
@@ -1297,47 +1371,16 @@ class S3FetchStrategy(URLFetchStrategy):
 
     url_attr = "s3"
 
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        try:
-            super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        except ValueError:
-            if not kwargs.get("url"):
-                raise ValueError("S3FetchStrategy requires a url for fetching.")
-
     @_needs_stage
     def fetch(self):
+        if not self.url.startswith("s3://"):
+            raise spack.error.FetchError(
+                f"{self.__class__.__name__} can only fetch from s3:// urls."
+            )
         if self.archive_file:
             tty.debug(f"Already downloaded {self.archive_file}")
             return
-
-        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(self.url)
-        if parsed_url.scheme != "s3":
-            raise spack.error.FetchError("S3FetchStrategy can only fetch from s3:// urls.")
-
-        basename = os.path.basename(parsed_url.path)
-        request = urllib.request.Request(
-            self.url, headers={"User-Agent": web_util.SPACK_USER_AGENT}
-        )
-
-        with working_dir(self.stage.path):
-            try:
-                response = web_util.urlopen(request)
-            except (TimeoutError, urllib.error.URLError) as e:
-                raise FailedDownloadError(e) from e
-
-            tty.debug(f"Fetching {self.url}")
-
-            with open(basename, "wb") as f:
-                shutil.copyfileobj(response, f)
-
-            content_type = web_util.get_header(response.headers, "Content-type")
-
-        if content_type == "text/html":
-            warn_content_type_mismatch(self.archive_file or "the archive")
-
-        if self.stage.save_filename:
-            fs.rename(os.path.join(self.stage.path, basename), self.stage.save_filename)
-
+        self._fetch_urllib(self.url)
         if not self.archive_file:
             raise FailedDownloadError(
                 RuntimeError(f"Missing archive {self.archive_file} after fetching")
@@ -1350,46 +1393,17 @@ class GCSFetchStrategy(URLFetchStrategy):
 
     url_attr = "gs"
 
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        try:
-            super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        except ValueError:
-            if not kwargs.get("url"):
-                raise ValueError("GCSFetchStrategy requires a url for fetching.")
-
     @_needs_stage
     def fetch(self):
+        if not self.url.startswith("gs"):
+            raise spack.error.FetchError(
+                f"{self.__class__.__name__} can only fetch from gs:// urls."
+            )
         if self.archive_file:
-            tty.debug("Already downloaded {0}".format(self.archive_file))
+            tty.debug(f"Already downloaded {self.archive_file}")
             return
 
-        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(self.url)
-        if parsed_url.scheme != "gs":
-            raise spack.error.FetchError("GCSFetchStrategy can only fetch from gs:// urls.")
-
-        basename = os.path.basename(parsed_url.path)
-        request = urllib.request.Request(
-            self.url, headers={"User-Agent": web_util.SPACK_USER_AGENT}
-        )
-
-        with working_dir(self.stage.path):
-            try:
-                response = web_util.urlopen(request)
-            except (TimeoutError, urllib.error.URLError) as e:
-                raise FailedDownloadError(e) from e
-
-            tty.debug(f"Fetching {self.url}")
-
-            with open(basename, "wb") as f:
-                shutil.copyfileobj(response, f)
-
-            content_type = web_util.get_header(response.headers, "Content-type")
-
-        if content_type == "text/html":
-            warn_content_type_mismatch(self.archive_file or "the archive")
-
-        if self.stage.save_filename:
-            os.rename(os.path.join(self.stage.path, basename), self.stage.save_filename)
+        self._fetch_urllib(self.url)
 
         if not self.archive_file:
             raise FailedDownloadError(
@@ -1403,7 +1417,7 @@ class FetchAndVerifyExpandedFile(URLFetchStrategy):
     as well as after expanding it."""
 
     def __init__(self, url, archive_sha256: str, expanded_sha256: str):
-        super().__init__(url, archive_sha256)
+        super().__init__(url=url, checksum=archive_sha256)
         self.expanded_sha256 = expanded_sha256
 
     def expand(self):
@@ -1445,14 +1459,14 @@ def stable_target(fetcher):
     return False
 
 
-def from_url(url):
+def from_url(url: str) -> URLFetchStrategy:
     """Given a URL, find an appropriate fetch strategy for it.
     Currently just gives you a URLFetchStrategy that uses curl.
 
     TODO: make this return appropriate fetch strategies for other
           types of URLs.
     """
-    return URLFetchStrategy(url)
+    return URLFetchStrategy(url=url)
 
 
 def from_kwargs(**kwargs):
@@ -1521,10 +1535,12 @@ def _check_version_attributes(fetcher, pkg, version):
 def _extrapolate(pkg, version):
     """Create a fetcher from an extrapolated URL for this version."""
     try:
-        return URLFetchStrategy(pkg.url_for_version(version), fetch_options=pkg.fetch_options)
+        return URLFetchStrategy(url=pkg.url_for_version(version), fetch_options=pkg.fetch_options)
     except spack.package_base.NoURLError:
-        msg = "Can't extrapolate a URL for version %s " "because package %s defines no URLs"
-        raise ExtrapolationError(msg % (version, pkg.name))
+        raise ExtrapolationError(
+            f"Can't extrapolate a URL for version {version} because "
+            f"package {pkg.name} defines no URLs"
+        )
 
 
 def _from_merged_attrs(fetcher, pkg, version):
@@ -1541,8 +1557,11 @@ def _from_merged_attrs(fetcher, pkg, version):
     attrs["fetch_options"] = pkg.fetch_options
     attrs.update(pkg.versions[version])
 
-    if fetcher.url_attr == "git" and hasattr(pkg, "submodules"):
-        attrs.setdefault("submodules", pkg.submodules)
+    if fetcher.url_attr == "git":
+        pkg_attr_list = ["submodules", "git_sparse_paths"]
+        for pkg_attr in pkg_attr_list:
+            if hasattr(pkg, pkg_attr):
+                attrs.setdefault(pkg_attr, getattr(pkg, pkg_attr))
 
     return fetcher(**attrs)
 
@@ -1637,11 +1656,9 @@ def for_package_version(pkg, version=None):
     raise InvalidArgsError(pkg, version, **args)
 
 
-def from_url_scheme(url, *args, **kwargs):
+def from_url_scheme(url: str, **kwargs) -> FetchStrategy:
     """Finds a suitable FetchStrategy by matching its url_attr with the scheme
     in the given url."""
-
-    url = kwargs.get("url", url)
     parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(url, scheme="file")
 
     scheme_mapping = kwargs.get("scheme_mapping") or {
@@ -1658,11 +1675,9 @@ def from_url_scheme(url, *args, **kwargs):
     for fetcher in all_strategies:
         url_attr = getattr(fetcher, "url_attr", None)
         if url_attr and url_attr == scheme:
-            return fetcher(url, *args, **kwargs)
+            return fetcher(url=url, **kwargs)
 
-    raise ValueError(
-        'No FetchStrategy found for url with scheme: "{SCHEME}"'.format(SCHEME=parsed_url.scheme)
-    )
+    raise ValueError(f'No FetchStrategy found for url with scheme: "{parsed_url.scheme}"')
 
 
 def from_list_url(pkg):
@@ -1687,7 +1702,9 @@ def from_list_url(pkg):
                     )
 
                 # construct a fetcher
-                return URLFetchStrategy(url_from_list, checksum, fetch_options=pkg.fetch_options)
+                return URLFetchStrategy(
+                    url=url_from_list, checksum=checksum, fetch_options=pkg.fetch_options
+                )
             except KeyError as e:
                 tty.debug(e)
                 tty.msg("Cannot find version %s in url_list" % pkg.version)
@@ -1715,10 +1732,10 @@ def store(self, fetcher, relative_dest):
         mkdirp(os.path.dirname(dst))
         fetcher.archive(dst)
 
-    def fetcher(self, target_path, digest, **kwargs):
+    def fetcher(self, target_path: str, digest: Optional[str], **kwargs) -> CacheURLFetchStrategy:
         path = os.path.join(self.root, target_path)
         url = url_util.path_to_file_url(path)
-        return CacheURLFetchStrategy(url, digest, **kwargs)
+        return CacheURLFetchStrategy(url=url, checksum=digest, **kwargs)
 
     def destroy(self):
         shutil.rmtree(self.root, ignore_errors=True)

lib/spack/spack/hooks/__init__.py

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 systems (e.g. modules, lmod, etc.) or to add other custom
 features.
 """
+import importlib
 
 from llnl.util.lang import ensure_last, list_modules
 
@@ -46,11 +47,7 @@ def _populate_hooks(cls):
 
         for name in relative_names:
             module_name = __name__ + "." + name
-            # When importing a module from a package, __import__('A.B', ...)
-            # returns package A when 'fromlist' is empty. If fromlist is not
-            # empty it returns the submodule B instead
-            # See: https://stackoverflow.com/a/2725668/771663
-            module_obj = __import__(module_name, fromlist=[None])
+            module_obj = importlib.import_module(module_name)
             cls._hooks.append((module_name, module_obj))
 
     @property

lib/spack/spack/hooks/autopush.py

@@ -24,5 +24,6 @@ def post_install(spec, explicit):
     # Push the package to all autopush mirrors
     for mirror in spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True, autopush=True).values():
         signing_key = bindist.select_signing_key() if mirror.signed else None
-        bindist.push_or_raise([spec], out_url=mirror.push_url, signing_key=signing_key, force=True)
+        with bindist.make_uploader(mirror=mirror, force=True, signing_key=signing_key) as uploader:
+            uploader.push_or_raise([spec])
         tty.msg(f"{spec.name}: Pushed to build cache: '{mirror.name}'")

lib/spack/spack/installer.py

@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ def _process_external_package(pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase", explicit: b
 
         # Add to the DB
         tty.debug(f"{pre} registering into DB")
-        spack.store.STORE.db.add(spec, None, explicit=explicit)
+        spack.store.STORE.db.add(spec, explicit=explicit)
 
 
 def _process_binary_cache_tarball(
@@ -488,13 +488,12 @@ def _process_binary_cache_tarball(
 
     with timer.measure("install"), spack.util.path.filter_padding():
         binary_distribution.extract_tarball(pkg.spec, download_result, force=False, timer=timer)
-        pkg.windows_establish_runtime_linkage()
 
         if hasattr(pkg, "_post_buildcache_install_hook"):
             pkg._post_buildcache_install_hook()
 
         pkg.installed_from_binary_cache = True
-        spack.store.STORE.db.add(pkg.spec, spack.store.STORE.layout, explicit=explicit)
+        spack.store.STORE.db.add(pkg.spec, explicit=explicit)
         return True
 
 
@@ -1611,9 +1610,7 @@ def _add_tasks(self, request: BuildRequest, all_deps):
 
     def _add_compiler_package_to_config(self, pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase") -> None:
         compiler_search_prefix = getattr(pkg, "compiler_search_prefix", pkg.spec.prefix)
-        spack.compilers.add_compilers_to_config(
-            spack.compilers.find_compilers([compiler_search_prefix])
-        )
+        spack.compilers.find_compilers([compiler_search_prefix])
 
     def _install_task(self, task: BuildTask, install_status: InstallStatus) -> None:
         """
@@ -1671,7 +1668,7 @@ def _install_task(self, task: BuildTask, install_status: InstallStatus) -> None:
             )
             # Note: PARENT of the build process adds the new package to
             # the database, so that we don't need to re-read from file.
-            spack.store.STORE.db.add(pkg.spec, spack.store.STORE.layout, explicit=explicit)
+            spack.store.STORE.db.add(pkg.spec, explicit=explicit)
 
             # If a compiler, ensure it is added to the configuration
             if task.compiler:

lib/spack/spack/mirror.py

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 from typing import List, Optional, Union
 
 import llnl.url
+import llnl.util.symlink
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
 from llnl.util.filesystem import mkdirp
 
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@
 import spack.fetch_strategy
 import spack.mirror
 import spack.oci.image
+import spack.repo
 import spack.spec
 import spack.util.path
 import spack.util.spack_json as sjson
@@ -426,51 +428,74 @@ def _determine_extension(fetcher):
     return ext
 
 
-class MirrorReference:
-    """A ``MirrorReference`` stores the relative paths where you can store a
-    package/resource in a mirror directory.
+class MirrorLayout:
+    """A ``MirrorLayout`` object describes the relative path of a mirror entry."""
 
-    The appropriate storage location is given by ``storage_path``. The
-    ``cosmetic_path`` property provides a reference that a human could generate
-    themselves based on reading the details of the package.
-
-    A user can iterate over a ``MirrorReference`` object to get all the
-    possible names that might be used to refer to the resource in a mirror;
-    this includes names generated by previous naming schemes that are no-longer
-    reported by ``storage_path`` or ``cosmetic_path``.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, cosmetic_path, global_path=None):
-        self.global_path = global_path
-        self.cosmetic_path = cosmetic_path
-
-    @property
-    def storage_path(self):
-        if self.global_path:
-            return self.global_path
-        else:
-            return self.cosmetic_path
+    def __init__(self, path: str) -> None:
+        self.path = path
 
     def __iter__(self):
-        if self.global_path:
-            yield self.global_path
-        yield self.cosmetic_path
+        """Yield all paths including aliases where the resource can be found."""
+        yield self.path
+
+    def make_alias(self, root: str) -> None:
+        """Make the entry ``root / self.path`` available under a human readable alias"""
+        pass
 
 
-class OCIImageLayout:
-    """Follow the OCI Image Layout Specification to archive blobs
+class DefaultLayout(MirrorLayout):
+    def __init__(self, alias_path: str, digest_path: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+        # When we have a digest, it is used as the primary storage location. If not, then we use
+        # the human-readable alias. In case of mirrors of a VCS checkout, we currently do not have
+        # a digest, that's why an alias is required and a digest optional.
+        super().__init__(path=digest_path or alias_path)
+        self.alias = alias_path
+        self.digest_path = digest_path
 
-    Paths are of the form `blobs/<algorithm>/<digest>`
-    """
+    def make_alias(self, root: str) -> None:
+        """Symlink a human readible path in our mirror to the actual storage location."""
+        # We already use the human-readable path as the main storage location.
+        if not self.digest_path:
+            return
+
+        alias, digest = os.path.join(root, self.alias), os.path.join(root, self.digest_path)
+
+        alias_dir = os.path.dirname(alias)
+        relative_dst = os.path.relpath(digest, start=alias_dir)
+
+        mkdirp(alias_dir)
+        tmp = f"{alias}.tmp"
+        llnl.util.symlink.symlink(relative_dst, tmp)
+
+        try:
+            os.rename(tmp, alias)
+        except OSError:
+            # Clean up the temporary if possible
+            try:
+                os.unlink(tmp)
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+            raise
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        if self.digest_path:
+            yield self.digest_path
+        yield self.alias
+
+
+class OCILayout(MirrorLayout):
+    """Follow the OCI Image Layout Specification to archive blobs where paths are of the form
+    ``blobs/<algorithm>/<digest>``"""
 
     def __init__(self, digest: spack.oci.image.Digest) -> None:
-        self.storage_path = os.path.join("blobs", digest.algorithm, digest.digest)
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        yield self.storage_path
+        super().__init__(os.path.join("blobs", digest.algorithm, digest.digest))
 
 
-def mirror_archive_paths(fetcher, per_package_ref, spec=None):
+def default_mirror_layout(
+    fetcher: "spack.fetch_strategy.FetchStrategy",
+    per_package_ref: str,
+    spec: Optional["spack.spec.Spec"] = None,
+) -> MirrorLayout:
     """Returns a ``MirrorReference`` object which keeps track of the relative
     storage path of the resource associated with the specified ``fetcher``."""
     ext = None
@@ -494,7 +519,7 @@ def mirror_archive_paths(fetcher, per_package_ref, spec=None):
     if global_ref and ext:
         global_ref += ".%s" % ext
 
-    return MirrorReference(per_package_ref, global_ref)
+    return DefaultLayout(per_package_ref, global_ref)
 
 
 def get_all_versions(specs):

lib/spack/spack/multimethod.py

@@ -25,14 +25,11 @@
 so package authors should use their judgement.
 """
 import functools
-import inspect
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 
-from llnl.util.lang import caller_locals
-
-import spack.directives
+import spack.directives_meta
 import spack.error
-from spack.spec import Spec
+import spack.spec
 
 
 class MultiMethodMeta(type):
@@ -135,7 +132,7 @@ def __call__(self, package_or_builder_self, *args, **kwargs):
         # its superclasses for successive calls. We don't have that
         # information within `SpecMultiMethod`, because it is not
         # associated with the package class.
-        for cls in inspect.getmro(package_or_builder_self.__class__)[1:]:
+        for cls in package_or_builder_self.__class__.__mro__[1:]:
             superself = cls.__dict__.get(self.__name__, None)
 
             if isinstance(superself, SpecMultiMethod):
@@ -165,9 +162,9 @@ def __init__(self, condition):
             condition (str): condition to be met
         """
         if isinstance(condition, bool):
-            self.spec = Spec() if condition else None
+            self.spec = spack.spec.Spec() if condition else None
         else:
-            self.spec = Spec(condition)
+            self.spec = spack.spec.Spec(condition)
 
     def __call__(self, method):
         """This annotation lets packages declare multiple versions of
@@ -229,11 +226,9 @@ def install(self, prefix):
            platform-specific versions.  There's not much we can do to get
            around this because of the way decorators work.
         """
-        # In Python 2, Get the first definition of the method in the
-        # calling scope by looking at the caller's locals. In Python 3,
-        # we handle this using MultiMethodMeta.__prepare__.
-        if MultiMethodMeta._locals is None:
-            MultiMethodMeta._locals = caller_locals()
+        assert (
+            MultiMethodMeta._locals is not None
+        ), "cannot use multimethod, missing MultiMethodMeta metaclass?"
 
         # Create a multimethod with this name if there is not one already
         original_method = MultiMethodMeta._locals.get(method.__name__)
@@ -266,17 +261,17 @@ def __enter__(self):
         and add their constraint to whatever may be already present in the directive
         `when=` argument.
         """
-        spack.directives.DirectiveMeta.push_to_context(str(self.spec))
+        spack.directives_meta.DirectiveMeta.push_to_context(str(self.spec))
 
     def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
-        spack.directives.DirectiveMeta.pop_from_context()
+        spack.directives_meta.DirectiveMeta.pop_from_context()
 
 
 @contextmanager
 def default_args(**kwargs):
-    spack.directives.DirectiveMeta.push_default_args(kwargs)
+    spack.directives_meta.DirectiveMeta.push_default_args(kwargs)
     yield
-    spack.directives.DirectiveMeta.pop_default_args()
+    spack.directives_meta.DirectiveMeta.pop_default_args()
 
 
 class MultiMethodError(spack.error.SpackError):

lib/spack/spack/oci/oci.py

@@ -390,15 +390,12 @@ def make_stage(
 ) -> spack.stage.Stage:
     _urlopen = _urlopen or spack.oci.opener.urlopen
     fetch_strategy = spack.fetch_strategy.OCIRegistryFetchStrategy(
-        url, checksum=digest.digest, _urlopen=_urlopen
+        url=url, checksum=digest.digest, _urlopen=_urlopen
     )
     # Use blobs/<alg>/<encoded> as the cache path, which follows
     # the OCI Image Layout Specification. What's missing though,
     # is the `oci-layout` and `index.json` files, which are
     # required by the spec.
     return spack.stage.Stage(
-        fetch_strategy,
-        mirror_paths=spack.mirror.OCIImageLayout(digest),
-        name=digest.digest,
-        keep=keep,
+        fetch_strategy, mirror_paths=spack.mirror.OCILayout(digest), name=digest.digest, keep=keep
     )

lib/spack/spack/package.py

@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@
 from spack.spec import InvalidSpecDetected, Spec
 from spack.util.cpus import determine_number_of_jobs
 from spack.util.executable import *
+from spack.util.filesystem import file_command, fix_darwin_install_name, mime_type
 from spack.variant import (
     any_combination_of,
     auto_or_any_combination_of,

lib/spack/spack/package_base.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 import functools
 import glob
 import hashlib
-import inspect
+import importlib
 import io
 import os
 import re
@@ -116,11 +116,10 @@ def preferred_version(pkg: "PackageBase"):
     Arguments:
         pkg: The package whose versions are to be assessed.
     """
-    # Here we sort first on the fact that a version is marked
-    # as preferred in the package, then on the fact that the
-    # version is not develop, then lexicographically
-    key_fn = lambda v: (pkg.versions[v].get("preferred", False), not v.isdevelop(), v)
-    return max(pkg.versions, key=key_fn)
+    from spack.solver.asp import concretization_version_order
+
+    version, _ = max(pkg.versions.items(), key=concretization_version_order)
+    return version
 
 
 class WindowsRPath:
@@ -245,10 +244,7 @@ def determine_spec_details(cls, prefix, objs_in_prefix):
                         if version_str:
                             objs_by_version[version_str].append(obj)
                     except Exception as e:
-                        msg = (
-                            "An error occurred when trying to detect " 'the version of "{0}" [{1}]'
-                        )
-                        tty.debug(msg.format(obj, str(e)))
+                        tty.debug(f"Cannot detect the version of '{obj}' [{str(e)}]")
 
                 specs = []
                 for version_str, objs in objs_by_version.items():
@@ -261,27 +257,23 @@ def determine_spec_details(cls, prefix, objs_in_prefix):
                         if isinstance(variant, str):
                             variant = (variant, {})
                         variant_str, extra_attributes = variant
-                        spec_str = "{0}@{1} {2}".format(cls.name, version_str, variant_str)
+                        spec_str = f"{cls.name}@{version_str} {variant_str}"
 
                         # Pop a few reserved keys from extra attributes, since
                         # they have a different semantics
                         external_path = extra_attributes.pop("prefix", None)
                         external_modules = extra_attributes.pop("modules", None)
                         try:
-                            spec = spack.spec.Spec(
+                            spec = spack.spec.Spec.from_detection(
                                 spec_str,
                                 external_path=external_path,
                                 external_modules=external_modules,
+                                extra_attributes=extra_attributes,
                             )
                         except Exception as e:
-                            msg = 'Parsing failed [spec_str="{0}", error={1}]'
-                            tty.debug(msg.format(spec_str, str(e)))
+                            tty.debug(f'Parsing failed [spec_str="{spec_str}", error={str(e)}]')
                         else:
-                            specs.append(
-                                spack.spec.Spec.from_detection(
-                                    spec, extra_attributes=extra_attributes
-                                )
-                            )
+                            specs.append(spec)
 
                 return sorted(specs)
 
@@ -740,7 +732,7 @@ def __init__(self, spec):
             raise ValueError(msg.format(self))
 
         # init internal variables
-        self._stage = None
+        self._stage: Optional[StageComposite] = None
         self._fetcher = None
         self._tester: Optional["PackageTest"] = None
 
@@ -868,7 +860,7 @@ def module(cls):
         We use this to add variables to package modules.  This makes
         install() methods easier to write (e.g., can call configure())
         """
-        return __import__(cls.__module__, fromlist=[cls.__name__])
+        return importlib.import_module(cls.__module__)
 
     @classproperty
     def namespace(cls):
@@ -884,7 +876,7 @@ def fullname(cls):
     def fullnames(cls):
         """Fullnames for this package and any packages from which it inherits."""
         fullnames = []
-        for cls in inspect.getmro(cls):
+        for cls in cls.__mro__:
             namespace = getattr(cls, "namespace", None)
             if namespace:
                 fullnames.append("%s.%s" % (namespace, cls.name))
@@ -1098,9 +1090,10 @@ def _make_resource_stage(self, root_stage, resource):
             root=root_stage,
             resource=resource,
             name=self._resource_stage(resource),
-            mirror_paths=spack.mirror.mirror_archive_paths(
+            mirror_paths=spack.mirror.default_mirror_layout(
                 resource.fetcher, os.path.join(self.name, pretty_resource_name)
             ),
+            mirrors=spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(source=True).values(),
             path=self.path,
         )
 
@@ -1112,7 +1105,7 @@ def _make_root_stage(self, fetcher):
         # Construct a mirror path (TODO: get this out of package.py)
         format_string = "{name}-{version}"
         pretty_name = self.spec.format_path(format_string)
-        mirror_paths = spack.mirror.mirror_archive_paths(
+        mirror_paths = spack.mirror.default_mirror_layout(
             fetcher, os.path.join(self.name, pretty_name), self.spec
         )
         # Construct a path where the stage should build..
@@ -1121,6 +1114,7 @@ def _make_root_stage(self, fetcher):
         stage = Stage(
             fetcher,
             mirror_paths=mirror_paths,
+            mirrors=spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(source=True).values(),
             name=stage_name,
             path=self.path,
             search_fn=self._download_search,
@@ -1177,7 +1171,7 @@ def stage(self):
         return self._stage
 
     @stage.setter
-    def stage(self, stage):
+    def stage(self, stage: StageComposite):
         """Allow a stage object to be set to override the default."""
         self._stage = stage
 
@@ -1471,6 +1465,7 @@ def do_fetch(self, mirror_only=False):
             checksum
             and (self.version not in self.versions)
             and (not isinstance(self.version, GitVersion))
+            and ("dev_path" not in self.spec.variants)
         ):
             tty.warn(
                 "There is no checksum on file to fetch %s safely."
@@ -1747,7 +1742,7 @@ def _has_make_target(self, target):
             bool: True if 'target' is found, else False
         """
         # Prevent altering LC_ALL for 'make' outside this function
-        make = copy.deepcopy(inspect.getmodule(self).make)
+        make = copy.deepcopy(self.module.make)
 
         # Use English locale for missing target message comparison
         make.add_default_env("LC_ALL", "C")
@@ -1797,7 +1792,7 @@ def _if_make_target_execute(self, target, *args, **kwargs):
         """
         if self._has_make_target(target):
             # Execute target
-            inspect.getmodule(self).make(target, *args, **kwargs)
+            self.module.make(target, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def _has_ninja_target(self, target):
         """Checks to see if 'target' is a valid target in a Ninja build script.
@@ -1808,7 +1803,7 @@ def _has_ninja_target(self, target):
         Returns:
             bool: True if 'target' is found, else False
         """
-        ninja = inspect.getmodule(self).ninja
+        ninja = self.module.ninja
 
         # Check if we have a Ninja build script
         if not os.path.exists("build.ninja"):
@@ -1837,7 +1832,7 @@ def _if_ninja_target_execute(self, target, *args, **kwargs):
         """
         if self._has_ninja_target(target):
             # Execute target
-            inspect.getmodule(self).ninja(target, *args, **kwargs)
+            self.module.ninja(target, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def _get_needed_resources(self):
         # We use intersects here cause it would also work if self.spec is abstract

lib/spack/spack/package_prefs.py

@@ -5,10 +5,11 @@
 import stat
 import warnings
 
+import spack.config
 import spack.error
 import spack.repo
+import spack.spec
 from spack.config import ConfigError
-from spack.util.path import canonicalize_path
 from spack.version import Version
 
 _lesser_spec_types = {"compiler": spack.spec.CompilerSpec, "version": Version}
@@ -154,44 +155,6 @@ def preferred_variants(cls, pkg_name):
         )
 
 
-def spec_externals(spec):
-    """Return a list of external specs (w/external directory path filled in),
-    one for each known external installation.
-    """
-    # break circular import.
-    from spack.util.module_cmd import path_from_modules  # noqa: F401
-
-    def _package(maybe_abstract_spec):
-        pkg_cls = spack.repo.PATH.get_pkg_class(spec.name)
-        return pkg_cls(maybe_abstract_spec)
-
-    allpkgs = spack.config.get("packages")
-    names = set([spec.name])
-    names |= set(vspec.name for vspec in _package(spec).virtuals_provided)
-
-    external_specs = []
-    for name in names:
-        pkg_config = allpkgs.get(name, {})
-        pkg_externals = pkg_config.get("externals", [])
-        for entry in pkg_externals:
-            spec_str = entry["spec"]
-            external_path = entry.get("prefix", None)
-            if external_path:
-                external_path = canonicalize_path(external_path)
-            external_modules = entry.get("modules", None)
-            external_spec = spack.spec.Spec.from_detection(
-                spack.spec.Spec(
-                    spec_str, external_path=external_path, external_modules=external_modules
-                ),
-                extra_attributes=entry.get("extra_attributes", {}),
-            )
-            if external_spec.intersects(spec):
-                external_specs.append(external_spec)
-
-    # Defensively copy returned specs
-    return [s.copy() for s in external_specs]
-
-
 def is_spec_buildable(spec):
     """Return true if the spec is configured as buildable"""
     allpkgs = spack.config.get("packages")

lib/spack/spack/patch.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 
 import hashlib
-import inspect
 import os
 import os.path
 import pathlib
@@ -185,8 +184,8 @@ def __init__(
         # search mro to look for the file
         abs_path: Optional[str] = None
         # At different times we call FilePatch on instances and classes
-        pkg_cls = pkg if inspect.isclass(pkg) else pkg.__class__
-        for cls in inspect.getmro(pkg_cls):  # type: ignore
+        pkg_cls = pkg if isinstance(pkg, type) else pkg.__class__
+        for cls in pkg_cls.__mro__:  # type: ignore
             if not hasattr(cls, "module"):
                 # We've gone too far up the MRO
                 break
@@ -319,18 +318,19 @@ def stage(self) -> "spack.stage.Stage":
                 self.url, archive_sha256=self.archive_sha256, expanded_sha256=self.sha256
             )
         else:
-            fetcher = fs.URLFetchStrategy(self.url, sha256=self.sha256, expand=False)
+            fetcher = fs.URLFetchStrategy(url=self.url, sha256=self.sha256, expand=False)
 
         # The same package can have multiple patches with the same name but
         # with different contents, therefore apply a subset of the hash.
         name = "{0}-{1}".format(os.path.basename(self.url), fetch_digest[:7])
 
         per_package_ref = os.path.join(self.owner.split(".")[-1], name)
-        mirror_ref = spack.mirror.mirror_archive_paths(fetcher, per_package_ref)
+        mirror_ref = spack.mirror.default_mirror_layout(fetcher, per_package_ref)
         self._stage = spack.stage.Stage(
             fetcher,
             name=f"{spack.stage.stage_prefix}patch-{fetch_digest}",
             mirror_paths=mirror_ref,
+            mirrors=spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(source=True).values(),
         )
         return self._stage
 

lib/spack/spack/platforms/__init__.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 import contextlib
 
-from ._functions import _host, by_name, platforms, prevent_cray_detection, reset
+from ._functions import _host, by_name, platforms, reset
 from ._platform import Platform
 from .darwin import Darwin
 from .freebsd import FreeBSD
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
     "host",
     "by_name",
     "reset",
-    "prevent_cray_detection",
 ]
 
 #: The "real" platform of the host running Spack. This should not be changed

lib/spack/spack/platforms/_functions.py

@@ -2,12 +2,8 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-import contextlib
-
 import llnl.util.lang
 
-import spack.util.environment
-
 from .darwin import Darwin
 from .freebsd import FreeBSD
 from .linux import Linux
@@ -57,14 +53,3 @@ def by_name(name):
     """
     platform_cls = cls_by_name(name)
     return platform_cls() if platform_cls else None
-
-
-@contextlib.contextmanager
-def prevent_cray_detection():
-    """Context manager that prevents the detection of the Cray platform"""
-    reset()
-    try:
-        with spack.util.environment.set_env(MODULEPATH=""):
-            yield
-    finally:
-        reset()

lib/spack/spack/relocate.py

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 import macholib.mach_o
 import macholib.MachO
 
-import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
 import llnl.util.lang
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
 from llnl.util.lang import memoized
@@ -25,6 +24,7 @@
 import spack.store
 import spack.util.elf as elf
 import spack.util.executable as executable
+import spack.util.filesystem as ssys
 import spack.util.path
 
 from .relocate_text import BinaryFilePrefixReplacer, TextFilePrefixReplacer
@@ -664,7 +664,7 @@ def is_binary(filename):
     Returns:
         True or False
     """
-    m_type, _ = fs.mime_type(filename)
+    m_type, _ = ssys.mime_type(filename)
 
     msg = "[{0}] -> ".format(filename)
     if m_type == "application":
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ def fixup_macos_rpath(root, filename):
         True if fixups were applied, else False
     """
     abspath = os.path.join(root, filename)
-    if fs.mime_type(abspath) != ("application", "x-mach-binary"):
+    if ssys.mime_type(abspath) != ("application", "x-mach-binary"):
         return False
 
     # Get Mach-O header commands

lib/spack/spack/repo.py

@@ -365,9 +365,9 @@ def __init__(self, namespace):
 
     def __getattr__(self, name):
         """Getattr lazily loads modules if they're not already loaded."""
-        submodule = self.__package__ + "." + name
+        submodule = f"{self.__package__}.{name}"
         try:
-            setattr(self, name, __import__(submodule))
+            setattr(self, name, importlib.import_module(submodule))
         except ImportError:
             msg = "'{0}' object has no attribute {1}"
             raise AttributeError(msg.format(type(self), name))
@@ -1281,7 +1281,7 @@ def get_pkg_class(self, pkg_name: str) -> Type["spack.package_base.PackageBase"]
             raise RepoError(msg) from e
 
         cls = getattr(module, class_name)
-        if not inspect.isclass(cls):
+        if not isinstance(cls, type):
             tty.die(f"{pkg_name}.{class_name} is not a class")
 
         # Clear any prior changes to class attributes in case the class was loaded from the

lib/spack/spack/rewiring.py

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ def rewire_node(spec, explicit):
     # spec being added to look for mismatches)
     spack.store.STORE.layout.write_spec(spec, spack.store.STORE.layout.spec_file_path(spec))
     # add to database, not sure about explicit
-    spack.store.STORE.db.add(spec, spack.store.STORE.layout, explicit=explicit)
+    spack.store.STORE.db.add(spec, explicit=explicit)
 
     # run post install hooks
     spack.hooks.post_install(spec, explicit)

lib/spack/spack/schema/__init__.py

@@ -3,22 +3,28 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 """This module contains jsonschema files for all of Spack's YAML formats."""
+import typing
 import warnings
 
 import llnl.util.lang
 
 
+class DeprecationMessage(typing.NamedTuple):
+    message: str
+    error: bool
+
+
 # jsonschema is imported lazily as it is heavy to import
 # and increases the start-up time
 def _make_validator():
     import jsonschema
 
-    import spack.parser
-
     def _validate_spec(validator, is_spec, instance, schema):
         """Check if the attributes on instance are valid specs."""
         import jsonschema
 
+        import spack.parser
+
         if not validator.is_type(instance, "object"):
             return
 
@@ -32,27 +38,31 @@ def _deprecated_properties(validator, deprecated, instance, schema):
         if not (validator.is_type(instance, "object") or validator.is_type(instance, "array")):
             return
 
-        # Get a list of the deprecated properties, return if there is none
-        deprecated_properties = [x for x in instance if x in deprecated["properties"]]
-        if not deprecated_properties:
+        if not deprecated:
             return
 
-        # Retrieve the template message
-        msg_str_or_func = deprecated["message"]
-        if isinstance(msg_str_or_func, str):
-            msg = msg_str_or_func.format(properties=deprecated_properties)
-        else:
-            msg = msg_str_or_func(instance, deprecated_properties)
-            if msg is None:
-                return
+        deprecations = {
+            name: DeprecationMessage(message=x["message"], error=x["error"])
+            for x in deprecated
+            for name in x["names"]
+        }
 
-        is_error = deprecated["error"]
-        if not is_error:
-            warnings.warn(msg)
-        else:
-            import jsonschema
+        # Get a list of the deprecated properties, return if there is none
+        issues = [entry for entry in instance if entry in deprecations]
+        if not issues:
+            return
 
-            yield jsonschema.ValidationError(msg)
+        # Process issues
+        errors = []
+        for name in issues:
+            msg = deprecations[name].message.format(name=name)
+            if deprecations[name].error:
+                errors.append(msg)
+            else:
+                warnings.warn(msg)
+
+        if errors:
+            yield jsonschema.ValidationError("\n".join(errors))
 
     return jsonschema.validators.extend(
         jsonschema.Draft4Validator,

lib/spack/spack/schema/config.py

@@ -96,12 +96,14 @@
             "binary_index_ttl": {"type": "integer", "minimum": 0},
             "aliases": {"type": "object", "patternProperties": {r"\w[\w-]*": {"type": "string"}}},
         },
-        "deprecatedProperties": {
-            "properties": ["concretizer"],
-            "message": "Spack supports only clingo as a concretizer from v0.23. "
-            "The config:concretizer config option is ignored.",
-            "error": False,
-        },
+        "deprecatedProperties": [
+            {
+                "names": ["concretizer"],
+                "message": "Spack supports only clingo as a concretizer from v0.23. "
+                "The config:concretizer config option is ignored.",
+                "error": False,
+            }
+        ],
     }
 }
 

lib/spack/spack/schema/packages.py

@@ -109,7 +109,6 @@
                     "require": requirements,
                     "prefer": prefer_and_conflict,
                     "conflict": prefer_and_conflict,
-                    "version": {},  # Here only to warn users on ignored properties
                     "target": {
                         "type": "array",
                         "default": [],
@@ -140,14 +139,6 @@
                     },
                     "variants": variants,
                 },
-                "deprecatedProperties": {
-                    "properties": ["version"],
-                    "message": "setting version preferences in the 'all' section of packages.yaml "
-                    "is deprecated and will be removed in v0.23\n\n\tThese preferences "
-                    "will be ignored by Spack. You can set them only in package-specific sections "
-                    "of the same file.\n",
-                    "error": False,
-                },
             }
         },
         "patternProperties": {
@@ -165,14 +156,11 @@
                         # version strings
                         "items": {"anyOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "number"}]},
                     },
-                    "target": {},  # Here only to warn users on ignored properties
-                    "compiler": {},  # Here only to warn users on ignored properties
                     "buildable": {"type": "boolean", "default": True},
                     "permissions": permissions,
                     # If 'get_full_repo' is promoted to a Package-level
                     # attribute, it could be useful to set it here
                     "package_attributes": package_attributes,
-                    "providers": {},  # Here only to warn users on ignored properties
                     "variants": variants,
                     "externals": {
                         "type": "array",
@@ -204,18 +192,6 @@
                         },
                     },
                 },
-                "deprecatedProperties": {
-                    "properties": ["target", "compiler", "providers"],
-                    "message": "setting 'compiler:', 'target:' or 'provider:' preferences in "
-                    "a package-specific section of packages.yaml is deprecated, and will be "
-                    "removed in v0.23.\n\n\tThese preferences will be ignored by Spack, and "
-                    "can be set only in the 'all' section of the same file. "
-                    "You can run:\n\n\t\t$ spack audit configs\n\n\tto get better diagnostics, "
-                    "including files:lines where the deprecated attributes are used.\n\n"
-                    "\tUse requirements to enforce conditions on specific packages: "
-                    f"{REQUIREMENT_URL}\n",
-                    "error": False,
-                },
             }
         },
     }

lib/spack/spack/solver/asp.py

@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@
 import spack.config
 import spack.config as sc
 import spack.deptypes as dt
-import spack.directives
 import spack.environment as ev
 import spack.error
 import spack.package_base
@@ -285,16 +284,14 @@ def _create_counter(specs: List[spack.spec.Spec], tests: bool):
     return NoDuplicatesCounter(specs, tests=tests)
 
 
-def all_compilers_in_config(configuration):
-    return spack.compilers.all_compilers_from(configuration)
-
-
 def all_libcs() -> Set[spack.spec.Spec]:
     """Return a set of all libc specs targeted by any configured compiler. If none, fall back to
     libc determined from the current Python process if dynamically linked."""
 
     libcs = {
-        c.default_libc for c in all_compilers_in_config(spack.config.CONFIG) if c.default_libc
+        c.default_libc
+        for c in spack.compilers.all_compilers_from(spack.config.CONFIG)
+        if c.default_libc
     }
 
     if libcs:
@@ -582,7 +579,7 @@ def _is_checksummed_version(version_info: Tuple[GitOrStandardVersion, dict]):
     return _is_checksummed_git_version(version)
 
 
-def _concretization_version_order(version_info: Tuple[GitOrStandardVersion, dict]):
+def concretization_version_order(version_info: Tuple[GitOrStandardVersion, dict]):
     """Version order key for concretization, where preferred > not preferred,
     not deprecated > deprecated, finite > any infinite component; only if all are
     the same, do we use default version ordering."""
@@ -613,7 +610,7 @@ def _external_config_with_implicit_externals(configuration):
     if not using_libc_compatibility():
         return packages_yaml
 
-    for compiler in all_compilers_in_config(configuration):
+    for compiler in spack.compilers.all_compilers_from(configuration):
         libc = compiler.default_libc
         if libc:
             entry = {"spec": f"{libc} %{compiler.spec}", "prefix": libc.external_path}
@@ -1025,6 +1022,102 @@ def __iter__(self):
 ConditionSpecCache = Dict[str, Dict[ConditionSpecKey, ConditionIdFunctionPair]]
 
 
+class ConstraintOrigin(enum.Enum):
+    """Generates identifiers that can be pased into the solver attached
+    to constraints, and then later retrieved to determine the origin of
+    those constraints when ``SpecBuilder`` creates Specs from the solve
+    result.
+    """
+
+    DEPENDS_ON = 1
+    REQUIRE = 2
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _SUFFIXES() -> Dict["ConstraintOrigin", str]:
+        return {ConstraintOrigin.DEPENDS_ON: "_dep", ConstraintOrigin.REQUIRE: "_req"}
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def append_type_suffix(pkg_id: str, kind: "ConstraintOrigin") -> str:
+        """Given a package identifier and a constraint kind, generate a string ID."""
+        suffix = ConstraintOrigin._SUFFIXES()[kind]
+        return f"{pkg_id}{suffix}"
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def strip_type_suffix(source: str) -> Tuple[int, Optional[str]]:
+        """Take a combined package/type ID generated by
+        ``append_type_suffix``, and extract the package ID and
+        an associated weight.
+        """
+        if not source:
+            return -1, None
+        for kind, suffix in ConstraintOrigin._SUFFIXES().items():
+            if source.endswith(suffix):
+                return kind.value, source[: -len(suffix)]
+        return -1, source
+
+
+class SourceContext:
+    """Tracks context in which a Spec's clause-set is generated (i.e.
+    with ``SpackSolverSetup.spec_clauses``).
+
+    Facts generated for the spec may include this context.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        # This can be "literal" for constraints that come from a user
+        # spec (e.g. from the command line); it can be the output of
+        # `ConstraintOrigin.append_type_suffix`; the default is "none"
+        # (which means it isn't important to keep track of the source
+        # in that case).
+        self.source = "none"
+
+
+class ConditionIdContext(SourceContext):
+    """Derived from a ``ConditionContext``: for clause-sets generated by
+    imposed/required specs, stores an associated transform.
+
+    This is primarily used for tracking whether we are generating clauses
+    in the context of a required spec, or for an imposed spec.
+
+    Is not a subclass of ``ConditionContext`` because it exists in a
+    lower-level context with less information.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.transform = None
+
+
+class ConditionContext(SourceContext):
+    """Tracks context in which a condition (i.e. ``SpackSolverSetup.condition``)
+    is generated (e.g. for a `depends_on`).
+
+    This may modify the required/imposed specs generated as relevant
+    for the context.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        # transformation applied to facts from the required spec. Defaults
+        # to leave facts as they are.
+        self.transform_required = None
+        # transformation applied to facts from the imposed spec. Defaults
+        # to removing "node" and "virtual_node" facts.
+        self.transform_imposed = None
+
+    def requirement_context(self) -> ConditionIdContext:
+        ctxt = ConditionIdContext()
+        ctxt.source = self.source
+        ctxt.transform = self.transform_required
+        return ctxt
+
+    def impose_context(self) -> ConditionIdContext:
+        ctxt = ConditionIdContext()
+        ctxt.source = self.source
+        ctxt.transform = self.transform_imposed
+        return ctxt
+
+
 class SpackSolverSetup:
     """Class to set up and run a Spack concretization solve."""
 
@@ -1200,8 +1293,9 @@ def compiler_facts(self):
             if compiler.compiler_obj is not None:
                 c = compiler.compiler_obj
                 for flag_type, flags in c.flags.items():
+                    flag_group = " ".join(flags)
                     for flag in flags:
-                        self.gen.fact(fn.compiler_flag(compiler_id, flag_type, flag))
+                        self.gen.fact(fn.compiler_flag(compiler_id, flag_type, flag, flag_group))
 
             if compiler.available:
                 self.gen.fact(fn.compiler_available(compiler_id))
@@ -1378,7 +1472,7 @@ def _get_condition_id(
         named_cond: spack.spec.Spec,
         cache: ConditionSpecCache,
         body: bool,
-        transform: Optional[TransformFunction] = None,
+        context: ConditionIdContext,
     ) -> int:
         """Get the id for one half of a condition (either a trigger or an imposed constraint).
 
@@ -1392,15 +1486,15 @@ def _get_condition_id(
         """
         pkg_cache = cache[named_cond.name]
 
-        named_cond_key = (str(named_cond), transform)
+        named_cond_key = (str(named_cond), context.transform)
         result = pkg_cache.get(named_cond_key)
         if result:
             return result[0]
 
         cond_id = next(self._id_counter)
-        requirements = self.spec_clauses(named_cond, body=body)
-        if transform:
-            requirements = transform(named_cond, requirements)
+        requirements = self.spec_clauses(named_cond, body=body, context=context)
+        if context.transform:
+            requirements = context.transform(named_cond, requirements)
         pkg_cache[named_cond_key] = (cond_id, requirements)
 
         return cond_id
@@ -1411,8 +1505,7 @@ def condition(
         imposed_spec: Optional[spack.spec.Spec] = None,
         name: Optional[str] = None,
         msg: Optional[str] = None,
-        transform_required: Optional[TransformFunction] = None,
-        transform_imposed: Optional[TransformFunction] = remove_node,
+        context: Optional[ConditionContext] = None,
     ):
         """Generate facts for a dependency or virtual provider condition.
 
@@ -1421,10 +1514,8 @@ def condition(
             imposed_spec: the constraints that are imposed when this condition is triggered
             name: name for `required_spec` (required if required_spec is anonymous, ignored if not)
             msg: description of the condition
-            transform_required: transformation applied to facts from the required spec. Defaults
-                to leave facts as they are.
-            transform_imposed: transformation applied to facts from the imposed spec. Defaults
-                to removing "node" and "virtual_node" facts.
+            context: if provided, indicates how to modify the clause-sets for the required/imposed
+                specs based on the type of constraint they are generated for (e.g. `depends_on`)
         Returns:
             int: id of the condition created by this function
         """
@@ -1432,14 +1523,19 @@ def condition(
         if not name:
             raise ValueError(f"Must provide a name for anonymous condition: '{required_spec}'")
 
+        if not context:
+            context = ConditionContext()
+            context.transform_imposed = remove_node
+
         with spec_with_name(required_spec, name):
             # Check if we can emit the requirements before updating the condition ID counter.
             # In this way, if a condition can't be emitted but the exception is handled in the
             # caller, we won't emit partial facts.
 
             condition_id = next(self._id_counter)
+            requirement_context = context.requirement_context()
             trigger_id = self._get_condition_id(
-                required_spec, cache=self._trigger_cache, body=True, transform=transform_required
+                required_spec, cache=self._trigger_cache, body=True, context=requirement_context
             )
             self.gen.fact(fn.pkg_fact(required_spec.name, fn.condition(condition_id)))
             self.gen.fact(fn.condition_reason(condition_id, msg))
@@ -1449,8 +1545,9 @@ def condition(
             if not imposed_spec:
                 return condition_id
 
+            impose_context = context.impose_context()
             effect_id = self._get_condition_id(
-                imposed_spec, cache=self._effect_cache, body=False, transform=transform_imposed
+                imposed_spec, cache=self._effect_cache, body=False, context=impose_context
             )
             self.gen.fact(
                 fn.pkg_fact(required_spec.name, fn.condition_effect(condition_id, effect_id))
@@ -1458,8 +1555,8 @@ def condition(
 
             return condition_id
 
-    def impose(self, condition_id, imposed_spec, node=True, name=None, body=False):
-        imposed_constraints = self.spec_clauses(imposed_spec, body=body, required_from=name)
+    def impose(self, condition_id, imposed_spec, node=True, body=False):
+        imposed_constraints = self.spec_clauses(imposed_spec, body=body)
         for pred in imposed_constraints:
             # imposed "node"-like conditions are no-ops
             if not node and pred.args[0] in ("node", "virtual_node"):
@@ -1531,14 +1628,14 @@ def dependency_holds(input_spec, requirements):
                         if t & depflag
                     ]
 
-                self.condition(
-                    cond,
-                    dep.spec,
-                    name=pkg.name,
-                    msg=msg,
-                    transform_required=track_dependencies,
-                    transform_imposed=dependency_holds,
+                context = ConditionContext()
+                context.source = ConstraintOrigin.append_type_suffix(
+                    pkg.name, ConstraintOrigin.DEPENDS_ON
                 )
+                context.transform_required = track_dependencies
+                context.transform_imposed = dependency_holds
+
+                self.condition(cond, dep.spec, name=pkg.name, msg=msg, context=context)
 
                 self.gen.newline()
 
@@ -1616,17 +1713,21 @@ def emit_facts_from_requirement_rules(self, rules: List[RequirementRule]):
                     when_spec = spack.spec.Spec(pkg_name)
 
                 try:
-                    # With virtual we want to emit "node" and "virtual_node" in imposed specs
-                    transform: Optional[TransformFunction] = remove_node
-                    if virtual:
-                        transform = None
+                    context = ConditionContext()
+                    context.source = ConstraintOrigin.append_type_suffix(
+                        pkg_name, ConstraintOrigin.REQUIRE
+                    )
+                    if not virtual:
+                        context.transform_imposed = remove_node
+                    # else: for virtuals we want to emit "node" and
+                    # "virtual_node" in imposed specs
 
                     member_id = self.condition(
                         required_spec=when_spec,
                         imposed_spec=spec,
                         name=pkg_name,
-                        transform_imposed=transform,
                         msg=f"{input_spec} is a requirement for package {pkg_name}",
+                        context=context,
                     )
                 except Exception as e:
                     # Do not raise if the rule comes from the 'all' subsection, since usability
@@ -1681,6 +1782,10 @@ def external_packages(self):
             if pkg_name not in spack.repo.PATH:
                 continue
 
+            # This package is not among possible dependencies
+            if pkg_name not in self.pkgs:
+                continue
+
             # Check if the external package is buildable. If it is
             # not then "external(<pkg>)" is a fact, unless we can
             # reuse an already installed spec.
@@ -1721,7 +1826,9 @@ def external_imposition(input_spec, requirements):
                     ]
 
                 try:
-                    self.condition(spec, spec, msg=msg, transform_imposed=external_imposition)
+                    context = ConditionContext()
+                    context.transform_imposed = external_imposition
+                    self.condition(spec, spec, msg=msg, context=context)
                 except (spack.error.SpecError, RuntimeError) as e:
                     warnings.warn(f"while setting up external spec {spec}: {e}")
                     continue
@@ -1796,6 +1903,7 @@ def spec_clauses(
         expand_hashes: bool = False,
         concrete_build_deps=False,
         required_from: Optional[str] = None,
+        context: Optional[SourceContext] = None,
     ) -> List[AspFunction]:
         """Wrap a call to `_spec_clauses()` into a try/except block with better error handling.
 
@@ -1811,6 +1919,7 @@ def spec_clauses(
                 transitive=transitive,
                 expand_hashes=expand_hashes,
                 concrete_build_deps=concrete_build_deps,
+                context=context,
             )
         except RuntimeError as exc:
             msg = str(exc)
@@ -1827,6 +1936,7 @@ def _spec_clauses(
         transitive: bool = True,
         expand_hashes: bool = False,
         concrete_build_deps: bool = False,
+        context: Optional[SourceContext] = None,
     ) -> List[AspFunction]:
         """Return a list of clauses for a spec mandates are true.
 
@@ -1838,6 +1948,8 @@ def _spec_clauses(
             expand_hashes: if True, descend into hashes of concrete specs (default False)
             concrete_build_deps: if False, do not include pure build deps of concrete specs
                 (as they have no effect on runtime constraints)
+            context: tracks what constraint this clause set is generated for (e.g. a
+                `depends_on` constraint in a package.py file)
 
         Normally, if called with ``transitive=True``, ``spec_clauses()`` just generates
         hashes for the dependency requirements of concrete specs. If ``expand_hashes``
@@ -1880,8 +1992,7 @@ def _spec_clauses(
 
                 # validate variant value only if spec not concrete
                 if not spec.concrete:
-                    reserved_names = spack.directives.reserved_names
-                    if not spec.virtual and vname not in reserved_names:
+                    if not spec.virtual and vname not in spack.variant.reserved_names:
                         pkg_cls = self.pkg_class(spec.name)
                         try:
                             variant_def, _ = pkg_cls.variants[vname]
@@ -1925,13 +2036,19 @@ def _spec_clauses(
                 self.compiler_version_constraints.add(spec.compiler)
 
         # compiler flags
+        source = context.source if context else "none"
         for flag_type, flags in spec.compiler_flags.items():
+            flag_group = " ".join(flags)
             for flag in flags:
-                clauses.append(f.node_flag(spec.name, flag_type, flag))
+                clauses.append(
+                    f.node_flag(spec.name, fn.node_flag(flag_type, flag, flag_group, source))
+                )
                 if not spec.concrete and flag.propagate is True:
                     clauses.append(
                         f.propagate(
-                            spec.name, fn.node_flag(flag_type, flag), fn.edge_types("link", "run")
+                            spec.name,
+                            fn.node_flag(flag_type, flag, flag_group, source),
+                            fn.edge_types("link", "run"),
                         )
                     )
 
@@ -2013,6 +2130,7 @@ def _spec_clauses(
                             body=body,
                             expand_hashes=expand_hashes,
                             concrete_build_deps=concrete_build_deps,
+                            context=context,
                         )
                     )
 
@@ -2030,7 +2148,7 @@ def define_package_versions_and_validate_preferences(
             # like being a "develop" version or being preferred exist only at a
             # package.py level, sort them in this partial list here
             package_py_versions = sorted(
-                pkg_cls.versions.items(), key=_concretization_version_order, reverse=True
+                pkg_cls.versions.items(), key=concretization_version_order, reverse=True
             )
 
             if require_checksum and pkg_cls.has_code:
@@ -2648,7 +2766,9 @@ def literal_specs(self, specs):
                 effect_id, requirements = cache[imposed_spec_key]
             else:
                 effect_id = next(self._id_counter)
-                requirements = self.spec_clauses(spec)
+                context = SourceContext()
+                context.source = "literal"
+                requirements = self.spec_clauses(spec, context=context)
             root_name = spec.name
             for clause in requirements:
                 clause_name = clause.args[0]
@@ -3002,7 +3122,7 @@ class CompilerParser:
 
     def __init__(self, configuration) -> None:
         self.compilers: Set[KnownCompiler] = set()
-        for c in all_compilers_in_config(configuration):
+        for c in spack.compilers.all_compilers_from(configuration):
             if using_libc_compatibility() and not c_compiler_runs(c):
                 tty.debug(
                     f"the C compiler {c.cc} does not exist, or does not run correctly."
@@ -3348,7 +3468,6 @@ def __init__(self, specs, hash_lookup=None):
         self._result = None
         self._command_line_specs = specs
         self._flag_sources = collections.defaultdict(lambda: set())
-        self._flag_compiler_defaults = set()
 
         # Pass in as arguments reusable specs and plug them in
         # from this dictionary during reconstruction
@@ -3406,14 +3525,10 @@ def node_compiler_version(self, node, compiler, version):
         self._specs[node].compiler = spack.spec.CompilerSpec(compiler)
         self._specs[node].compiler.versions = vn.VersionList([vn.Version(version)])
 
-    def node_flag_compiler_default(self, node):
-        self._flag_compiler_defaults.add(node)
-
-    def node_flag(self, node, flag_type, flag):
-        self._specs[node].compiler_flags.add_flag(flag_type, flag, False)
-
-    def node_flag_source(self, node, flag_type, source):
-        self._flag_sources[(node, flag_type)].add(source)
+    def node_flag(self, node, node_flag):
+        self._specs[node].compiler_flags.add_flag(
+            node_flag.flag_type, node_flag.flag, False, node_flag.flag_group, node_flag.source
+        )
 
     def external_spec_selected(self, node, idx):
         """This means that the external spec and index idx has been selected for this package."""
@@ -3454,19 +3569,27 @@ def virtual_on_edge(self, parent_node, provider_node, virtual):
         dependencies[0].update_virtuals((virtual,))
 
     def reorder_flags(self):
-        """Order compiler flags on specs in predefined order.
-
-        We order flags so that any node's flags will take priority over
-        those of its dependents.  That is, the deepest node in the DAG's
-        flags will appear last on the compile line, in the order they
-        were specified.
+        """For each spec, determine the order of compiler flags applied to it.
 
         The solver determines which flags are on nodes; this routine
-        imposes order afterwards.
+        imposes order afterwards. The order is:
+
+        1. Flags applied in compiler definitions should come first
+        2. Flags applied by dependents are ordered topologically (with a
+           dependency on `traverse` to resolve the partial order into a
+           stable total order)
+        3. Flags from requirements are then applied (requirements always
+           come from the package and never a parent)
+        4. Command-line flags should come last
+
+        Additionally, for each source (requirements, compiler, command line, and
+        dependents), flags from that source should retain their order and grouping:
+        e.g. for `y cflags="-z -a"` "-z" and "-a" should never have any intervening
+        flags inserted, and should always appear in that order.
         """
         # reverse compilers so we get highest priority compilers that share a spec
         compilers = dict(
-            (c.spec, c) for c in reversed(all_compilers_in_config(spack.config.CONFIG))
+            (c.spec, c) for c in reversed(spack.compilers.all_compilers_from(spack.config.CONFIG))
         )
         cmd_specs = dict((s.name, s) for spec in self._command_line_specs for s in spec.traverse())
 
@@ -3477,40 +3600,78 @@ def reorder_flags(self):
                 flagmap_from_compiler = compilers[spec.compiler].flags
 
             for flag_type in spec.compiler_flags.valid_compiler_flags():
-                from_compiler = flagmap_from_compiler.get(flag_type, [])
-                from_sources = []
-
-                # order is determined by the  DAG. A spec's flags come after any of its ancestors
-                # on the compile line
                 node = SpecBuilder.make_node(pkg=spec.name)
-                source_key = (node, flag_type)
-                if source_key in self._flag_sources:
-                    order = [
-                        SpecBuilder.make_node(pkg=s.name)
-                        for s in spec.traverse(order="post", direction="parents")
-                    ]
-                    sorted_sources = sorted(
-                        self._flag_sources[source_key], key=lambda s: order.index(s)
+
+                ordered_flags = []
+
+                # 1. Put compiler flags first
+                from_compiler = tuple(flagmap_from_compiler.get(flag_type, []))
+                extend_flag_list(ordered_flags, from_compiler)
+
+                # 2. Add all sources (the compiler is one of them, so skip any
+                # flag group that matches it exactly)
+                flag_groups = set()
+                for flag in self._specs[node].compiler_flags.get(flag_type, []):
+                    flag_groups.add(
+                        spack.spec.CompilerFlag(
+                            flag.flag_group,
+                            propagate=flag.propagate,
+                            flag_group=flag.flag_group,
+                            source=flag.source,
+                        )
                     )
 
-                    # add flags from each source, lowest to highest precedence
-                    for node in sorted_sources:
-                        all_src_flags = list()
-                        per_pkg_sources = [self._specs[node]]
-                        if node.pkg in cmd_specs:
-                            per_pkg_sources.append(cmd_specs[node.pkg])
-                        for source in per_pkg_sources:
-                            all_src_flags.extend(source.compiler_flags.get(flag_type, []))
-                        extend_flag_list(from_sources, all_src_flags)
+                # For flags that are applied by dependents, put flags from parents
+                # before children; we depend on the stability of traverse() to
+                # achieve a stable flag order for flags introduced in this manner.
+                topo_order = list(s.name for s in spec.traverse(order="post", direction="parents"))
+                lex_order = list(sorted(flag_groups))
+
+                def _order_index(flag_group):
+                    source = flag_group.source
+                    # Note: if 'require: ^dependency cflags=...' is ever possible,
+                    # this will topologically sort for require as well
+                    type_index, pkg_source = ConstraintOrigin.strip_type_suffix(source)
+                    if pkg_source in topo_order:
+                        major_index = topo_order.index(pkg_source)
+                        # If for x->y, x has multiple depends_on declarations that
+                        # are activated, and each adds cflags to y, we fall back on
+                        # alphabetical ordering to maintain a total order
+                        minor_index = lex_order.index(flag_group)
+                    else:
+                        major_index = len(topo_order) + lex_order.index(flag_group)
+                        minor_index = 0
+                    return (type_index, major_index, minor_index)
+
+                prioritized_groups = sorted(flag_groups, key=lambda x: _order_index(x))
+
+                for grp in prioritized_groups:
+                    grp_flags = tuple(
+                        x for (x, y) in spack.compiler.tokenize_flags(grp.flag_group)
+                    )
+                    if grp_flags == from_compiler:
+                        continue
+                    as_compiler_flags = list(
+                        spack.spec.CompilerFlag(
+                            x,
+                            propagate=grp.propagate,
+                            flag_group=grp.flag_group,
+                            source=grp.source,
+                        )
+                        for x in grp_flags
+                    )
+                    extend_flag_list(ordered_flags, as_compiler_flags)
+
+                # 3. Now put cmd-line flags last
+                if node.pkg in cmd_specs:
+                    cmd_flags = cmd_specs[node.pkg].compiler_flags.get(flag_type, [])
+                    extend_flag_list(ordered_flags, cmd_flags)
 
-                # compiler flags from compilers config are lowest precedence
-                ordered_compiler_flags = list(llnl.util.lang.dedupe(from_compiler + from_sources))
                 compiler_flags = spec.compiler_flags.get(flag_type, [])
+                msg = "%s does not equal %s" % (set(compiler_flags), set(ordered_flags))
+                assert set(compiler_flags) == set(ordered_flags), msg
 
-                msg = f"{set(compiler_flags)} does not equal {set(ordered_compiler_flags)}"
-                assert set(compiler_flags) == set(ordered_compiler_flags), msg
-
-                spec.compiler_flags.update({flag_type: ordered_compiler_flags})
+                spec.compiler_flags.update({flag_type: ordered_flags})
 
     def deprecated(self, node: NodeArgument, version: str) -> None:
         tty.warn(f'using "{node.pkg}@{version}" which is a deprecated version')
@@ -3574,10 +3735,9 @@ def build_specs(self, function_tuples):
                     continue
 
                 # if we've already gotten a concrete spec for this pkg,
-                # do not bother calling actions on it except for node_flag_source,
-                # since node_flag_source is tracking information not in the spec itself
+                # do not bother calling actions on it
                 spec = self._specs.get(args[0])
-                if spec and spec.concrete and name != "node_flag_source":
+                if spec and spec.concrete:
                     continue
 
             action(*args)
@@ -3637,7 +3797,8 @@ def _develop_specs_from_env(spec, env):
         assert spec.variants["dev_path"].value == path, error_msg
     else:
         spec.variants.setdefault("dev_path", spack.variant.SingleValuedVariant("dev_path", path))
-    spec.constrain(dev_info["spec"])
+
+    assert spec.satisfies(dev_info["spec"])
 
 
 def _is_reusable(spec: spack.spec.Spec, packages, local: bool) -> bool:

lib/spack/spack/solver/concretize.lp

@@ -43,9 +43,7 @@
    internal_error("Only nodes can have node_compiler_version").
 :- attr("variant_value", PackageNode, _, _), not attr("node", PackageNode),
    internal_error("variant_value true for a non-node").
-:- attr("node_flag_compiler_default", PackageNode), not attr("node", PackageNode),
-   internal_error("node_flag_compiler_default true for non-node").
-:- attr("node_flag", PackageNode, _, _), not attr("node", PackageNode),
+:- attr("node_flag", PackageNode, _), not attr("node", PackageNode),
    internal_error("node_flag assigned for non-node").
 :- attr("external_spec_selected", PackageNode, _), not attr("node", PackageNode),
    internal_error("external_spec_selected for non-node").
@@ -53,10 +51,6 @@
    internal_error("non-node depends on something").
 :- attr("depends_on", _, ChildNode, _), not attr("node", ChildNode),
    internal_error("something depends_on a non-node").
-:- attr("node_flag_source", Node, _, _), not attr("node", Node),
-   internal_error("node_flag_source assigned for a non-node").
-:- attr("node_flag_source", _, _, SourceNode), not attr("node", SourceNode),
-   internal_error("node_flag_source assigned with a non-node source").
 :- attr("virtual_node", VirtualNode), not provider(_, VirtualNode),
    internal_error("virtual node with no provider").
 :- provider(_, VirtualNode), not attr("virtual_node", VirtualNode),
@@ -154,7 +148,6 @@ unification_set(SetID, VirtualNode)
 % TODO: literals, at the moment, can only influence the "root" unification set. This needs to be extended later.
 
 % Node attributes that have multiple node arguments (usually, only the first argument is a node)
-multiple_nodes_attribute("node_flag_source").
 multiple_nodes_attribute("depends_on").
 multiple_nodes_attribute("virtual_on_edge").
 multiple_nodes_attribute("provider_set").
@@ -392,7 +385,6 @@ trigger_condition_holds(ID, RequestorNode) :-
   attr(Name, node(X, A1), A2, A3)     : condition_requirement(ID, Name, A1, A2, A3),     condition_nodes(ID, PackageNode, node(X, A1)), not multiple_nodes_attribute(Name);
   attr(Name, node(X, A1), A2, A3, A4) : condition_requirement(ID, Name, A1, A2, A3, A4), condition_nodes(ID, PackageNode, node(X, A1));
   % Special cases
-  attr("node_flag_source", node(X, A1), A2, node(Y, A3)) : condition_requirement(ID, "node_flag_source", A1, A2, A3), condition_nodes(ID, PackageNode, node(X, A1)), condition_nodes(ID, PackageNode, node(Y, A3));
   not cannot_hold(ID, PackageNode).
 
 condition_holds(ConditionID, node(X, Package))
@@ -440,13 +432,6 @@ attr(Name, node(X, A1), A2)         :- impose(ID, PackageNode), imposed_constrai
 attr(Name, node(X, A1), A2, A3)     :- impose(ID, PackageNode), imposed_constraint(ID, Name, A1, A2, A3),     imposed_nodes(ID, PackageNode, node(X, A1)), not multiple_nodes_attribute(Name).
 attr(Name, node(X, A1), A2, A3, A4) :- impose(ID, PackageNode), imposed_constraint(ID, Name, A1, A2, A3, A4), imposed_nodes(ID, PackageNode, node(X, A1)).
 
-% For node flag sources we need to look at the condition_set of the source, since it is the dependent
-% of the package on which I want to impose the constraint
-attr("node_flag_source", node(X, A1), A2, node(Y, A3))
-  :- impose(ID, node(X, A1)),
-     imposed_constraint(ID, "node_flag_source", A1, A2, A3),
-     condition_set(node(Y, A3), node(X, A1)).
-
 % Provider set is relevant only for literals, since it's the only place where `^[virtuals=foo] bar`
 % might appear in the HEAD of a rule
 attr("provider_set", node(min_dupe_id, Provider), node(min_dupe_id, Virtual))
@@ -487,8 +472,8 @@ virtual_condition_holds(node(Y, A2), Virtual)
 % we cannot have additional flag values when we are working with concrete specs
 :- attr("node", node(ID, Package)),
    attr("hash", node(ID, Package), Hash),
-   attr("node_flag", node(ID, Package), FlagType, Flag),
-   not imposed_constraint(Hash, "node_flag", Package, FlagType, Flag),
+   attr("node_flag", node(ID, Package), node_flag(FlagType, Flag, _, _)),
+   not imposed_constraint(Hash, "node_flag", Package, node_flag(FlagType, Flag, _, _)),
    internal_error("imposed hash without imposing all flag values").
 
 #defined condition/2.
@@ -789,22 +774,15 @@ required_provider(Provider, Virtual)
 
 :- provider(node(Y, Package), node(X, Virtual)), required_provider(Provider, Virtual), Package != Provider.
 
-% TODO: the following two choice rules allow the solver to add compiler
+% TODO: the following choice rule allows the solver to add compiler
 % flags if their only source is from a requirement. This is overly-specific
 % and should use a more-generic approach like in https://github.com/spack/spack/pull/37180
 
-{ attr("node_flag", node(ID, Package), FlagType, FlagValue) } :-
+{ attr("node_flag", node(ID, Package), NodeFlag) } :-
   requirement_group_member(ConditionID, Package, RequirementID),
   activate_requirement(node(ID, Package), RequirementID),
   pkg_fact(Package, condition_effect(ConditionID, EffectID)),
-  imposed_constraint(EffectID, "node_flag_set", Package, FlagType, FlagValue).
-
-{ attr("node_flag_source", node(NodeID1, Package1), FlagType, node(NodeID2, Package2)) } :-
-  requirement_group_member(ConditionID, Package1, RequirementID),
-  activate_requirement(node(NodeID1, Package1), RequirementID),
-  pkg_fact(Package1, condition_effect(ConditionID, EffectID)),
-  imposed_constraint(EffectID, "node_flag_source", Package1, FlagType, Package2),
-  imposed_nodes(EffectID, node(NodeID2, Package2), node(NodeID1, Package1)).
+  imposed_constraint(EffectID, "node_flag_set", Package, NodeFlag).
 
 requirement_weight(node(ID, Package), Group, W) :-
   W = #min {
@@ -1050,23 +1028,22 @@ variant_is_propagated(PackageNode, Variant) :-
 % 1. The same flag type is not set on this node
 % 2. This node has the same compiler as the propagation source
 
-propagated_flag(node(PackageID, Package), node_flag(FlagType, Flag), SourceNode) :-
-  propagate(node(PackageID, Package), node_flag(FlagType, Flag), _),
-  not attr("node_flag_set", node(PackageID, Package), FlagType, _),
+propagated_flag(node(PackageID, Package), node_flag(FlagType, Flag, FlagGroup, Source), SourceNode) :-
+  propagate(node(PackageID, Package), node_flag(FlagType, Flag, FlagGroup, Source), _),
+  not attr("node_flag_set", node(PackageID, Package), node_flag(FlagType, _, _, "literal")),
   % Same compiler as propagation source
   node_compiler(node(PackageID, Package), CompilerID),
   node_compiler(SourceNode, CompilerID),
-  attr("propagate", SourceNode, node_flag(FlagType, Flag), _),
+  attr("propagate", SourceNode, node_flag(FlagType, Flag, FlagGroup, Source), _),
   node(PackageID, Package) != SourceNode,
   not runtime(Package).
 
-attr("node_flag", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag) :- propagated_flag(PackageNode, node_flag(FlagType, Flag), _).
-attr("node_flag_source", PackageNode, FlagType, SourceNode) :- propagated_flag(PackageNode, node_flag(FlagType, _), SourceNode).
+attr("node_flag", PackageNode, NodeFlag) :- propagated_flag(PackageNode, NodeFlag, _).
 
 % Cannot propagate the same flag from two distinct sources
 error(100, "{0} and {1} cannot both propagate compiler flags '{2}' to {3}", Source1, Source2, Package, FlagType) :-
-  propagated_flag(node(ID, Package), node_flag(FlagType, _), node(_, Source1)),
-  propagated_flag(node(ID, Package), node_flag(FlagType, _), node(_, Source2)),
+  propagated_flag(node(ID, Package), node_flag(FlagType, _, _, _), node(_, Source1)),
+  propagated_flag(node(ID, Package), node_flag(FlagType, _, _, _), node(_, Source2)),
   Source1 < Source2.
 
 %----
@@ -1353,32 +1330,18 @@ error(100, "Compiler {1}@{2} requested for {0} cannot be found. Set install_miss
 % Compiler flags
 %-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-% remember where flags came from
-attr("node_flag_source", PackageNode, FlagType, PackageNode) :- attr("node_flag_set", PackageNode, FlagType, _).
-attr("node_flag_source", PackageNode, FlagType, PackageNode) :- attr("node_flag", PackageNode, FlagType, _), attr("hash", PackageNode, _).
-
 % compiler flags from compilers.yaml are put on nodes if compiler matches
-attr("node_flag", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag)
-  :- compiler_flag(CompilerID, FlagType, Flag),
+attr("node_flag", PackageNode, node_flag(FlagType, Flag, FlagGroup, CompilerID))
+  :- compiler_flag(CompilerID, FlagType, Flag, FlagGroup),
      node_compiler(PackageNode, CompilerID),
      flag_type(FlagType),
      compiler_id(CompilerID),
      compiler_name(CompilerID, CompilerName),
      compiler_version(CompilerID, Version).
 
-attr("node_flag_compiler_default", PackageNode)
-  :- not attr("node_flag_set", PackageNode, FlagType, _),
-     compiler_flag(CompilerID, FlagType, Flag),
-     node_compiler(PackageNode, CompilerID),
-     flag_type(FlagType),
-     compiler_id(CompilerID),
-     compiler_name(CompilerID, CompilerName),
-     compiler_version(CompilerID, Version).
+attr("node_flag", PackageNode, NodeFlag) :- attr("node_flag_set", PackageNode, NodeFlag).
 
-% Flag set to something
-attr("node_flag", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag) :- attr("node_flag_set", PackageNode, FlagType, Flag).
-
-#defined compiler_flag/3.
+#defined compiler_flag/4.
 
 
 %-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

lib/spack/spack/solver/core.py

@@ -230,6 +230,13 @@ class NodeArgument(NamedTuple):
     pkg: str
 
 
+class NodeFlag(NamedTuple):
+    flag_type: str
+    flag: str
+    flag_group: str
+    source: str
+
+
 def intermediate_repr(sym):
     """Returns an intermediate representation of clingo models for Spack's spec builder.
 
@@ -248,6 +255,13 @@ def intermediate_repr(sym):
             return NodeArgument(
                 id=intermediate_repr(sym.arguments[0]), pkg=intermediate_repr(sym.arguments[1])
             )
+        elif sym.name == "node_flag":
+            return NodeFlag(
+                flag_type=intermediate_repr(sym.arguments[0]),
+                flag=intermediate_repr(sym.arguments[1]),
+                flag_group=intermediate_repr(sym.arguments[2]),
+                source=intermediate_repr(sym.arguments[3]),
+            )
     except RuntimeError:
         # This happens when using clingo w/ CFFI and trying to access ".name" for symbols
         # that are not functions

lib/spack/spack/solver/display.lp

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #show attr/2.
 #show attr/3.
 #show attr/4.
+#show attr/5.
 
 % names of optimization criteria
 #show opt_criterion/2.