remove deprecated methods

This resolves a circular import issue between spack.spec and spack.concretize.
It requires removing the `Spec.concretize` and `Spec.concretized` methods and
updating all call-sites to use `spack.concretize.concretized` instead.

This will help with potential future efforts to separate AbstractSpec and
ConcreteSpec classes.

New import relationship is `spack.concretize` imports from `spack.spec`, but
not the other way around.

.github/workflows/build-containers.yml

@@ -57,7 +57,13 @@ jobs:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683
 
-      - uses: docker/metadata-action@8e5442c4ef9f78752691e2d8f8d19755c6f78e81
+      - name: Determine latest release tag
+        id: latest
+        run: |
+          git fetch --quiet --tags
+          echo "tag=$(git tag --list --sort=-v:refname | grep -E '^v[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+$' | head -n 1)" | tee -a $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+
+      - uses: docker/metadata-action@369eb591f429131d6889c46b94e711f089e6ca96
         id: docker_meta
         with:
           images: |
@@ -71,6 +77,7 @@ jobs:
               type=semver,pattern={{major}}
               type=ref,event=branch
               type=ref,event=pr
+              type=raw,value=latest,enable=${{ github.ref == format('refs/tags/{0}', steps.latest.outputs.tag) }}
 
       - name: Generate the Dockerfile
         env:
@@ -113,7 +120,7 @@ jobs:
           password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Build & Deploy ${{ matrix.dockerfile[0] }}
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@4f58ea79222b3b9dc2c8bbdd6debcef730109a75
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@48aba3b46d1b1fec4febb7c5d0c644b249a11355
         with:
           context: dockerfiles/${{ matrix.dockerfile[0] }}
           platforms: ${{ matrix.dockerfile[1] }}

.github/workflows/ci.yaml

@@ -83,10 +83,17 @@ jobs:
 
   all-prechecks:
     needs: [ prechecks ]
+    if: ${{ always() }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Success
-      run: "true"
+      run: |
+        if [ "${{ needs.prechecks.result }}" == "failure" ] || [ "${{ needs.prechecks.result }}" == "canceled" ]; then
+          echo "Unit tests failed." 
+          exit 1
+        else
+          exit 0
+        fi
 
   coverage:
     needs: [ unit-tests, prechecks ]
@@ -94,8 +101,19 @@ jobs:
     secrets: inherit
 
   all:
-    needs: [ coverage, bootstrap ]
+    needs: [ unit-tests, coverage, bootstrap ]
+    if: ${{ always() }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    # See https://docs.github.com/en/actions/writing-workflows/choosing-what-your-workflow-does/accessing-contextual-information-about-workflow-runs#needs-context
     steps:
-    - name: Success
-      run: "true"
+    - name: Status summary
+      run: |
+        if [ "${{ needs.unit-tests.result }}" == "failure" ] || [ "${{ needs.unit-tests.result }}" == "canceled" ]; then
+          echo "Unit tests failed." 
+          exit 1
+        elif [ "${{ needs.bootstrap.result }}" == "failure" ] || [ "${{ needs.bootstrap.result }}" == "canceled" ]; then
+          echo "Bootstrap tests failed." 
+          exit 1
+        else
+          exit 0
+        fi

.github/workflows/coverage.yml

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ jobs:
     - run: coverage xml
 
     - name: "Upload coverage report to CodeCov"
-      uses: codecov/codecov-action@b9fd7d16f6d7d1b5d2bec1a2887e65ceed900238
+      uses: codecov/codecov-action@05f5a9cfad807516dbbef9929c4a42df3eb78766
       with:
         verbose: true
+        fail_ci_if_error: true

.github/workflows/requirements/style/requirements.txt

@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ clingo==5.7.1
 flake8==7.1.1
 isort==5.13.2
 mypy==1.8.0
-types-six==1.16.21.20241009
+types-six==1.17.0.20241205
 vermin==1.6.0

.github/workflows/unit_tests.yaml

@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ jobs:
         spack bootstrap disable github-actions-v0.6
         spack bootstrap status
         spack solve zlib
-        spack unit-test --verbose --cov --cov-config=pyproject.toml --cov-report=xml:coverage.xml lib/spack/spack/test/concretize.py
+        spack unit-test --verbose --cov --cov-config=pyproject.toml --cov-report=xml:coverage.xml lib/spack/spack/test/concretization/core.py
     - uses: actions/upload-artifact@b4b15b8c7c6ac21ea08fcf65892d2ee8f75cf882
       with:
         name: coverage-clingo-cffi

README.md

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ Tutorial
 ----------------
 
 We maintain a
-[**hands-on tutorial**](https://spack.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorial.html).
+[**hands-on tutorial**](https://spack-tutorial.readthedocs.io/).
 It covers basic to advanced usage, packaging, developer features, and large HPC
 deployments.  You can do all of the exercises on your own laptop using a
 Docker container.

etc/spack/defaults/concretizer.yaml

@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ concretizer:
   # Option to deal with possible duplicate nodes (i.e. different nodes from the same package) in the DAG.
   duplicates:
     # "none": allows a single node for any package in the DAG.
-    # "minimal": allows the duplication of 'build-tools' nodes only (e.g. py-setuptools, cmake etc.)
+    # "minimal": allows the duplication of 'build-tools' nodes only
+    # (e.g. py-setuptools, cmake etc.)
     # "full" (experimental): allows separation of the entire build-tool stack (e.g. the entire "cmake" subDAG)
     strategy: minimal
   # Option to specify compatibility between operating systems for reuse of compilers and packages
@@ -47,3 +48,18 @@ concretizer:
   # it can reuse. Note this is a directional compatibility so mutual compatibility between two OS's
   # requires two entries i.e. os_compatible: {sonoma: [monterey], monterey: [sonoma]}
   os_compatible: {}
+
+  # Option to specify whether to support splicing. Splicing allows for
+  # the relinking of concrete package dependencies in order to better
+  # reuse already built packages with ABI compatible dependencies
+  splice:
+    explicit: []
+    automatic: false
+  # Maximum time, in seconds, allowed for the 'solve' phase. If set to 0, there is no time limit.
+  timeout: 0
+  # If set to true, exceeding the timeout will always result in a concretization error. If false,
+  # the best (suboptimal) model computed before the timeout is used.
+  #
+  # Setting this to false yields unreproducible results, so we advise to use that value only
+  # for debugging purposes (e.g. check which constraints can help Spack concretize faster).
+  error_on_timeout: true

etc/spack/defaults/packages.yaml

@@ -76,6 +76,8 @@ packages:
     buildable: false
   cray-mvapich2:
     buildable: false
+  egl:
+    buildable: false
   fujitsu-mpi:
     buildable: false
   hpcx-mpi:

lib/spack/docs/build_settings.rst

@@ -237,3 +237,35 @@ is optional -- by default, splices will be transitive.
    ``mpich/abcdef`` instead of ``mvapich2`` as the MPI provider. Spack
    will warn the user in this case, but will not fail the
    concretization.
+
+.. _automatic_splicing:
+
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+Automatic Splicing
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The Spack solver can be configured to do automatic splicing for
+ABI-compatible packages. Automatic splices are enabled in the concretizer
+config section
+
+.. code-block:: yaml
+
+   concretizer:
+     splice:
+       automatic: True
+
+Packages can include ABI-compatibility information using the
+``can_splice`` directive. See :ref:`the packaging
+guide<abi_compatibility>` for instructions on specifying ABI
+compatibility using the ``can_splice`` directive.
+
+.. note::
+
+   The ``can_splice`` directive is experimental and may be changed in
+   future versions.
+
+When automatic splicing is enabled, the concretizer will combine any
+number of ABI-compatible specs if possible to reuse installed packages
+and packages available from binary caches. The end result of these
+specs is equivalent to a series of transitive/intransitive splices,
+but the series may be non-obvious.

lib/spack/docs/conf.py

@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ def setup(sphinx):
     # Spack classes that are private and we don't want to expose
     ("py:class", "spack.provider_index._IndexBase"),
     ("py:class", "spack.repo._PrependFileLoader"),
-    ("py:class", "spack.build_systems._checks.BaseBuilder"),
+    ("py:class", "spack.build_systems._checks.BuilderWithDefaults"),
     # Spack classes that intersphinx is unable to resolve
     ("py:class", "spack.version.StandardVersion"),
     ("py:class", "spack.spec.DependencySpec"),
@@ -221,6 +221,7 @@ def setup(sphinx):
     ("py:class", "spack.filesystem_view.SimpleFilesystemView"),
     ("py:class", "spack.traverse.EdgeAndDepth"),
     ("py:class", "archspec.cpu.microarchitecture.Microarchitecture"),
+    ("py:class", "spack.compiler.CompilerCache"),
     # TypeVar that is not handled correctly
     ("py:class", "llnl.util.lang.T"),
 ]

lib/spack/docs/environments.rst

@@ -1042,7 +1042,7 @@ file snippet we define a view named ``mpis``, rooted at
 ``/path/to/view`` in which all projections use the package name,
 version, and compiler name to determine the path for a given
 package. This view selects all packages that depend on MPI, and
-excludes those built with the PGI compiler at version 18.5.
+excludes those built with the GCC compiler at version 18.5.
 The root specs with their (transitive) link and run type dependencies
 will be put in the view due to the  ``link: all`` option,
 and the files in the view will be symlinks to the spack install
@@ -1056,7 +1056,7 @@ directories.
        mpis:
          root: /path/to/view
          select: [^mpi]
-         exclude: ['%pgi@18.5']
+         exclude: ['%gcc@18.5']
          projections:
            all: '{name}/{version}-{compiler.name}'
          link: all

lib/spack/docs/getting_started.rst

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ A build matrix showing which packages are working on which systems is shown belo
       .. code-block:: console
 
          apt update
-         apt install build-essential ca-certificates coreutils curl environment-modules gfortran git gpg lsb-release python3 python3-distutils python3-venv unzip zip
+         apt install bzip2 ca-certificates file g++ gcc gfortran git gzip lsb-release patch python3 tar unzip xz-utils zstd
 
    .. tab-item:: RHEL
 
@@ -43,14 +43,14 @@ A build matrix showing which packages are working on which systems is shown belo
 
          dnf install epel-release
          dnf group install "Development Tools"
-         dnf install curl findutils gcc-gfortran gnupg2 hostname iproute redhat-lsb-core python3 python3-pip python3-setuptools unzip python3-boto3
+         dnf install gcc-gfortran redhat-lsb-core python3 unzip
 
    .. tab-item:: macOS Brew
 
       .. code-block:: console
 
          brew update
-         brew install curl gcc git gnupg zip
+         brew install gcc git zip
 
 ------------
 Installation
@@ -283,10 +283,6 @@ compilers`` or ``spack compiler list``:
        intel@14.0.1  intel@13.0.1  intel@12.1.2  intel@10.1
    -- clang -------------------------------------------------------
        clang@3.4  clang@3.3  clang@3.2  clang@3.1
-   -- pgi ---------------------------------------------------------
-       pgi@14.3-0   pgi@13.2-0  pgi@12.1-0   pgi@10.9-0  pgi@8.0-1
-       pgi@13.10-0  pgi@13.1-1  pgi@11.10-0  pgi@10.2-0  pgi@7.1-3
-       pgi@13.6-0   pgi@12.8-0  pgi@11.1-0   pgi@9.0-4   pgi@7.0-6
 
 Any of these compilers can be used to build Spack packages.  More on
 how this is done is in :ref:`sec-specs`.
@@ -806,65 +802,6 @@ flags to the ``icc`` command:
            spec: intel@15.0.24.4.9.3
 
 
-^^^
-PGI
-^^^
-
-PGI comes with two sets of compilers for C++ and Fortran,
-distinguishable by their names.  "Old" compilers:
-
-.. code-block:: yaml
-
-    cc:  /soft/pgi/15.10/linux86-64/15.10/bin/pgcc
-    cxx: /soft/pgi/15.10/linux86-64/15.10/bin/pgCC
-    f77: /soft/pgi/15.10/linux86-64/15.10/bin/pgf77
-    fc:  /soft/pgi/15.10/linux86-64/15.10/bin/pgf90
-
-"New" compilers:
-
-.. code-block:: yaml
-
-    cc:  /soft/pgi/15.10/linux86-64/15.10/bin/pgcc
-    cxx: /soft/pgi/15.10/linux86-64/15.10/bin/pgc++
-    f77: /soft/pgi/15.10/linux86-64/15.10/bin/pgfortran
-    fc:  /soft/pgi/15.10/linux86-64/15.10/bin/pgfortran
-
-Older installations of PGI contains just the old compilers; whereas
-newer installations contain the old and the new.  The new compiler is
-considered preferable, as some packages
-(``hdf``) will not build with the old compiler.
-
-When auto-detecting a PGI compiler, there are cases where Spack will
-find the old compilers, when you really want it to find the new
-compilers.  It is best to check this ``compilers.yaml``; and if the old
-compilers are being used, change ``pgf77`` and ``pgf90`` to
-``pgfortran``.
-
-Other issues:
-
-* There are reports that some packages will not build with PGI,
-  including ``libpciaccess`` and ``openssl``.  A workaround is to
-  build these packages with another compiler and then use them as
-  dependencies for PGI-build packages.  For example:
-
-  .. code-block:: console
-
-     $ spack install openmpi%pgi ^libpciaccess%gcc
-
-
-* PGI requires a license to use; see :ref:`licensed-compilers` for more
-  information on installation.
-
-.. note::
-
-   It is believed the problem with HDF 4 is that everything is
-   compiled with the ``F77`` compiler, but at some point some Fortran
-   90 code slipped in there. So compilers that can handle both FORTRAN
-   77 and Fortran 90 (``gfortran``, ``pgfortran``, etc) are fine.  But
-   compilers specific to one or the other (``pgf77``, ``pgf90``) won't
-   work.
-
-
 ^^^
 NAG
 ^^^
@@ -1389,6 +1326,7 @@ Required:
 * Microsoft Visual Studio
 * Python
 * Git
+* 7z
 
 Optional:
 * Intel Fortran (needed for some packages)
@@ -1454,6 +1392,13 @@ as the project providing Git support on Windows. This is additionally the recomm
 for installing Git on Windows, a link to which can be found above. Spack requires the
 utilities vendored by this project.
 
+"""
+7zip
+"""
+
+A tool for extracting ``.xz`` files is required for extracting source tarballs. The latest 7zip
+can be located at https://sourceforge.net/projects/sevenzip/.
+
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 Step 2: Install and setup Spack
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

lib/spack/docs/packaging_guide.rst

@@ -1267,7 +1267,7 @@ Git fetching supports the following parameters to ``version``:
   This feature requires ``git`` to be version ``2.25.0`` or later but is useful for
   large repositories that have separate portions that can be built independently.
   If paths provided are directories then all the subdirectories and associated files
-  will also be cloned. 
+  will also be cloned.
 
 Only one of ``tag``, ``branch``, or ``commit`` can be used at a time.
 
@@ -1367,8 +1367,8 @@ Submodules
   git-submodule``.
 
 Sparse-Checkout
-  You can supply ``git_sparse_paths`` at the package or version level to utilize git's 
-  sparse-checkout feature. This will only clone the paths that are specified in the 
+  You can supply ``git_sparse_paths`` at the package or version level to utilize git's
+  sparse-checkout feature. This will only clone the paths that are specified in the
   ``git_sparse_paths`` attribute for the package along with the files in the top level directory.
   This feature allows you to only clone what you need from a large repository.
   Note that this is a newer feature in git and requries git ``2.25.0`` or greater.
@@ -1928,71 +1928,29 @@ to the empty list.
 String. A URL pointing to license setup instructions for the software.
 Defaults to the empty string.
 
-For example, let's take a look at the package for the PGI compilers.
+For example, let's take a look at the Arm Forge package.
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
    # Licensing
    license_required = True
-   license_comment  = "#"
-   license_files    = ["license.dat"]
-   license_vars     = ["PGROUPD_LICENSE_FILE", "LM_LICENSE_FILE"]
-   license_url      = "http://www.pgroup.com/doc/pgiinstall.pdf"
+   license_comment = "#"
+   license_files = ["licences/Licence"]
+   license_vars = [
+       "ALLINEA_LICENSE_DIR",
+       "ALLINEA_LICENCE_DIR",
+       "ALLINEA_LICENSE_FILE",
+       "ALLINEA_LICENCE_FILE",
+   ]
+   license_url = "https://developer.arm.com/documentation/101169/latest/Use-Arm-Licence-Server"
 
-As you can see, PGI requires a license. Its license manager, FlexNet, uses
-the ``#`` symbol to denote a comment. It expects the license file to be
-named ``license.dat`` and to be located directly in the installation prefix.
-If you would like the installation file to be located elsewhere, simply set
-``PGROUPD_LICENSE_FILE`` or ``LM_LICENSE_FILE`` after installation. For
-further instructions on installation and licensing, see the URL provided.
+Arm Forge requires a license. Its license manager uses the ``#`` symbol to denote a comment.
+It expects the license file to be named ``License`` and to be located in a ``licenses`` directory
+in the installation prefix.
 
-Let's walk through a sample PGI installation to see exactly what Spack is
-and isn't capable of. Since PGI does not provide a download URL, it must
-be downloaded manually. It can either be added to a mirror or located in
-the current directory when ``spack install pgi`` is run. See :ref:`mirrors`
-for instructions on setting up a mirror.
-
-After running ``spack install pgi``, the first thing that will happen is
-Spack will create a global license file located at
-``$SPACK_ROOT/etc/spack/licenses/pgi/license.dat``. It will then open up the
-file using :ref:`your favorite editor <controlling-the-editor>`. It will look like
-this:
-
-.. code-block:: sh
-
-   # A license is required to use pgi.
-   #
-   # The recommended solution is to store your license key in this global
-   # license file. After installation, the following symlink(s) will be
-   # added to point to this file (relative to the installation prefix):
-   #
-   #   license.dat
-   #
-   # Alternatively, use one of the following environment variable(s):
-   #
-   #   PGROUPD_LICENSE_FILE
-   #   LM_LICENSE_FILE
-   #
-   # If you choose to store your license in a non-standard location, you may
-   # set one of these variable(s) to the full pathname to the license file, or
-   # port@host if you store your license keys on a dedicated license server.
-   # You will likely want to set this variable in a module file so that it
-   # gets loaded every time someone tries to use pgi.
-   #
-   # For further information on how to acquire a license, please refer to:
-   #
-   #   http://www.pgroup.com/doc/pgiinstall.pdf
-   #
-   # You may enter your license below.
-
-You can add your license directly to this file, or tell FlexNet to use a
-license stored on a separate license server. Here is an example that
-points to a license server called licman1:
-
-.. code-block:: none
-
-   SERVER licman1.mcs.anl.gov 00163eb7fba5 27200
-   USE_SERVER
+If you would like the installation file to be located elsewhere, simply set ``ALLINEA_LICENSE_DIR`` or
+one of the other license variables after installation. For further instructions on installation and
+licensing, see the URL provided.
 
 If your package requires the license to install, you can reference the
 location of this global license using ``self.global_license_file``.
@@ -2392,7 +2350,7 @@ by the ``--jobs`` option:
 .. code-block:: python
    :emphasize-lines: 7, 11
    :linenos:
- 
+
    class Xios(Package):
       ...
       def install(self, spec, prefix):
@@ -2967,9 +2925,9 @@ make sense during the build phase may not be needed at runtime, and vice versa.
 it makes sense to let a dependency set the environment variables for its dependents. To allow all
 this, Spack provides four different methods that can be overridden in a package:
 
-1. :meth:`setup_build_environment <spack.builder.Builder.setup_build_environment>`
+1. :meth:`setup_build_environment <spack.builder.BaseBuilder.setup_build_environment>`
 2. :meth:`setup_run_environment <spack.package_base.PackageBase.setup_run_environment>`
-3. :meth:`setup_dependent_build_environment <spack.builder.Builder.setup_dependent_build_environment>`
+3. :meth:`setup_dependent_build_environment <spack.builder.BaseBuilder.setup_dependent_build_environment>`
 4. :meth:`setup_dependent_run_environment <spack.package_base.PackageBase.setup_dependent_run_environment>`
 
 The Qt package, for instance, uses this call:
@@ -5420,7 +5378,7 @@ by build recipes. Examples of checking :ref:`variant settings <variants>` and
     determine whether it needs to also set up build dependencies (see
     :ref:`test-build-tests`).
 
-The ``MyPackage`` package below provides two basic test examples: 
+The ``MyPackage`` package below provides two basic test examples:
 ``test_example`` and ``test_example2``.  The first runs the installed
 ``example`` and ensures its output contains an expected string. The second
 runs ``example2`` without checking output so is only concerned with confirming
@@ -5737,7 +5695,7 @@ subdirectory of the installation prefix. They are automatically copied to
 the appropriate relative paths under the test stage directory prior to
 executing stand-alone tests.
 
-.. tip:: 
+.. tip::
 
     *Perform test-related conversions once when copying files.*
 
@@ -7113,6 +7071,46 @@ might write:
    CXXFLAGS += -I$DWARF_PREFIX/include
    CXXFLAGS += -L$DWARF_PREFIX/lib
 
+.. _abi_compatibility:
+
+----------------------------
+Specifying ABI Compatibility
+----------------------------
+
+Packages can include ABI-compatibility information using the
+``can_splice`` directive. For example, if ``Foo`` version 1.1 can
+always replace version 1.0, then the package could have:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   can_splice("foo@1.0", when="@1.1")
+
+For virtual packages, packages can also specify ABI-compabitiliby with
+other packages providing the same virtual. For example, ``zlib-ng``
+could specify:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   can_splice("zlib@1.3.1", when="@2.2+compat")
+
+Some packages have ABI-compatibility that is dependent on matching
+variant values, either for all variants or for some set of
+ABI-relevant variants. In those cases, it is not necessary to specify
+the full combinatorial explosion. The ``match_variants`` keyword can
+cover all single-value variants.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   can_splice("foo@1.1", when="@1.2", match_variants=["bar"])  # any value for bar as long as they're the same
+   can_splice("foo@1.2", when="@1.3", match_variants="*")  # any variant values if all single-value variants match
+
+The concretizer will use ABI compatibility to determine automatic
+splices when :ref:`automatic splicing<automatic_splicing>` is enabled.
+
+.. note::
+
+   The ``can_splice`` directive is experimental, and may be replaced
+   by a higher-level interface in future versions of Spack.
 
 .. _package_class_structure:
 

lib/spack/docs/requirements.txt

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 sphinx==8.1.3
 sphinxcontrib-programoutput==0.17
 sphinx_design==0.6.1
-sphinx-rtd-theme==3.0.1
+sphinx-rtd-theme==3.0.2
 python-levenshtein==0.26.1
 docutils==0.21.2
 pygments==2.18.0
 urllib3==2.2.3
-pytest==8.3.3
+pytest==8.3.4
 isort==5.13.2
 black==24.10.0
 flake8==7.1.1

lib/spack/llnl/util/filesystem.py

@@ -20,7 +20,20 @@
 import tempfile
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from itertools import accumulate
-from typing import Callable, Deque, Dict, Iterable, List, Match, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
+from typing import (
+    Callable,
+    Deque,
+    Dict,
+    Generator,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Match,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+)
 
 import llnl.util.symlink
 from llnl.util import tty
@@ -85,6 +98,8 @@
     "visit_directory_tree",
 ]
 
+Path = Union[str, pathlib.Path]
+
 if sys.version_info < (3, 7, 4):
     # monkeypatch shutil.copystat to fix PermissionError when copying read-only
     # files on Lustre when using Python < 3.7.4
@@ -1674,51 +1689,44 @@ def find_first(root: str, files: Union[Iterable[str], str], bfs_depth: int = 2)
 
 
 def find(
-    root: Union[str, List[str]],
-    files: Union[str, List[str]],
+    root: Union[Path, Sequence[Path]],
+    files: Union[str, Sequence[str]],
     recursive: bool = True,
     max_depth: Optional[int] = None,
 ) -> List[str]:
-    """Finds all non-directory files matching the filename patterns from ``files`` starting from
-    ``root``. This function returns a deterministic result for the same input and directory
-    structure when run multiple times. Symlinked directories are followed, and unique directories
-    are searched only once. Each matching file is returned only once at lowest depth in case
-    multiple paths exist due to symlinked directories. The function has similarities to the Unix
-    ``find`` utility.
-
-    Examples:
-
-    .. code-block:: console
-
-       $ find -L /usr -name python3 -type f
-
-    is roughly equivalent to
-
-    >>> find("/usr", "python3")
-
-    with the notable difference that this function only lists a single path to each file in case of
+    """Finds all files matching the patterns from ``files`` starting from ``root``. This function
+    returns a deterministic result for the same input and directory structure when run multiple
+    times. Symlinked directories are followed, and unique directories are searched only once. Each
+    matching file is returned only once at lowest depth in case multiple paths exist due to
     symlinked directories.
 
-    .. code-block:: console
-
-       $ find -L /usr/local/bin /usr/local/sbin -maxdepth 1 '(' -name python3 -o -name getcap \\
-            ')' -type f
-
-    is roughly equivalent to:
-
-    >>> find(["/usr/local/bin", "/usr/local/sbin"], ["python3", "getcap"], recursive=False)
-
     Accepts any glob characters accepted by fnmatch:
 
     ==========  ====================================
     Pattern     Meaning
     ==========  ====================================
-    ``*``       matches everything
+    ``*``       matches one or more characters
     ``?``       matches any single character
     ``[seq]``   matches any character in ``seq``
     ``[!seq]``  matches any character not in ``seq``
     ==========  ====================================
 
+    Examples:
+
+    >>> find("/usr", "*.txt", recursive=True, max_depth=2)
+
+    finds all files with the extension ``.txt`` in the directory ``/usr`` and subdirectories up to
+    depth 2.
+
+    >>> find(["/usr", "/var"], ["*.txt", "*.log"], recursive=True)
+
+    finds all files with the extension ``.txt`` or ``.log`` in the directories ``/usr`` and
+    ``/var`` at any depth.
+
+    >>> find("/usr", "GL/*.h", recursive=True)
+
+    finds all header files in a directory GL at any depth in the directory ``/usr``.
+
     Parameters:
         root: One or more root directories to start searching from
         files: One or more filename patterns to search for
@@ -1727,22 +1735,25 @@ def find(
 
     Returns a list of absolute, matching file paths.
     """
-    if not isinstance(root, list):
+    if isinstance(root, (str, pathlib.Path)):
         root = [root]
+    elif not isinstance(root, collections.abc.Sequence):
+        raise TypeError(f"'root' arg must be a path or a sequence of paths, not '{type(root)}']")
 
-    if not isinstance(files, list):
+    if isinstance(files, str):
         files = [files]
+    elif not isinstance(files, collections.abc.Sequence):
+        raise TypeError(f"'files' arg must be str or a sequence of str, not '{type(files)}']")
 
     # If recursive is false, max_depth can only be None or 0
     if max_depth and not recursive:
         raise ValueError(f"max_depth ({max_depth}) cannot be set if recursive is False")
 
+    tty.debug(f"Find (max depth = {max_depth}): {root} {files}")
     if not recursive:
         max_depth = 0
     elif max_depth is None:
         max_depth = sys.maxsize
-
-    tty.debug(f"Find (max depth = {max_depth}): {root} {files}")
     result = _find_max_depth(root, files, max_depth)
     tty.debug(f"Find complete: {root} {files}")
     return result
@@ -1753,21 +1764,47 @@ def _log_file_access_issue(e: OSError, path: str) -> None:
     tty.debug(f"find must skip {path}: {errno_name} {e}")
 
 
-def _dir_id(s: os.stat_result) -> Tuple[int, int]:
+def _file_id(s: os.stat_result) -> Tuple[int, int]:
     # Note: on windows, st_ino is the file index and st_dev is the volume serial number. See
     # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.9/Python/fileutils.c
     return (s.st_ino, s.st_dev)
 
 
-def _find_max_depth(roots: List[str], globs: List[str], max_depth: int = sys.maxsize) -> List[str]:
+def _dedupe_files(paths: List[str]) -> List[str]:
+    """Deduplicate files by inode and device, dropping files that cannot be accessed."""
+    unique_files: List[str] = []
+    # tuple of (inode, device) for each file without following symlinks
+    visited: Set[Tuple[int, int]] = set()
+    for path in paths:
+        try:
+            stat_info = os.lstat(path)
+        except OSError as e:
+            _log_file_access_issue(e, path)
+            continue
+        file_id = _file_id(stat_info)
+        if file_id not in visited:
+            unique_files.append(path)
+            visited.add(file_id)
+    return unique_files
+
+
+def _find_max_depth(
+    roots: Sequence[Path], globs: Sequence[str], max_depth: int = sys.maxsize
+) -> List[str]:
     """See ``find`` for the public API."""
-    # Apply normcase to file patterns and filenames to respect case insensitive filesystems
-    regex, groups = fnmatch_translate_multiple([os.path.normcase(x) for x in globs])
-    # Ordered dictionary that keeps track of the files found for each pattern
-    capture_group_to_paths: Dict[str, List[str]] = {group: [] for group in groups}
+    # We optimize for the common case of simple filename only patterns: a single, combined regex
+    # is used. For complex patterns that include path components, we use a slower glob call from
+    # every directory we visit within max_depth.
+    filename_only_patterns = {
+        f"pattern_{i}": os.path.normcase(x) for i, x in enumerate(globs) if "/" not in x
+    }
+    complex_patterns = {f"pattern_{i}": x for i, x in enumerate(globs) if "/" in x}
+    regex = re.compile(fnmatch_translate_multiple(filename_only_patterns))
+    # Ordered dictionary that keeps track of what pattern found which files
+    matched_paths: Dict[str, List[str]] = {f"pattern_{i}": [] for i, _ in enumerate(globs)}
     # Ensure returned paths are always absolute
     roots = [os.path.abspath(r) for r in roots]
-    # Breadth-first search queue. Each element is a tuple of (depth, directory)
+    # Breadth-first search queue. Each element is a tuple of (depth, dir)
     dir_queue: Deque[Tuple[int, str]] = collections.deque()
     # Set of visited directories. Each element is a tuple of (inode, device)
     visited_dirs: Set[Tuple[int, int]] = set()
@@ -1778,58 +1815,76 @@ def _find_max_depth(roots: List[str], globs: List[str], max_depth: int = sys.max
         except OSError as e:
             _log_file_access_issue(e, root)
             continue
-        dir_id = _dir_id(stat_root)
+        dir_id = _file_id(stat_root)
         if dir_id not in visited_dirs:
             dir_queue.appendleft((0, root))
             visited_dirs.add(dir_id)
 
     while dir_queue:
-        depth, next_dir = dir_queue.pop()
+        depth, curr_dir = dir_queue.pop()
         try:
-            dir_iter = os.scandir(next_dir)
+            dir_iter = os.scandir(curr_dir)
         except OSError as e:
-            _log_file_access_issue(e, next_dir)
+            _log_file_access_issue(e, curr_dir)
             continue
 
+        # Use glob.glob for complex patterns.
+        for pattern_name, pattern in complex_patterns.items():
+            matched_paths[pattern_name].extend(
+                path for path in glob.glob(os.path.join(curr_dir, pattern))
+            )
+
+        # List of subdirectories by path and (inode, device) tuple
+        subdirs: List[Tuple[str, Tuple[int, int]]] = []
+
         with dir_iter:
-            ordered_entries = sorted(dir_iter, key=lambda x: x.name)
-            for dir_entry in ordered_entries:
+            for dir_entry in dir_iter:
+
+                # Match filename only patterns
+                if filename_only_patterns:
+                    m = regex.match(os.path.normcase(dir_entry.name))
+                    if m:
+                        for pattern_name in filename_only_patterns:
+                            if m.group(pattern_name):
+                                matched_paths[pattern_name].append(dir_entry.path)
+                                break
+
+                # Collect subdirectories
+                if depth >= max_depth:
+                    continue
+
                 try:
-                    it_is_a_dir = dir_entry.is_dir(follow_symlinks=True)
+                    if not dir_entry.is_dir(follow_symlinks=True):
+                        continue
+                    if sys.platform == "win32":
+                        # Note: st_ino/st_dev on DirEntry.stat are not set on Windows, so we have
+                        # to call os.stat
+                        stat_info = os.stat(dir_entry.path, follow_symlinks=True)
+                    else:
+                        stat_info = dir_entry.stat(follow_symlinks=True)
                 except OSError as e:
                     # Possible permission issue, or a symlink that cannot be resolved (ELOOP).
                     _log_file_access_issue(e, dir_entry.path)
                     continue
 
-                if it_is_a_dir and depth < max_depth:
-                    try:
-                        # The stat should be performed in a try/except block. We repeat that here
-                        # vs. moving to the above block because we only want to call `stat` if we
-                        # haven't exceeded our max_depth
-                        if sys.platform == "win32":
-                            # Note: st_ino/st_dev on DirEntry.stat are not set on Windows, so we
-                            # have to call os.stat
-                            stat_info = os.stat(dir_entry.path, follow_symlinks=True)
-                        else:
-                            stat_info = dir_entry.stat(follow_symlinks=True)
-                    except OSError as e:
-                        _log_file_access_issue(e, dir_entry.path)
-                        continue
+                subdirs.append((dir_entry.path, _file_id(stat_info)))
 
-                    dir_id = _dir_id(stat_info)
-                    if dir_id not in visited_dirs:
-                        dir_queue.appendleft((depth + 1, dir_entry.path))
-                        visited_dirs.add(dir_id)
-                else:
-                    m = regex.match(os.path.normcase(os.path.basename(dir_entry.path)))
-                    if not m:
-                        continue
-                    for group in capture_group_to_paths:
-                        if m.group(group):
-                            capture_group_to_paths[group].append(dir_entry.path)
-                            break
+        # Enqueue subdirectories in a deterministic order
+        if subdirs:
+            subdirs.sort(key=lambda s: os.path.basename(s[0]))
+            for subdir, subdir_id in subdirs:
+                if subdir_id not in visited_dirs:
+                    dir_queue.appendleft((depth + 1, subdir))
+                    visited_dirs.add(subdir_id)
 
-    return [path for paths in capture_group_to_paths.values() for path in paths]
+    # Sort the matched paths for deterministic output
+    for paths in matched_paths.values():
+        paths.sort()
+    all_matching_paths = [path for paths in matched_paths.values() for path in paths]
+
+    # We only dedupe files if we have any complex patterns, since only they can match the same file
+    # multiple times
+    return _dedupe_files(all_matching_paths) if complex_patterns else all_matching_paths
 
 
 # Utilities for libraries and headers
@@ -2718,22 +2773,6 @@ def prefixes(path):
     return paths
 
 
-@system_path_filter
-def md5sum(file):
-    """Compute the MD5 sum of a file.
-
-    Args:
-        file (str): file to be checksummed
-
-    Returns:
-        MD5 sum of the file's content
-    """
-    md5 = hashlib.md5()
-    with open(file, "rb") as f:
-        md5.update(f.read())
-    return md5.digest()
-
-
 @system_path_filter
 def remove_directory_contents(dir):
     """Remove all contents of a directory."""
@@ -2784,6 +2823,25 @@ def temporary_dir(
         remove_directory_contents(tmp_dir)
 
 
+@contextmanager
+def edit_in_place_through_temporary_file(file_path: str) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+    """Context manager for modifying ``file_path`` in place, preserving its inode and hardlinks,
+    for functions or external tools that do not support in-place editing. Notice that this function
+    is unsafe in that it works with paths instead of a file descriptors, but this is by design,
+    since we assume the call site will create a new inode at the same path."""
+    tmp_fd, tmp_path = tempfile.mkstemp(
+        dir=os.path.dirname(file_path), prefix=f"{os.path.basename(file_path)}."
+    )
+    # windows cannot replace a file with open fds, so close since the call site needs to replace.
+    os.close(tmp_fd)
+    try:
+        shutil.copyfile(file_path, tmp_path, follow_symlinks=True)
+        yield tmp_path
+        shutil.copyfile(tmp_path, file_path, follow_symlinks=True)
+    finally:
+        os.unlink(tmp_path)
+
+
 def filesummary(path, print_bytes=16) -> Tuple[int, bytes]:
     """Create a small summary of the given file. Does not error
     when file does not exist.

lib/spack/llnl/util/lang.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 import typing
 import warnings
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
-from typing import Callable, Iterable, List, Tuple, TypeVar
+from typing import Callable, Dict, Iterable, List, Tuple, TypeVar
 
 # Ignore emacs backups when listing modules
 ignore_modules = r"^\.#|~$"
@@ -867,24 +867,11 @@ def elide_list(line_list: List[str], max_num: int = 10) -> List[str]:
     PatternStr = typing.Pattern[str]
 
 
-def fnmatch_translate_multiple(patterns: List[str]) -> Tuple[PatternStr, List[str]]:
-    """Same as fnmatch.translate, but creates a single regex of the form
-    ``(?P<pattern0>...)|(?P<pattern1>...)|...`` for each pattern in the iterable, where
-    ``patternN`` is a named capture group that matches the corresponding pattern translated by
-    ``fnmatch.translate``. This can be used to match multiple patterns in a single pass. No case
-    normalization is performed on the patterns.
-
-    Args:
-        patterns: list of fnmatch patterns
-
-    Returns:
-        Tuple of the combined regex and the list of named capture groups corresponding to each
-        pattern in the input list.
-    """
-    groups = [f"pattern{i}" for i in range(len(patterns))]
-    regexes = (fnmatch.translate(p) for p in patterns)
-    combined = re.compile("|".join(f"(?P<{g}>{r})" for g, r in zip(groups, regexes)))
-    return combined, groups
+def fnmatch_translate_multiple(named_patterns: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
+    """Similar to ``fnmatch.translate``, but takes an ordered dictionary where keys are pattern
+    names, and values are filename patterns. The output is a regex that matches any of the
+    patterns in order, and named capture groups are used to identify which pattern matched."""
+    return "|".join(f"(?P<{n}>{fnmatch.translate(p)})" for n, p in named_patterns.items())
 
 
 @contextlib.contextmanager

lib/spack/spack/__init__.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 import spack.util.git
 
 #: PEP440 canonical <major>.<minor>.<micro>.<devN> string
-__version__ = "0.23.0.dev0"
+__version__ = "0.24.0.dev0"
 spack_version = __version__
 
 

lib/spack/spack/audit.py

@@ -571,8 +571,13 @@ def _search_for_deprecated_package_methods(pkgs, error_cls):
 @package_properties
 def _ensure_all_package_names_are_lowercase(pkgs, error_cls):
     """Ensure package names are lowercase and consistent"""
+    reserved_names = ("all",)
     badname_regex, errors = re.compile(r"[_A-Z]"), []
     for pkg_name in pkgs:
+        if pkg_name in reserved_names:
+            error_msg = f"The name '{pkg_name}' is reserved, and cannot be used for packages"
+            errors.append(error_cls(error_msg, []))
+
         if badname_regex.search(pkg_name):
             error_msg = f"Package name '{pkg_name}' should be lowercase and must not contain '_'"
             errors.append(error_cls(error_msg, []))
@@ -688,19 +693,19 @@ def invalid_sha256_digest(fetcher):
                     return h, True
             return None, False
 
-        error_msg = "Package '{}' does not use sha256 checksum".format(pkg_name)
+        error_msg = f"Package '{pkg_name}' does not use sha256 checksum"
         details = []
         for v, args in pkg.versions.items():
             fetcher = spack.fetch_strategy.for_package_version(pkg, v)
             digest, is_bad = invalid_sha256_digest(fetcher)
             if is_bad:
-                details.append("{}@{} uses {}".format(pkg_name, v, digest))
+                details.append(f"{pkg_name}@{v} uses {digest}")
 
         for _, resources in pkg.resources.items():
             for resource in resources:
                 digest, is_bad = invalid_sha256_digest(resource.fetcher)
                 if is_bad:
-                    details.append("Resource in '{}' uses {}".format(pkg_name, digest))
+                    details.append(f"Resource in '{pkg_name}' uses {digest}")
         if details:
             errors.append(error_cls(error_msg, details))
 
@@ -714,9 +719,9 @@ def _ensure_env_methods_are_ported_to_builders(pkgs, error_cls):
     for pkg_name in pkgs:
         pkg_cls = spack.repo.PATH.get_pkg_class(pkg_name)
 
-        # values are either Value objects (for conditional values) or the values themselves
+        # values are either ConditionalValue objects or the values themselves
         build_system_names = set(
-            v.value if isinstance(v, spack.variant.Value) else v
+            v.value if isinstance(v, spack.variant.ConditionalValue) else v
             for _, variant in pkg_cls.variant_definitions("build_system")
             for v in variant.values
         )

lib/spack/spack/binary_distribution.py

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 import spack.hash_types as ht
 import spack.hooks
 import spack.hooks.sbang
-import spack.mirror
+import spack.mirrors.mirror
 import spack.oci.image
 import spack.oci.oci
 import spack.oci.opener
@@ -87,6 +87,8 @@
 from spack.stage import Stage
 from spack.util.executable import which
 
+from .enums import InstallRecordStatus
+
 BUILD_CACHE_RELATIVE_PATH = "build_cache"
 BUILD_CACHE_KEYS_RELATIVE_PATH = "_pgp"
 
@@ -252,7 +254,7 @@ def _associate_built_specs_with_mirror(self, cache_key, mirror_url):
 
             spec_list = [
                 s
-                for s in db.query_local(installed=any)
+                for s in db.query_local(installed=InstallRecordStatus.ANY)
                 if s.external or db.query_local_by_spec_hash(s.dag_hash()).in_buildcache
             ]
 
@@ -367,7 +369,7 @@ def update(self, with_cooldown=False):
         on disk under ``_index_cache_root``)."""
         self._init_local_index_cache()
         configured_mirror_urls = [
-            m.fetch_url for m in spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True).values()
+            m.fetch_url for m in spack.mirrors.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True).values()
         ]
         items_to_remove = []
         spec_cache_clear_needed = False
@@ -1174,7 +1176,7 @@ def _url_upload_tarball_and_specfile(
 
 
 class Uploader:
-    def __init__(self, mirror: spack.mirror.Mirror, force: bool, update_index: bool):
+    def __init__(self, mirror: spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror, force: bool, update_index: bool):
         self.mirror = mirror
         self.force = force
         self.update_index = update_index
@@ -1182,6 +1184,9 @@ def __init__(self, mirror: spack.mirror.Mirror, force: bool, update_index: bool)
         self.tmpdir: str
         self.executor: concurrent.futures.Executor
 
+        # Verify if the mirror meets the requirements to push
+        self.mirror.ensure_mirror_usable("push")
+
     def __enter__(self):
         self._tmpdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(dir=spack.stage.get_stage_root())
         self._executor = spack.util.parallel.make_concurrent_executor()
@@ -1219,7 +1224,7 @@ def tag(self, tag: str, roots: List[spack.spec.Spec]):
 class OCIUploader(Uploader):
     def __init__(
         self,
-        mirror: spack.mirror.Mirror,
+        mirror: spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror,
         force: bool,
         update_index: bool,
         base_image: Optional[str],
@@ -1268,7 +1273,7 @@ def tag(self, tag: str, roots: List[spack.spec.Spec]):
 class URLUploader(Uploader):
     def __init__(
         self,
-        mirror: spack.mirror.Mirror,
+        mirror: spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror,
         force: bool,
         update_index: bool,
         signing_key: Optional[str],
@@ -1292,7 +1297,7 @@ def push(
 
 
 def make_uploader(
-    mirror: spack.mirror.Mirror,
+    mirror: spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror,
     force: bool = False,
     update_index: bool = False,
     signing_key: Optional[str] = None,
@@ -1948,9 +1953,9 @@ def download_tarball(spec, unsigned: Optional[bool] = False, mirrors_for_spec=No
            "signature_verified": "true-if-binary-pkg-was-already-verified"
        }
     """
-    configured_mirrors: Iterable[spack.mirror.Mirror] = spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(
-        binary=True
-    ).values()
+    configured_mirrors: Iterable[spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror] = (
+        spack.mirrors.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True).values()
+    )
     if not configured_mirrors:
         tty.die("Please add a spack mirror to allow download of pre-compiled packages.")
 
@@ -1975,7 +1980,7 @@ def fetch_url_to_mirror(url):
         for mirror in configured_mirrors:
             if mirror.fetch_url == url:
                 return mirror
-        return spack.mirror.Mirror(url)
+        return spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror(url)
 
     mirrors = [fetch_url_to_mirror(url) for url in mirror_urls]
 
@@ -2329,7 +2334,9 @@ def is_backup_file(file):
             if not codesign:
                 return
             for binary in changed_files:
-                codesign("-fs-", binary)
+                # preserve the original inode by running codesign on a copy
+                with fsys.edit_in_place_through_temporary_file(binary) as tmp_binary:
+                    codesign("-fs-", tmp_binary)
 
     # If we are installing back to the same location
     # relocate the sbang location if the spack directory changed
@@ -2643,7 +2650,7 @@ def try_direct_fetch(spec, mirrors=None):
     specfile_is_signed = False
     found_specs = []
 
-    binary_mirrors = spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(mirrors=mirrors, binary=True).values()
+    binary_mirrors = spack.mirrors.mirror.MirrorCollection(mirrors=mirrors, binary=True).values()
 
     for mirror in binary_mirrors:
         buildcache_fetch_url_json = url_util.join(
@@ -2704,7 +2711,7 @@ def get_mirrors_for_spec(spec=None, mirrors_to_check=None, index_only=False):
     if spec is None:
         return []
 
-    if not spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(mirrors=mirrors_to_check, binary=True):
+    if not spack.mirrors.mirror.MirrorCollection(mirrors=mirrors_to_check, binary=True):
         tty.debug("No Spack mirrors are currently configured")
         return {}
 
@@ -2743,7 +2750,7 @@ def clear_spec_cache():
 
 def get_keys(install=False, trust=False, force=False, mirrors=None):
     """Get pgp public keys available on mirror with suffix .pub"""
-    mirror_collection = mirrors or spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True)
+    mirror_collection = mirrors or spack.mirrors.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True)
 
     if not mirror_collection:
         tty.die("Please add a spack mirror to allow " + "download of build caches.")
@@ -2798,7 +2805,7 @@ def get_keys(install=False, trust=False, force=False, mirrors=None):
 
 
 def _url_push_keys(
-    *mirrors: Union[spack.mirror.Mirror, str],
+    *mirrors: Union[spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror, str],
     keys: List[str],
     tmpdir: str,
     update_index: bool = False,
@@ -2865,7 +2872,7 @@ def check_specs_against_mirrors(mirrors, specs, output_file=None):
 
     """
     rebuilds = {}
-    for mirror in spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(mirrors, binary=True).values():
+    for mirror in spack.mirrors.mirror.MirrorCollection(mirrors, binary=True).values():
         tty.debug("Checking for built specs at {0}".format(mirror.fetch_url))
 
         rebuild_list = []
@@ -2909,7 +2916,7 @@ def _download_buildcache_entry(mirror_root, descriptions):
 
 
 def download_buildcache_entry(file_descriptions, mirror_url=None):
-    if not mirror_url and not spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True):
+    if not mirror_url and not spack.mirrors.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True):
         tty.die(
             "Please provide or add a spack mirror to allow " + "download of buildcache entries."
         )
@@ -2918,7 +2925,7 @@ def download_buildcache_entry(file_descriptions, mirror_url=None):
         mirror_root = os.path.join(mirror_url, BUILD_CACHE_RELATIVE_PATH)
         return _download_buildcache_entry(mirror_root, file_descriptions)
 
-    for mirror in spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True).values():
+    for mirror in spack.mirrors.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True).values():
         mirror_root = os.path.join(mirror.fetch_url, BUILD_CACHE_RELATIVE_PATH)
 
         if _download_buildcache_entry(mirror_root, file_descriptions):

lib/spack/spack/bootstrap/core.py

@@ -35,9 +35,10 @@
 from llnl.util.lang import GroupedExceptionHandler
 
 import spack.binary_distribution
+import spack.concretize
 import spack.config
 import spack.detection
-import spack.mirror
+import spack.mirrors.mirror
 import spack.platforms
 import spack.spec
 import spack.store
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ def __init__(self, conf: ConfigDictionary) -> None:
         self.metadata_dir = spack.util.path.canonicalize_path(conf["metadata"])
 
         # Promote (relative) paths to file urls
-        self.url = spack.mirror.Mirror(conf["info"]["url"]).fetch_url
+        self.url = spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror(conf["info"]["url"]).fetch_url
 
     @property
     def mirror_scope(self) -> spack.config.InternalConfigScope:
@@ -271,10 +272,10 @@ def try_import(self, module: str, abstract_spec_str: str) -> bool:
                 bootstrapper = ClingoBootstrapConcretizer(configuration=spack.config.CONFIG)
                 concrete_spec = bootstrapper.concretize()
             else:
-                concrete_spec = spack.spec.Spec(
+                abstract_spec = spack.spec.Spec(
                     abstract_spec_str + " ^" + spec_for_current_python()
                 )
-                concrete_spec.concretize()
+                concrete_spec = spack.concretize.concretized(abstract_spec)
 
         msg = "[BOOTSTRAP MODULE {0}] Try installing '{1}' from sources"
         tty.debug(msg.format(module, abstract_spec_str))
@@ -300,7 +301,7 @@ def try_search_path(self, executables: Tuple[str], abstract_spec_str: str) -> bo
         # might reduce compilation time by a fair amount
         _add_externals_if_missing()
 
-        concrete_spec = spack.spec.Spec(abstract_spec_str).concretized()
+        concrete_spec = spack.concretize.concretized(spack.spec.Spec(abstract_spec_str))
         msg = "[BOOTSTRAP] Try installing '{0}' from sources"
         tty.debug(msg.format(abstract_spec_str))
         with spack.config.override(self.mirror_scope):

lib/spack/spack/build_environment.py

@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@
 from llnl.util.symlink import symlink
 from llnl.util.tty.color import cescape, colorize
 
-import spack.build_systems._checks
 import spack.build_systems.cmake
 import spack.build_systems.meson
 import spack.build_systems.python
@@ -883,6 +882,9 @@ def __init__(self, *roots: spack.spec.Spec, context: Context):
         elif context == Context.RUN:
             self.root_depflag = dt.RUN | dt.LINK
 
+    def accept(self, item):
+        return True
+
     def neighbors(self, item):
         spec = item.edge.spec
         if spec.dag_hash() in self.root_hashes:
@@ -920,19 +922,19 @@ def effective_deptypes(
     a flag specifying in what way they do so. The list is ordered topologically
     from root to leaf, meaning that environment modifications should be applied
     in reverse so that dependents override dependencies, not the other way around."""
-    visitor = traverse.TopoVisitor(
-        EnvironmentVisitor(*specs, context=context),
-        key=lambda x: x.dag_hash(),
+    topo_sorted_edges = traverse.traverse_topo_edges_generator(
+        traverse.with_artificial_edges(specs),
+        visitor=EnvironmentVisitor(*specs, context=context),
+        key=traverse.by_dag_hash,
         root=True,
         all_edges=True,
     )
-    traverse.traverse_depth_first_with_visitor(traverse.with_artificial_edges(specs), visitor)
 
     # Dictionary with "no mode" as default value, so it's easy to write modes[x] |= flag.
     use_modes = defaultdict(lambda: UseMode(0))
     nodes_with_type = []
 
-    for edge in visitor.edges:
+    for edge in topo_sorted_edges:
         parent, child, depflag = edge.parent, edge.spec, edge.depflag
 
         # Mark the starting point
@@ -1375,7 +1377,7 @@ def exitcode_msg(p):
     return child_result
 
 
-CONTEXT_BASES = (spack.package_base.PackageBase, spack.build_systems._checks.BaseBuilder)
+CONTEXT_BASES = (spack.package_base.PackageBase, spack.builder.Builder)
 
 
 def get_package_context(traceback, context=3):
@@ -1424,27 +1426,20 @@ def make_stack(tb, stack=None):
     # We found obj, the Package implementation we care about.
     # Point out the location in the install method where we failed.
     filename = inspect.getfile(frame.f_code)
-    lineno = frame.f_lineno
-    if os.path.basename(filename) == "package.py":
-        # subtract 1 because we inject a magic import at the top of package files.
-        # TODO: get rid of the magic import.
-        lineno -= 1
-
-    lines = ["{0}:{1:d}, in {2}:".format(filename, lineno, frame.f_code.co_name)]
+    lines = [f"{filename}:{frame.f_lineno}, in {frame.f_code.co_name}:"]
 
     # Build a message showing context in the install method.
     sourcelines, start = inspect.getsourcelines(frame)
 
     # Calculate lineno of the error relative to the start of the function.
-    fun_lineno = lineno - start
+    fun_lineno = frame.f_lineno - start
     start_ctx = max(0, fun_lineno - context)
     sourcelines = sourcelines[start_ctx : fun_lineno + context + 1]
 
     for i, line in enumerate(sourcelines):
         is_error = start_ctx + i == fun_lineno
-        mark = ">> " if is_error else "   "
         # Add start to get lineno relative to start of file, not function.
-        marked = "  {0}{1:-6d}{2}".format(mark, start + start_ctx + i, line.rstrip())
+        marked = f"  {'>> ' if is_error else '   '}{start + start_ctx + i:-6d}{line.rstrip()}"
         if is_error:
             marked = colorize("@R{%s}" % cescape(marked))
         lines.append(marked)

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/_checks.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 import spack.builder
 import spack.error
+import spack.phase_callbacks
 import spack.relocate
 import spack.spec
 import spack.store
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ def apply_macos_rpath_fixups(builder: spack.builder.Builder):
 
 
 def ensure_build_dependencies_or_raise(
-    spec: spack.spec.Spec, dependencies: List[spack.spec.Spec], error_msg: str
+    spec: spack.spec.Spec, dependencies: List[str], error_msg: str
 ):
     """Ensure that some build dependencies are present in the concrete spec.
 
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ def ensure_build_dependencies_or_raise(
 
     Args:
         spec: concrete spec to be checked.
-        dependencies: list of abstract specs to be satisfied
+        dependencies: list of package names of required build dependencies
         error_msg: brief error message to be prepended to a longer description
 
     Raises:
@@ -127,8 +128,8 @@ def execute_install_time_tests(builder: spack.builder.Builder):
     builder.pkg.tester.phase_tests(builder, "install", builder.install_time_test_callbacks)
 
 
-class BaseBuilder(spack.builder.Builder):
-    """Base class for builders to register common checks"""
+class BuilderWithDefaults(spack.builder.Builder):
+    """Base class for all specific builders with common callbacks registered."""
 
     # Check that self.prefix is there after installation
-    spack.builder.run_after("install")(sanity_check_prefix)
+    spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install")(sanity_check_prefix)

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/autotools.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 import os.path
 import stat
 import subprocess
-from typing import List
+from typing import Callable, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@
 import spack.builder
 import spack.error
 import spack.package_base
+import spack.phase_callbacks
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.prefix
 from spack.directives import build_system, conflicts, depends_on
 from spack.multimethod import when
 from spack.operating_systems.mac_os import macos_version
@@ -22,7 +25,7 @@
 from spack.version import Version
 
 from ._checks import (
-    BaseBuilder,
+    BuilderWithDefaults,
     apply_macos_rpath_fixups,
     ensure_build_dependencies_or_raise,
     execute_build_time_tests,
@@ -69,14 +72,14 @@ def flags_to_build_system_args(self, flags):
     # Legacy methods (used by too many packages to change them,
     # need to forward to the builder)
     def enable_or_disable(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        return self.builder.enable_or_disable(*args, **kwargs)
+        return spack.builder.create(self).enable_or_disable(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def with_or_without(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        return self.builder.with_or_without(*args, **kwargs)
+        return spack.builder.create(self).with_or_without(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
 @spack.builder.builder("autotools")
-class AutotoolsBuilder(BaseBuilder):
+class AutotoolsBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
     """The autotools builder encodes the default way of installing software built
     with autotools. It has four phases that can be overridden, if need be:
 
@@ -157,7 +160,7 @@ class AutotoolsBuilder(BaseBuilder):
     install_libtool_archives = False
 
     @property
-    def patch_config_files(self):
+    def patch_config_files(self) -> bool:
         """Whether to update old ``config.guess`` and ``config.sub`` files
         distributed with the tarball.
 
@@ -177,7 +180,7 @@ def patch_config_files(self):
         )
 
     @property
-    def _removed_la_files_log(self):
+    def _removed_la_files_log(self) -> str:
         """File containing the list of removed libtool archives"""
         build_dir = self.build_directory
         if not os.path.isabs(self.build_directory):
@@ -185,15 +188,15 @@ def _removed_la_files_log(self):
         return os.path.join(build_dir, "removed_la_files.txt")
 
     @property
-    def archive_files(self):
+    def archive_files(self) -> List[str]:
         """Files to archive for packages based on autotools"""
         files = [os.path.join(self.build_directory, "config.log")]
         if not self.install_libtool_archives:
             files.append(self._removed_la_files_log)
         return files
 
-    @spack.builder.run_after("autoreconf")
-    def _do_patch_config_files(self):
+    @spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("autoreconf")
+    def _do_patch_config_files(self) -> None:
         """Some packages ship with older config.guess/config.sub files and need to
         have these updated when installed on a newer architecture.
 
@@ -294,7 +297,7 @@ def runs_ok(script_abs_path):
    and set the prefix to the directory containing the `config.guess` and
    `config.sub` files.
 """
-            raise spack.error.InstallError(msg.format(", ".join(to_be_found), self.name))
+            raise spack.error.InstallError(msg.format(", ".join(to_be_found), self.pkg.name))
 
         # Copy the good files over the bad ones
         for abs_path in to_be_patched:
@@ -304,8 +307,8 @@ def runs_ok(script_abs_path):
             fs.copy(substitutes[name], abs_path)
             os.chmod(abs_path, mode)
 
-    @spack.builder.run_before("configure")
-    def _patch_usr_bin_file(self):
+    @spack.phase_callbacks.run_before("configure")
+    def _patch_usr_bin_file(self) -> None:
         """On NixOS file is not available in /usr/bin/file. Patch configure
         scripts to use file from path."""
 
@@ -316,8 +319,8 @@ def _patch_usr_bin_file(self):
             with fs.keep_modification_time(*x.filenames):
                 x.filter(regex="/usr/bin/file", repl="file", string=True)
 
-    @spack.builder.run_before("configure")
-    def _set_autotools_environment_variables(self):
+    @spack.phase_callbacks.run_before("configure")
+    def _set_autotools_environment_variables(self) -> None:
         """Many autotools builds use a version of mknod.m4 that fails when
         running as root unless FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE is set to 1.
 
@@ -330,8 +333,8 @@ def _set_autotools_environment_variables(self):
         """
         os.environ["FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE"] = "1"
 
-    @spack.builder.run_before("configure")
-    def _do_patch_libtool_configure(self):
+    @spack.phase_callbacks.run_before("configure")
+    def _do_patch_libtool_configure(self) -> None:
         """Patch bugs that propagate from libtool macros into "configure" and
         further into "libtool". Note that patches that can be fixed by patching
         "libtool" directly should be implemented in the _do_patch_libtool method
@@ -358,8 +361,8 @@ def _do_patch_libtool_configure(self):
             # Support Libtool 2.4.2 and older:
             x.filter(regex=r'^(\s*test \$p = "-R")(; then\s*)$', repl=r'\1 || test x-l = x"$p"\2')
 
-    @spack.builder.run_after("configure")
-    def _do_patch_libtool(self):
+    @spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("configure")
+    def _do_patch_libtool(self) -> None:
         """If configure generates a "libtool" script that does not correctly
         detect the compiler (and patch_libtool is set), patch in the correct
         values for libtool variables.
@@ -507,27 +510,64 @@ def _do_patch_libtool(self):
             )
 
     @property
-    def configure_directory(self):
+    def configure_directory(self) -> str:
         """Return the directory where 'configure' resides."""
         return self.pkg.stage.source_path
 
     @property
-    def configure_abs_path(self):
+    def configure_abs_path(self) -> str:
         # Absolute path to configure
         configure_abs_path = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(self.configure_directory), "configure")
         return configure_abs_path
 
     @property
-    def build_directory(self):
+    def build_directory(self) -> str:
         """Override to provide another place to build the package"""
         return self.configure_directory
 
-    @spack.builder.run_before("autoreconf")
-    def delete_configure_to_force_update(self):
+    @spack.phase_callbacks.run_before("autoreconf")
+    def delete_configure_to_force_update(self) -> None:
         if self.force_autoreconf:
             fs.force_remove(self.configure_abs_path)
 
-    def autoreconf(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    @property
+    def autoreconf_search_path_args(self) -> List[str]:
+        """Search path includes for autoreconf. Add an -I flag for all `aclocal` dirs
+        of build deps, skips the default path of automake, move external include
+        flags to the back, since they might pull in unrelated m4 files shadowing
+        spack dependencies."""
+        return _autoreconf_search_path_args(self.spec)
+
+    @spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("autoreconf")
+    def set_configure_or_die(self) -> None:
+        """Ensure the presence of a "configure" script, or raise. If the "configure"
+        is found, a module level attribute is set.
+
+        Raises:
+             RuntimeError: if the "configure" script is not found
+        """
+        # Check if the "configure" script is there. If not raise a RuntimeError.
+        if not os.path.exists(self.configure_abs_path):
+            msg = "configure script not found in {0}"
+            raise RuntimeError(msg.format(self.configure_directory))
+
+        # Monkey-patch the configure script in the corresponding module
+        globals_for_pkg = spack.build_environment.ModuleChangePropagator(self.pkg)
+        globals_for_pkg.configure = Executable(self.configure_abs_path)
+        globals_for_pkg.propagate_changes_to_mro()
+
+    def configure_args(self) -> List[str]:
+        """Return the list of all the arguments that must be passed to configure,
+        except ``--prefix`` which will be pre-pended to the list.
+        """
+        return []
+
+    def autoreconf(
+        self,
+        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
+        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
+        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+    ) -> None:
         """Not needed usually, configure should be already there"""
 
         # If configure exists nothing needs to be done
@@ -554,39 +594,12 @@ def autoreconf(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
             autoreconf_args += self.autoreconf_extra_args
             self.pkg.module.autoreconf(*autoreconf_args)
 
-    @property
-    def autoreconf_search_path_args(self):
-        """Search path includes for autoreconf. Add an -I flag for all `aclocal` dirs
-        of build deps, skips the default path of automake, move external include
-        flags to the back, since they might pull in unrelated m4 files shadowing
-        spack dependencies."""
-        return _autoreconf_search_path_args(self.spec)
-
-    @spack.builder.run_after("autoreconf")
-    def set_configure_or_die(self):
-        """Ensure the presence of a "configure" script, or raise. If the "configure"
-        is found, a module level attribute is set.
-
-        Raises:
-             RuntimeError: if the "configure" script is not found
-        """
-        # Check if the "configure" script is there. If not raise a RuntimeError.
-        if not os.path.exists(self.configure_abs_path):
-            msg = "configure script not found in {0}"
-            raise RuntimeError(msg.format(self.configure_directory))
-
-        # Monkey-patch the configure script in the corresponding module
-        globals_for_pkg = spack.build_environment.ModuleChangePropagator(self.pkg)
-        globals_for_pkg.configure = Executable(self.configure_abs_path)
-        globals_for_pkg.propagate_changes_to_mro()
-
-    def configure_args(self):
-        """Return the list of all the arguments that must be passed to configure,
-        except ``--prefix`` which will be pre-pended to the list.
-        """
-        return []
-
-    def configure(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def configure(
+        self,
+        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
+        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
+        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+    ) -> None:
         """Run "configure", with the arguments specified by the builder and an
         appropriately set prefix.
         """
@@ -597,7 +610,12 @@ def configure(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory, create=True):
             pkg.module.configure(*options)
 
-    def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def build(
+        self,
+        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
+        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
+        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+    ) -> None:
         """Run "make" on the build targets specified by the builder."""
         # See https://autotools.io/automake/silent.html
         params = ["V=1"]
@@ -605,41 +623,49 @@ def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             pkg.module.make(*params)
 
-    def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def install(
+        self,
+        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
+        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
+        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+    ) -> None:
         """Run "make" on the install targets specified by the builder."""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             pkg.module.make(*self.install_targets)
 
-    spack.builder.run_after("build")(execute_build_time_tests)
+    spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("build")(execute_build_time_tests)
 
-    def check(self):
+    def check(self) -> None:
         """Run "make" on the ``test`` and ``check`` targets, if found."""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             self.pkg._if_make_target_execute("test")
             self.pkg._if_make_target_execute("check")
 
     def _activate_or_not(
-        self, name, activation_word, deactivation_word, activation_value=None, variant=None
-    ):
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        activation_word: str,
+        deactivation_word: str,
+        activation_value: Optional[Union[Callable, str]] = None,
+        variant=None,
+    ) -> List[str]:
         """This function contain the current implementation details of
         :meth:`~spack.build_systems.autotools.AutotoolsBuilder.with_or_without` and
         :meth:`~spack.build_systems.autotools.AutotoolsBuilder.enable_or_disable`.
 
         Args:
-            name (str): name of the option that is being activated or not
-            activation_word (str): the default activation word ('with' in the
-                case of ``with_or_without``)
-            deactivation_word (str): the default deactivation word ('without'
-                in the case of ``with_or_without``)
-            activation_value (typing.Callable): callable that accepts a single
-                value. This value is either one of the allowed values for a
-                multi-valued variant or the name of a bool-valued variant.
+            name: name of the option that is being activated or not
+            activation_word: the default activation word ('with' in the case of
+                ``with_or_without``)
+            deactivation_word: the default deactivation word ('without' in the case of
+                ``with_or_without``)
+            activation_value: callable that accepts a single value. This value is either one of the
+                allowed values for a multi-valued variant or the name of a bool-valued variant.
                 Returns the parameter to be used when the value is activated.
 
-                The special value 'prefix' can also be assigned and will return
+                The special value "prefix" can also be assigned and will return
                 ``spec[name].prefix`` as activation parameter.
-            variant (str): name of the variant that is being processed
-                           (if different from option name)
+            variant: name of the variant that is being processed (if different from option name)
 
         Examples:
 
@@ -647,19 +673,19 @@ def _activate_or_not(
 
             .. code-block:: python
 
-                variant('foo', values=('x', 'y'), description='')
-                variant('bar', default=True, description='')
-                variant('ba_z', default=True, description='')
+                variant("foo", values=("x", "y"), description=")
+                variant("bar", default=True, description=")
+                variant("ba_z", default=True, description=")
 
             calling this function like:
 
             .. code-block:: python
 
                 _activate_or_not(
-                    'foo', 'with', 'without', activation_value='prefix'
+                    "foo", "with", "without", activation_value="prefix"
                 )
-                _activate_or_not('bar', 'with', 'without')
-                _activate_or_not('ba-z', 'with', 'without', variant='ba_z')
+                _activate_or_not("bar", "with", "without")
+                _activate_or_not("ba-z", "with", "without", variant="ba_z")
 
             will generate the following configuration options:
 
@@ -679,8 +705,8 @@ def _activate_or_not(
         Raises:
             KeyError: if name is not among known variants
         """
-        spec = self.pkg.spec
-        args = []
+        spec: spack.spec.Spec = self.pkg.spec
+        args: List[str] = []
 
         if activation_value == "prefix":
             activation_value = lambda x: spec[x].prefix
@@ -698,7 +724,7 @@ def _activate_or_not(
         # Create a list of pairs. Each pair includes a configuration
         # option and whether or not that option is activated
         vdef = self.pkg.get_variant(variant)
-        if set(vdef.values) == set((True, False)):
+        if set(vdef.values) == set((True, False)):  # type: ignore
             # BoolValuedVariant carry information about a single option.
             # Nonetheless, for uniformity of treatment we'll package them
             # in an iterable of one element.
@@ -709,14 +735,12 @@ def _activate_or_not(
             # package's build system. It excludes values which have special
             # meanings and do not correspond to features (e.g. "none")
             feature_values = getattr(vdef.values, "feature_values", None) or vdef.values
-            options = [(value, f"{variant}={value}" in spec) for value in feature_values]
+            options = [(v, f"{variant}={v}" in spec) for v in feature_values]  # type: ignore
 
         # For each allowed value in the list of values
         for option_value, activated in options:
             # Search for an override in the package for this value
-            override_name = "{0}_or_{1}_{2}".format(
-                activation_word, deactivation_word, option_value
-            )
+            override_name = f"{activation_word}_or_{deactivation_word}_{option_value}"
             line_generator = getattr(self, override_name, None) or getattr(
                 self.pkg, override_name, None
             )
@@ -725,19 +749,24 @@ def _activate_or_not(
 
                 def _default_generator(is_activated):
                     if is_activated:
-                        line = "--{0}-{1}".format(activation_word, option_value)
+                        line = f"--{activation_word}-{option_value}"
                         if activation_value is not None and activation_value(
                             option_value
                         ):  # NOQA=ignore=E501
-                            line += "={0}".format(activation_value(option_value))
+                            line = f"{line}={activation_value(option_value)}"
                         return line
-                    return "--{0}-{1}".format(deactivation_word, option_value)
+                    return f"--{deactivation_word}-{option_value}"
 
                 line_generator = _default_generator
             args.append(line_generator(activated))
         return args
 
-    def with_or_without(self, name, activation_value=None, variant=None):
+    def with_or_without(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        activation_value: Optional[Union[Callable, str]] = None,
+        variant: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> List[str]:
         """Inspects a variant and returns the arguments that activate
         or deactivate the selected feature(s) for the configure options.
 
@@ -752,12 +781,11 @@ def with_or_without(self, name, activation_value=None, variant=None):
         ``variant=value`` is in the spec.
 
         Args:
-            name (str): name of a valid multi-valued variant
-            activation_value (typing.Callable): callable that accepts a single
-                value and returns the parameter to be used leading to an entry
-                of the type ``--with-{name}={parameter}``.
+            name: name of a valid multi-valued variant
+            activation_value: callable that accepts a single value and returns the parameter to be
+                used leading to an entry of the type ``--with-{name}={parameter}``.
 
-                The special value 'prefix' can also be assigned and will return
+                The special value "prefix" can also be assigned and will return
                 ``spec[name].prefix`` as activation parameter.
 
         Returns:
@@ -765,18 +793,22 @@ def with_or_without(self, name, activation_value=None, variant=None):
         """
         return self._activate_or_not(name, "with", "without", activation_value, variant)
 
-    def enable_or_disable(self, name, activation_value=None, variant=None):
+    def enable_or_disable(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        activation_value: Optional[Union[Callable, str]] = None,
+        variant: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> List[str]:
         """Same as
         :meth:`~spack.build_systems.autotools.AutotoolsBuilder.with_or_without`
         but substitute ``with`` with ``enable`` and ``without`` with ``disable``.
 
         Args:
-            name (str): name of a valid multi-valued variant
-            activation_value (typing.Callable): if present accepts a single value
-                and returns the parameter to be used leading to an entry of the
-                type ``--enable-{name}={parameter}``
+            name: name of a valid multi-valued variant
+            activation_value: if present accepts a single value and returns the parameter to be
+                used leading to an entry of the type ``--enable-{name}={parameter}``
 
-                The special value 'prefix' can also be assigned and will return
+                The special value "prefix" can also be assigned and will return
                 ``spec[name].prefix`` as activation parameter.
 
         Returns:
@@ -784,15 +816,15 @@ def enable_or_disable(self, name, activation_value=None, variant=None):
         """
         return self._activate_or_not(name, "enable", "disable", activation_value, variant)
 
-    spack.builder.run_after("install")(execute_install_time_tests)
+    spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install")(execute_install_time_tests)
 
-    def installcheck(self):
+    def installcheck(self) -> None:
         """Run "make" on the ``installcheck`` target, if found."""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             self.pkg._if_make_target_execute("installcheck")
 
-    @spack.builder.run_after("install")
-    def remove_libtool_archives(self):
+    @spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install")
+    def remove_libtool_archives(self) -> None:
         """Remove all .la files in prefix sub-folders if the package sets
         ``install_libtool_archives`` to be False.
         """
@@ -814,12 +846,13 @@ def setup_build_environment(self, env):
             env.set("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "10.16")
 
     # On macOS, force rpaths for shared library IDs and remove duplicate rpaths
-    spack.builder.run_after("install", when="platform=darwin")(apply_macos_rpath_fixups)
+    spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install", when="platform=darwin")(apply_macos_rpath_fixups)
 
 
-def _autoreconf_search_path_args(spec):
-    dirs_seen = set()
-    flags_spack, flags_external = [], []
+def _autoreconf_search_path_args(spec: spack.spec.Spec) -> List[str]:
+    dirs_seen: Set[Tuple[int, int]] = set()
+    flags_spack: List[str] = []
+    flags_external: List[str] = []
 
     # We don't want to add an include flag for automake's default search path.
     for automake in spec.dependencies(name="automake", deptype="build"):

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/cached_cmake.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
 
-import spack.builder
+import spack.phase_callbacks
 
 from .cmake import CMakeBuilder, CMakePackage
 
@@ -192,7 +192,10 @@ def initconfig_mpi_entries(self):
 
         entries.append(cmake_cache_path("MPI_C_COMPILER", spec["mpi"].mpicc))
         entries.append(cmake_cache_path("MPI_CXX_COMPILER", spec["mpi"].mpicxx))
-        entries.append(cmake_cache_path("MPI_Fortran_COMPILER", spec["mpi"].mpifc))
+
+        # not all MPIs have Fortran wrappers
+        if hasattr(spec["mpi"], "mpifc"):
+            entries.append(cmake_cache_path("MPI_Fortran_COMPILER", spec["mpi"].mpifc))
 
         # Check for slurm
         using_slurm = False
@@ -332,7 +335,7 @@ def std_cmake_args(self):
         args.extend(["-C", self.cache_path])
         return args
 
-    @spack.builder.run_after("install")
+    @spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install")
     def install_cmake_cache(self):
         fs.mkdirp(self.pkg.spec.prefix.share.cmake)
         fs.install(self.cache_path, self.pkg.spec.prefix.share.cmake)

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/cargo.py

@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@
 
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
+import spack.phase_callbacks
 from spack.directives import build_system, depends_on
 from spack.multimethod import when
 
-from ._checks import BaseBuilder, execute_install_time_tests
+from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults, execute_install_time_tests
 
 
 class CargoPackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ class CargoPackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
 
 
 @spack.builder.builder("cargo")
-class CargoBuilder(BaseBuilder):
+class CargoBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
     """The Cargo builder encodes the most common way of building software with
     a rust Cargo.toml file. It has two phases that can be overridden, if need be:
 
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             fs.install_tree("out", prefix)
 
-    spack.builder.run_after("install")(execute_install_time_tests)
+    spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install")(execute_install_time_tests)
 
     def check(self):
         """Run "cargo test"."""

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/cmake.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 import re
 import sys
 from itertools import chain
-from typing import List, Optional, Set, Tuple
+from typing import Any, List, Optional, Tuple
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
 from llnl.util.lang import stable_partition
@@ -18,11 +18,15 @@
 import spack.deptypes as dt
 import spack.error
 import spack.package_base
+import spack.phase_callbacks
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.prefix
+from spack import traverse
 from spack.directives import build_system, conflicts, depends_on, variant
 from spack.multimethod import when
 from spack.util.environment import filter_system_paths
 
-from ._checks import BaseBuilder, execute_build_time_tests
+from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults, execute_build_time_tests
 
 # Regex to extract the primary generator from the CMake generator
 # string.
@@ -48,9 +52,9 @@ def _maybe_set_python_hints(pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase, args: List[str]
     python_executable = pkg.spec["python"].command.path
     args.extend(
         [
-            CMakeBuilder.define("PYTHON_EXECUTABLE", python_executable),
-            CMakeBuilder.define("Python_EXECUTABLE", python_executable),
-            CMakeBuilder.define("Python3_EXECUTABLE", python_executable),
+            define("PYTHON_EXECUTABLE", python_executable),
+            define("Python_EXECUTABLE", python_executable),
+            define("Python3_EXECUTABLE", python_executable),
         ]
     )
 
@@ -85,7 +89,7 @@ def _conditional_cmake_defaults(pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase, args: List[
         ipo = False
 
     if cmake.satisfies("@3.9:"):
-        args.append(CMakeBuilder.define("CMAKE_INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION", ipo))
+        args.append(define("CMAKE_INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION", ipo))
 
     # Disable Package Registry: export(PACKAGE) may put files in the user's home directory, and
     # find_package may search there. This is not what we want.
@@ -93,30 +97,36 @@ def _conditional_cmake_defaults(pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase, args: List[
     # Do not populate CMake User Package Registry
     if cmake.satisfies("@3.15:"):
         # see https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/policy/CMP0090.html
-        args.append(CMakeBuilder.define("CMAKE_POLICY_DEFAULT_CMP0090", "NEW"))
+        args.append(define("CMAKE_POLICY_DEFAULT_CMP0090", "NEW"))
     elif cmake.satisfies("@3.1:"):
         # see https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/variable/CMAKE_EXPORT_NO_PACKAGE_REGISTRY.html
-        args.append(CMakeBuilder.define("CMAKE_EXPORT_NO_PACKAGE_REGISTRY", True))
+        args.append(define("CMAKE_EXPORT_NO_PACKAGE_REGISTRY", True))
 
     # Do not use CMake User/System Package Registry
     # https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/manual/cmake-packages.7.html#disabling-the-package-registry
     if cmake.satisfies("@3.16:"):
-        args.append(CMakeBuilder.define("CMAKE_FIND_USE_PACKAGE_REGISTRY", False))
+        args.append(define("CMAKE_FIND_USE_PACKAGE_REGISTRY", False))
     elif cmake.satisfies("@3.1:3.15"):
-        args.append(CMakeBuilder.define("CMAKE_FIND_PACKAGE_NO_PACKAGE_REGISTRY", False))
-        args.append(CMakeBuilder.define("CMAKE_FIND_PACKAGE_NO_SYSTEM_PACKAGE_REGISTRY", False))
+        args.append(define("CMAKE_FIND_PACKAGE_NO_PACKAGE_REGISTRY", False))
+        args.append(define("CMAKE_FIND_PACKAGE_NO_SYSTEM_PACKAGE_REGISTRY", False))
 
     # Export a compilation database if supported.
     if _supports_compilation_databases(pkg):
-        args.append(CMakeBuilder.define("CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS", True))
+        args.append(define("CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS", True))
 
     # Enable MACOSX_RPATH by default when cmake_minimum_required < 3
     # https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/policy/CMP0042.html
     if pkg.spec.satisfies("platform=darwin") and cmake.satisfies("@3:"):
-        args.append(CMakeBuilder.define("CMAKE_POLICY_DEFAULT_CMP0042", "NEW"))
+        args.append(define("CMAKE_POLICY_DEFAULT_CMP0042", "NEW"))
+
+    # Disable find package's config mode for versions of Boost that
+    # didn't provide it. See https://github.com/spack/spack/issues/20169
+    # and https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/module/FindBoost.html
+    if pkg.spec.satisfies("^boost@:1.69.0"):
+        args.append(define("Boost_NO_BOOST_CMAKE", True))
 
 
-def generator(*names: str, default: Optional[str] = None):
+def generator(*names: str, default: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
     """The build system generator to use.
 
     See ``cmake --help`` for a list of valid generators.
@@ -157,15 +167,18 @@ def _values(x):
 def get_cmake_prefix_path(pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase) -> List[str]:
     """Obtain the CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH entries for a package, based on the cmake_prefix_path package
     attribute of direct build/test and transitive link dependencies."""
-    # Add direct build/test deps
-    selected: Set[str] = {s.dag_hash() for s in pkg.spec.dependencies(deptype=dt.BUILD | dt.TEST)}
-    # Add transitive link deps
-    selected.update(s.dag_hash() for s in pkg.spec.traverse(root=False, deptype=dt.LINK))
-    # Separate out externals so they do not shadow Spack prefixes
-    externals, spack_built = stable_partition(
-        (s for s in pkg.spec.traverse(root=False, order="topo") if s.dag_hash() in selected),
-        lambda x: x.external,
+    edges = traverse.traverse_topo_edges_generator(
+        traverse.with_artificial_edges([pkg.spec]),
+        visitor=traverse.MixedDepthVisitor(
+            direct=dt.BUILD | dt.TEST, transitive=dt.LINK, key=traverse.by_dag_hash
+        ),
+        key=traverse.by_dag_hash,
+        root=False,
+        all_edges=False,  # cover all nodes, not all edges
     )
+    ordered_specs = [edge.spec for edge in edges]
+    # Separate out externals so they do not shadow Spack prefixes
+    externals, spack_built = stable_partition((s for s in ordered_specs), lambda x: x.external)
 
     return filter_system_paths(
         path for spec in chain(spack_built, externals) for path in spec.package.cmake_prefix_paths
@@ -263,15 +276,15 @@ def flags_to_build_system_args(self, flags):
 
     # Legacy methods (used by too many packages to change them,
     # need to forward to the builder)
-    def define(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        return self.builder.define(*args, **kwargs)
+    def define(self, cmake_var: str, value: Any) -> str:
+        return define(cmake_var, value)
 
-    def define_from_variant(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        return self.builder.define_from_variant(*args, **kwargs)
+    def define_from_variant(self, cmake_var: str, variant: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
+        return define_from_variant(self, cmake_var, variant)
 
 
 @spack.builder.builder("cmake")
-class CMakeBuilder(BaseBuilder):
+class CMakeBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
     """The cmake builder encodes the default way of building software with CMake. IT
     has three phases that can be overridden:
 
@@ -321,15 +334,15 @@ class CMakeBuilder(BaseBuilder):
     build_time_test_callbacks = ["check"]
 
     @property
-    def archive_files(self):
+    def archive_files(self) -> List[str]:
         """Files to archive for packages based on CMake"""
         files = [os.path.join(self.build_directory, "CMakeCache.txt")]
-        if _supports_compilation_databases(self):
+        if _supports_compilation_databases(self.pkg):
             files.append(os.path.join(self.build_directory, "compile_commands.json"))
         return files
 
     @property
-    def root_cmakelists_dir(self):
+    def root_cmakelists_dir(self) -> str:
         """The relative path to the directory containing CMakeLists.txt
 
         This path is relative to the root of the extracted tarball,
@@ -338,16 +351,17 @@ def root_cmakelists_dir(self):
         return self.pkg.stage.source_path
 
     @property
-    def generator(self):
+    def generator(self) -> str:
         if self.spec.satisfies("generator=make"):
             return "Unix Makefiles"
         if self.spec.satisfies("generator=ninja"):
             return "Ninja"
-        msg = f'{self.spec.format()} has an unsupported value for the "generator" variant'
-        raise ValueError(msg)
+        raise ValueError(
+            f'{self.spec.format()} has an unsupported value for the "generator" variant'
+        )
 
     @property
-    def std_cmake_args(self):
+    def std_cmake_args(self) -> List[str]:
         """Standard cmake arguments provided as a property for
         convenience of package writers
         """
@@ -356,7 +370,9 @@ def std_cmake_args(self):
         return args
 
     @staticmethod
-    def std_args(pkg, generator=None):
+    def std_args(
+        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase, generator: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> List[str]:
         """Computes the standard cmake arguments for a generic package"""
         default_generator = "Ninja" if sys.platform == "win32" else "Unix Makefiles"
         generator = generator or default_generator
@@ -373,7 +389,6 @@ def std_args(pkg, generator=None):
         except KeyError:
             build_type = "RelWithDebInfo"
 
-        define = CMakeBuilder.define
         args = [
             "-G",
             generator,
@@ -405,152 +420,31 @@ def std_args(pkg, generator=None):
         return args
 
     @staticmethod
-    def define_cuda_architectures(pkg):
-        """Returns the str ``-DCMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES:STRING=(expanded cuda_arch)``.
-
-        ``cuda_arch`` is variant composed of a list of target CUDA architectures and
-        it is declared in the cuda package.
-
-        This method is no-op for cmake<3.18 and when ``cuda_arch`` variant is not set.
-
-        """
-        cmake_flag = str()
-        if "cuda_arch" in pkg.spec.variants and pkg.spec.satisfies("^cmake@3.18:"):
-            cmake_flag = CMakeBuilder.define(
-                "CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES", pkg.spec.variants["cuda_arch"].value
-            )
-
-        return cmake_flag
+    def define_cuda_architectures(pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase) -> str:
+        return define_cuda_architectures(pkg)
 
     @staticmethod
-    def define_hip_architectures(pkg):
-        """Returns the str ``-DCMAKE_HIP_ARCHITECTURES:STRING=(expanded amdgpu_target)``.
-
-        ``amdgpu_target`` is variant composed of a list of the target HIP
-        architectures and it is declared in the rocm package.
-
-        This method is no-op for cmake<3.18 and when ``amdgpu_target`` variant is
-        not set.
-
-        """
-        cmake_flag = str()
-        if "amdgpu_target" in pkg.spec.variants and pkg.spec.satisfies("^cmake@3.21:"):
-            cmake_flag = CMakeBuilder.define(
-                "CMAKE_HIP_ARCHITECTURES", pkg.spec.variants["amdgpu_target"].value
-            )
-
-        return cmake_flag
+    def define_hip_architectures(pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase) -> str:
+        return define_hip_architectures(pkg)
 
     @staticmethod
-    def define(cmake_var, value):
-        """Return a CMake command line argument that defines a variable.
+    def define(cmake_var: str, value: Any) -> str:
+        return define(cmake_var, value)
 
-        The resulting argument will convert boolean values to OFF/ON
-        and lists/tuples to CMake semicolon-separated string lists. All other
-        values will be interpreted as strings.
-
-        Examples:
-
-            .. code-block:: python
-
-                [define('BUILD_SHARED_LIBS', True),
-                 define('CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD', 14),
-                 define('swr', ['avx', 'avx2'])]
-
-            will generate the following configuration options:
-
-            .. code-block:: console
-
-                ["-DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS:BOOL=ON",
-                 "-DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD:STRING=14",
-                 "-DSWR:STRING=avx;avx2]
-
-        """
-        # Create a list of pairs. Each pair includes a configuration
-        # option and whether or not that option is activated
-        if isinstance(value, bool):
-            kind = "BOOL"
-            value = "ON" if value else "OFF"
-        else:
-            kind = "STRING"
-            if isinstance(value, collections.abc.Sequence) and not isinstance(value, str):
-                value = ";".join(str(v) for v in value)
-            else:
-                value = str(value)
-
-        return "".join(["-D", cmake_var, ":", kind, "=", value])
-
-    def define_from_variant(self, cmake_var, variant=None):
-        """Return a CMake command line argument from the given variant's value.
-
-        The optional ``variant`` argument defaults to the lower-case transform
-        of ``cmake_var``.
-
-        This utility function is similar to
-        :meth:`~spack.build_systems.autotools.AutotoolsBuilder.with_or_without`.
-
-        Examples:
-
-            Given a package with:
-
-            .. code-block:: python
-
-                variant('cxxstd', default='11', values=('11', '14'),
-                        multi=False, description='')
-                variant('shared', default=True, description='')
-                variant('swr', values=any_combination_of('avx', 'avx2'),
-                        description='')
-
-            calling this function like:
-
-            .. code-block:: python
-
-                [self.define_from_variant('BUILD_SHARED_LIBS', 'shared'),
-                 self.define_from_variant('CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD', 'cxxstd'),
-                 self.define_from_variant('SWR')]
-
-            will generate the following configuration options:
-
-            .. code-block:: console
-
-                ["-DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS:BOOL=ON",
-                 "-DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD:STRING=14",
-                 "-DSWR:STRING=avx;avx2]
-
-            for ``<spec-name> cxxstd=14 +shared swr=avx,avx2``
-
-        Note: if the provided variant is conditional, and the condition is not met,
-                this function returns an empty string. CMake discards empty strings
-                provided on the command line.
-        """
-
-        if variant is None:
-            variant = cmake_var.lower()
-
-        if not self.pkg.has_variant(variant):
-            raise KeyError('"{0}" is not a variant of "{1}"'.format(variant, self.pkg.name))
-
-        if variant not in self.pkg.spec.variants:
-            return ""
-
-        value = self.pkg.spec.variants[variant].value
-        if isinstance(value, (tuple, list)):
-            # Sort multi-valued variants for reproducibility
-            value = sorted(value)
-
-        return self.define(cmake_var, value)
+    def define_from_variant(self, cmake_var: str, variant: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
+        return define_from_variant(self.pkg, cmake_var, variant)
 
     @property
-    def build_dirname(self):
+    def build_dirname(self) -> str:
         """Directory name to use when building the package."""
-        return "spack-build-%s" % self.pkg.spec.dag_hash(7)
+        return f"spack-build-{self.pkg.spec.dag_hash(7)}"
 
     @property
-    def build_directory(self):
+    def build_directory(self) -> str:
         """Full-path to the directory to use when building the package."""
         return os.path.join(self.pkg.stage.path, self.build_dirname)
 
-    def cmake_args(self):
+    def cmake_args(self) -> List[str]:
         """List of all the arguments that must be passed to cmake, except:
 
             * CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX
@@ -560,7 +454,12 @@ def cmake_args(self):
         """
         return []
 
-    def cmake(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def cmake(
+        self,
+        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
+        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
+        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+    ) -> None:
         """Runs ``cmake`` in the build directory"""
 
         # skip cmake phase if it is an incremental develop build
@@ -575,7 +474,12 @@ def cmake(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory, create=True):
             pkg.module.cmake(*options)
 
-    def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def build(
+        self,
+        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
+        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
+        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+    ) -> None:
         """Make the build targets"""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             if self.generator == "Unix Makefiles":
@@ -584,7 +488,12 @@ def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
                 self.build_targets.append("-v")
                 pkg.module.ninja(*self.build_targets)
 
-    def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def install(
+        self,
+        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
+        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
+        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+    ) -> None:
         """Make the install targets"""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             if self.generator == "Unix Makefiles":
@@ -592,9 +501,9 @@ def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
             elif self.generator == "Ninja":
                 pkg.module.ninja(*self.install_targets)
 
-    spack.builder.run_after("build")(execute_build_time_tests)
+    spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("build")(execute_build_time_tests)
 
-    def check(self):
+    def check(self) -> None:
         """Search the CMake-generated files for the targets ``test`` and ``check``,
         and runs them if found.
         """
@@ -605,3 +514,133 @@ def check(self):
             elif self.generator == "Ninja":
                 self.pkg._if_ninja_target_execute("test", jobs_env="CTEST_PARALLEL_LEVEL")
                 self.pkg._if_ninja_target_execute("check")
+
+
+def define(cmake_var: str, value: Any) -> str:
+    """Return a CMake command line argument that defines a variable.
+
+    The resulting argument will convert boolean values to OFF/ON and lists/tuples to CMake
+    semicolon-separated string lists. All other values will be interpreted as strings.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            [define("BUILD_SHARED_LIBS", True),
+                define("CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD", 14),
+                define("swr", ["avx", "avx2"])]
+
+        will generate the following configuration options:
+
+        .. code-block:: console
+
+            ["-DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS:BOOL=ON",
+                "-DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD:STRING=14",
+                "-DSWR:STRING=avx;avx2]
+
+    """
+    # Create a list of pairs. Each pair includes a configuration
+    # option and whether or not that option is activated
+    if isinstance(value, bool):
+        kind = "BOOL"
+        value = "ON" if value else "OFF"
+    else:
+        kind = "STRING"
+        if isinstance(value, collections.abc.Sequence) and not isinstance(value, str):
+            value = ";".join(str(v) for v in value)
+        else:
+            value = str(value)
+
+    return "".join(["-D", cmake_var, ":", kind, "=", value])
+
+
+def define_from_variant(
+    pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase, cmake_var: str, variant: Optional[str] = None
+) -> str:
+    """Return a CMake command line argument from the given variant's value.
+
+    The optional ``variant`` argument defaults to the lower-case transform
+    of ``cmake_var``.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        Given a package with:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            variant("cxxstd", default="11", values=("11", "14"),
+                    multi=False, description="")
+            variant("shared", default=True, description="")
+            variant("swr", values=any_combination_of("avx", "avx2"),
+                    description="")
+
+        calling this function like:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            [
+                self.define_from_variant("BUILD_SHARED_LIBS", "shared"),
+                self.define_from_variant("CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD", "cxxstd"),
+                self.define_from_variant("SWR"),
+            ]
+
+        will generate the following configuration options:
+
+        .. code-block:: console
+
+            [
+                "-DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS:BOOL=ON",
+                "-DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD:STRING=14",
+                "-DSWR:STRING=avx;avx2",
+            ]
+
+        for ``<spec-name> cxxstd=14 +shared swr=avx,avx2``
+
+    Note: if the provided variant is conditional, and the condition is not met, this function
+        returns an empty string. CMake discards empty strings provided on the command line.
+    """
+    if variant is None:
+        variant = cmake_var.lower()
+
+    if not pkg.has_variant(variant):
+        raise KeyError('"{0}" is not a variant of "{1}"'.format(variant, pkg.name))
+
+    if variant not in pkg.spec.variants:
+        return ""
+
+    value = pkg.spec.variants[variant].value
+    if isinstance(value, (tuple, list)):
+        # Sort multi-valued variants for reproducibility
+        value = sorted(value)
+
+    return define(cmake_var, value)
+
+
+def define_hip_architectures(pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase) -> str:
+    """Returns the str ``-DCMAKE_HIP_ARCHITECTURES:STRING=(expanded amdgpu_target)``.
+
+    ``amdgpu_target`` is variant composed of a list of the target HIP
+    architectures and it is declared in the rocm package.
+
+    This method is no-op for cmake<3.18 and when ``amdgpu_target`` variant is
+    not set.
+
+    """
+    if "amdgpu_target" in pkg.spec.variants and pkg.spec.satisfies("^cmake@3.21:"):
+        return define("CMAKE_HIP_ARCHITECTURES", pkg.spec.variants["amdgpu_target"].value)
+
+    return ""
+
+
+def define_cuda_architectures(pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase) -> str:
+    """Returns the str ``-DCMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES:STRING=(expanded cuda_arch)``.
+
+    ``cuda_arch`` is variant composed of a list of target CUDA architectures and
+    it is declared in the cuda package.
+
+    This method is no-op for cmake<3.18 and when ``cuda_arch`` variant is not set.
+
+    """
+    if "cuda_arch" in pkg.spec.variants and pkg.spec.satisfies("^cmake@3.18:"):
+        return define("CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES", pkg.spec.variants["cuda_arch"].value)
+    return ""

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/cuda.py

@@ -180,13 +180,6 @@ def compute_capabilities(arch_list: Iterable[str]) -> List[str]:
         conflicts("%gcc@7:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:9.1 target=x86_64:")
         conflicts("%gcc@8:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:10.0.130 target=x86_64:")
         conflicts("%gcc@9:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:10.2.89 target=x86_64:")
-        conflicts("%pgi@:14.8", when="+cuda ^cuda@:7.0.27 target=x86_64:")
-        conflicts("%pgi@:15.3,15.5:", when="+cuda ^cuda@7.5 target=x86_64:")
-        conflicts("%pgi@:16.2,16.0:16.3", when="+cuda ^cuda@8 target=x86_64:")
-        conflicts("%pgi@:15,18:", when="+cuda ^cuda@9.0:9.1 target=x86_64:")
-        conflicts("%pgi@:16,19:", when="+cuda ^cuda@9.2.88:10.0 target=x86_64:")
-        conflicts("%pgi@:17,20:", when="+cuda ^cuda@10.1.105:10.2.89 target=x86_64:")
-        conflicts("%pgi@:17,21:", when="+cuda ^cuda@11.0.2:11.1.0 target=x86_64:")
         conflicts("%clang@:3.4", when="+cuda ^cuda@:7.5 target=x86_64:")
         conflicts("%clang@:3.7,4:", when="+cuda ^cuda@8.0:9.0 target=x86_64:")
         conflicts("%clang@:3.7,4.1:", when="+cuda ^cuda@9.1 target=x86_64:")
@@ -212,9 +205,6 @@ def compute_capabilities(arch_list: Iterable[str]) -> List[str]:
         conflicts("%gcc@8:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:10.0.130 target=ppc64le:")
         conflicts("%gcc@9:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:10.1.243 target=ppc64le:")
         # officially, CUDA 11.0.2 only supports the system GCC 8.3 on ppc64le
-        conflicts("%pgi", when="+cuda ^cuda@:8 target=ppc64le:")
-        conflicts("%pgi@:16", when="+cuda ^cuda@:9.1.185 target=ppc64le:")
-        conflicts("%pgi@:17", when="+cuda ^cuda@:10 target=ppc64le:")
         conflicts("%clang@4:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:9.0.176 target=ppc64le:")
         conflicts("%clang@5:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:9.1 target=ppc64le:")
         conflicts("%clang@6:", when="+cuda ^cuda@:9.2 target=ppc64le:")

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/generic.py

@@ -7,8 +7,9 @@
 import spack.builder
 import spack.directives
 import spack.package_base
+import spack.phase_callbacks
 
-from ._checks import BaseBuilder, apply_macos_rpath_fixups, execute_install_time_tests
+from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults, apply_macos_rpath_fixups, execute_install_time_tests
 
 
 class Package(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ class Package(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
 
 
 @spack.builder.builder("generic")
-class GenericBuilder(BaseBuilder):
+class GenericBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
     """A builder for a generic build system, that require packagers
     to implement an "install" phase.
     """
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ class GenericBuilder(BaseBuilder):
     install_time_test_callbacks = []
 
     # On macOS, force rpaths for shared library IDs and remove duplicate rpaths
-    spack.builder.run_after("install", when="platform=darwin")(apply_macos_rpath_fixups)
+    spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install", when="platform=darwin")(apply_macos_rpath_fixups)
 
     # unconditionally perform any post-install phase tests
-    spack.builder.run_after("install")(execute_install_time_tests)
+    spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install")(execute_install_time_tests)

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/go.py

@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@
 
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
+import spack.phase_callbacks
 from spack.directives import build_system, extends
 from spack.multimethod import when
 
-from ._checks import BaseBuilder, execute_install_time_tests
+from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults, execute_install_time_tests
 
 
 class GoPackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ class GoPackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
 
 
 @spack.builder.builder("go")
-class GoBuilder(BaseBuilder):
+class GoBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
     """The Go builder encodes the most common way of building software with
     a golang go.mod file. It has two phases that can be overridden, if need be:
 
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
             fs.mkdirp(prefix.bin)
             fs.install(pkg.name, prefix.bin)
 
-    spack.builder.run_after("install")(execute_install_time_tests)
+    spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install")(execute_install_time_tests)
 
     def check(self):
         """Run ``go test .`` in the source directory"""

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/intel.py

@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@
     install,
 )
 
-import spack.builder
 import spack.error
+import spack.phase_callbacks
 from spack.build_environment import dso_suffix
 from spack.error import InstallError
 from spack.util.environment import EnvironmentModifications
@@ -1163,7 +1163,7 @@ def _determine_license_type(self):
         debug_print(license_type)
         return license_type
 
-    @spack.builder.run_before("install")
+    @spack.phase_callbacks.run_before("install")
     def configure(self):
         """Generates the silent.cfg file to pass to installer.sh.
 
@@ -1250,7 +1250,7 @@ def install(self, spec, prefix):
         for f in glob.glob("%s/intel*log" % tmpdir):
             install(f, dst)
 
-    @spack.builder.run_after("install")
+    @spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install")
     def validate_install(self):
         # Sometimes the installer exits with an error but doesn't pass a
         # non-zero exit code to spack. Check for the existence of a 'bin'
@@ -1258,7 +1258,7 @@ def validate_install(self):
         if not os.path.exists(self.prefix.bin):
             raise InstallError("The installer has failed to install anything.")
 
-    @spack.builder.run_after("install")
+    @spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install")
     def configure_rpath(self):
         if "+rpath" not in self.spec:
             return
@@ -1276,7 +1276,7 @@ def configure_rpath(self):
             with open(compiler_cfg, "w") as fh:
                 fh.write("-Xlinker -rpath={0}\n".format(compilers_lib_dir))
 
-    @spack.builder.run_after("install")
+    @spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install")
     def configure_auto_dispatch(self):
         if self._has_compilers:
             if "auto_dispatch=none" in self.spec:
@@ -1300,7 +1300,7 @@ def configure_auto_dispatch(self):
                 with open(compiler_cfg, "a") as fh:
                     fh.write("-ax{0}\n".format(",".join(ad)))
 
-    @spack.builder.run_after("install")
+    @spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install")
     def filter_compiler_wrappers(self):
         if ("+mpi" in self.spec or self.provides("mpi")) and "~newdtags" in self.spec:
             bin_dir = self.component_bin_dir("mpi")
@@ -1308,7 +1308,7 @@ def filter_compiler_wrappers(self):
                 f = os.path.join(bin_dir, f)
                 filter_file("-Xlinker --enable-new-dtags", " ", f, string=True)
 
-    @spack.builder.run_after("install")
+    @spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install")
     def uninstall_ism(self):
         # The "Intel(R) Software Improvement Program" [ahem] gets installed,
         # apparently regardless of PHONEHOME_SEND_USAGE_DATA.
@@ -1340,7 +1340,7 @@ def base_lib_dir(self):
         debug_print(d)
         return d
 
-    @spack.builder.run_after("install")
+    @spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install")
     def modify_LLVMgold_rpath(self):
         """Add libimf.so and other required libraries to the RUNPATH of LLVMgold.so.
 

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/makefile.py

@@ -8,11 +8,14 @@
 
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
+import spack.phase_callbacks
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.prefix
 from spack.directives import build_system, conflicts, depends_on
 from spack.multimethod import when
 
 from ._checks import (
-    BaseBuilder,
+    BuilderWithDefaults,
     apply_macos_rpath_fixups,
     execute_build_time_tests,
     execute_install_time_tests,
@@ -36,7 +39,7 @@ class MakefilePackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
 
 
 @spack.builder.builder("makefile")
-class MakefileBuilder(BaseBuilder):
+class MakefileBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
     """The Makefile builder encodes the most common way of building software with
     Makefiles. It has three phases that can be overridden, if need be:
 
@@ -91,35 +94,50 @@ class MakefileBuilder(BaseBuilder):
     install_time_test_callbacks = ["installcheck"]
 
     @property
-    def build_directory(self):
+    def build_directory(self) -> str:
         """Return the directory containing the main Makefile."""
         return self.pkg.stage.source_path
 
-    def edit(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def edit(
+        self,
+        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
+        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
+        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+    ) -> None:
         """Edit the Makefile before calling make. The default is a no-op."""
         pass
 
-    def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def build(
+        self,
+        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
+        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
+        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+    ) -> None:
         """Run "make" on the build targets specified by the builder."""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             pkg.module.make(*self.build_targets)
 
-    def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def install(
+        self,
+        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
+        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
+        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+    ) -> None:
         """Run "make" on the install targets specified by the builder."""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             pkg.module.make(*self.install_targets)
 
-    spack.builder.run_after("build")(execute_build_time_tests)
+    spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("build")(execute_build_time_tests)
 
-    def check(self):
+    def check(self) -> None:
         """Run "make" on the ``test`` and ``check`` targets, if found."""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             self.pkg._if_make_target_execute("test")
             self.pkg._if_make_target_execute("check")
 
-    spack.builder.run_after("install")(execute_install_time_tests)
+    spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install")(execute_install_time_tests)
 
-    def installcheck(self):
+    def installcheck(self) -> None:
         """Searches the Makefile for an ``installcheck`` target
         and runs it if found.
         """
@@ -127,4 +145,4 @@ def installcheck(self):
             self.pkg._if_make_target_execute("installcheck")
 
     # On macOS, force rpaths for shared library IDs and remove duplicate rpaths
-    spack.builder.run_after("install", when="platform=darwin")(apply_macos_rpath_fixups)
+    spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install", when="platform=darwin")(apply_macos_rpath_fixups)

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/maven.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 from spack.multimethod import when
 from spack.util.executable import which
 
-from ._checks import BaseBuilder
+from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults
 
 
 class MavenPackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class MavenPackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
 
 
 @spack.builder.builder("maven")
-class MavenBuilder(BaseBuilder):
+class MavenBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
     """The Maven builder encodes the default way to build software with Maven.
     It has two phases that can be overridden, if need be:
 

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/meson.py

@@ -9,10 +9,13 @@
 
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
+import spack.phase_callbacks
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.prefix
 from spack.directives import build_system, conflicts, depends_on, variant
 from spack.multimethod import when
 
-from ._checks import BaseBuilder, execute_build_time_tests
+from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults, execute_build_time_tests
 
 
 class MesonPackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
@@ -62,7 +65,7 @@ def flags_to_build_system_args(self, flags):
 
 
 @spack.builder.builder("meson")
-class MesonBuilder(BaseBuilder):
+class MesonBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
     """The Meson builder encodes the default way to build software with Meson.
     The builder has three phases that can be overridden, if need be:
 
@@ -112,7 +115,7 @@ def archive_files(self):
         return [os.path.join(self.build_directory, "meson-logs", "meson-log.txt")]
 
     @property
-    def root_mesonlists_dir(self):
+    def root_mesonlists_dir(self) -> str:
         """Relative path to the directory containing meson.build
 
         This path is relative to the root of the extracted tarball,
@@ -121,7 +124,7 @@ def root_mesonlists_dir(self):
         return self.pkg.stage.source_path
 
     @property
-    def std_meson_args(self):
+    def std_meson_args(self) -> List[str]:
         """Standard meson arguments provided as a property for convenience
         of package writers.
         """
@@ -132,7 +135,7 @@ def std_meson_args(self):
         return std_meson_args
 
     @staticmethod
-    def std_args(pkg):
+    def std_args(pkg) -> List[str]:
         """Standard meson arguments for a generic package."""
         try:
             build_type = pkg.spec.variants["buildtype"].value
@@ -172,7 +175,7 @@ def build_directory(self):
         """Directory to use when building the package."""
         return os.path.join(self.pkg.stage.path, self.build_dirname)
 
-    def meson_args(self):
+    def meson_args(self) -> List[str]:
         """List of arguments that must be passed to meson, except:
 
         * ``--prefix``
@@ -185,7 +188,12 @@ def meson_args(self):
         """
         return []
 
-    def meson(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def meson(
+        self,
+        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
+        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
+        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+    ) -> None:
         """Run ``meson`` in the build directory"""
         options = []
         if self.spec["meson"].satisfies("@0.64:"):
@@ -196,21 +204,31 @@ def meson(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory, create=True):
             pkg.module.meson(*options)
 
-    def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def build(
+        self,
+        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
+        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
+        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+    ) -> None:
         """Make the build targets"""
         options = ["-v"]
         options += self.build_targets
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             pkg.module.ninja(*options)
 
-    def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def install(
+        self,
+        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
+        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
+        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+    ) -> None:
         """Make the install targets"""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             pkg.module.ninja(*self.install_targets)
 
-    spack.builder.run_after("build")(execute_build_time_tests)
+    spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("build")(execute_build_time_tests)
 
-    def check(self):
+    def check(self) -> None:
         """Search Meson-generated files for the target ``test`` and run it if found."""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             self.pkg._if_ninja_target_execute("test")

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/msbuild.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 import spack.package_base
 from spack.directives import build_system, conflicts
 
-from ._checks import BaseBuilder
+from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults
 
 
 class MSBuildPackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class MSBuildPackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
 
 
 @spack.builder.builder("msbuild")
-class MSBuildBuilder(BaseBuilder):
+class MSBuildBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
     """The MSBuild builder encodes the most common way of building software with
     Mircosoft's MSBuild tool. It has two phases that can be overridden, if need be:
 

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/nmake.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 import spack.package_base
 from spack.directives import build_system, conflicts
 
-from ._checks import BaseBuilder
+from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults
 
 
 class NMakePackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class NMakePackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
 
 
 @spack.builder.builder("nmake")
-class NMakeBuilder(BaseBuilder):
+class NMakeBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
     """The NMake builder encodes the most common way of building software with
     Mircosoft's NMake tool. It has two phases that can be overridden, if need be:
 

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/octave.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 from spack.directives import build_system, extends
 from spack.multimethod import when
 
-from ._checks import BaseBuilder
+from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults
 
 
 class OctavePackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class OctavePackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
 
 
 @spack.builder.builder("octave")
-class OctaveBuilder(BaseBuilder):
+class OctaveBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
     """The octave builder provides the following phases that can be overridden:
 
     1. :py:meth:`~.OctaveBuilder.install`

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/oneapi.py

@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ def libs(self):
         return find_libraries("*", root=self.component_prefix.lib, recursive=not self.v2_layout)
 
 
-class IntelOneApiLibraryPackageWithSdk(IntelOneApiPackage):
+class IntelOneApiLibraryPackageWithSdk(IntelOneApiLibraryPackage):
     """Base class for Intel oneAPI library packages with SDK components.
 
     Contains some convenient default implementations for libraries

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/perl.py

@@ -10,11 +10,12 @@
 
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
+import spack.phase_callbacks
 from spack.directives import build_system, extends
 from spack.install_test import SkipTest, test_part
 from spack.util.executable import Executable
 
-from ._checks import BaseBuilder, execute_build_time_tests
+from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults, execute_build_time_tests
 
 
 class PerlPackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ def test_use(self):
 
 
 @spack.builder.builder("perl")
-class PerlBuilder(BaseBuilder):
+class PerlBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
     """The perl builder provides four phases that can be overridden, if required:
 
         1. :py:meth:`~.PerlBuilder.configure`
@@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ def configure(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
     # Build.PL may be too long causing the build to fail. Patching the shebang
     # does not happen until after install so set '/usr/bin/env perl' here in
     # the Build script.
-    @spack.builder.run_after("configure")
+    @spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("configure")
     def fix_shebang(self):
         if self.build_method == "Build.PL":
             pattern = "#!{0}".format(self.spec["perl"].command.path)
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         self.build_executable()
 
     # Ensure that tests run after build (if requested):
-    spack.builder.run_after("build")(execute_build_time_tests)
+    spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("build")(execute_build_time_tests)
 
     def check(self):
         """Runs built-in tests of a Perl package."""

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/python.py

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 import spack.detection
 import spack.multimethod
 import spack.package_base
+import spack.phase_callbacks
 import spack.platforms
 import spack.repo
 import spack.spec
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@
 from spack.spec import Spec
 from spack.util.prefix import Prefix
 
-from ._checks import BaseBuilder, execute_install_time_tests
+from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults, execute_install_time_tests
 
 
 def _flatten_dict(dictionary: Mapping[str, object]) -> Iterable[str]:
@@ -374,7 +375,7 @@ def list_url(cls) -> Optional[str]:  # type: ignore[override]
         return None
 
     @property
-    def python_spec(self):
+    def python_spec(self) -> Spec:
         """Get python-venv if it exists or python otherwise."""
         python, *_ = self.spec.dependencies("python-venv") or self.spec.dependencies("python")
         return python
@@ -425,7 +426,7 @@ def libs(self) -> LibraryList:
 
 
 @spack.builder.builder("python_pip")
-class PythonPipBuilder(BaseBuilder):
+class PythonPipBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
     phases = ("install",)
 
     #: Names associated with package methods in the old build-system format
@@ -543,4 +544,4 @@ def install(self, pkg: PythonPackage, spec: Spec, prefix: Prefix) -> None:
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             pip(*args)
 
-    spack.builder.run_after("install")(execute_install_time_tests)
+    spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install")(execute_install_time_tests)

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/qmake.py

@@ -6,9 +6,10 @@
 
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
+import spack.phase_callbacks
 from spack.directives import build_system, depends_on
 
-from ._checks import BaseBuilder, execute_build_time_tests
+from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults, execute_build_time_tests
 
 
 class QMakePackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ class QMakePackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
 
 
 @spack.builder.builder("qmake")
-class QMakeBuilder(BaseBuilder):
+class QMakeBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
     """The qmake builder provides three phases that can be overridden:
 
     1. :py:meth:`~.QMakeBuilder.qmake`
@@ -81,4 +82,4 @@ def check(self):
         with working_dir(self.build_directory):
             self.pkg._if_make_target_execute("check")
 
-    spack.builder.run_after("build")(execute_build_time_tests)
+    spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("build")(execute_build_time_tests)

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/ruby.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 import spack.package_base
 from spack.directives import build_system, extends, maintainers
 
-from ._checks import BaseBuilder
+from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults
 
 
 class RubyPackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class RubyPackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
 
 
 @spack.builder.builder("ruby")
-class RubyBuilder(BaseBuilder):
+class RubyBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
     """The Ruby builder provides two phases that can be overridden if required:
 
     #. :py:meth:`~.RubyBuilder.build`

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/scons.py

@@ -4,9 +4,10 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
+import spack.phase_callbacks
 from spack.directives import build_system, depends_on
 
-from ._checks import BaseBuilder, execute_build_time_tests
+from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults, execute_build_time_tests
 
 
 class SConsPackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ class SConsPackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
 
 
 @spack.builder.builder("scons")
-class SConsBuilder(BaseBuilder):
+class SConsBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
     """The Scons builder provides the following phases that can be overridden:
 
     1. :py:meth:`~.SConsBuilder.build`
@@ -79,4 +80,4 @@ def build_test(self):
         """
         pass
 
-    spack.builder.run_after("build")(execute_build_time_tests)
+    spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("build")(execute_build_time_tests)

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/sip.py

@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@
 import spack.builder
 import spack.install_test
 import spack.package_base
+import spack.phase_callbacks
 from spack.directives import build_system, depends_on, extends
 from spack.multimethod import when
 from spack.util.executable import Executable
 
-from ._checks import BaseBuilder, execute_install_time_tests
+from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults, execute_install_time_tests
 
 
 class SIPPackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ def test_imports(self):
 
 
 @spack.builder.builder("sip")
-class SIPBuilder(BaseBuilder):
+class SIPBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
     """The SIP builder provides the following phases that can be overridden:
 
     * configure
@@ -170,4 +171,4 @@ def install_args(self):
         """Arguments to pass to install."""
         return []
 
-    spack.builder.run_after("install")(execute_install_time_tests)
+    spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install")(execute_install_time_tests)

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/waf.py

@@ -6,9 +6,10 @@
 
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
+import spack.phase_callbacks
 from spack.directives import build_system, depends_on
 
-from ._checks import BaseBuilder, execute_build_time_tests, execute_install_time_tests
+from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults, execute_build_time_tests, execute_install_time_tests
 
 
 class WafPackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ class WafPackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
 
 
 @spack.builder.builder("waf")
-class WafBuilder(BaseBuilder):
+class WafBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
     """The WAF builder provides the following phases that can be overridden:
 
     * configure
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ def build_test(self):
         """
         pass
 
-    spack.builder.run_after("build")(execute_build_time_tests)
+    spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("build")(execute_build_time_tests)
 
     def install_test(self):
         """Run unit tests after install.
@@ -146,4 +147,4 @@ def install_test(self):
         """
         pass
 
-    spack.builder.run_after("install")(execute_install_time_tests)
+    spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install")(execute_install_time_tests)

lib/spack/spack/builder.py

@@ -6,44 +6,30 @@
 import collections.abc
 import copy
 import functools
-from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
-
-from llnl.util import lang
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Type
 
 import spack.error
 import spack.multimethod
+import spack.package_base
+import spack.phase_callbacks
 import spack.repo
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.environment
 
 #: Builder classes, as registered by the "builder" decorator
-BUILDER_CLS = {}
-
-#: An object of this kind is a shared global state used to collect callbacks during
-#: class definition time, and is flushed when the class object is created at the end
-#: of the class definition
-#:
-#: Args:
-#:    attribute_name (str): name of the attribute that will be attached to the builder
-#:    callbacks (list): container used to temporarily aggregate the callbacks
-CallbackTemporaryStage = collections.namedtuple(
-    "CallbackTemporaryStage", ["attribute_name", "callbacks"]
-)
-
-#: Shared global state to aggregate "@run_before" callbacks
-_RUN_BEFORE = CallbackTemporaryStage(attribute_name="run_before_callbacks", callbacks=[])
-#: Shared global state to aggregate "@run_after" callbacks
-_RUN_AFTER = CallbackTemporaryStage(attribute_name="run_after_callbacks", callbacks=[])
+BUILDER_CLS: Dict[str, Type["Builder"]] = {}
 
 #: Map id(pkg) to a builder, to avoid creating multiple
 #: builders for the same package object.
-_BUILDERS = {}
+_BUILDERS: Dict[int, "Builder"] = {}
 
 
-def builder(build_system_name):
+def builder(build_system_name: str):
     """Class decorator used to register the default builder
     for a given build-system.
 
     Args:
-        build_system_name (str): name of the build-system
+        build_system_name: name of the build-system
     """
 
     def _decorator(cls):
@@ -54,13 +40,9 @@ def _decorator(cls):
     return _decorator
 
 
-def create(pkg):
-    """Given a package object with an associated concrete spec,
-    return the builder object that can install it.
-
-    Args:
-         pkg (spack.package_base.PackageBase): package for which we want the builder
-    """
+def create(pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase) -> "Builder":
+    """Given a package object with an associated concrete spec, return the builder object that can
+    install it."""
     if id(pkg) not in _BUILDERS:
         _BUILDERS[id(pkg)] = _create(pkg)
     return _BUILDERS[id(pkg)]
@@ -75,7 +57,7 @@ def __call__(self, spec, prefix):
         return self.phase_fn(self.builder.pkg, spec, prefix)
 
 
-def get_builder_class(pkg, name: str) -> Optional[type]:
+def get_builder_class(pkg, name: str) -> Optional[Type["Builder"]]:
     """Return the builder class if a package module defines it."""
     cls = getattr(pkg.module, name, None)
     if cls and cls.__module__.startswith(spack.repo.ROOT_PYTHON_NAMESPACE):
@@ -83,7 +65,7 @@ def get_builder_class(pkg, name: str) -> Optional[type]:
     return None
 
 
-def _create(pkg):
+def _create(pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase) -> "Builder":
     """Return a new builder object for the package object being passed as argument.
 
     The function inspects the build-system used by the package object and try to:
@@ -103,7 +85,7 @@ class hierarchy (look at AspellDictPackage for an example of that)
     to look for build-related methods in the ``*Package``.
 
     Args:
-        pkg (spack.package_base.PackageBase): package object for which we need a builder
+        pkg: package object for which we need a builder
     """
     package_buildsystem = buildsystem_name(pkg)
     default_builder_cls = BUILDER_CLS[package_buildsystem]
@@ -168,8 +150,8 @@ def __forward(self, *args, **kwargs):
     # with the same name is defined in the Package, it will override this definition
     # (when _ForwardToBaseBuilder is initialized)
     for method_name in (
-        base_cls.phases
-        + base_cls.legacy_methods
+        base_cls.phases  # type: ignore
+        + base_cls.legacy_methods  # type: ignore
         + getattr(base_cls, "legacy_long_methods", tuple())
         + ("setup_build_environment", "setup_dependent_build_environment")
     ):
@@ -181,14 +163,14 @@ def __forward(self):
 
         return __forward
 
-    for attribute_name in base_cls.legacy_attributes:
+    for attribute_name in base_cls.legacy_attributes:  # type: ignore
         setattr(
             _ForwardToBaseBuilder,
             attribute_name,
             property(forward_property_to_getattr(attribute_name)),
         )
 
-    class Adapter(base_cls, metaclass=_PackageAdapterMeta):
+    class Adapter(base_cls, metaclass=_PackageAdapterMeta):  # type: ignore
         def __init__(self, pkg):
             # Deal with custom phases in packages here
             if hasattr(pkg, "phases"):
@@ -213,99 +195,18 @@ def setup_dependent_build_environment(self, env, dependent_spec):
     return Adapter(pkg)
 
 
-def buildsystem_name(pkg):
+def buildsystem_name(pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase) -> str:
     """Given a package object with an associated concrete spec,
-    return the name of its build system.
-
-    Args:
-         pkg (spack.package_base.PackageBase): package for which we want
-            the build system name
-    """
+    return the name of its build system."""
     try:
         return pkg.spec.variants["build_system"].value
     except KeyError:
         # We are reading an old spec without the build_system variant
-        return pkg.legacy_buildsystem
-
-
-class PhaseCallbacksMeta(type):
-    """Permit to register arbitrary functions during class definition and run them
-    later, before or after a given install phase.
-
-    Each method decorated with ``run_before`` or ``run_after`` gets temporarily
-    stored in a global shared state when a class being defined is parsed by the Python
-    interpreter. At class definition time that temporary storage gets flushed and a list
-    of callbacks is attached to the class being defined.
-    """
-
-    def __new__(mcs, name, bases, attr_dict):
-        for temporary_stage in (_RUN_BEFORE, _RUN_AFTER):
-            staged_callbacks = temporary_stage.callbacks
-
-            # Here we have an adapter from an old-style package. This means there is no
-            # hierarchy of builders, and every callback that had to be combined between
-            # *Package and *Builder has been combined already by _PackageAdapterMeta
-            if name == "Adapter":
-                continue
-
-            # If we are here we have callbacks. To get a complete list, we accumulate all the
-            # callbacks from base classes, we deduplicate them, then prepend what we have
-            # registered here.
-            #
-            # The order should be:
-            # 1. Callbacks are registered in order within the same class
-            # 2. Callbacks defined in derived classes precede those defined in base
-            #    classes
-            callbacks_from_base = []
-            for base in bases:
-                current_callbacks = getattr(base, temporary_stage.attribute_name, None)
-                if not current_callbacks:
-                    continue
-                callbacks_from_base.extend(current_callbacks)
-            callbacks_from_base = list(lang.dedupe(callbacks_from_base))
-            # Set the callbacks in this class and flush the temporary stage
-            attr_dict[temporary_stage.attribute_name] = staged_callbacks[:] + callbacks_from_base
-            del temporary_stage.callbacks[:]
-
-        return super(PhaseCallbacksMeta, mcs).__new__(mcs, name, bases, attr_dict)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def run_after(phase, when=None):
-        """Decorator to register a function for running after a given phase.
-
-        Args:
-            phase (str): phase after which the function must run.
-            when (str): condition under which the function is run (if None, it is always run).
-        """
-
-        def _decorator(fn):
-            key = (phase, when)
-            item = (key, fn)
-            _RUN_AFTER.callbacks.append(item)
-            return fn
-
-        return _decorator
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def run_before(phase, when=None):
-        """Decorator to register a function for running before a given phase.
-
-        Args:
-           phase (str): phase before which the function must run.
-           when (str): condition under which the function is run (if None, it is always run).
-        """
-
-        def _decorator(fn):
-            key = (phase, when)
-            item = (key, fn)
-            _RUN_BEFORE.callbacks.append(item)
-            return fn
-
-        return _decorator
+        return pkg.legacy_buildsystem  # type: ignore
 
 
 class BuilderMeta(
-    PhaseCallbacksMeta,
+    spack.phase_callbacks.PhaseCallbacksMeta,
     spack.multimethod.MultiMethodMeta,
     type(collections.abc.Sequence),  # type: ignore
 ):
@@ -400,8 +301,12 @@ def __new__(mcs, name, bases, attr_dict):
             )
 
         combine_callbacks = _PackageAdapterMeta.combine_callbacks
-        attr_dict[_RUN_BEFORE.attribute_name] = combine_callbacks(_RUN_BEFORE.attribute_name)
-        attr_dict[_RUN_AFTER.attribute_name] = combine_callbacks(_RUN_AFTER.attribute_name)
+        attr_dict[spack.phase_callbacks._RUN_BEFORE.attribute_name] = combine_callbacks(
+            spack.phase_callbacks._RUN_BEFORE.attribute_name
+        )
+        attr_dict[spack.phase_callbacks._RUN_AFTER.attribute_name] = combine_callbacks(
+            spack.phase_callbacks._RUN_AFTER.attribute_name
+        )
 
         return super(_PackageAdapterMeta, mcs).__new__(mcs, name, bases, attr_dict)
 
@@ -421,8 +326,8 @@ def __init__(self, name, builder):
         self.name = name
         self.builder = builder
         self.phase_fn = self._select_phase_fn()
-        self.run_before = self._make_callbacks(_RUN_BEFORE.attribute_name)
-        self.run_after = self._make_callbacks(_RUN_AFTER.attribute_name)
+        self.run_before = self._make_callbacks(spack.phase_callbacks._RUN_BEFORE.attribute_name)
+        self.run_after = self._make_callbacks(spack.phase_callbacks._RUN_AFTER.attribute_name)
 
     def _make_callbacks(self, callbacks_attribute):
         result = []
@@ -483,15 +388,103 @@ def copy(self):
         return copy.deepcopy(self)
 
 
-class Builder(collections.abc.Sequence, metaclass=BuilderMeta):
-    """A builder is a class that, given a package object (i.e. associated with
-    concrete spec), knows how to install it.
+class BaseBuilder(metaclass=BuilderMeta):
+    """An interface for builders, without any phases defined. This class is exposed in the package
+    API, so that packagers can create a single class to define ``setup_build_environment`` and
+    ``@run_before`` and ``@run_after`` callbacks that can be shared among different builders.
 
-    The builder behaves like a sequence, and when iterated over return the
-    "phases" of the installation in the correct order.
+    Example:
 
-    Args:
-        pkg (spack.package_base.PackageBase): package object to be built
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+       class AnyBuilder(BaseBuilder):
+           @run_after("install")
+           def fixup_install(self):
+                # do something after the package is installed
+                pass
+
+           def setup_build_environment(self, env):
+                env.set("MY_ENV_VAR", "my_value")
+
+        class CMakeBuilder(cmake.CMakeBuilder, AnyBuilder):
+            pass
+
+        class AutotoolsBuilder(autotools.AutotoolsBuilder, AnyBuilder):
+            pass
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase) -> None:
+        self.pkg = pkg
+
+    @property
+    def spec(self) -> spack.spec.Spec:
+        return self.pkg.spec
+
+    @property
+    def stage(self):
+        return self.pkg.stage
+
+    @property
+    def prefix(self):
+        return self.pkg.prefix
+
+    def setup_build_environment(
+        self, env: spack.util.environment.EnvironmentModifications
+    ) -> None:
+        """Sets up the build environment for a package.
+
+        This method will be called before the current package prefix exists in
+        Spack's store.
+
+        Args:
+            env: environment modifications to be applied when the package is built. Package authors
+                can call methods on it to alter the build environment.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(super(), "setup_build_environment"):
+            return
+        super().setup_build_environment(env)  # type: ignore
+
+    def setup_dependent_build_environment(
+        self, env: spack.util.environment.EnvironmentModifications, dependent_spec: spack.spec.Spec
+    ) -> None:
+        """Sets up the build environment of a package that depends on this one.
+
+        This is similar to ``setup_build_environment``, but it is used to modify the build
+        environment of a package that *depends* on this one.
+
+        This gives packages the ability to set environment variables for the build of the
+        dependent, which can be useful to provide search hints for headers or libraries if they are
+        not in standard locations.
+
+        This method will be called before the dependent package prefix exists in Spack's store.
+
+        Args:
+            env: environment modifications to be applied when the dependent package is built.
+                Package authors can call methods on it to alter the build environment.
+
+            dependent_spec: the spec of the dependent package about to be built. This allows the
+                extendee (self) to query the dependent's state. Note that *this* package's spec is
+                available as ``self.spec``
+        """
+        if not hasattr(super(), "setup_dependent_build_environment"):
+            return
+        super().setup_dependent_build_environment(env, dependent_spec)  # type: ignore
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        fmt = "{name}{/hash:7}"
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.spec.format(fmt)})"
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        fmt = "{name}{/hash:7}"
+        return f'"{self.__class__.__name__}" builder for "{self.spec.format(fmt)}"'
+
+
+class Builder(BaseBuilder, collections.abc.Sequence):
+    """A builder is a class that, given a package object (i.e. associated with concrete spec),
+    knows how to install it.
+
+    The builder behaves like a sequence, and when iterated over return the "phases" of the
+    installation in the correct order.
     """
 
     #: Sequence of phases. Must be defined in derived classes
@@ -506,95 +499,22 @@ class Builder(collections.abc.Sequence, metaclass=BuilderMeta):
     build_time_test_callbacks: List[str]
     install_time_test_callbacks: List[str]
 
-    #: List of glob expressions. Each expression must either be
-    #: absolute or relative to the package source path.
-    #: Matching artifacts found at the end of the build process will be
-    #: copied in the same directory tree as _spack_build_logfile and
-    #: _spack_build_envfile.
-    archive_files: List[str] = []
+    #: List of glob expressions. Each expression must either be absolute or relative to the package
+    #: source path. Matching artifacts found at the end of the build process will be copied in the
+    #: same directory tree as _spack_build_logfile and _spack_build_envfile.
+    @property
+    def archive_files(self) -> List[str]:
+        return []
 
-    def __init__(self, pkg):
-        self.pkg = pkg
+    def __init__(self, pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase) -> None:
+        super().__init__(pkg)
         self.callbacks = {}
         for phase in self.phases:
             self.callbacks[phase] = InstallationPhase(phase, self)
 
-    @property
-    def spec(self):
-        return self.pkg.spec
-
-    @property
-    def stage(self):
-        return self.pkg.stage
-
-    @property
-    def prefix(self):
-        return self.pkg.prefix
-
-    def setup_build_environment(self, env):
-        """Sets up the build environment for a package.
-
-        This method will be called before the current package prefix exists in
-        Spack's store.
-
-        Args:
-            env (spack.util.environment.EnvironmentModifications): environment
-                modifications to be applied when the package is built. Package authors
-                can call methods on it to alter the build environment.
-        """
-        if not hasattr(super(), "setup_build_environment"):
-            return
-        super().setup_build_environment(env)
-
-    def setup_dependent_build_environment(self, env, dependent_spec):
-        """Sets up the build environment of packages that depend on this one.
-
-        This is similar to ``setup_build_environment``, but it is used to
-        modify the build environments of packages that *depend* on this one.
-
-        This gives packages like Python and others that follow the extension
-        model a way to implement common environment or compile-time settings
-        for dependencies.
-
-        This method will be called before the dependent package prefix exists
-        in Spack's store.
-
-        Examples:
-            1. Installing python modules generally requires ``PYTHONPATH``
-            to point to the ``lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages`` directory in the
-            module's install prefix. This method could be used to set that
-            variable.
-
-        Args:
-            env (spack.util.environment.EnvironmentModifications): environment
-                modifications to be applied when the dependent package is built.
-                Package authors can call methods on it to alter the build environment.
-
-            dependent_spec (spack.spec.Spec): the spec of the dependent package
-                about to be built. This allows the extendee (self) to query
-                the dependent's state. Note that *this* package's spec is
-                available as ``self.spec``
-        """
-        if not hasattr(super(), "setup_dependent_build_environment"):
-            return
-        super().setup_dependent_build_environment(env, dependent_spec)
-
     def __getitem__(self, idx):
         key = self.phases[idx]
         return self.callbacks[key]
 
     def __len__(self):
         return len(self.phases)
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        msg = "{0}({1})"
-        return msg.format(type(self).__name__, self.pkg.spec.format("{name}/{hash:7}"))
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        msg = '"{0}" builder for "{1}"'
-        return msg.format(type(self).build_system, self.pkg.spec.format("{name}/{hash:7}"))
-
-
-# Export these names as standalone to be used in packages
-run_after = PhaseCallbacksMeta.run_after
-run_before = PhaseCallbacksMeta.run_before

lib/spack/spack/ci.py

@@ -32,11 +32,13 @@
 
 import spack
 import spack.binary_distribution as bindist
+import spack.builder
 import spack.concretize
 import spack.config as cfg
 import spack.error
 import spack.main
-import spack.mirror
+import spack.mirrors.mirror
+import spack.mirrors.utils
 import spack.paths
 import spack.repo
 import spack.spec
@@ -203,7 +205,7 @@ def _print_staging_summary(spec_labels, stages, rebuild_decisions):
     if not stages:
         return
 
-    mirrors = spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True)
+    mirrors = spack.mirrors.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True)
     tty.msg("Checked the following mirrors for binaries:")
     for m in mirrors.values():
         tty.msg(f"  {m.fetch_url}")
@@ -796,7 +798,7 @@ def ensure_expected_target_path(path):
             path = path.replace("\\", "/")
         return path
 
-    pipeline_mirrors = spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True)
+    pipeline_mirrors = spack.mirrors.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True)
     buildcache_destination = None
     if "buildcache-destination" not in pipeline_mirrors:
         raise SpackCIError("spack ci generate requires a mirror named 'buildcache-destination'")
@@ -1322,7 +1324,7 @@ def push_to_build_cache(spec: spack.spec.Spec, mirror_url: str, sign_binaries: b
     """
     tty.debug(f"Pushing to build cache ({'signed' if sign_binaries else 'unsigned'})")
     signing_key = bindist.select_signing_key() if sign_binaries else None
-    mirror = spack.mirror.Mirror.from_url(mirror_url)
+    mirror = spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror.from_url(mirror_url)
     try:
         with bindist.make_uploader(mirror, signing_key=signing_key) as uploader:
             uploader.push_or_raise([spec])
@@ -1342,7 +1344,7 @@ def remove_other_mirrors(mirrors_to_keep, scope=None):
             mirrors_to_remove.append(name)
 
     for mirror_name in mirrors_to_remove:
-        spack.mirror.remove(mirror_name, scope)
+        spack.mirrors.utils.remove(mirror_name, scope)
 
 
 def copy_files_to_artifacts(src, artifacts_dir):
@@ -1387,7 +1389,11 @@ def copy_stage_logs_to_artifacts(job_spec: spack.spec.Spec, job_log_dir: str) ->
 
     stage_dir = job_pkg.stage.path
     tty.debug(f"stage dir: {stage_dir}")
-    for file in [job_pkg.log_path, job_pkg.env_mods_path, *job_pkg.builder.archive_files]:
+    for file in [
+        job_pkg.log_path,
+        job_pkg.env_mods_path,
+        *spack.builder.create(job_pkg).archive_files,
+    ]:
         copy_files_to_artifacts(file, job_log_dir)
 
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/__init__.py

@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 
 import argparse
+import difflib
 import importlib
 import os
 import re
 import sys
-from typing import List, Union
+from collections import Counter
+from typing import List, Optional, Union
 
 import llnl.string
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
@@ -24,6 +26,7 @@
 import spack.extensions
 import spack.parser
 import spack.paths
+import spack.repo
 import spack.spec
 import spack.store
 import spack.traverse as traverse
@@ -31,6 +34,8 @@
 import spack.util.spack_json as sjson
 import spack.util.spack_yaml as syaml
 
+from ..enums import InstallRecordStatus
+
 # cmd has a submodule called "list" so preserve the python list module
 python_list = list
 
@@ -121,6 +126,8 @@ def get_module(cmd_name):
         tty.debug("Imported {0} from built-in commands".format(pname))
     except ImportError:
         module = spack.extensions.get_module(cmd_name)
+        if not module:
+            raise CommandNotFoundError(cmd_name)
 
     attr_setdefault(module, SETUP_PARSER, lambda *args: None)  # null-op
     attr_setdefault(module, DESCRIPTION, "")
@@ -189,6 +196,43 @@ def _concretize_spec_pairs(to_concretize, tests=False):
     rules from config."""
     unify = spack.config.get("concretizer:unify", False)
 
+    # Special case for concretizing a single spec
+    if len(to_concretize) == 1:
+        abstract, concrete = to_concretize[0]
+        return [concrete or spack.concretize.concretized(abstract)]
+
+    # Special case if every spec is either concrete or has an abstract hash
+    if all(
+        concrete or abstract.concrete or abstract.abstract_hash
+        for abstract, concrete in to_concretize
+    ):
+        # Get all the concrete specs
+        ret = [
+            concrete or (abstract if abstract.concrete else abstract.lookup_hash())
+            for abstract, concrete in to_concretize
+        ]
+
+        # If unify: true, check that specs don't conflict
+        # Since all concrete, "when_possible" is not relevant
+        if unify is True:  # True, "when_possible", False are possible values
+            runtimes = spack.repo.PATH.packages_with_tags("runtime")
+            specs_per_name = Counter(
+                spec.name
+                for spec in traverse.traverse_nodes(
+                    ret, deptype=("link", "run"), key=traverse.by_dag_hash
+                )
+                if spec.name not in runtimes  # runtimes are allowed multiple times
+            )
+
+            conflicts = sorted(name for name, count in specs_per_name.items() if count > 1)
+            if conflicts:
+                raise spack.error.SpecError(
+                    "Specs conflict and `concretizer:unify` is configured true.",
+                    f"    specs depend on multiple versions of {', '.join(conflicts)}",
+                )
+        return ret
+
+    # Standard case
     concretize_method = spack.concretize.concretize_separately  # unify: false
     if unify is True:
         concretize_method = spack.concretize.concretize_together
@@ -207,9 +251,9 @@ def matching_spec_from_env(spec):
     """
     env = ev.active_environment()
     if env:
-        return env.matching_spec(spec) or spec.concretized()
+        return env.matching_spec(spec) or spack.concretize.concretized(spec)
     else:
-        return spec.concretized()
+        return spack.concretize.concretized(spec)
 
 
 def matching_specs_from_env(specs):
@@ -228,39 +272,48 @@ def matching_specs_from_env(specs):
     return _concretize_spec_pairs(spec_pairs + additional_concrete_specs)[: len(spec_pairs)]
 
 
-def disambiguate_spec(spec, env, local=False, installed=True, first=False):
+def disambiguate_spec(
+    spec: spack.spec.Spec,
+    env: Optional[ev.Environment],
+    local: bool = False,
+    installed: Union[bool, InstallRecordStatus] = True,
+    first: bool = False,
+) -> spack.spec.Spec:
     """Given a spec, figure out which installed package it refers to.
 
-    Arguments:
-        spec (spack.spec.Spec): a spec to disambiguate
-        env (spack.environment.Environment): a spack environment,
-            if one is active, or None if no environment is active
-        local (bool): do not search chained spack instances
-        installed (bool or spack.database.InstallStatus or typing.Iterable):
-            install status argument passed to database query.
-            See ``spack.database.Database._query`` for details.
+    Args:
+        spec: a spec to disambiguate
+        env: a spack environment, if one is active, or None if no environment is active
+        local: do not search chained spack instances
+        installed: install status argument passed to database query.
+        first: returns the first matching spec, even if more than one match is found
     """
     hashes = env.all_hashes() if env else None
     return disambiguate_spec_from_hashes(spec, hashes, local, installed, first)
 
 
-def disambiguate_spec_from_hashes(spec, hashes, local=False, installed=True, first=False):
+def disambiguate_spec_from_hashes(
+    spec: spack.spec.Spec,
+    hashes: List[str],
+    local: bool = False,
+    installed: Union[bool, InstallRecordStatus] = True,
+    first: bool = False,
+) -> spack.spec.Spec:
     """Given a spec and a list of hashes, get concrete spec the spec refers to.
 
     Arguments:
-        spec (spack.spec.Spec): a spec to disambiguate
-        hashes (typing.Iterable): a set of hashes of specs among which to disambiguate
-        local (bool): do not search chained spack instances
-        installed (bool or spack.database.InstallStatus or typing.Iterable):
-            install status argument passed to database query.
-            See ``spack.database.Database._query`` for details.
+        spec: a spec to disambiguate
+        hashes: a set of hashes of specs among which to disambiguate
+        local: if True, do not search chained spack instances
+        installed: install status argument passed to database query.
+        first: returns the first matching spec, even if more than one match is found
     """
     if local:
         matching_specs = spack.store.STORE.db.query_local(spec, hashes=hashes, installed=installed)
     else:
         matching_specs = spack.store.STORE.db.query(spec, hashes=hashes, installed=installed)
     if not matching_specs:
-        tty.die("Spec '%s' matches no installed packages." % spec)
+        tty.die(f"Spec '{spec}' matches no installed packages.")
 
     elif first:
         return matching_specs[0]
@@ -545,6 +598,18 @@ def __init__(self, name):
         super().__init__("{0} is not a permissible Spack command name.".format(name))
 
 
+class MultipleSpecsMatch(Exception):
+    """Raised when multiple specs match a constraint, in a context where
+    this is not allowed.
+    """
+
+
+class NoSpecMatches(Exception):
+    """Raised when no spec matches a constraint, in a context where
+    this is not allowed.
+    """
+
+
 ########################################
 # argparse types for argument validation
 ########################################
@@ -629,3 +694,24 @@ def find_environment(args):
 def first_line(docstring):
     """Return the first line of the docstring."""
     return docstring.split("\n")[0]
+
+
+class CommandNotFoundError(spack.error.SpackError):
+    """Exception class thrown when a requested command is not recognized as
+    such.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, cmd_name):
+        msg = (
+            f"{cmd_name} is not a recognized Spack command or extension command; "
+            "check with `spack commands`."
+        )
+        long_msg = None
+
+        similar = difflib.get_close_matches(cmd_name, all_commands())
+
+        if 1 <= len(similar) <= 5:
+            long_msg = "\nDid you mean one of the following commands?\n  "
+            long_msg += "\n  ".join(similar)
+
+        super().__init__(msg, long_msg)

lib/spack/spack/cmd/bootstrap.py

@@ -15,8 +15,9 @@
 import spack.bootstrap
 import spack.bootstrap.config
 import spack.bootstrap.core
+import spack.concretize
 import spack.config
-import spack.mirror
+import spack.mirrors.utils
 import spack.spec
 import spack.stage
 import spack.util.path
@@ -398,9 +399,9 @@ def _mirror(args):
         llnl.util.tty.msg(msg.format(spec_str, mirror_dir))
         # Suppress tty from the call below for terser messages
         llnl.util.tty.set_msg_enabled(False)
-        spec = spack.spec.Spec(spec_str).concretized()
+        spec = spack.concretize.concretized(spack.spec.Spec(spec_str))
         for node in spec.traverse():
-            spack.mirror.create(mirror_dir, [node])
+            spack.mirrors.utils.create(mirror_dir, [node])
         llnl.util.tty.set_msg_enabled(True)
 
     if args.binary_packages:

lib/spack/spack/cmd/buildcache.py

@@ -17,11 +17,12 @@
 
 import spack.binary_distribution as bindist
 import spack.cmd
+import spack.concretize
 import spack.config
 import spack.deptypes as dt
 import spack.environment as ev
 import spack.error
-import spack.mirror
+import spack.mirrors.mirror
 import spack.oci.oci
 import spack.spec
 import spack.stage
@@ -34,6 +35,8 @@
 from spack.cmd.common import arguments
 from spack.spec import Spec, save_dependency_specfiles
 
+from ..enums import InstallRecordStatus
+
 description = "create, download and install binary packages"
 section = "packaging"
 level = "long"
@@ -308,7 +311,10 @@ def setup_parser(subparser: argparse.ArgumentParser):
 
 def _matching_specs(specs: List[Spec]) -> List[Spec]:
     """Disambiguate specs and return a list of matching specs"""
-    return [spack.cmd.disambiguate_spec(s, ev.active_environment(), installed=any) for s in specs]
+    return [
+        spack.cmd.disambiguate_spec(s, ev.active_environment(), installed=InstallRecordStatus.ANY)
+        for s in specs
+    ]
 
 
 def _format_spec(spec: Spec) -> str:
@@ -387,7 +393,7 @@ def push_fn(args):
         roots = spack.cmd.require_active_env(cmd_name="buildcache push").concrete_roots()
 
     mirror = args.mirror
-    assert isinstance(mirror, spack.mirror.Mirror)
+    assert isinstance(mirror, spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror)
 
     push_url = mirror.push_url
 
@@ -550,8 +556,7 @@ def check_fn(args: argparse.Namespace):
         tty.msg("No specs provided, exiting.")
         return
 
-    for spec in specs:
-        spec.concretize()
+    specs = [spack.concretize.concretized(s) for s in specs]
 
     # Next see if there are any configured binary mirrors
     configured_mirrors = spack.config.get("mirrors", scope=args.scope)
@@ -619,7 +624,7 @@ def save_specfile_fn(args):
     root = specs[0]
 
     if not root.concrete:
-        root.concretize()
+        root = spack.concretize.concretized(root)
 
     save_dependency_specfiles(
         root, args.specfile_dir, dependencies=spack.cmd.parse_specs(args.specs)
@@ -745,7 +750,7 @@ def manifest_copy(manifest_file_list, dest_mirror=None):
             copy_buildcache_file(copy_file["src"], dest)
 
 
-def update_index(mirror: spack.mirror.Mirror, update_keys=False):
+def update_index(mirror: spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror, update_keys=False):
     # Special case OCI images for now.
     try:
         image_ref = spack.oci.oci.image_from_mirror(mirror)

lib/spack/spack/cmd/ci.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 import spack.config as cfg
 import spack.environment as ev
 import spack.hash_types as ht
-import spack.mirror
+import spack.mirrors.mirror
 import spack.util.gpg as gpg_util
 import spack.util.timer as timer
 import spack.util.url as url_util
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ def ci_reindex(args):
     ci_mirrors = yaml_root["mirrors"]
     mirror_urls = [url for url in ci_mirrors.values()]
     remote_mirror_url = mirror_urls[0]
-    mirror = spack.mirror.Mirror(remote_mirror_url)
+    mirror = spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror(remote_mirror_url)
 
     buildcache.update_index(mirror, update_keys=True)
 
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ def ci_rebuild(args):
 
     full_rebuild = True if rebuild_everything and rebuild_everything.lower() == "true" else False
 
-    pipeline_mirrors = spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True)
+    pipeline_mirrors = spack.mirrors.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True)
     buildcache_destination = None
     if "buildcache-destination" not in pipeline_mirrors:
         tty.die("spack ci rebuild requires a mirror named 'buildcache-destination")

lib/spack/spack/cmd/common/arguments.py

@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@
 import spack.config
 import spack.deptypes as dt
 import spack.environment as ev
-import spack.mirror
+import spack.mirrors.mirror
+import spack.mirrors.utils
 import spack.reporters
 import spack.spec
 import spack.store
@@ -581,23 +582,51 @@ def add_concretizer_args(subparser):
 
 
 def add_connection_args(subparser, add_help):
-    subparser.add_argument(
-        "--s3-access-key-id", help="ID string to use to connect to this S3 mirror"
+    def add_argument_string_or_variable(parser, arg: str, *, deprecate_str: bool = True, **kwargs):
+        group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
+        group.add_argument(arg, **kwargs)
+        # Update help string
+        if "help" in kwargs:
+            kwargs["help"] = "environment variable containing " + kwargs["help"]
+        group.add_argument(arg + "-variable", **kwargs)
+
+    s3_connection_parser = subparser.add_argument_group("S3 Connection")
+
+    add_argument_string_or_variable(
+        s3_connection_parser,
+        "--s3-access-key-id",
+        help="ID string to use to connect to this S3 mirror",
     )
-    subparser.add_argument(
-        "--s3-access-key-secret", help="secret string to use to connect to this S3 mirror"
+    add_argument_string_or_variable(
+        s3_connection_parser,
+        "--s3-access-key-secret",
+        help="secret string to use to connect to this S3 mirror",
     )
-    subparser.add_argument(
-        "--s3-access-token", help="access token to use to connect to this S3 mirror"
+    add_argument_string_or_variable(
+        s3_connection_parser,
+        "--s3-access-token",
+        help="access token to use to connect to this S3 mirror",
     )
-    subparser.add_argument(
+    s3_connection_parser.add_argument(
         "--s3-profile", help="S3 profile name to use to connect to this S3 mirror", default=None
     )
-    subparser.add_argument(
+    s3_connection_parser.add_argument(
         "--s3-endpoint-url", help="endpoint URL to use to connect to this S3 mirror"
     )
-    subparser.add_argument("--oci-username", help="username to use to connect to this OCI mirror")
-    subparser.add_argument("--oci-password", help="password to use to connect to this OCI mirror")
+
+    oci_connection_parser = subparser.add_argument_group("OCI Connection")
+
+    add_argument_string_or_variable(
+        oci_connection_parser,
+        "--oci-username",
+        deprecate_str=False,
+        help="username to use to connect to this OCI mirror",
+    )
+    add_argument_string_or_variable(
+        oci_connection_parser,
+        "--oci-password",
+        help="password to use to connect to this OCI mirror",
+    )
 
 
 def use_buildcache(cli_arg_value):
@@ -661,31 +690,31 @@ def mirror_name_or_url(m):
 
     # If there's a \ or / in the name, it's interpreted as a path or url.
     if "/" in m or "\\" in m or m in (".", ".."):
-        return spack.mirror.Mirror(m)
+        return spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror(m)
 
     # Otherwise, the named mirror is required to exist.
     try:
-        return spack.mirror.require_mirror_name(m)
+        return spack.mirrors.utils.require_mirror_name(m)
     except ValueError as e:
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f"{e}. Did you mean {os.path.join('.', m)}?") from e
 
 
 def mirror_url(url):
     try:
-        return spack.mirror.Mirror.from_url(url)
+        return spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror.from_url(url)
     except ValueError as e:
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(str(e)) from e
 
 
 def mirror_directory(path):
     try:
-        return spack.mirror.Mirror.from_local_path(path)
+        return spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror.from_local_path(path)
     except ValueError as e:
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(str(e)) from e
 
 
 def mirror_name(name):
     try:
-        return spack.mirror.require_mirror_name(name)
+        return spack.mirrors.utils.require_mirror_name(name)
     except ValueError as e:
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(str(e)) from e

lib/spack/spack/cmd/deprecate.py

@@ -19,13 +19,15 @@
 from llnl.util.symlink import symlink
 
 import spack.cmd
+import spack.concretize
 import spack.environment as ev
 import spack.installer
 import spack.store
 from spack.cmd.common import arguments
-from spack.database import InstallStatuses
 from spack.error import SpackError
 
+from ..enums import InstallRecordStatus
+
 description = "replace one package with another via symlinks"
 section = "admin"
 level = "long"
@@ -95,11 +97,15 @@ def deprecate(parser, args):
     if len(specs) != 2:
         raise SpackError("spack deprecate requires exactly two specs")
 
-    install_query = [InstallStatuses.INSTALLED, InstallStatuses.DEPRECATED]
-    deprecate = spack.cmd.disambiguate_spec(specs[0], env, local=True, installed=install_query)
+    deprecate = spack.cmd.disambiguate_spec(
+        specs[0],
+        env,
+        local=True,
+        installed=(InstallRecordStatus.INSTALLED | InstallRecordStatus.DEPRECATED),
+    )
 
     if args.install:
-        deprecator = specs[1].concretized()
+        deprecator = spack.concretize.concretized(specs[1])
     else:
         deprecator = spack.cmd.disambiguate_spec(specs[1], env, local=True)
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/dev_build.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 import spack.build_environment
 import spack.cmd
 import spack.cmd.common.arguments
+import spack.concretize
 import spack.config
 import spack.repo
 from spack.cmd.common import arguments
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ def dev_build(self, args):
 
     # Forces the build to run out of the source directory.
     spec.constrain("dev_path=%s" % source_path)
-    spec.concretize()
+    spec = spack.concretize.concretized(spec)
 
     if spec.installed:
         tty.error("Already installed in %s" % spec.prefix)

lib/spack/spack/cmd/env.py

@@ -10,11 +10,12 @@
 import sys
 import tempfile
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import List, Optional
+from typing import List, Optional, Set
 
 import llnl.string as string
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
+from llnl.util.symlink import islink, symlink
 from llnl.util.tty.colify import colify
 from llnl.util.tty.color import cescape, colorize
 
@@ -50,6 +51,8 @@
     "update",
     "revert",
     "depfile",
+    "track",
+    "untrack",
 ]
 
 
@@ -446,6 +449,193 @@ def env_deactivate(args):
     sys.stdout.write(cmds)
 
 
+#
+# env track
+#
+def env_track_setup_parser(subparser):
+    """track an environment from a directory in Spack"""
+    subparser.add_argument("-n", "--name", help="custom environment name")
+    subparser.add_argument("dir", help="path to environment")
+    arguments.add_common_arguments(subparser, ["yes_to_all"])
+
+
+def env_track(args):
+    src_path = os.path.abspath(args.dir)
+    if not ev.is_env_dir(src_path):
+        tty.die("Cannot track environment. Path doesn't contain an environment")
+
+    if args.name:
+        name = args.name
+    else:
+        name = os.path.basename(src_path)
+
+    try:
+        dst_path = ev.environment_dir_from_name(name, exists_ok=False)
+    except ev.SpackEnvironmentError:
+        tty.die(
+            f"An environment named {name} already exists. Set a name with:"
+            "\n\n"
+            f"        spack env track --name NAME {src_path}\n"
+        )
+
+    symlink(src_path, dst_path)
+
+    tty.msg(f"Tracking environment in {src_path}")
+    tty.msg(
+        "You can now activate this environment with the following command:\n\n"
+        f"        spack env activate {name}\n"
+    )
+
+
+#
+# env remove & untrack helpers
+#
+def filter_managed_env_names(env_names: Set[str]) -> Set[str]:
+    tracked_env_names = {e for e in env_names if islink(ev.environment_dir_from_name(e))}
+    managed_env_names = env_names - set(tracked_env_names)
+
+    num_managed_envs = len(managed_env_names)
+    managed_envs_str = " ".join(managed_env_names)
+    if num_managed_envs >= 2:
+        tty.error(
+            f"The following are not tracked environments. "
+            "To remove them completely run,"
+            "\n\n"
+            f"        spack env rm {managed_envs_str}\n"
+        )
+
+    elif num_managed_envs > 0:
+        tty.error(
+            f"'{managed_envs_str}' is not a tracked env. "
+            "To remove it completely run,"
+            "\n\n"
+            f"        spack env rm {managed_envs_str}\n"
+        )
+
+    return tracked_env_names
+
+
+def get_valid_envs(env_names: Set[str]) -> Set[ev.Environment]:
+    valid_envs = set()
+    for env_name in env_names:
+        try:
+            env = ev.read(env_name)
+            valid_envs.add(env)
+
+        except (spack.config.ConfigFormatError, ev.SpackEnvironmentConfigError):
+            pass
+
+    return valid_envs
+
+
+def _env_untrack_or_remove(
+    env_names: List[str], remove: bool = False, force: bool = False, yes_to_all: bool = False
+):
+    all_env_names = set(ev.all_environment_names())
+    known_env_names = set(env_names).intersection(all_env_names)
+    unknown_env_names = set(env_names) - known_env_names
+
+    # print error for unknown environments
+    for env_name in unknown_env_names:
+        tty.error(f"Environment '{env_name}' does not exist")
+
+    # if only unlinking is allowed, remove all environments
+    # which do not point internally at symlinks
+    if not remove:
+        env_names_to_remove = filter_managed_env_names(known_env_names)
+    else:
+        env_names_to_remove = known_env_names
+
+    # initalize all environments with valid spack.yaml configs
+    all_valid_envs = get_valid_envs(all_env_names)
+
+    # build a task list of environments and bad env names to remove
+    envs_to_remove = [e for e in all_valid_envs if e.name in env_names_to_remove]
+    bad_env_names_to_remove = env_names_to_remove - {e.name for e in envs_to_remove}
+    for remove_env in envs_to_remove:
+        for env in all_valid_envs:
+            # don't check if an environment is included to itself
+            if env.name == remove_env.name:
+                continue
+
+            # check if an environment is included un another
+            if remove_env.path in env.included_concrete_envs:
+                msg = f"Environment '{remove_env.name}' is used by environment '{env.name}'"
+                if force:
+                    tty.warn(msg)
+                else:
+                    tty.error(msg)
+                    envs_to_remove.remove(remove_env)
+
+    # ask the user if they really want to remove the known environments
+    # force should do the same as yes to all here following the symantics of rm
+    if not (yes_to_all or force) and (envs_to_remove or bad_env_names_to_remove):
+        environments = string.plural(len(env_names_to_remove), "environment", show_n=False)
+        envs = string.comma_and(list(env_names_to_remove))
+        answer = tty.get_yes_or_no(
+            f"Really {'remove' if remove else 'untrack'} {environments} {envs}?", default=False
+        )
+        if not answer:
+            tty.die("Will not remove any environments")
+
+    # keep track of the environments we remove for later printing the exit code
+    removed_env_names = []
+    for env in envs_to_remove:
+        name = env.name
+        if not force and env.active:
+            tty.error(
+                f"Environment '{name}' can't be "
+                f"{'removed' if remove else 'untracked'} while activated."
+            )
+            continue
+        # Get path to check if environment is a tracked / symlinked environment
+        if islink(env.path):
+            real_env_path = os.path.realpath(env.path)
+            os.unlink(env.path)
+            tty.msg(
+                f"Sucessfully untracked environment '{name}', "
+                "but it can still be found at:\n\n"
+                f"        {real_env_path}\n"
+            )
+        else:
+            env.destroy()
+            tty.msg(f"Successfully removed environment '{name}'")
+
+        removed_env_names.append(env.name)
+
+    for bad_env_name in bad_env_names_to_remove:
+        shutil.rmtree(
+            spack.environment.environment.environment_dir_from_name(bad_env_name, exists_ok=True)
+        )
+        tty.msg(f"Successfully removed environment '{bad_env_name}'")
+        removed_env_names.append(env.name)
+
+    # Following the design of linux rm we should exit with a status of 1
+    # anytime we cannot delete every environment the user asks for.
+    # However, we should still process all the environments we know about
+    # and delete them instead of failing on the first unknown enviornment.
+    if len(removed_env_names) < len(known_env_names):
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+
+#
+# env untrack
+#
+def env_untrack_setup_parser(subparser):
+    """track an environment from a directory in Spack"""
+    subparser.add_argument("env", nargs="+", help="tracked environment name")
+    subparser.add_argument(
+        "-f", "--force", action="store_true", help="force unlink even when environment is active"
+    )
+    arguments.add_common_arguments(subparser, ["yes_to_all"])
+
+
+def env_untrack(args):
+    _env_untrack_or_remove(
+        env_names=args.env, force=args.force, yes_to_all=args.yes_to_all, remove=False
+    )
+
+
 #
 # env remove
 #
@@ -471,54 +661,9 @@ def env_remove_setup_parser(subparser):
 
 def env_remove(args):
     """remove existing environment(s)"""
-    remove_envs = []
-    valid_envs = []
-    bad_envs = []
-
-    for env_name in ev.all_environment_names():
-        try:
-            env = ev.read(env_name)
-            valid_envs.append(env)
-
-            if env_name in args.rm_env:
-                remove_envs.append(env)
-        except (spack.config.ConfigFormatError, ev.SpackEnvironmentConfigError):
-            if env_name in args.rm_env:
-                bad_envs.append(env_name)
-
-    # Check if remove_env is included from another env before trying to remove
-    for env in valid_envs:
-        for remove_env in remove_envs:
-            # don't check if environment is included to itself
-            if env.name == remove_env.name:
-                continue
-
-            if remove_env.path in env.included_concrete_envs:
-                msg = f'Environment "{remove_env.name}" is being used by environment "{env.name}"'
-                if args.force:
-                    tty.warn(msg)
-                else:
-                    tty.die(msg)
-
-    if not args.yes_to_all:
-        environments = string.plural(len(args.rm_env), "environment", show_n=False)
-        envs = string.comma_and(args.rm_env)
-        answer = tty.get_yes_or_no(f"Really remove {environments} {envs}?", default=False)
-        if not answer:
-            tty.die("Will not remove any environments")
-
-    for env in remove_envs:
-        name = env.name
-        if env.active:
-            tty.die(f"Environment {name} can't be removed while activated.")
-        env.destroy()
-        tty.msg(f"Successfully removed environment '{name}'")
-
-    for bad_env_name in bad_envs:
-        shutil.rmtree(
-            spack.environment.environment.environment_dir_from_name(bad_env_name, exists_ok=True)
-        )
-        tty.msg(f"Successfully removed environment '{bad_env_name}'")
+    _env_untrack_or_remove(
+        env_names=args.rm_env, remove=True, force=args.force, yes_to_all=args.yes_to_all
+    )
 
 
 #

lib/spack/spack/cmd/find.py

@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@
 import spack.spec
 import spack.store
 from spack.cmd.common import arguments
-from spack.database import InstallStatuses
+
+from ..enums import InstallRecordStatus
 
 description = "list and search installed packages"
 section = "basic"
@@ -137,21 +138,22 @@ def setup_parser(subparser):
     subparser.add_argument(
         "--loaded", action="store_true", help="show only packages loaded in the user environment"
     )
-    subparser.add_argument(
+    only_missing_or_deprecated = subparser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
+    only_missing_or_deprecated.add_argument(
         "-M",
         "--only-missing",
         action="store_true",
         dest="only_missing",
         help="show only missing dependencies",
     )
+    only_missing_or_deprecated.add_argument(
+        "--only-deprecated", action="store_true", help="show only deprecated packages"
+    )
     subparser.add_argument(
         "--deprecated",
         action="store_true",
         help="show deprecated packages as well as installed specs",
     )
-    subparser.add_argument(
-        "--only-deprecated", action="store_true", help="show only deprecated packages"
-    )
     subparser.add_argument(
         "--install-tree",
         action="store",
@@ -165,14 +167,23 @@ def setup_parser(subparser):
 
 
 def query_arguments(args):
-    # Set up query arguments.
-    installed = []
-    if not (args.only_missing or args.only_deprecated):
-        installed.append(InstallStatuses.INSTALLED)
-    if (args.deprecated or args.only_deprecated) and not args.only_missing:
-        installed.append(InstallStatuses.DEPRECATED)
-    if (args.missing or args.only_missing) and not args.only_deprecated:
-        installed.append(InstallStatuses.MISSING)
+    if args.only_missing and (args.deprecated or args.missing):
+        raise RuntimeError("cannot use --only-missing with --deprecated, or --missing")
+
+    if args.only_deprecated and (args.deprecated or args.missing):
+        raise RuntimeError("cannot use --only-deprecated with --deprecated, or --missing")
+
+    installed = InstallRecordStatus.INSTALLED
+    if args.only_missing:
+        installed = InstallRecordStatus.MISSING
+    elif args.only_deprecated:
+        installed = InstallRecordStatus.DEPRECATED
+
+    if args.missing:
+        installed |= InstallRecordStatus.MISSING
+
+    if args.deprecated:
+        installed |= InstallRecordStatus.DEPRECATED
 
     predicate_fn = None
     if args.unknown:
@@ -222,11 +233,9 @@ def decorator(spec, fmt):
 def display_env(env, args, decorator, results):
     """Display extra find output when running in an environment.
 
-    Find in an environment outputs 2 or 3 sections:
-
-    1. Root specs
-    2. Concretized roots (if asked for with -c)
-    3. Installed specs
+    In an environment, `spack find` outputs a preliminary section
+    showing the root specs of the environment (this is in addition
+    to the section listing out specs matching the query parameters).
 
     """
     tty.msg("In environment %s" % env.name)
@@ -299,6 +308,56 @@ def root_decorator(spec, string):
         print()
 
 
+def _find_query(args, env):
+    q_args = query_arguments(args)
+    concretized_but_not_installed = list()
+    if env:
+        all_env_specs = env.all_specs()
+        if args.constraint:
+            init_specs = cmd.parse_specs(args.constraint)
+            env_specs = env.all_matching_specs(*init_specs)
+        else:
+            env_specs = all_env_specs
+
+        spec_hashes = set(x.dag_hash() for x in env_specs)
+        specs_meeting_q_args = set(spack.store.STORE.db.query(hashes=spec_hashes, **q_args))
+
+        results = list()
+        with spack.store.STORE.db.read_transaction():
+            for spec in env_specs:
+                if not spec.installed:
+                    concretized_but_not_installed.append(spec)
+                if spec in specs_meeting_q_args:
+                    results.append(spec)
+    else:
+        results = args.specs(**q_args)
+
+    # use groups by default except with format.
+    if args.groups is None:
+        args.groups = not args.format
+
+    # Exit early with an error code if no package matches the constraint
+    if concretized_but_not_installed and args.show_concretized:
+        pass
+    elif results:
+        pass
+    elif args.constraint:
+        raise cmd.NoSpecMatches()
+
+    # If tags have been specified on the command line, filter by tags
+    if args.tags:
+        packages_with_tags = spack.repo.PATH.packages_with_tags(*args.tags)
+        results = [x for x in results if x.name in packages_with_tags]
+        concretized_but_not_installed = [
+            x for x in concretized_but_not_installed if x.name in packages_with_tags
+        ]
+
+    if args.loaded:
+        results = cmd.filter_loaded_specs(results)
+
+    return results, concretized_but_not_installed
+
+
 def find(parser, args):
     env = ev.active_environment()
 
@@ -307,34 +366,12 @@ def find(parser, args):
     if not env and args.show_concretized:
         tty.die("-c / --show-concretized requires an active environment")
 
-    if env:
-        if args.constraint:
-            init_specs = spack.cmd.parse_specs(args.constraint)
-            results = env.all_matching_specs(*init_specs)
-        else:
-            results = env.all_specs()
-    else:
-        q_args = query_arguments(args)
-        results = args.specs(**q_args)
-
-    decorator = make_env_decorator(env) if env else lambda s, f: f
-
-    # use groups by default except with format.
-    if args.groups is None:
-        args.groups = not args.format
-
-    # Exit early with an error code if no package matches the constraint
-    if not results and args.constraint:
-        constraint_str = " ".join(str(s) for s in args.constraint_specs)
-        tty.die(f"No package matches the query: {constraint_str}")
-
-    # If tags have been specified on the command line, filter by tags
-    if args.tags:
-        packages_with_tags = spack.repo.PATH.packages_with_tags(*args.tags)
-        results = [x for x in results if x.name in packages_with_tags]
-
-    if args.loaded:
-        results = spack.cmd.filter_loaded_specs(results)
+    try:
+        results, concretized_but_not_installed = _find_query(args, env)
+    except cmd.NoSpecMatches:
+        # Note: this uses args.constraint vs. args.constraint_specs because
+        # the latter only exists if you call args.specs()
+        tty.die(f"No package matches the query: {' '.join(args.constraint)}")
 
     if args.install_status or args.show_concretized:
         status_fn = spack.spec.Spec.install_status
@@ -345,14 +382,16 @@ def find(parser, args):
     if args.json:
         cmd.display_specs_as_json(results, deps=args.deps)
     else:
+        decorator = make_env_decorator(env) if env else lambda s, f: f
+
         if not args.format:
             if env:
                 display_env(env, args, decorator, results)
 
         if not args.only_roots:
-            display_results = results
-            if not args.show_concretized:
-                display_results = list(x for x in results if x.installed)
+            display_results = list(results)
+            if args.show_concretized:
+                display_results += concretized_but_not_installed
             cmd.display_specs(
                 display_results, args, decorator=decorator, all_headers=True, status_fn=status_fn
             )
@@ -370,13 +409,9 @@ def find(parser, args):
                     concretized_suffix += " (show with `spack find -c`)"
 
             pkg_type = "loaded" if args.loaded else "installed"
-            spack.cmd.print_how_many_pkgs(
-                list(x for x in results if x.installed), pkg_type, suffix=installed_suffix
-            )
+            cmd.print_how_many_pkgs(results, pkg_type, suffix=installed_suffix)
 
             if env:
-                spack.cmd.print_how_many_pkgs(
-                    list(x for x in results if not x.installed),
-                    "concretized",
-                    suffix=concretized_suffix,
+                cmd.print_how_many_pkgs(
+                    concretized_but_not_installed, "concretized", suffix=concretized_suffix
                 )

lib/spack/spack/cmd/gpg.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 import tempfile
 
 import spack.binary_distribution
-import spack.mirror
+import spack.mirrors.mirror
 import spack.paths
 import spack.stage
 import spack.util.gpg
@@ -217,11 +217,11 @@ def gpg_publish(args):
     mirror = None
     if args.directory:
         url = spack.util.url.path_to_file_url(args.directory)
-        mirror = spack.mirror.Mirror(url, url)
+        mirror = spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror(url, url)
     elif args.mirror_name:
-        mirror = spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True).lookup(args.mirror_name)
+        mirror = spack.mirrors.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True).lookup(args.mirror_name)
     elif args.mirror_url:
-        mirror = spack.mirror.Mirror(args.mirror_url, args.mirror_url)
+        mirror = spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror(args.mirror_url, args.mirror_url)
 
     with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(dir=spack.stage.get_stage_root()) as tmpdir:
         spack.binary_distribution._url_push_keys(

lib/spack/spack/cmd/help.py

@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@
       boxlib @B{dim=2}                  boxlib built for 2 dimensions
       libdwarf @g{%intel} ^libelf@g{%gcc}
           libdwarf, built with intel compiler, linked to libelf built with gcc
-      mvapich2 @g{%pgi} @B{fabrics=psm,mrail,sock}
-          mvapich2, built with pgi compiler, with support for multiple fabrics
+      mvapich2 @g{%gcc} @B{fabrics=psm,mrail,sock}
+          mvapich2, built with gcc compiler, with support for multiple fabrics
 """
 
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/info.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 import llnl.util.tty.color as color
 from llnl.util.tty.colify import colify
 
+import spack.builder
 import spack.deptypes as dt
 import spack.fetch_strategy as fs
 import spack.install_test
@@ -202,11 +203,13 @@ def print_namespace(pkg, args):
 def print_phases(pkg, args):
     """output installation phases"""
 
-    if hasattr(pkg.builder, "phases") and pkg.builder.phases:
+    builder = spack.builder.create(pkg)
+
+    if hasattr(builder, "phases") and builder.phases:
         color.cprint("")
         color.cprint(section_title("Installation Phases:"))
         phase_str = ""
-        for phase in pkg.builder.phases:
+        for phase in builder.phases:
             phase_str += "    {0}".format(phase)
         color.cprint(phase_str)
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/install.py

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 from llnl.util import lang, tty
 
 import spack.cmd
+import spack.concretize
 import spack.config
 import spack.environment as ev
 import spack.paths
@@ -451,7 +452,7 @@ def concrete_specs_from_file(args):
             else:
                 s = spack.spec.Spec.from_json(f)
 
-        concretized = s.concretized()
+        concretized = spack.concretize.concretized(s)
         if concretized.dag_hash() != s.dag_hash():
             msg = 'skipped invalid file "{0}". '
             msg += "The file does not contain a concrete spec."

lib/spack/spack/cmd/make_installer.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 from llnl.path import convert_to_posix_path
 
+import spack.concretize
 import spack.paths
 import spack.util.executable
 from spack.spec import Spec
@@ -66,8 +67,7 @@ def make_installer(parser, args):
     """
     if sys.platform == "win32":
         output_dir = args.output_dir
-        cmake_spec = Spec("cmake")
-        cmake_spec.concretize()
+        cmake_spec = spack.concretize.concretized(Spec("cmake"))
         cmake_path = os.path.join(cmake_spec.prefix, "bin", "cmake.exe")
         cpack_path = os.path.join(cmake_spec.prefix, "bin", "cpack.exe")
         spack_source = args.spack_source

lib/spack/spack/cmd/mark.py

@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@
 import spack.cmd
 import spack.store
 from spack.cmd.common import arguments
-from spack.database import InstallStatuses
+
+from ..enums import InstallRecordStatus
 
 description = "mark packages as explicitly or implicitly installed"
 section = "admin"
@@ -67,8 +68,7 @@ def find_matching_specs(specs, allow_multiple_matches=False):
     has_errors = False
 
     for spec in specs:
-        install_query = [InstallStatuses.INSTALLED]
-        matching = spack.store.STORE.db.query_local(spec, installed=install_query)
+        matching = spack.store.STORE.db.query_local(spec, installed=InstallRecordStatus.INSTALLED)
         # For each spec provided, make sure it refers to only one package.
         # Fail and ask user to be unambiguous if it doesn't
         if not allow_multiple_matches and len(matching) > 1:

lib/spack/spack/cmd/mirror.py

@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@
 import spack.concretize
 import spack.config
 import spack.environment as ev
-import spack.mirror
+import spack.mirrors.mirror
+import spack.mirrors.utils
 import spack.repo
 import spack.spec
 import spack.util.web as web_util
@@ -231,31 +232,133 @@ def setup_parser(subparser):
     )
 
 
+def _configure_access_pair(
+    args, id_tok, id_variable_tok, secret_tok, secret_variable_tok, default=None
+):
+    """Configure the access_pair options"""
+
+    # Check if any of the arguments are set to update this access_pair.
+    # If none are set, then skip computing the new access pair
+    args_id = getattr(args, id_tok)
+    args_id_variable = getattr(args, id_variable_tok)
+    args_secret = getattr(args, secret_tok)
+    args_secret_variable = getattr(args, secret_variable_tok)
+    if not any([args_id, args_id_variable, args_secret, args_secret_variable]):
+        return None
+
+    def _default_value(id_):
+        if isinstance(default, list):
+            return default[0] if id_ == "id" else default[1]
+        elif isinstance(default, dict):
+            return default.get(id_)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _default_variable(id_):
+        if isinstance(default, dict):
+            return default.get(id_ + "_variable")
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    id_ = None
+    id_variable = None
+    secret = None
+    secret_variable = None
+
+    # Get the value/default value if the argument of the inverse
+    if not args_id_variable:
+        id_ = getattr(args, id_tok) or _default_value("id")
+    if not args_id:
+        id_variable = getattr(args, id_variable_tok) or _default_variable("id")
+    if not args_secret_variable:
+        secret = getattr(args, secret_tok) or _default_value("secret")
+    if not args_secret:
+        secret_variable = getattr(args, secret_variable_tok) or _default_variable("secret")
+
+    if (id_ or id_variable) and (secret or secret_variable):
+        if secret:
+            if not id_:
+                raise SpackError("Cannot add mirror with a variable id and text secret")
+
+            return [id_, secret]
+        else:
+            return dict(
+                [
+                    (("id", id_) if id_ else ("id_variable", id_variable)),
+                    ("secret_variable", secret_variable),
+                ]
+            )
+    else:
+        if id_ or id_variable or secret or secret_variable is not None:
+            id_arg_tok = id_tok.replace("_", "-")
+            secret_arg_tok = secret_tok.replace("_", "-")
+            tty.warn(
+                "Expected both parts of the access pair to be specified. "
+                f"(i.e. --{id_arg_tok} and --{secret_arg_tok})"
+            )
+
+        return None
+
+
 def mirror_add(args):
     """add a mirror to Spack"""
     if (
         args.s3_access_key_id
         or args.s3_access_key_secret
         or args.s3_access_token
+        or args.s3_access_key_id_variable
+        or args.s3_access_key_secret_variable
+        or args.s3_access_token_variable
         or args.s3_profile
         or args.s3_endpoint_url
         or args.type
         or args.oci_username
         or args.oci_password
+        or args.oci_username_variable
+        or args.oci_password_variable
         or args.autopush
         or args.signed is not None
     ):
         connection = {"url": args.url}
-        if args.s3_access_key_id and args.s3_access_key_secret:
-            connection["access_pair"] = [args.s3_access_key_id, args.s3_access_key_secret]
+        # S3 Connection
+        if args.s3_access_key_secret:
+            tty.warn(
+                "Configuring mirror secrets as plain text with --s3-access-key-secret is "
+                "deprecated. Use --s3-access-key-secret-variable instead"
+            )
+        if args.oci_password:
+            tty.warn(
+                "Configuring mirror secrets as plain text with --oci-password is deprecated. "
+                "Use --oci-password-variable instead"
+            )
+        access_pair = _configure_access_pair(
+            args,
+            "s3_access_key_id",
+            "s3_access_key_id_variable",
+            "s3_access_key_secret",
+            "s3_access_key_secret_variable",
+        )
+        if access_pair:
+            connection["access_pair"] = access_pair
+
         if args.s3_access_token:
             connection["access_token"] = args.s3_access_token
+        elif args.s3_access_token_variable:
+            connection["access_token_variable"] = args.s3_access_token_variable
+
         if args.s3_profile:
             connection["profile"] = args.s3_profile
+
         if args.s3_endpoint_url:
             connection["endpoint_url"] = args.s3_endpoint_url
-        if args.oci_username and args.oci_password:
-            connection["access_pair"] = [args.oci_username, args.oci_password]
+
+        # OCI Connection
+        access_pair = _configure_access_pair(
+            args, "oci_username", "oci_username_variable", "oci_password", "oci_password_variable"
+        )
+        if access_pair:
+            connection["access_pair"] = access_pair
+
         if args.type:
             connection["binary"] = "binary" in args.type
             connection["source"] = "source" in args.type
@@ -263,15 +366,15 @@ def mirror_add(args):
             connection["autopush"] = args.autopush
         if args.signed is not None:
             connection["signed"] = args.signed
-        mirror = spack.mirror.Mirror(connection, name=args.name)
+        mirror = spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror(connection, name=args.name)
     else:
-        mirror = spack.mirror.Mirror(args.url, name=args.name)
-    spack.mirror.add(mirror, args.scope)
+        mirror = spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror(args.url, name=args.name)
+    spack.mirrors.utils.add(mirror, args.scope)
 
 
 def mirror_remove(args):
     """remove a mirror by name"""
-    spack.mirror.remove(args.name, args.scope)
+    spack.mirrors.utils.remove(args.name, args.scope)
 
 
 def _configure_mirror(args):
@@ -280,21 +383,40 @@ def _configure_mirror(args):
     if args.name not in mirrors:
         tty.die(f"No mirror found with name {args.name}.")
 
-    entry = spack.mirror.Mirror(mirrors[args.name], args.name)
+    entry = spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror(mirrors[args.name], args.name)
     direction = "fetch" if args.fetch else "push" if args.push else None
     changes = {}
     if args.url:
         changes["url"] = args.url
-    if args.s3_access_key_id and args.s3_access_key_secret:
-        changes["access_pair"] = [args.s3_access_key_id, args.s3_access_key_secret]
+
+    default_access_pair = entry._get_value("access_pair", direction or "fetch")
+    # TODO: Init access_pair args with the fetch/push/base values in the current mirror state
+    access_pair = _configure_access_pair(
+        args,
+        "s3_access_key_id",
+        "s3_access_key_id_variable",
+        "s3_access_key_secret",
+        "s3_access_key_secret_variable",
+        default=default_access_pair,
+    )
+    if access_pair:
+        changes["access_pair"] = access_pair
     if args.s3_access_token:
         changes["access_token"] = args.s3_access_token
     if args.s3_profile:
         changes["profile"] = args.s3_profile
     if args.s3_endpoint_url:
         changes["endpoint_url"] = args.s3_endpoint_url
-    if args.oci_username and args.oci_password:
-        changes["access_pair"] = [args.oci_username, args.oci_password]
+    access_pair = _configure_access_pair(
+        args,
+        "oci_username",
+        "oci_username_variable",
+        "oci_password",
+        "oci_password_variable",
+        default=default_access_pair,
+    )
+    if access_pair:
+        changes["access_pair"] = access_pair
     if getattr(args, "signed", None) is not None:
         changes["signed"] = args.signed
     if getattr(args, "autopush", None) is not None:
@@ -328,7 +450,7 @@ def mirror_set_url(args):
 def mirror_list(args):
     """print out available mirrors to the console"""
 
-    mirrors = spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(scope=args.scope)
+    mirrors = spack.mirrors.mirror.MirrorCollection(scope=args.scope)
     if not mirrors:
         tty.msg("No mirrors configured.")
         return
@@ -368,10 +490,10 @@ def concrete_specs_from_user(args):
 
 def extend_with_additional_versions(specs, num_versions):
     if num_versions == "all":
-        mirror_specs = spack.mirror.get_all_versions(specs)
+        mirror_specs = spack.mirrors.utils.get_all_versions(specs)
     else:
-        mirror_specs = spack.mirror.get_matching_versions(specs, num_versions=num_versions)
-    mirror_specs = [x.concretized() for x in mirror_specs]
+        mirror_specs = spack.mirrors.utils.get_matching_versions(specs, num_versions=num_versions)
+    mirror_specs = [spack.concretize.concretized(x) for x in mirror_specs]
     return mirror_specs
 
 
@@ -449,7 +571,7 @@ def concrete_specs_from_environment():
 
 def all_specs_with_all_versions():
     specs = [spack.spec.Spec(n) for n in spack.repo.all_package_names()]
-    mirror_specs = spack.mirror.get_all_versions(specs)
+    mirror_specs = spack.mirrors.utils.get_all_versions(specs)
     mirror_specs.sort(key=lambda s: (s.name, s.version))
     return mirror_specs
 
@@ -538,19 +660,21 @@ def _specs_and_action(args):
 
 
 def create_mirror_for_all_specs(mirror_specs, path, skip_unstable_versions):
-    mirror_cache, mirror_stats = spack.mirror.mirror_cache_and_stats(
+    mirror_cache, mirror_stats = spack.mirrors.utils.mirror_cache_and_stats(
         path, skip_unstable_versions=skip_unstable_versions
     )
     for candidate in mirror_specs:
         pkg_cls = spack.repo.PATH.get_pkg_class(candidate.name)
         pkg_obj = pkg_cls(spack.spec.Spec(candidate))
         mirror_stats.next_spec(pkg_obj.spec)
-        spack.mirror.create_mirror_from_package_object(pkg_obj, mirror_cache, mirror_stats)
+        spack.mirrors.utils.create_mirror_from_package_object(pkg_obj, mirror_cache, mirror_stats)
     process_mirror_stats(*mirror_stats.stats())
 
 
 def create_mirror_for_individual_specs(mirror_specs, path, skip_unstable_versions):
-    present, mirrored, error = spack.mirror.create(path, mirror_specs, skip_unstable_versions)
+    present, mirrored, error = spack.mirrors.utils.create(
+        path, mirror_specs, skip_unstable_versions
+    )
     tty.msg("Summary for mirror in {}".format(path))
     process_mirror_stats(present, mirrored, error)
 
@@ -560,7 +684,7 @@ def mirror_destroy(args):
     mirror_url = None
 
     if args.mirror_name:
-        result = spack.mirror.MirrorCollection().lookup(args.mirror_name)
+        result = spack.mirrors.mirror.MirrorCollection().lookup(args.mirror_name)
         mirror_url = result.push_url
     elif args.mirror_url:
         mirror_url = args.mirror_url

lib/spack/spack/cmd/modules/__init__.py

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 import spack.modules
 import spack.modules.common
 import spack.repo
+from spack.cmd import MultipleSpecsMatch, NoSpecMatches
 from spack.cmd.common import arguments
 
 description = "manipulate module files"
@@ -91,18 +92,6 @@ def add_loads_arguments(subparser):
     arguments.add_common_arguments(subparser, ["recurse_dependencies"])
 
 
-class MultipleSpecsMatch(Exception):
-    """Raised when multiple specs match a constraint, in a context where
-    this is not allowed.
-    """
-
-
-class NoSpecMatches(Exception):
-    """Raised when no spec matches a constraint, in a context where
-    this is not allowed.
-    """
-
-
 def one_spec_or_raise(specs):
     """Ensures exactly one spec has been selected, or raises the appropriate
     exception.

lib/spack/spack/cmd/modules/lmod.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 import spack.cmd.common.arguments
 import spack.cmd.modules
 import spack.config
+import spack.modules
 import spack.modules.lmod
 
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/modules/tcl.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 import spack.cmd.common.arguments
 import spack.cmd.modules
 import spack.config
+import spack.modules
 import spack.modules.tcl
 
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/spec.py

@@ -82,14 +82,6 @@ def spec(parser, args):
     if args.namespaces:
         fmt = "{namespace}." + fmt
 
-    tree_kwargs = {
-        "cover": args.cover,
-        "format": fmt,
-        "hashlen": None if args.very_long else 7,
-        "show_types": args.types,
-        "status_fn": install_status_fn if args.install_status else None,
-    }
-
     # use a read transaction if we are getting install status for every
     # spec in the DAG.  This avoids repeatedly querying the DB.
     tree_context = lang.nullcontext
@@ -99,46 +91,35 @@ def spec(parser, args):
     env = ev.active_environment()
 
     if args.specs:
-        input_specs = spack.cmd.parse_specs(args.specs)
-        concretized_specs = spack.cmd.parse_specs(args.specs, concretize=True)
-        specs = list(zip(input_specs, concretized_specs))
+        concrete_specs = spack.cmd.parse_specs(args.specs, concretize=True)
     elif env:
         env.concretize()
-        specs = env.concretized_specs()
-
-        if not args.format:
-            # environments are printed together in a combined tree() invocation,
-            # except when using --yaml or --json, which we print spec by spec below.
-            tree_kwargs["key"] = spack.traverse.by_dag_hash
-            tree_kwargs["hashes"] = args.long or args.very_long
-            print(spack.spec.tree([concrete for _, concrete in specs], **tree_kwargs))
-            return
+        concrete_specs = env.concrete_roots()
     else:
         tty.die("spack spec requires at least one spec or an active environment")
 
-    for input, output in specs:
-        # With --yaml or --json, just print the raw specs to output
-        if args.format:
+    # With --yaml, --json, or --format, just print the raw specs to output
+    if args.format:
+        for spec in concrete_specs:
             if args.format == "yaml":
                 # use write because to_yaml already has a newline.
-                sys.stdout.write(output.to_yaml(hash=ht.dag_hash))
+                sys.stdout.write(spec.to_yaml(hash=ht.dag_hash))
             elif args.format == "json":
-                print(output.to_json(hash=ht.dag_hash))
+                print(spec.to_json(hash=ht.dag_hash))
             else:
-                print(output.format(args.format))
-            continue
+                print(spec.format(args.format))
+        return
 
-        with tree_context():
-            # Only show the headers for input specs that are not concrete to avoid
-            # repeated output. This happens because parse_specs outputs concrete
-            # specs for `/hash` inputs.
-            if not input.concrete:
-                tree_kwargs["hashes"] = False  # Always False for input spec
-                print("Input spec")
-                print("--------------------------------")
-                print(input.tree(**tree_kwargs))
-                print("Concretized")
-                print("--------------------------------")
-
-            tree_kwargs["hashes"] = args.long or args.very_long
-            print(output.tree(**tree_kwargs))
+    with tree_context():
+        print(
+            spack.spec.tree(
+                concrete_specs,
+                cover=args.cover,
+                format=fmt,
+                hashlen=None if args.very_long else 7,
+                show_types=args.types,
+                status_fn=install_status_fn if args.install_status else None,
+                hashes=args.long or args.very_long,
+                key=spack.traverse.by_dag_hash,
+            )
+        )

lib/spack/spack/cmd/style.py

@@ -3,18 +3,21 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 import argparse
+import ast
 import os
 import re
 import sys
 from itertools import zip_longest
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional
 
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
 import llnl.util.tty.color as color
 from llnl.util.filesystem import working_dir
 
 import spack.paths
+import spack.repo
 import spack.util.git
-from spack.util.executable import which
+from spack.util.executable import Executable, which
 
 description = "runs source code style checks on spack"
 section = "developer"
@@ -36,10 +39,7 @@ def grouper(iterable, n, fillvalue=None):
 #: double-check the results of other tools (if, e.g., --fix was provided)
 #: The list maps an executable name to a method to ensure the tool is
 #: bootstrapped or present in the environment.
-tool_names = ["isort", "black", "flake8", "mypy"]
-
-#: tools we run in spack style
-tools = {}
+tool_names = ["import", "isort", "black", "flake8", "mypy"]
 
 #: warnings to ignore in mypy
 mypy_ignores = [
@@ -61,14 +61,28 @@ def is_package(f):
 
 #: decorator for adding tools to the list
 class tool:
-    def __init__(self, name, required=False):
+    def __init__(self, name: str, required: bool = False, external: bool = True) -> None:
         self.name = name
+        self.external = external
         self.required = required
 
     def __call__(self, fun):
-        tools[self.name] = (fun, self.required)
+        self.fun = fun
+        tools[self.name] = self
         return fun
 
+    @property
+    def installed(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(which(self.name)) if self.external else True
+
+    @property
+    def executable(self) -> Optional[Executable]:
+        return which(self.name) if self.external else None
+
+
+#: tools we run in spack style
+tools: Dict[str, tool] = {}
+
 
 def changed_files(base="develop", untracked=True, all_files=False, root=None):
     """Get list of changed files in the Spack repository.
@@ -176,22 +190,22 @@ def setup_parser(subparser):
         "-t",
         "--tool",
         action="append",
-        help="specify which tools to run (default: %s)" % ",".join(tool_names),
+        help="specify which tools to run (default: %s)" % ", ".join(tool_names),
     )
     tool_group.add_argument(
         "-s",
         "--skip",
         metavar="TOOL",
         action="append",
-        help="specify tools to skip (choose from %s)" % ",".join(tool_names),
+        help="specify tools to skip (choose from %s)" % ", ".join(tool_names),
     )
 
     subparser.add_argument("files", nargs=argparse.REMAINDER, help="specific files to check")
 
 
-def cwd_relative(path, args):
+def cwd_relative(path, root, initial_working_dir):
     """Translate prefix-relative path to current working directory-relative."""
-    return os.path.relpath(os.path.join(args.root, path), args.initial_working_dir)
+    return os.path.relpath(os.path.join(root, path), initial_working_dir)
 
 
 def rewrite_and_print_output(
@@ -201,7 +215,10 @@ def rewrite_and_print_output(
 
     # print results relative to current working directory
     def translate(match):
-        return replacement.format(cwd_relative(match.group(1), args), *list(match.groups()[1:]))
+        return replacement.format(
+            cwd_relative(match.group(1), args.root, args.initial_working_dir),
+            *list(match.groups()[1:]),
+        )
 
     for line in output.split("\n"):
         if not line:
@@ -220,7 +237,7 @@ def print_style_header(file_list, args, tools_to_run):
     # translate modified paths to cwd_relative if needed
     paths = [filename.strip() for filename in file_list]
     if not args.root_relative:
-        paths = [cwd_relative(filename, args) for filename in paths]
+        paths = [cwd_relative(filename, args.root, args.initial_working_dir) for filename in paths]
 
     tty.msg("Modified files", *paths)
     sys.stdout.flush()
@@ -306,8 +323,6 @@ def process_files(file_list, is_args):
             rewrite_and_print_output(output, args, pat, replacement)
 
     packages_isort_args = (
-        "--rm",
-        "spack",
         "--rm",
         "spack.pkgkit",
         "--rm",
@@ -352,17 +367,137 @@ def run_black(black_cmd, file_list, args):
     return returncode
 
 
+def _module_part(root: str, expr: str):
+    parts = expr.split(".")
+    # spack.pkg is for repositories, don't try to resolve it here.
+    if ".".join(parts[:2]) == spack.repo.ROOT_PYTHON_NAMESPACE:
+        return None
+    while parts:
+        f1 = os.path.join(root, "lib", "spack", *parts) + ".py"
+        f2 = os.path.join(root, "lib", "spack", *parts, "__init__.py")
+
+        if (
+            os.path.exists(f1)
+            # ensure case sensitive match
+            and f"{parts[-1]}.py" in os.listdir(os.path.dirname(f1))
+            or os.path.exists(f2)
+        ):
+            return ".".join(parts)
+        parts.pop()
+    return None
+
+
+def _run_import_check(
+    file_list: List[str],
+    *,
+    fix: bool,
+    root_relative: bool,
+    root=spack.paths.prefix,
+    working_dir=spack.paths.prefix,
+    out=sys.stdout,
+):
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
+        print("import check requires Python 3.9 or later")
+        return 0
+
+    is_use = re.compile(r"(?<!from )(?<!import )(?:llnl|spack)\.[a-zA-Z0-9_\.]+")
+
+    # redundant imports followed by a `# comment` are ignored, cause there can be legimitate reason
+    # to import a module: execute module scope init code, or to deal with circular imports.
+    is_abs_import = re.compile(r"^import ((?:llnl|spack)\.[a-zA-Z0-9_\.]+)$", re.MULTILINE)
+
+    exit_code = 0
+
+    for file in file_list:
+        to_add = set()
+        to_remove = []
+
+        pretty_path = file if root_relative else cwd_relative(file, root, working_dir)
+
+        try:
+            with open(file, "r") as f:
+                contents = open(file, "r").read()
+            parsed = ast.parse(contents)
+        except Exception:
+            exit_code = 1
+            print(f"{pretty_path}: could not parse", file=out)
+            continue
+
+        for m in is_abs_import.finditer(contents):
+            if contents.count(m.group(1)) == 1:
+                to_remove.append(m.group(0))
+                exit_code = 1
+                print(f"{pretty_path}: redundant import: {m.group(1)}", file=out)
+
+        # Clear all strings to avoid matching comments/strings etc.
+        for node in ast.walk(parsed):
+            if isinstance(node, ast.Constant) and isinstance(node.value, str):
+                node.value = ""
+
+        filtered_contents = ast.unparse(parsed)  # novermin
+        for m in is_use.finditer(filtered_contents):
+            module = _module_part(root, m.group(0))
+            if not module or module in to_add:
+                continue
+            if re.search(rf"import {re.escape(module)}\b(?!\.)", contents):
+                continue
+            to_add.add(module)
+            exit_code = 1
+            print(f"{pretty_path}: missing import: {module} ({m.group(0)})", file=out)
+
+        if not fix or not to_add and not to_remove:
+            continue
+
+        with open(file, "r") as f:
+            lines = f.readlines()
+
+        if to_add:
+            # insert missing imports before the first import, delegate ordering to isort
+            for node in parsed.body:
+                if isinstance(node, (ast.Import, ast.ImportFrom)):
+                    first_line = node.lineno
+                    break
+            else:
+                print(f"{pretty_path}: could not fix", file=out)
+                continue
+            lines.insert(first_line, "\n".join(f"import {x}" for x in to_add) + "\n")
+
+        new_contents = "".join(lines)
+
+        # remove redundant imports
+        for statement in to_remove:
+            new_contents = new_contents.replace(f"{statement}\n", "")
+
+        with open(file, "w") as f:
+            f.write(new_contents)
+
+    return exit_code
+
+
+@tool("import", external=False)
+def run_import_check(import_check_cmd, file_list, args):
+    exit_code = _run_import_check(
+        file_list,
+        fix=args.fix,
+        root_relative=args.root_relative,
+        root=args.root,
+        working_dir=args.initial_working_dir,
+    )
+    print_tool_result("import", exit_code)
+    return exit_code
+
+
 def validate_toolset(arg_value):
     """Validate --tool and --skip arguments (sets of optionally comma-separated tools)."""
     tools = set(",".join(arg_value).split(","))  # allow args like 'isort,flake8'
     for tool in tools:
         if tool not in tool_names:
-            tty.die("Invaild tool: '%s'" % tool, "Choose from: %s" % ", ".join(tool_names))
+            tty.die("Invalid tool: '%s'" % tool, "Choose from: %s" % ", ".join(tool_names))
     return tools
 
 
-def missing_tools(tools_to_run):
-    return [t for t in tools_to_run if which(t) is None]
+def missing_tools(tools_to_run: List[str]) -> List[str]:
+    return [t for t in tools_to_run if not tools[t].installed]
 
 
 def _bootstrap_dev_dependencies():
@@ -417,9 +552,9 @@ def prefix_relative(path):
 
         print_style_header(file_list, args, tools_to_run)
         for tool_name in tools_to_run:
-            run_function, required = tools[tool_name]
+            tool = tools[tool_name]
             print_tool_header(tool_name)
-            return_code |= run_function(which(tool_name), file_list, args)
+            return_code |= tool.fun(tool.executable, file_list, args)
 
     if return_code == 0:
         tty.msg(color.colorize("@*{spack style checks were clean}"))

lib/spack/spack/cmd/tutorial.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 
 
 # tutorial configuration parameters
-tutorial_branch = "releases/v0.22"
+tutorial_branch = "releases/v0.23"
 tutorial_mirror = "file:///mirror"
 tutorial_key = os.path.join(spack.paths.share_path, "keys", "tutorial.pub")
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/uninstall.py

@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@
 import spack.store
 import spack.traverse as traverse
 from spack.cmd.common import arguments
-from spack.database import InstallStatuses
+
+from ..enums import InstallRecordStatus
 
 description = "remove installed packages"
 section = "build"
@@ -99,12 +100,14 @@ def find_matching_specs(
     hashes = env.all_hashes() if env else None
 
     # List of specs that match expressions given via command line
-    specs_from_cli: List["spack.spec.Spec"] = []
+    specs_from_cli: List[spack.spec.Spec] = []
     has_errors = False
     for spec in specs:
-        install_query = [InstallStatuses.INSTALLED, InstallStatuses.DEPRECATED]
         matching = spack.store.STORE.db.query_local(
-            spec, hashes=hashes, installed=install_query, origin=origin
+            spec,
+            hashes=hashes,
+            installed=(InstallRecordStatus.INSTALLED | InstallRecordStatus.DEPRECATED),
+            origin=origin,
         )
         # For each spec provided, make sure it refers to only one package.
         # Fail and ask user to be unambiguous if it doesn't

lib/spack/spack/compiler.py

@@ -4,20 +4,23 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 
 import contextlib
+import hashlib
 import itertools
+import json
 import os
 import platform
 import re
 import shutil
 import sys
 import tempfile
-from typing import List, Optional, Sequence
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Sequence
 
 import llnl.path
 import llnl.util.lang
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
 from llnl.util.filesystem import path_contains_subdirectory, paths_containing_libs
 
+import spack.caches
 import spack.error
 import spack.schema.environment
 import spack.spec
@@ -26,6 +29,7 @@
 import spack.util.module_cmd
 import spack.version
 from spack.util.environment import filter_system_paths
+from spack.util.file_cache import FileCache
 
 __all__ = ["Compiler"]
 
@@ -34,7 +38,7 @@
 
 
 @llnl.util.lang.memoized
-def _get_compiler_version_output(compiler_path, version_arg, ignore_errors=()):
+def _get_compiler_version_output(compiler_path, version_arg, ignore_errors=()) -> str:
     """Invokes the compiler at a given path passing a single
     version argument and returns the output.
 
@@ -57,7 +61,7 @@ def _get_compiler_version_output(compiler_path, version_arg, ignore_errors=()):
     return output
 
 
-def get_compiler_version_output(compiler_path, *args, **kwargs):
+def get_compiler_version_output(compiler_path, *args, **kwargs) -> str:
     """Wrapper for _get_compiler_version_output()."""
     # This ensures that we memoize compiler output by *absolute path*,
     # not just executable name. If we don't do this, and the path changes
@@ -290,6 +294,7 @@ def __init__(
         self.environment = environment or {}
         self.extra_rpaths = extra_rpaths or []
         self.enable_implicit_rpaths = enable_implicit_rpaths
+        self.cache = COMPILER_CACHE
 
         self.cc = paths[0]
         self.cxx = paths[1]
@@ -390,15 +395,11 @@ def real_version(self):
 
         E.g. C++11 flag checks.
         """
-        if not self._real_version:
-            try:
-                real_version = spack.version.Version(self.get_real_version())
-                if real_version == spack.version.Version("unknown"):
-                    return self.version
-                self._real_version = real_version
-            except spack.util.executable.ProcessError:
-                self._real_version = self.version
-        return self._real_version
+        real_version_str = self.cache.get(self).real_version
+        if not real_version_str or real_version_str == "unknown":
+            return self.version
+
+        return spack.version.StandardVersion.from_string(real_version_str)
 
     def implicit_rpaths(self) -> List[str]:
         if self.enable_implicit_rpaths is False:
@@ -427,6 +428,11 @@ def default_dynamic_linker(self) -> Optional[str]:
     @property
     def default_libc(self) -> Optional["spack.spec.Spec"]:
         """Determine libc targeted by the compiler from link line"""
+        # technically this should be testing the target platform of the compiler, but we don't have
+        # that, so stick to host platform for now.
+        if sys.platform in ("darwin", "win32"):
+            return None
+
         dynamic_linker = self.default_dynamic_linker
 
         if not dynamic_linker:
@@ -445,19 +451,23 @@ def required_libs(self):
     @property
     def compiler_verbose_output(self) -> Optional[str]:
         """Verbose output from compiling a dummy C source file. Output is cached."""
-        if not hasattr(self, "_compile_c_source_output"):
-            self._compile_c_source_output = self._compile_dummy_c_source()
-        return self._compile_c_source_output
+        return self.cache.get(self).c_compiler_output
 
     def _compile_dummy_c_source(self) -> Optional[str]:
-        cc = self.cc if self.cc else self.cxx
+        if self.cc:
+            cc = self.cc
+            ext = "c"
+        else:
+            cc = self.cxx
+            ext = "cc"
+
         if not cc or not self.verbose_flag:
             return None
 
         try:
             tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="spack-implicit-link-info")
             fout = os.path.join(tmpdir, "output")
-            fin = os.path.join(tmpdir, "main.c")
+            fin = os.path.join(tmpdir, f"main.{ext}")
 
             with open(fin, "w") as csource:
                 csource.write(
@@ -559,7 +569,7 @@ def fc_pic_flag(self):
     # Note: This is not a class method. The class methods are used to detect
     # compilers on PATH based systems, and do not set up the run environment of
     # the compiler. This method can be called on `module` based systems as well
-    def get_real_version(self):
+    def get_real_version(self) -> str:
         """Query the compiler for its version.
 
         This is the "real" compiler version, regardless of what is in the
@@ -569,14 +579,17 @@ def get_real_version(self):
         modifications) to enable the compiler to run properly on any platform.
         """
         cc = spack.util.executable.Executable(self.cc)
-        with self.compiler_environment():
-            output = cc(
-                self.version_argument,
-                output=str,
-                error=str,
-                ignore_errors=tuple(self.ignore_version_errors),
-            )
-            return self.extract_version_from_output(output)
+        try:
+            with self.compiler_environment():
+                output = cc(
+                    self.version_argument,
+                    output=str,
+                    error=str,
+                    ignore_errors=tuple(self.ignore_version_errors),
+                )
+                return self.extract_version_from_output(output)
+        except spack.util.executable.ProcessError:
+            return "unknown"
 
     @property
     def prefix(self):
@@ -603,7 +616,7 @@ def default_version(cls, cc):
 
     @classmethod
     @llnl.util.lang.memoized
-    def extract_version_from_output(cls, output):
+    def extract_version_from_output(cls, output: str) -> str:
         """Extracts the version from compiler's output."""
         match = re.search(cls.version_regex, output)
         return match.group(1) if match else "unknown"
@@ -732,3 +745,106 @@ def __init__(self, compiler, feature, flag_name, ver_string=None):
             )
             + " implement the {0} property and submit a pull request or issue.".format(flag_name),
         )
+
+
+class CompilerCacheEntry:
+    """Deserialized cache entry for a compiler"""
+
+    __slots__ = ["c_compiler_output", "real_version"]
+
+    def __init__(self, c_compiler_output: Optional[str], real_version: str):
+        self.c_compiler_output = c_compiler_output
+        self.real_version = real_version
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_dict(cls, data: Dict[str, Optional[str]]):
+        if not isinstance(data, dict):
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid {cls.__name__} data")
+        c_compiler_output = data.get("c_compiler_output")
+        real_version = data.get("real_version")
+        if not isinstance(real_version, str) or not isinstance(
+            c_compiler_output, (str, type(None))
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid {cls.__name__} data")
+        return cls(c_compiler_output, real_version)
+
+
+class CompilerCache:
+    """Base class for compiler output cache. Default implementation does not cache anything."""
+
+    def value(self, compiler: Compiler) -> Dict[str, Optional[str]]:
+        return {
+            "c_compiler_output": compiler._compile_dummy_c_source(),
+            "real_version": compiler.get_real_version(),
+        }
+
+    def get(self, compiler: Compiler) -> CompilerCacheEntry:
+        return CompilerCacheEntry.from_dict(self.value(compiler))
+
+
+class FileCompilerCache(CompilerCache):
+    """Cache for compiler output, which is used to determine implicit link paths, the default libc
+    version, and the compiler version."""
+
+    name = os.path.join("compilers", "compilers.json")
+
+    def __init__(self, cache: "FileCache") -> None:
+        self.cache = cache
+        self.cache.init_entry(self.name)
+        self._data: Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[str]]] = {}
+
+    def _get_entry(self, key: str) -> Optional[CompilerCacheEntry]:
+        try:
+            return CompilerCacheEntry.from_dict(self._data[key])
+        except ValueError:
+            del self._data[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        return None
+
+    def get(self, compiler: Compiler) -> CompilerCacheEntry:
+        # Cache hit
+        try:
+            with self.cache.read_transaction(self.name) as f:
+                assert f is not None
+                self._data = json.loads(f.read())
+                assert isinstance(self._data, dict)
+        except (json.JSONDecodeError, AssertionError):
+            self._data = {}
+
+        key = self._key(compiler)
+        value = self._get_entry(key)
+        if value is not None:
+            return value
+
+        # Cache miss
+        with self.cache.write_transaction(self.name) as (old, new):
+            try:
+                assert old is not None
+                self._data = json.loads(old.read())
+                assert isinstance(self._data, dict)
+            except (json.JSONDecodeError, AssertionError):
+                self._data = {}
+
+            # Use cache entry that may have been created by another process in the meantime.
+            entry = self._get_entry(key)
+
+            # Finally compute the cache entry
+            if entry is None:
+                self._data[key] = self.value(compiler)
+                entry = CompilerCacheEntry.from_dict(self._data[key])
+
+            new.write(json.dumps(self._data, separators=(",", ":")))
+
+            return entry
+
+    def _key(self, compiler: Compiler) -> str:
+        as_bytes = json.dumps(compiler.to_dict(), separators=(",", ":")).encode("utf-8")
+        return hashlib.sha256(as_bytes).hexdigest()
+
+
+def _make_compiler_cache():
+    return FileCompilerCache(spack.caches.MISC_CACHE)
+
+
+COMPILER_CACHE: CompilerCache = llnl.util.lang.Singleton(_make_compiler_cache)  # type: ignore

lib/spack/spack/compilers/aocc.py

@@ -116,5 +116,5 @@ def fflags(self):
     def _handle_default_flag_addtions(self):
         # This is a known issue for AOCC 3.0 see:
         # https://developer.amd.com/wp-content/resources/AOCC-3.0-Install-Guide.pdf
-        if self.real_version.satisfies(ver("3.0.0")):
+        if self.version.satisfies(ver("3.0.0")):
             return "-Wno-unused-command-line-argument " "-mllvm -eliminate-similar-expr=false"

lib/spack/spack/compilers/clang.py

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
     ("gfortran", os.path.join("clang", "gfortran")),
     ("xlf_r", os.path.join("xl_r", "xlf_r")),
     ("xlf", os.path.join("xl", "xlf")),
-    ("pgfortran", os.path.join("pgi", "pgfortran")),
     ("ifort", os.path.join("intel", "ifort")),
 ]
 
@@ -25,7 +24,6 @@
     ("gfortran", os.path.join("clang", "gfortran")),
     ("xlf90_r", os.path.join("xl_r", "xlf90_r")),
     ("xlf90", os.path.join("xl", "xlf90")),
-    ("pgfortran", os.path.join("pgi", "pgfortran")),
     ("ifort", os.path.join("intel", "ifort")),
 ]
 

lib/spack/spack/compilers/intel.py

@@ -124,8 +124,8 @@ def setup_custom_environment(self, pkg, env):
         # Edge cases for Intel's oneAPI compilers when using the legacy classic compilers:
         # Always pass flags to disable deprecation warnings, since these warnings can
         # confuse tools that parse the output of compiler commands (e.g. version checks).
-        if self.real_version >= Version("2021") and self.real_version <= Version("2023"):
+        if self.real_version >= Version("2021") and self.real_version < Version("2024"):
             env.append_flags("SPACK_ALWAYS_CFLAGS", "-diag-disable=10441")
             env.append_flags("SPACK_ALWAYS_CXXFLAGS", "-diag-disable=10441")
-        if self.real_version >= Version("2021") and self.real_version <= Version("2024"):
+        if self.real_version >= Version("2021") and self.real_version < Version("2025"):
             env.append_flags("SPACK_ALWAYS_FFLAGS", "-diag-disable=10448")

lib/spack/spack/compilers/oneapi.py

@@ -155,10 +155,10 @@ def setup_custom_environment(self, pkg, env):
         # icx+icpx+ifx or icx+icpx+ifort. But to be on the safe side (some users may
         # want to try to swap icpx against icpc, for example), and since the Intel LLVM
         # compilers accept these diag-disable flags, we apply them for all compilers.
-        if self.real_version >= Version("2021") and self.real_version <= Version("2023"):
+        if self.real_version >= Version("2021") and self.real_version < Version("2024"):
             env.append_flags("SPACK_ALWAYS_CFLAGS", "-diag-disable=10441")
             env.append_flags("SPACK_ALWAYS_CXXFLAGS", "-diag-disable=10441")
-        if self.real_version >= Version("2021") and self.real_version <= Version("2024"):
+        if self.real_version >= Version("2021") and self.real_version < Version("2025"):
             env.append_flags("SPACK_ALWAYS_FFLAGS", "-diag-disable=10448")
 
         # 2024 release bumped the libsycl version because of an ABI

lib/spack/spack/compilers/pgi.py

@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2013-2024 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
-# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
-#
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-
-import os
-
-from spack.compiler import Compiler, UnsupportedCompilerFlag
-from spack.version import Version
-
-
-class Pgi(Compiler):
-    # Named wrapper links within build_env_path
-    link_paths = {
-        "cc": os.path.join("pgi", "pgcc"),
-        "cxx": os.path.join("pgi", "pgc++"),
-        "f77": os.path.join("pgi", "pgfortran"),
-        "fc": os.path.join("pgi", "pgfortran"),
-    }
-
-    version_argument = "-V"
-    ignore_version_errors = [2]  # `pgcc -V` on PowerPC annoyingly returns 2
-    version_regex = r"pg[^ ]* ([0-9.]+)-[0-9]+ (LLVM )?[^ ]+ target on "
-
-    @property
-    def verbose_flag(self):
-        return "-v"
-
-    @property
-    def debug_flags(self):
-        return ["-g", "-gopt"]
-
-    @property
-    def opt_flags(self):
-        return ["-O", "-O0", "-O1", "-O2", "-O3", "-O4"]
-
-    @property
-    def openmp_flag(self):
-        return "-mp"
-
-    @property
-    def cxx11_flag(self):
-        return "-std=c++11"
-
-    @property
-    def cc_pic_flag(self):
-        return "-fpic"
-
-    @property
-    def cxx_pic_flag(self):
-        return "-fpic"
-
-    @property
-    def f77_pic_flag(self):
-        return "-fpic"
-
-    @property
-    def fc_pic_flag(self):
-        return "-fpic"
-
-    required_libs = ["libpgc", "libpgf90"]
-
-    @property
-    def c99_flag(self):
-        if self.real_version >= Version("12.10"):
-            return "-c99"
-        raise UnsupportedCompilerFlag(self, "the C99 standard", "c99_flag", "< 12.10")
-
-    @property
-    def c11_flag(self):
-        if self.real_version >= Version("15.3"):
-            return "-c11"
-        raise UnsupportedCompilerFlag(self, "the C11 standard", "c11_flag", "< 15.3")
-
-    @property
-    def stdcxx_libs(self):
-        return ("-pgc++libs",)

lib/spack/spack/concretize.py

@@ -51,11 +51,10 @@ def concretize_specs_together(
         tests: list of package names for which to consider tests dependencies. If True, all nodes
             will have test dependencies. If False, test dependencies will be disregarded.
     """
-    import spack.solver.asp
+    from spack.solver.asp import Solver
 
     allow_deprecated = spack.config.get("config:deprecated", False)
-    solver = spack.solver.asp.Solver()
-    result = solver.solve(abstract_specs, tests=tests, allow_deprecated=allow_deprecated)
+    result = Solver().solve(abstract_specs, tests=tests, allow_deprecated=allow_deprecated)
     return [s.copy() for s in result.specs]
 
 
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ def concretize_together_when_possible(
         tests: list of package names for which to consider tests dependencies. If True, all nodes
             will have test dependencies. If False, test dependencies will be disregarded.
     """
-    import spack.solver.asp
+    from spack.solver.asp import Solver
 
     to_concretize = [concrete if concrete else abstract for abstract, concrete in spec_list]
     old_concrete_to_abstract = {
@@ -98,9 +97,8 @@ def concretize_together_when_possible(
     }
 
     result_by_user_spec = {}
-    solver = spack.solver.asp.Solver()
     allow_deprecated = spack.config.get("config:deprecated", False)
-    for result in solver.solve_in_rounds(
+    for result in Solver().solve_in_rounds(
         to_concretize, tests=tests, allow_deprecated=allow_deprecated
     ):
         result_by_user_spec.update(result.specs_by_input)
@@ -124,7 +122,7 @@ def concretize_separately(
         tests: list of package names for which to consider tests dependencies. If True, all nodes
             will have test dependencies. If False, test dependencies will be disregarded.
     """
-    import spack.bootstrap
+    from spack.bootstrap import ensure_bootstrap_configuration, ensure_clingo_importable_or_raise
 
     to_concretize = [abstract for abstract, concrete in spec_list if not concrete]
     args = [
@@ -134,8 +132,8 @@ def concretize_separately(
     ]
     ret = [(i, abstract) for i, abstract in enumerate(to_concretize) if abstract.concrete]
     # Ensure we don't try to bootstrap clingo in parallel
-    with spack.bootstrap.ensure_bootstrap_configuration():
-        spack.bootstrap.ensure_clingo_importable_or_raise()
+    with ensure_bootstrap_configuration():
+        ensure_clingo_importable_or_raise()
 
     # Ensure all the indexes have been built or updated, since
     # otherwise the processes in the pool may timeout on waiting
@@ -160,6 +158,11 @@ def concretize_separately(
     # TODO: support parallel concretization on macOS and Windows
     num_procs = min(len(args), spack.config.determine_number_of_jobs(parallel=True))
 
+    msg = "Starting concretization"
+    if sys.platform not in ("darwin", "win32") and num_procs > 1:
+        msg += f" pool with {num_procs} processes"
+    tty.msg(msg)
+
     for j, (i, concrete, duration) in enumerate(
         spack.util.parallel.imap_unordered(
             _concretize_task, args, processes=num_procs, debug=tty.is_debug(), maxtaskperchild=1
@@ -185,10 +188,50 @@ def _concretize_task(packed_arguments: Tuple[int, str, TestsType]) -> Tuple[int,
     index, spec_str, tests = packed_arguments
     with tty.SuppressOutput(msg_enabled=False):
         start = time.time()
-        spec = Spec(spec_str).concretized(tests=tests)
+        spec = concretized(Spec(spec_str), tests=tests)
         return index, spec, time.time() - start
 
 
+def concretized(spec: Spec, tests: Union[bool, Iterable[str]] = False) -> Spec:
+    """Return a concretized copy of the given spec.
+
+    Args:
+        tests: if False disregard 'test' dependencies, if a list of names activate them for
+            the packages in the list, if True activate 'test' dependencies for all packages.
+    """
+    from spack.solver.asp import Solver, SpecBuilder
+
+    spec.replace_hash()
+
+    for node in spec.traverse():
+        if not node.name:
+            raise spack.error.SpecError(
+                f"Spec {node} has no name; cannot concretize an anonymous spec"
+            )
+
+    if spec._concrete:
+        return spec.copy()
+
+    allow_deprecated = spack.config.get("config:deprecated", False)
+    result = Solver().solve([spec], tests=tests, allow_deprecated=allow_deprecated)
+
+    # take the best answer
+    opt, i, answer = min(result.answers)
+    name = spec.name
+    # TODO: Consolidate this code with similar code in solve.py
+    if spec.virtual:
+        providers = [s.name for s in answer.values() if s.package.provides(name)]
+        name = providers[0]
+
+    node = SpecBuilder.make_node(pkg=name)
+    assert (
+        node in answer
+    ), f"cannot find {name} in the list of specs {','.join([n.pkg for n in answer.keys()])}"
+
+    concretized = answer[node]
+    return concretized
+
+
 class UnavailableCompilerVersionError(spack.error.SpackError):
     """Raised when there is no available compiler that satisfies a
     compiler spec."""

lib/spack/spack/database.py

@@ -69,6 +69,8 @@
 from spack.error import SpackError
 from spack.util.crypto import bit_length
 
+from .enums import InstallRecordStatus
+
 # TODO: Provide an API automatically retyring a build after detecting and
 # TODO: clearing a failure.
 
@@ -160,36 +162,12 @@ def converter(self, spec_like, *args, **kwargs):
     return converter
 
 
-class InstallStatus(str):
-    pass
-
-
-class InstallStatuses:
-    INSTALLED = InstallStatus("installed")
-    DEPRECATED = InstallStatus("deprecated")
-    MISSING = InstallStatus("missing")
-
-    @classmethod
-    def canonicalize(cls, query_arg):
-        if query_arg is True:
-            return [cls.INSTALLED]
-        if query_arg is False:
-            return [cls.MISSING]
-        if query_arg is any:
-            return [cls.INSTALLED, cls.DEPRECATED, cls.MISSING]
-        if isinstance(query_arg, InstallStatus):
-            return [query_arg]
-        try:
-            statuses = list(query_arg)
-            if all(isinstance(x, InstallStatus) for x in statuses):
-                return statuses
-        except TypeError:
-            pass
-
-        raise TypeError(
-            "installation query must be `any`, boolean, "
-            "InstallStatus, or iterable of InstallStatus"
-        )
+def normalize_query(installed: Union[bool, InstallRecordStatus]) -> InstallRecordStatus:
+    if installed is True:
+        installed = InstallRecordStatus.INSTALLED
+    elif installed is False:
+        installed = InstallRecordStatus.MISSING
+    return installed
 
 
 class InstallRecord:
@@ -227,8 +205,8 @@ def __init__(
         installation_time: Optional[float] = None,
         deprecated_for: Optional[str] = None,
         in_buildcache: bool = False,
-        origin=None,
-    ):
+        origin: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
         self.spec = spec
         self.path = str(path) if path else None
         self.installed = bool(installed)
@@ -239,14 +217,12 @@ def __init__(
         self.in_buildcache = in_buildcache
         self.origin = origin
 
-    def install_type_matches(self, installed):
-        installed = InstallStatuses.canonicalize(installed)
+    def install_type_matches(self, installed: InstallRecordStatus) -> bool:
         if self.installed:
-            return InstallStatuses.INSTALLED in installed
+            return InstallRecordStatus.INSTALLED in installed
         elif self.deprecated_for:
-            return InstallStatuses.DEPRECATED in installed
-        else:
-            return InstallStatuses.MISSING in installed
+            return InstallRecordStatus.DEPRECATED in installed
+        return InstallRecordStatus.MISSING in installed
 
     def to_dict(self, include_fields=DEFAULT_INSTALL_RECORD_FIELDS):
         rec_dict = {}
@@ -1396,7 +1372,13 @@ def installed_extensions_for(self, extendee_spec: "spack.spec.Spec"):
             if spec.package.extends(extendee_spec):
                 yield spec.package
 
-    def _get_by_hash_local(self, dag_hash, default=None, installed=any):
+    def _get_by_hash_local(
+        self,
+        dag_hash: str,
+        default: Optional[List["spack.spec.Spec"]] = None,
+        installed: Union[bool, InstallRecordStatus] = InstallRecordStatus.ANY,
+    ) -> Optional[List["spack.spec.Spec"]]:
+        installed = normalize_query(installed)
         # hash is a full hash and is in the data somewhere
         if dag_hash in self._data:
             rec = self._data[dag_hash]
@@ -1405,8 +1387,7 @@ def _get_by_hash_local(self, dag_hash, default=None, installed=any):
             else:
                 return default
 
-        # check if hash is a prefix of some installed (or previously
-        # installed) spec.
+        # check if hash is a prefix of some installed (or previously installed) spec.
         matches = [
             record.spec
             for h, record in self._data.items()
@@ -1418,52 +1399,43 @@ def _get_by_hash_local(self, dag_hash, default=None, installed=any):
         # nothing found
         return default
 
-    def get_by_hash_local(self, dag_hash, default=None, installed=any):
+    def get_by_hash_local(
+        self,
+        dag_hash: str,
+        default: Optional[List["spack.spec.Spec"]] = None,
+        installed: Union[bool, InstallRecordStatus] = InstallRecordStatus.ANY,
+    ) -> Optional[List["spack.spec.Spec"]]:
         """Look up a spec in *this DB* by DAG hash, or by a DAG hash prefix.
 
-        Arguments:
-            dag_hash (str): hash (or hash prefix) to look up
-            default (object or None): default value to return if dag_hash is
-                not in the DB (default: None)
-            installed (bool or InstallStatus or typing.Iterable or None):
-                if ``True``, includes only installed
-                specs in the search; if ``False`` only missing specs, and if
-                ``any``, all specs in database. If an InstallStatus or iterable
-                of InstallStatus, returns specs whose install status
-                (installed, deprecated, or missing) matches (one of) the
-                InstallStatus. (default: any)
+        Args:
+            dag_hash: hash (or hash prefix) to look up
+            default: default value to return if dag_hash is not in the DB
+            installed: if ``True``, includes only installed specs in the search; if ``False``
+                only missing specs. Otherwise, a InstallRecordStatus flag.
 
-        ``installed`` defaults to ``any`` so that we can refer to any
-        known hash.  Note that ``query()`` and ``query_one()`` differ in
-        that they only return installed specs by default.
-
-        Returns:
-            (list): a list of specs matching the hash or hash prefix
+        ``installed`` defaults to ``InstallRecordStatus.ANY`` so we can refer to any known hash.
 
+        ``query()`` and ``query_one()`` differ in that they only return installed specs by default.
         """
         with self.read_transaction():
             return self._get_by_hash_local(dag_hash, default=default, installed=installed)
 
-    def get_by_hash(self, dag_hash, default=None, installed=any):
+    def get_by_hash(
+        self,
+        dag_hash: str,
+        default: Optional[List["spack.spec.Spec"]] = None,
+        installed: Union[bool, InstallRecordStatus] = InstallRecordStatus.ANY,
+    ) -> Optional[List["spack.spec.Spec"]]:
         """Look up a spec by DAG hash, or by a DAG hash prefix.
 
-        Arguments:
-            dag_hash (str): hash (or hash prefix) to look up
-            default (object or None): default value to return if dag_hash is
-                not in the DB (default: None)
-            installed (bool or InstallStatus or typing.Iterable or None):
-                if ``True``, includes only installed specs in the search; if ``False``
-                only missing specs, and if ``any``, all specs in database. If an
-                InstallStatus or iterable of InstallStatus, returns specs whose install
-                status (installed, deprecated, or missing) matches (one of) the
-                InstallStatus. (default: any)
+        Args:
+            dag_hash: hash (or hash prefix) to look up
+            default: default value to return if dag_hash is not in the DB
+            installed: if ``True``, includes only installed specs in the search; if ``False``
+                only missing specs. Otherwise, a InstallRecordStatus flag.
 
-        ``installed`` defaults to ``any`` so that we can refer to any
-        known hash.  Note that ``query()`` and ``query_one()`` differ in
-        that they only return installed specs by default.
-
-        Returns:
-            (list): a list of specs matching the hash or hash prefix
+        ``installed`` defaults to ``InstallRecordStatus.ANY`` so we can refer to any known hash.
+        ``query()`` and ``query_one()`` differ in that they only return installed specs by default.
 
         """
 
@@ -1483,7 +1455,7 @@ def _query(
         query_spec: Optional[Union[str, "spack.spec.Spec"]] = None,
         *,
         predicate_fn: Optional[SelectType] = None,
-        installed: Union[bool, InstallStatus, List[InstallStatus]] = True,
+        installed: Union[bool, InstallRecordStatus] = True,
         explicit: Optional[bool] = None,
         start_date: Optional[datetime.datetime] = None,
         end_date: Optional[datetime.datetime] = None,
@@ -1491,6 +1463,7 @@ def _query(
         in_buildcache: Optional[bool] = None,
         origin: Optional[str] = None,
     ) -> List["spack.spec.Spec"]:
+        installed = normalize_query(installed)
 
         # Restrict the set of records over which we iterate first
         matching_hashes = self._data
@@ -1560,7 +1533,7 @@ def query_local(
         query_spec: Optional[Union[str, "spack.spec.Spec"]] = None,
         *,
         predicate_fn: Optional[SelectType] = None,
-        installed: Union[bool, InstallStatus, List[InstallStatus]] = True,
+        installed: Union[bool, InstallRecordStatus] = True,
         explicit: Optional[bool] = None,
         start_date: Optional[datetime.datetime] = None,
         end_date: Optional[datetime.datetime] = None,
@@ -1620,7 +1593,7 @@ def query(
         query_spec: Optional[Union[str, "spack.spec.Spec"]] = None,
         *,
         predicate_fn: Optional[SelectType] = None,
-        installed: Union[bool, InstallStatus, List[InstallStatus]] = True,
+        installed: Union[bool, InstallRecordStatus] = True,
         explicit: Optional[bool] = None,
         start_date: Optional[datetime.datetime] = None,
         end_date: Optional[datetime.datetime] = None,
@@ -1628,7 +1601,7 @@ def query(
         hashes: Optional[List[str]] = None,
         origin: Optional[str] = None,
         install_tree: str = "all",
-    ):
+    ) -> List["spack.spec.Spec"]:
         """Queries the Spack database including all upstream databases.
 
         Args:
@@ -1709,13 +1682,14 @@ def query(
             )
 
         results = list(local_results) + list(x for x in upstream_results if x not in local_results)
-        return sorted(results)
+        results.sort()
+        return results
 
     def query_one(
         self,
         query_spec: Optional[Union[str, "spack.spec.Spec"]],
         predicate_fn: Optional[SelectType] = None,
-        installed: Union[bool, InstallStatus, List[InstallStatus]] = True,
+        installed: Union[bool, InstallRecordStatus] = True,
     ) -> Optional["spack.spec.Spec"]:
         """Query for exactly one spec that matches the query spec.
 

lib/spack/spack/dependency.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 """Data structures that represent Spack's dependency relationships."""
-from typing import Dict, List
+from typing import Dict, List, Type
 
 import spack.deptypes as dt
 import spack.spec
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class Dependency:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase",
+        pkg: Type["spack.package_base.PackageBase"],
         spec: "spack.spec.Spec",
         depflag: dt.DepFlag = dt.DEFAULT,
     ):

lib/spack/spack/directives.py

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ class OpenMpi(Package):
   * ``conflicts``
   * ``depends_on``
   * ``extends``
+  * ``license``
   * ``patch``
   * ``provides``
   * ``resource``
@@ -34,19 +35,19 @@ class OpenMpi(Package):
 import collections.abc
 import os.path
 import re
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any, Callable, List, Optional, Tuple, Type, Union
 
-import llnl.util.lang
 import llnl.util.tty.color
 
 import spack.deptypes as dt
+import spack.fetch_strategy
+import spack.package_base
 import spack.patch
 import spack.spec
 import spack.util.crypto
 import spack.variant
 from spack.dependency import Dependency
 from spack.directives_meta import DirectiveError, DirectiveMeta
-from spack.fetch_strategy import from_kwargs
 from spack.resource import Resource
 from spack.version import (
     GitVersion,
@@ -56,14 +57,10 @@ class OpenMpi(Package):
     VersionLookupError,
 )
 
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    import spack.package_base
-
 __all__ = [
     "DirectiveError",
-    "DirectiveMeta",
-    "DisableRedistribute",
     "version",
+    "conditional",
     "conflicts",
     "depends_on",
     "extends",
@@ -76,6 +73,7 @@ class OpenMpi(Package):
     "build_system",
     "requires",
     "redistribute",
+    "can_splice",
 ]
 
 _patch_order_index = 0
@@ -83,15 +81,15 @@ class OpenMpi(Package):
 
 SpecType = str
 DepType = Union[Tuple[str, ...], str]
-WhenType = Optional[Union["spack.spec.Spec", str, bool]]
-Patcher = Callable[[Union["spack.package_base.PackageBase", Dependency]], None]
-PatchesType = Optional[Union[Patcher, str, List[Union[Patcher, str]]]]
+WhenType = Optional[Union[spack.spec.Spec, str, bool]]
+Patcher = Callable[[Union[Type[spack.package_base.PackageBase], Dependency]], None]
+PatchesType = Union[Patcher, str, List[Union[Patcher, str]]]
 
 
 SUPPORTED_LANGUAGES = ("fortran", "cxx", "c")
 
 
-def _make_when_spec(value: WhenType) -> Optional["spack.spec.Spec"]:
+def _make_when_spec(value: WhenType) -> Optional[spack.spec.Spec]:
     """Create a ``Spec`` that indicates when a directive should be applied.
 
     Directives with ``when`` specs, e.g.:
@@ -136,7 +134,7 @@ def _make_when_spec(value: WhenType) -> Optional["spack.spec.Spec"]:
     return spack.spec.Spec(value)
 
 
-SubmoduleCallback = Callable[["spack.package_base.PackageBase"], Union[str, List[str], bool]]
+SubmoduleCallback = Callable[[spack.package_base.PackageBase], Union[str, List[str], bool]]
 directive = DirectiveMeta.directive
 
 
@@ -221,7 +219,7 @@ def version(
     return lambda pkg: _execute_version(pkg, ver, **kwargs)
 
 
-def _execute_version(pkg, ver, **kwargs):
+def _execute_version(pkg: Type[spack.package_base.PackageBase], ver: Union[str, int], **kwargs):
     if (
         (any(s in kwargs for s in spack.util.crypto.hashes) or "checksum" in kwargs)
         and hasattr(pkg, "has_code")
@@ -252,12 +250,12 @@ def _execute_version(pkg, ver, **kwargs):
 
 
 def _depends_on(
-    pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase",
-    spec: "spack.spec.Spec",
+    pkg: Type[spack.package_base.PackageBase],
+    spec: spack.spec.Spec,
     *,
     when: WhenType = None,
     type: DepType = dt.DEFAULT_TYPES,
-    patches: PatchesType = None,
+    patches: Optional[PatchesType] = None,
 ):
     when_spec = _make_when_spec(when)
     if not when_spec:
@@ -332,7 +330,7 @@ def conflicts(conflict_spec: SpecType, when: WhenType = None, msg: Optional[str]
         msg (str): optional user defined message
     """
 
-    def _execute_conflicts(pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase"):
+    def _execute_conflicts(pkg: Type[spack.package_base.PackageBase]):
         # If when is not specified the conflict always holds
         when_spec = _make_when_spec(when)
         if not when_spec:
@@ -351,7 +349,7 @@ def depends_on(
     spec: SpecType,
     when: WhenType = None,
     type: DepType = dt.DEFAULT_TYPES,
-    patches: PatchesType = None,
+    patches: Optional[PatchesType] = None,
 ):
     """Creates a dict of deps with specs defining when they apply.
 
@@ -373,21 +371,16 @@ def depends_on(
         assert type == "build", "languages must be of 'build' type"
         return _language(lang_spec_str=spec, when=when)
 
-    def _execute_depends_on(pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase"):
+    def _execute_depends_on(pkg: Type[spack.package_base.PackageBase]):
         _depends_on(pkg, dep_spec, when=when, type=type, patches=patches)
 
     return _execute_depends_on
 
 
-#: Store whether a given Spec source/binary should not be redistributed.
-class DisableRedistribute:
-    def __init__(self, source, binary):
-        self.source = source
-        self.binary = binary
-
-
 @directive("disable_redistribute")
-def redistribute(source=None, binary=None, when: WhenType = None):
+def redistribute(
+    source: Optional[bool] = None, binary: Optional[bool] = None, when: WhenType = None
+):
     """Can be used inside a Package definition to declare that
     the package source and/or compiled binaries should not be
     redistributed.
@@ -402,7 +395,10 @@ def redistribute(source=None, binary=None, when: WhenType = None):
 
 
 def _execute_redistribute(
-    pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase", source=None, binary=None, when: WhenType = None
+    pkg: Type[spack.package_base.PackageBase],
+    source: Optional[bool],
+    binary: Optional[bool],
+    when: WhenType,
 ):
     if source is None and binary is None:
         return
@@ -432,7 +428,7 @@ def _execute_redistribute(
         if not binary:
             disable.binary = True
     else:
-        pkg.disable_redistribute[when_spec] = DisableRedistribute(
+        pkg.disable_redistribute[when_spec] = spack.package_base.DisableRedistribute(
             source=not source, binary=not binary
         )
 
@@ -478,9 +474,7 @@ def provides(*specs: SpecType, when: WhenType = None):
         when: condition when this provides clause needs to be considered
     """
 
-    def _execute_provides(pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase"):
-        import spack.parser  # Avoid circular dependency
-
+    def _execute_provides(pkg: Type[spack.package_base.PackageBase]):
         when_spec = _make_when_spec(when)
         if not when_spec:
             return
@@ -504,6 +498,43 @@ def _execute_provides(pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase"):
     return _execute_provides
 
 
+@directive("splice_specs")
+def can_splice(
+    target: SpecType, *, when: SpecType, match_variants: Union[None, str, List[str]] = None
+):
+    """Packages can declare whether they are ABI-compatible with another package
+    and thus can be spliced into concrete versions of that package.
+
+    Args:
+        target: The spec that the current package is ABI-compatible with.
+
+        when: An anonymous spec constraining current package for when it is
+            ABI-compatible with target.
+
+        match_variants: A list of variants that must match
+            between target spec and current package, with special value '*'
+            which matches all variants. Example: a variant is defined on both
+            packages called json, and they are ABI-compatible whenever they agree on
+            the json variant (regardless of whether it is turned on or off).  Note
+            that this cannot be applied to multi-valued variants and multi-valued
+            variants will be skipped by '*'.
+    """
+
+    def _execute_can_splice(pkg: Type[spack.package_base.PackageBase]):
+        when_spec = _make_when_spec(when)
+        if isinstance(match_variants, str) and match_variants != "*":
+            raise ValueError(
+                "* is the only valid string for match_variants "
+                "if looking to provide a single variant, use "
+                f"[{match_variants}] instead"
+            )
+        if when_spec is None:
+            return
+        pkg.splice_specs[when_spec] = (spack.spec.Spec(target), match_variants)
+
+    return _execute_can_splice
+
+
 @directive("patches")
 def patch(
     url_or_filename: str,
@@ -530,10 +561,10 @@ def patch(
             compressed URL patches)
     """
 
-    def _execute_patch(pkg_or_dep: Union["spack.package_base.PackageBase", Dependency]):
-        pkg = pkg_or_dep
-        if isinstance(pkg, Dependency):
-            pkg = pkg.pkg
+    def _execute_patch(
+        pkg_or_dep: Union[Type[spack.package_base.PackageBase], Dependency]
+    ) -> None:
+        pkg = pkg_or_dep.pkg if isinstance(pkg_or_dep, Dependency) else pkg_or_dep
 
         if hasattr(pkg, "has_code") and not pkg.has_code:
             raise UnsupportedPackageDirective(
@@ -577,6 +608,15 @@ def _execute_patch(pkg_or_dep: Union["spack.package_base.PackageBase", Dependenc
     return _execute_patch
 
 
+def conditional(*values: List[Any], when: Optional[WhenType] = None):
+    """Conditional values that can be used in variant declarations."""
+    # _make_when_spec returns None when the condition is statically false.
+    when = _make_when_spec(when)
+    return spack.variant.ConditionalVariantValues(
+        spack.variant.ConditionalValue(x, when=when) for x in values
+    )
+
+
 @directive("variants")
 def variant(
     name: str,
@@ -698,58 +738,55 @@ def _execute_variant(pkg):
 
 
 @directive("resources")
-def resource(**kwargs):
-    """Define an external resource to be fetched and staged when building the
-    package. Based on the keywords present in the dictionary the appropriate
-    FetchStrategy will be used for the resource. Resources are fetched and
-    staged in their own folder inside spack stage area, and then moved into
-    the stage area of the package that needs them.
+def resource(
+    *,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    destination: str = "",
+    placement: Optional[str] = None,
+    when: WhenType = None,
+    # additional kwargs are as for `version()`
+    **kwargs,
+):
+    """Define an external resource to be fetched and staged when building the package.
+    Based on the keywords present in the dictionary the appropriate FetchStrategy will
+    be used for the resource. Resources are fetched and staged in their own folder
+    inside spack stage area, and then moved into the stage area of the package that
+    needs them.
 
-    List of recognized keywords:
+    Keyword Arguments:
+        name: name for the resource
+        when: condition defining when the resource is needed
+        destination: path, relative to the package stage area, to which resource should be moved
+        placement: optionally rename the expanded resource inside the destination directory
 
-    * 'when' : (optional) represents the condition upon which the resource is
-      needed
-    * 'destination' : (optional) path where to move the resource. This path
-      must be relative to the main package stage area.
-    * 'placement' : (optional) gives the possibility to fine tune how the
-      resource is moved into the main package stage area.
     """
 
     def _execute_resource(pkg):
-        when = kwargs.get("when")
         when_spec = _make_when_spec(when)
         if not when_spec:
             return
 
-        destination = kwargs.get("destination", "")
-        placement = kwargs.get("placement", None)
-
         # Check if the path is relative
         if os.path.isabs(destination):
-            message = (
-                "The destination keyword of a resource directive " "can't be an absolute path.\n"
-            )
-            message += "\tdestination : '{dest}\n'".format(dest=destination)
-            raise RuntimeError(message)
+            msg = "The destination keyword of a resource directive can't be an absolute path.\n"
+            msg += f"\tdestination : '{destination}\n'"
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
         # Check if the path falls within the main package stage area
         test_path = "stage_folder_root"
-        normalized_destination = os.path.normpath(
-            os.path.join(test_path, destination)
-        )  # Normalized absolute path
+
+        # Normalized absolute path
+        normalized_destination = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(test_path, destination))
 
         if test_path not in normalized_destination:
-            message = (
-                "The destination folder of a resource must fall "
-                "within the main package stage directory.\n"
-            )
-            message += "\tdestination : '{dest}'\n".format(dest=destination)
-            raise RuntimeError(message)
+            msg = "Destination of a resource must be within the package stage directory.\n"
+            msg += f"\tdestination : '{destination}'\n"
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
         resources = pkg.resources.setdefault(when_spec, [])
-        name = kwargs.get("name")
-        fetcher = from_kwargs(**kwargs)
-        resources.append(Resource(name, fetcher, destination, placement))
+        resources.append(
+            Resource(name, spack.fetch_strategy.from_kwargs(**kwargs), destination, placement)
+        )
 
     return _execute_resource
 
@@ -781,7 +818,9 @@ def _execute_maintainer(pkg):
     return _execute_maintainer
 
 
-def _execute_license(pkg, license_identifier: str, when):
+def _execute_license(
+    pkg: Type[spack.package_base.PackageBase], license_identifier: str, when: WhenType
+):
     # If when is not specified the license always holds
     when_spec = _make_when_spec(when)
     if not when_spec:
@@ -845,7 +884,7 @@ def requires(*requirement_specs: str, policy="one_of", when=None, msg=None):
         msg: optional user defined message
     """
 
-    def _execute_requires(pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase"):
+    def _execute_requires(pkg: Type[spack.package_base.PackageBase]):
         if policy not in ("one_of", "any_of"):
             err_msg = (
                 f"the 'policy' argument of the 'requires' directive in {pkg.name} is set "
@@ -870,7 +909,7 @@ def _execute_requires(pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase"):
 def _language(lang_spec_str: str, *, when: Optional[Union[str, bool]] = None):
     """Temporary implementation of language virtuals, until compilers are proper dependencies."""
 
-    def _execute_languages(pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase"):
+    def _execute_languages(pkg: Type[spack.package_base.PackageBase]):
         when_spec = _make_when_spec(when)
         if not when_spec:
             return

lib/spack/spack/directives_meta.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 import collections.abc
 import functools
-from typing import List, Set
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Set, Type, Union
 
 import llnl.util.lang
 
@@ -25,11 +25,13 @@ class DirectiveMeta(type):
 
     # Set of all known directives
     _directive_dict_names: Set[str] = set()
-    _directives_to_be_executed: List[str] = []
-    _when_constraints_from_context: List[str] = []
+    _directives_to_be_executed: List[Callable] = []
+    _when_constraints_from_context: List[spack.spec.Spec] = []
     _default_args: List[dict] = []
 
-    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attr_dict):
+    def __new__(
+        cls: Type["DirectiveMeta"], name: str, bases: tuple, attr_dict: dict
+    ) -> "DirectiveMeta":
         # Initialize the attribute containing the list of directives
         # to be executed. Here we go reversed because we want to execute
         # commands:
@@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ def __new__(cls, name, bases, attr_dict):
 
         return super(DirectiveMeta, cls).__new__(cls, name, bases, attr_dict)
 
-    def __init__(cls, name, bases, attr_dict):
+    def __init__(cls: "DirectiveMeta", name: str, bases: tuple, attr_dict: dict):
         # The instance is being initialized: if it is a package we must ensure
         # that the directives are called to set it up.
 
@@ -81,27 +83,27 @@ def __init__(cls, name, bases, attr_dict):
         super(DirectiveMeta, cls).__init__(name, bases, attr_dict)
 
     @staticmethod
-    def push_to_context(when_spec):
+    def push_to_context(when_spec: spack.spec.Spec) -> None:
         """Add a spec to the context constraints."""
         DirectiveMeta._when_constraints_from_context.append(when_spec)
 
     @staticmethod
-    def pop_from_context():
+    def pop_from_context() -> spack.spec.Spec:
         """Pop the last constraint from the context"""
         return DirectiveMeta._when_constraints_from_context.pop()
 
     @staticmethod
-    def push_default_args(default_args):
+    def push_default_args(default_args: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
         """Push default arguments"""
         DirectiveMeta._default_args.append(default_args)
 
     @staticmethod
-    def pop_default_args():
+    def pop_default_args() -> dict:
         """Pop default arguments"""
         return DirectiveMeta._default_args.pop()
 
     @staticmethod
-    def directive(dicts=None):
+    def directive(dicts: Optional[Union[Sequence[str], str]] = None) -> Callable:
         """Decorator for Spack directives.
 
         Spack directives allow you to modify a package while it is being
@@ -156,7 +158,7 @@ class Foo(Package):
         DirectiveMeta._directive_dict_names |= set(dicts)
 
         # This decorator just returns the directive functions
-        def _decorator(decorated_function):
+        def _decorator(decorated_function: Callable) -> Callable:
             directive_names.append(decorated_function.__name__)
 
             @functools.wraps(decorated_function)

lib/spack/spack/enums.py

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# Copyright 2013-2024 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
+# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+"""Enumerations used throughout Spack"""
+import enum
+
+
+class InstallRecordStatus(enum.Flag):
+    """Enum flag to facilitate querying status from the DB"""
+
+    INSTALLED = enum.auto()
+    DEPRECATED = enum.auto()
+    MISSING = enum.auto()
+    ANY = INSTALLED | DEPRECATED | MISSING

lib/spack/spack/environment/environment.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
 import llnl.util.tty.color as clr
 from llnl.util.link_tree import ConflictingSpecsError
-from llnl.util.symlink import readlink, symlink
+from llnl.util.symlink import islink, readlink, symlink
 
 import spack
 import spack.caches
@@ -668,7 +668,7 @@ def from_dict(base_path, d):
 
     @property
     def _current_root(self):
-        if not os.path.islink(self.root):
+        if not islink(self.root):
             return None
 
         root = readlink(self.root)

lib/spack/spack/error.py

@@ -192,3 +192,10 @@ def __reduce__(self):
 
 def _make_stop_phase(msg, long_msg):
     return StopPhase(msg, long_msg)
+
+
+class MirrorError(SpackError):
+    """Superclass of all mirror-creation related errors."""
+
+    def __init__(self, msg, long_msg=None):
+        super().__init__(msg, long_msg)

lib/spack/spack/extensions.py

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 """Service functions and classes to implement the hooks
 for Spack's command extensions.
 """
-import difflib
 import glob
 import importlib
 import os
@@ -17,7 +16,6 @@
 
 import llnl.util.lang
 
-import spack.cmd
 import spack.config
 import spack.error
 import spack.util.path
@@ -25,9 +23,6 @@
 _extension_regexp = re.compile(r"spack-(\w[-\w]*)$")
 
 
-# TODO: For consistency we should use spack.cmd.python_name(), but
-#       currently this would create a circular relationship between
-#       spack.cmd and spack.extensions.
 def _python_name(cmd_name):
     return cmd_name.replace("-", "_")
 
@@ -211,8 +206,7 @@ def get_module(cmd_name):
         module = load_command_extension(cmd_name, folder)
         if module:
             return module
-    else:
-        raise CommandNotFoundError(cmd_name)
+    return None
 
 
 def get_template_dirs():
@@ -224,27 +218,6 @@ def get_template_dirs():
     return extensions
 
 
-class CommandNotFoundError(spack.error.SpackError):
-    """Exception class thrown when a requested command is not recognized as
-    such.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, cmd_name):
-        msg = (
-            "{0} is not a recognized Spack command or extension command;"
-            " check with `spack commands`.".format(cmd_name)
-        )
-        long_msg = None
-
-        similar = difflib.get_close_matches(cmd_name, spack.cmd.all_commands())
-
-        if 1 <= len(similar) <= 5:
-            long_msg = "\nDid you mean one of the following commands?\n  "
-            long_msg += "\n  ".join(similar)
-
-        super().__init__(msg, long_msg)
-
-
 class ExtensionNamingError(spack.error.SpackError):
     """Exception class thrown when a configured extension does not follow
     the expected naming convention.

lib/spack/spack/graph.py

@@ -325,12 +325,7 @@ def write(self, spec, color=None, out=None):
         self._out = llnl.util.tty.color.ColorStream(out, color=color)
 
         # We'll traverse the spec in topological order as we graph it.
-        nodes_in_topological_order = [
-            edge.spec
-            for edge in spack.traverse.traverse_edges_topo(
-                [spec], direction="children", deptype=self.depflag
-            )
-        ]
+        nodes_in_topological_order = list(spec.traverse(order="topo", deptype=self.depflag))
         nodes_in_topological_order.reverse()
 
         # Work on a copy to be nondestructive

lib/spack/spack/hooks/autopush.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
 
 import spack.binary_distribution as bindist
-import spack.mirror
+import spack.mirrors.mirror
 
 
 def post_install(spec, explicit):
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ def post_install(spec, explicit):
         return
 
     # Push the package to all autopush mirrors
-    for mirror in spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True, autopush=True).values():
+    for mirror in spack.mirrors.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True, autopush=True).values():
         signing_key = bindist.select_signing_key() if mirror.signed else None
         with bindist.make_uploader(mirror=mirror, force=True, signing_key=signing_key) as uploader:
             uploader.push_or_raise([spec])

lib/spack/spack/install_test.py

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
 from llnl.util.tty.color import colorize
 
 import spack.build_environment
-import spack.builder
 import spack.config
 import spack.error
 import spack.package_base
@@ -353,9 +352,7 @@ def status(self, name: str, status: "TestStatus", msg: Optional[str] = None):
         self.test_parts[part_name] = status
         self.counts[status] += 1
 
-    def phase_tests(
-        self, builder: spack.builder.Builder, phase_name: str, method_names: List[str]
-    ):
+    def phase_tests(self, builder, phase_name: str, method_names: List[str]):
         """Execute the builder's package phase-time tests.
 
         Args:
@@ -378,23 +375,16 @@ def phase_tests(
 
             for name in method_names:
                 try:
-                    # Prefer the method in the package over the builder's.
-                    # We need this primarily to pick up arbitrarily named test
-                    # methods but also some build-time checks.
-                    fn = getattr(builder.pkg, name, getattr(builder, name))
-
-                    msg = f"RUN-TESTS: {phase_name}-time tests [{name}]"
-                    print_message(logger, msg, verbose)
-
-                    fn()
-
+                    fn = getattr(builder, name, None) or getattr(builder.pkg, name)
                 except AttributeError as e:
-                    msg = f"RUN-TESTS: method not implemented [{name}]"
-                    print_message(logger, msg, verbose)
-
-                    self.add_failure(e, msg)
+                    print_message(logger, f"RUN-TESTS: method not implemented [{name}]", verbose)
+                    self.add_failure(e, f"RUN-TESTS: method not implemented [{name}]")
                     if fail_fast:
                         break
+                    continue
+
+                print_message(logger, f"RUN-TESTS: {phase_name}-time tests [{name}]", verbose)
+                fn()
 
             if have_tests:
                 print_message(logger, "Completed testing", verbose)
@@ -764,7 +754,7 @@ def virtuals(pkg):
 
     # hack for compilers that are not dependencies (yet)
     # TODO: this all eventually goes away
-    c_names = ("gcc", "intel", "intel-parallel-studio", "pgi")
+    c_names = ("gcc", "intel", "intel-parallel-studio")
     if pkg.name in c_names:
         v_names.extend(["c", "cxx", "fortran"])
     if pkg.spec.satisfies("llvm+clang"):

lib/spack/spack/installer.py

@@ -50,12 +50,13 @@
 
 import spack.binary_distribution as binary_distribution
 import spack.build_environment
+import spack.builder
 import spack.config
 import spack.database
 import spack.deptypes as dt
 import spack.error
 import spack.hooks
-import spack.mirror
+import spack.mirrors.mirror
 import spack.package_base
 import spack.package_prefs as prefs
 import spack.repo
@@ -212,7 +213,7 @@ def _check_last_phase(pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase") -> None:
     Raises:
         ``BadInstallPhase`` if stop_before or last phase is invalid
     """
-    phases = pkg.builder.phases  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    phases = spack.builder.create(pkg).phases  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
     if pkg.stop_before_phase and pkg.stop_before_phase not in phases:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
         raise BadInstallPhase(pkg.name, pkg.stop_before_phase)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
@@ -490,7 +491,7 @@ def _try_install_from_binary_cache(
         timer: timer to keep track of binary install phases.
     """
     # Early exit if no binary mirrors are configured.
-    if not spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True):
+    if not spack.mirrors.mirror.MirrorCollection(binary=True):
         return False
 
     tty.debug(f"Searching for binary cache of {package_id(pkg.spec)}")
@@ -661,7 +662,7 @@ def log(pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase") -> None:
             spack.store.STORE.layout.metadata_path(pkg.spec), "archived-files"
         )
 
-        for glob_expr in pkg.builder.archive_files:
+        for glob_expr in spack.builder.create(pkg).archive_files:
             # Check that we are trying to copy things that are
             # in the stage tree (not arbitrary files)
             abs_expr = os.path.realpath(glob_expr)
@@ -2394,7 +2395,6 @@ def _install_source(self) -> None:
         fs.install_tree(pkg.stage.source_path, src_target)
 
     def _real_install(self) -> None:
-        import spack.builder
 
         pkg = self.pkg
 

lib/spack/spack/mirror.py

@@ -1,768 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2013-2024 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
-# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
-#
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-"""
-This file contains code for creating spack mirror directories.  A
-mirror is an organized hierarchy containing specially named archive
-files.  This enabled spack to know where to find files in a mirror if
-the main server for a particular package is down.  Or, if the computer
-where spack is run is not connected to the internet, it allows spack
-to download packages directly from a mirror (e.g., on an intranet).
-"""
-import collections
-import collections.abc
-import operator
-import os
-import os.path
-import sys
-import traceback
-import urllib.parse
-from typing import List, Optional, Union
-
-import llnl.url
-import llnl.util.symlink
-import llnl.util.tty as tty
-from llnl.util.filesystem import mkdirp
-
-import spack.caches
-import spack.config
-import spack.error
-import spack.fetch_strategy
-import spack.oci.image
-import spack.repo
-import spack.spec
-import spack.util.path
-import spack.util.spack_json as sjson
-import spack.util.spack_yaml as syaml
-import spack.util.url as url_util
-import spack.version
-
-#: What schemes do we support
-supported_url_schemes = ("file", "http", "https", "sftp", "ftp", "s3", "gs", "oci")
-
-
-def _url_or_path_to_url(url_or_path: str) -> str:
-    """For simplicity we allow mirror URLs in config files to be local, relative paths.
-    This helper function takes care of distinguishing between URLs and paths, and
-    canonicalizes paths before transforming them into file:// URLs."""
-    # Is it a supported URL already? Then don't do path-related canonicalization.
-    parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(url_or_path)
-    if parsed.scheme in supported_url_schemes:
-        return url_or_path
-
-    # Otherwise we interpret it as path, and we should promote it to file:// URL.
-    return url_util.path_to_file_url(spack.util.path.canonicalize_path(url_or_path))
-
-
-class Mirror:
-    """Represents a named location for storing source tarballs and binary
-    packages.
-
-    Mirrors have a fetch_url that indicate where and how artifacts are fetched
-    from them, and a push_url that indicate where and how artifacts are pushed
-    to them. These two URLs are usually the same.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, data: Union[str, dict], name: Optional[str] = None):
-        self._data = data
-        self._name = name
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def from_yaml(stream, name=None):
-        return Mirror(syaml.load(stream), name)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def from_json(stream, name=None):
-        try:
-            return Mirror(sjson.load(stream), name)
-        except Exception as e:
-            raise sjson.SpackJSONError("error parsing JSON mirror:", str(e)) from e
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def from_local_path(path: str):
-        return Mirror(url_util.path_to_file_url(path))
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def from_url(url: str):
-        """Create an anonymous mirror by URL. This method validates the URL."""
-        if not urllib.parse.urlparse(url).scheme in supported_url_schemes:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f'"{url}" is not a valid mirror URL. '
-                f"Scheme must be one of {supported_url_schemes}."
-            )
-        return Mirror(url)
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        if not isinstance(other, Mirror):
-            return NotImplemented
-        return self._data == other._data and self._name == other._name
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return f"{self._name}: {self.push_url} {self.fetch_url}"
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return f"Mirror(name={self._name!r}, data={self._data!r})"
-
-    def to_json(self, stream=None):
-        return sjson.dump(self.to_dict(), stream)
-
-    def to_yaml(self, stream=None):
-        return syaml.dump(self.to_dict(), stream)
-
-    def to_dict(self):
-        return self._data
-
-    def display(self, max_len=0):
-        fetch, push = self.fetch_url, self.push_url
-        # don't print the same URL twice
-        url = fetch if fetch == push else f"fetch: {fetch} push: {push}"
-        source = "s" if self.source else " "
-        binary = "b" if self.binary else " "
-        print(f"{self.name: <{max_len}} [{source}{binary}] {url}")
-
-    @property
-    def name(self):
-        return self._name or "<unnamed>"
-
-    @property
-    def binary(self):
-        return isinstance(self._data, str) or self._data.get("binary", True)
-
-    @property
-    def source(self):
-        return isinstance(self._data, str) or self._data.get("source", True)
-
-    @property
-    def signed(self) -> bool:
-        return isinstance(self._data, str) or self._data.get("signed", True)
-
-    @property
-    def autopush(self) -> bool:
-        if isinstance(self._data, str):
-            return False
-        return self._data.get("autopush", False)
-
-    @property
-    def fetch_url(self):
-        """Get the valid, canonicalized fetch URL"""
-        return self.get_url("fetch")
-
-    @property
-    def push_url(self):
-        """Get the valid, canonicalized fetch URL"""
-        return self.get_url("push")
-
-    def _update_connection_dict(self, current_data: dict, new_data: dict, top_level: bool):
-        keys = ["url", "access_pair", "access_token", "profile", "endpoint_url"]
-        if top_level:
-            keys += ["binary", "source", "signed", "autopush"]
-        changed = False
-        for key in keys:
-            if key in new_data and current_data.get(key) != new_data[key]:
-                current_data[key] = new_data[key]
-                changed = True
-        return changed
-
-    def update(self, data: dict, direction: Optional[str] = None) -> bool:
-        """Modify the mirror with the given data. This takes care
-        of expanding trivial mirror definitions by URL to something more
-        rich with a dict if necessary
-
-        Args:
-            data (dict): The data to update the mirror with.
-            direction (str): The direction to update the mirror in (fetch
-                or push or None for top-level update)
-
-        Returns:
-            bool: True if the mirror was updated, False otherwise."""
-
-        # Modify the top-level entry when no direction is given.
-        if not data:
-            return False
-
-        # If we only update a URL, there's typically no need to expand things to a dict.
-        set_url = data["url"] if len(data) == 1 and "url" in data else None
-
-        if direction is None:
-            # First deal with the case where the current top-level entry is just a string.
-            if isinstance(self._data, str):
-                # Can we replace that string with something new?
-                if set_url:
-                    if self._data == set_url:
-                        return False
-                    self._data = set_url
-                    return True
-
-                # Otherwise promote to a dict
-                self._data = {"url": self._data}
-
-            # And update the dictionary accordingly.
-            return self._update_connection_dict(self._data, data, top_level=True)
-
-        # Otherwise, update the fetch / push entry; turn top-level
-        # url string into a dict if necessary.
-        if isinstance(self._data, str):
-            self._data = {"url": self._data}
-
-        # Create a new fetch / push entry if necessary
-        if direction not in self._data:
-            # Keep config minimal if we're just setting the URL.
-            if set_url:
-                self._data[direction] = set_url
-                return True
-            self._data[direction] = {}
-
-        entry = self._data[direction]
-
-        # Keep the entry simple if we're just swapping out the URL.
-        if isinstance(entry, str):
-            if set_url:
-                if entry == set_url:
-                    return False
-                self._data[direction] = set_url
-                return True
-
-            # Otherwise promote to a dict
-            self._data[direction] = {"url": entry}
-
-        return self._update_connection_dict(self._data[direction], data, top_level=False)
-
-    def _get_value(self, attribute: str, direction: str):
-        """Returns the most specific value for a given attribute (either push/fetch or global)"""
-        if direction not in ("fetch", "push"):
-            raise ValueError(f"direction must be either 'fetch' or 'push', not {direction}")
-
-        if isinstance(self._data, str):
-            return None
-
-        # Either a string (url) or a dictionary, we care about the dict here.
-        value = self._data.get(direction, {})
-
-        # Return top-level entry if only a URL was set.
-        if isinstance(value, str) or attribute not in value:
-            return self._data.get(attribute)
-
-        return value[attribute]
-
-    def get_url(self, direction: str) -> str:
-        if direction not in ("fetch", "push"):
-            raise ValueError(f"direction must be either 'fetch' or 'push', not {direction}")
-
-        # Whole mirror config is just a url.
-        if isinstance(self._data, str):
-            return _url_or_path_to_url(self._data)
-
-        # Default value
-        url = self._data.get("url")
-
-        # Override it with a direction-specific value
-        if direction in self._data:
-            # Either a url as string or a dict with url key
-            info = self._data[direction]
-            if isinstance(info, str):
-                url = info
-            elif "url" in info:
-                url = info["url"]
-
-        if not url:
-            raise ValueError(f"Mirror {self.name} has no URL configured")
-
-        return _url_or_path_to_url(url)
-
-    def get_access_token(self, direction: str) -> Optional[str]:
-        return self._get_value("access_token", direction)
-
-    def get_access_pair(self, direction: str) -> Optional[List]:
-        return self._get_value("access_pair", direction)
-
-    def get_profile(self, direction: str) -> Optional[str]:
-        return self._get_value("profile", direction)
-
-    def get_endpoint_url(self, direction: str) -> Optional[str]:
-        return self._get_value("endpoint_url", direction)
-
-
-class MirrorCollection(collections.abc.Mapping):
-    """A mapping of mirror names to mirrors."""
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        mirrors=None,
-        scope=None,
-        binary: Optional[bool] = None,
-        source: Optional[bool] = None,
-        autopush: Optional[bool] = None,
-    ):
-        """Initialize a mirror collection.
-
-        Args:
-            mirrors: A name-to-mirror mapping to initialize the collection with.
-            scope: The scope to use when looking up mirrors from the config.
-            binary: If True, only include binary mirrors.
-                    If False, omit binary mirrors.
-                    If None, do not filter on binary mirrors.
-            source: If True, only include source mirrors.
-                    If False, omit source mirrors.
-                    If None, do not filter on source mirrors.
-            autopush: If True, only include mirrors that have autopush enabled.
-                      If False, omit mirrors that have autopush enabled.
-                      If None, do not filter on autopush."""
-        mirrors_data = (
-            mirrors.items()
-            if mirrors is not None
-            else spack.config.get("mirrors", scope=scope).items()
-        )
-        mirrors = (Mirror(data=mirror, name=name) for name, mirror in mirrors_data)
-
-        def _filter(m: Mirror):
-            if source is not None and m.source != source:
-                return False
-            if binary is not None and m.binary != binary:
-                return False
-            if autopush is not None and m.autopush != autopush:
-                return False
-            return True
-
-        self._mirrors = {m.name: m for m in mirrors if _filter(m)}
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        return self._mirrors == other._mirrors
-
-    def to_json(self, stream=None):
-        return sjson.dump(self.to_dict(True), stream)
-
-    def to_yaml(self, stream=None):
-        return syaml.dump(self.to_dict(True), stream)
-
-    # TODO: this isn't called anywhere
-    @staticmethod
-    def from_yaml(stream, name=None):
-        data = syaml.load(stream)
-        return MirrorCollection(data)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def from_json(stream, name=None):
-        try:
-            d = sjson.load(stream)
-            return MirrorCollection(d)
-        except Exception as e:
-            raise sjson.SpackJSONError("error parsing JSON mirror collection:", str(e)) from e
-
-    def to_dict(self, recursive=False):
-        return syaml.syaml_dict(
-            sorted(
-                ((k, (v.to_dict() if recursive else v)) for (k, v) in self._mirrors.items()),
-                key=operator.itemgetter(0),
-            )
-        )
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def from_dict(d):
-        return MirrorCollection(d)
-
-    def __getitem__(self, item):
-        return self._mirrors[item]
-
-    def display(self):
-        max_len = max(len(mirror.name) for mirror in self._mirrors.values())
-        for mirror in self._mirrors.values():
-            mirror.display(max_len)
-
-    def lookup(self, name_or_url):
-        """Looks up and returns a Mirror.
-
-        If this MirrorCollection contains a named Mirror under the name
-        [name_or_url], then that mirror is returned.  Otherwise, [name_or_url]
-        is assumed to be a mirror URL, and an anonymous mirror with the given
-        URL is returned.
-        """
-        result = self.get(name_or_url)
-
-        if result is None:
-            result = Mirror(fetch=name_or_url)
-
-        return result
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        return iter(self._mirrors)
-
-    def __len__(self):
-        return len(self._mirrors)
-
-
-def _determine_extension(fetcher):
-    if isinstance(fetcher, spack.fetch_strategy.URLFetchStrategy):
-        if fetcher.expand_archive:
-            # If we fetch with a URLFetchStrategy, use URL's archive type
-            ext = llnl.url.determine_url_file_extension(fetcher.url)
-
-            if ext:
-                # Remove any leading dots
-                ext = ext.lstrip(".")
-            else:
-                msg = """\
-Unable to parse extension from {0}.
-
-If this URL is for a tarball but does not include the file extension
-in the name, you can explicitly declare it with the following syntax:
-
-    version('1.2.3', 'hash', extension='tar.gz')
-
-If this URL is for a download like a .jar or .whl that does not need
-to be expanded, or an uncompressed installation script, you can tell
-Spack not to expand it with the following syntax:
-
-    version('1.2.3', 'hash', expand=False)
-"""
-                raise MirrorError(msg.format(fetcher.url))
-        else:
-            # If the archive shouldn't be expanded, don't check extension.
-            ext = None
-    else:
-        # Otherwise we'll make a .tar.gz ourselves
-        ext = "tar.gz"
-
-    return ext
-
-
-class MirrorLayout:
-    """A ``MirrorLayout`` object describes the relative path of a mirror entry."""
-
-    def __init__(self, path: str) -> None:
-        self.path = path
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        """Yield all paths including aliases where the resource can be found."""
-        yield self.path
-
-    def make_alias(self, root: str) -> None:
-        """Make the entry ``root / self.path`` available under a human readable alias"""
-        pass
-
-
-class DefaultLayout(MirrorLayout):
-    def __init__(self, alias_path: str, digest_path: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
-        # When we have a digest, it is used as the primary storage location. If not, then we use
-        # the human-readable alias. In case of mirrors of a VCS checkout, we currently do not have
-        # a digest, that's why an alias is required and a digest optional.
-        super().__init__(path=digest_path or alias_path)
-        self.alias = alias_path
-        self.digest_path = digest_path
-
-    def make_alias(self, root: str) -> None:
-        """Symlink a human readible path in our mirror to the actual storage location."""
-        # We already use the human-readable path as the main storage location.
-        if not self.digest_path:
-            return
-
-        alias, digest = os.path.join(root, self.alias), os.path.join(root, self.digest_path)
-
-        alias_dir = os.path.dirname(alias)
-        relative_dst = os.path.relpath(digest, start=alias_dir)
-
-        mkdirp(alias_dir)
-        tmp = f"{alias}.tmp"
-        llnl.util.symlink.symlink(relative_dst, tmp)
-
-        try:
-            os.rename(tmp, alias)
-        except OSError:
-            # Clean up the temporary if possible
-            try:
-                os.unlink(tmp)
-            except OSError:
-                pass
-            raise
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        if self.digest_path:
-            yield self.digest_path
-        yield self.alias
-
-
-class OCILayout(MirrorLayout):
-    """Follow the OCI Image Layout Specification to archive blobs where paths are of the form
-    ``blobs/<algorithm>/<digest>``"""
-
-    def __init__(self, digest: spack.oci.image.Digest) -> None:
-        super().__init__(os.path.join("blobs", digest.algorithm, digest.digest))
-
-
-def default_mirror_layout(
-    fetcher: "spack.fetch_strategy.FetchStrategy",
-    per_package_ref: str,
-    spec: Optional["spack.spec.Spec"] = None,
-) -> MirrorLayout:
-    """Returns a ``MirrorReference`` object which keeps track of the relative
-    storage path of the resource associated with the specified ``fetcher``."""
-    ext = None
-    if spec:
-        pkg_cls = spack.repo.PATH.get_pkg_class(spec.name)
-        versions = pkg_cls.versions.get(spec.version, {})
-        ext = versions.get("extension", None)
-    # If the spec does not explicitly specify an extension (the default case),
-    # then try to determine it automatically. An extension can only be
-    # specified for the primary source of the package (e.g. the source code
-    # identified in the 'version' declaration). Resources/patches don't have
-    # an option to specify an extension, so it must be inferred for those.
-    ext = ext or _determine_extension(fetcher)
-
-    if ext:
-        per_package_ref += ".%s" % ext
-
-    global_ref = fetcher.mirror_id()
-    if global_ref:
-        global_ref = os.path.join("_source-cache", global_ref)
-    if global_ref and ext:
-        global_ref += ".%s" % ext
-
-    return DefaultLayout(per_package_ref, global_ref)
-
-
-def get_all_versions(specs):
-    """Given a set of initial specs, return a new set of specs that includes
-    each version of each package in the original set.
-
-    Note that if any spec in the original set specifies properties other than
-    version, this information will be omitted in the new set; for example; the
-    new set of specs will not include variant settings.
-    """
-    version_specs = []
-    for spec in specs:
-        pkg_cls = spack.repo.PATH.get_pkg_class(spec.name)
-        # Skip any package that has no known versions.
-        if not pkg_cls.versions:
-            tty.msg("No safe (checksummed) versions for package %s" % pkg_cls.name)
-            continue
-
-        for version in pkg_cls.versions:
-            version_spec = spack.spec.Spec(pkg_cls.name)
-            version_spec.versions = spack.version.VersionList([version])
-            version_specs.append(version_spec)
-
-    return version_specs
-
-
-def get_matching_versions(specs, num_versions=1):
-    """Get a spec for EACH known version matching any spec in the list.
-    For concrete specs, this retrieves the concrete version and, if more
-    than one version per spec is requested, retrieves the latest versions
-    of the package.
-    """
-    matching = []
-    for spec in specs:
-        pkg = spec.package
-
-        # Skip any package that has no known versions.
-        if not pkg.versions:
-            tty.msg("No safe (checksummed) versions for package %s" % pkg.name)
-            continue
-
-        pkg_versions = num_versions
-
-        version_order = list(reversed(sorted(pkg.versions)))
-        matching_spec = []
-        if spec.concrete:
-            matching_spec.append(spec)
-            pkg_versions -= 1
-            if spec.version in version_order:
-                version_order.remove(spec.version)
-
-        for v in version_order:
-            # Generate no more than num_versions versions for each spec.
-            if pkg_versions < 1:
-                break
-
-            # Generate only versions that satisfy the spec.
-            if spec.concrete or v.intersects(spec.versions):
-                s = spack.spec.Spec(pkg.name)
-                s.versions = spack.version.VersionList([v])
-                s.variants = spec.variants.copy()
-                # This is needed to avoid hanging references during the
-                # concretization phase
-                s.variants.spec = s
-                matching_spec.append(s)
-                pkg_versions -= 1
-
-        if not matching_spec:
-            tty.warn("No known version matches spec: %s" % spec)
-        matching.extend(matching_spec)
-
-    return matching
-
-
-def create(path, specs, skip_unstable_versions=False):
-    """Create a directory to be used as a spack mirror, and fill it with
-    package archives.
-
-    Arguments:
-        path: Path to create a mirror directory hierarchy in.
-        specs: Any package versions matching these specs will be added \
-            to the mirror.
-        skip_unstable_versions: if true, this skips adding resources when
-            they do not have a stable archive checksum (as determined by
-            ``fetch_strategy.stable_target``)
-
-    Return Value:
-        Returns a tuple of lists: (present, mirrored, error)
-
-        * present:  Package specs that were already present.
-        * mirrored: Package specs that were successfully mirrored.
-        * error:    Package specs that failed to mirror due to some error.
-    """
-    # automatically spec-ify anything in the specs array.
-    specs = [s if isinstance(s, spack.spec.Spec) else spack.spec.Spec(s) for s in specs]
-
-    mirror_cache, mirror_stats = mirror_cache_and_stats(path, skip_unstable_versions)
-    for spec in specs:
-        mirror_stats.next_spec(spec)
-        create_mirror_from_package_object(spec.package, mirror_cache, mirror_stats)
-
-    return mirror_stats.stats()
-
-
-def mirror_cache_and_stats(path, skip_unstable_versions=False):
-    """Return both a mirror cache and a mirror stats, starting from the path
-    where a mirror ought to be created.
-
-    Args:
-        path (str): path to create a mirror directory hierarchy in.
-        skip_unstable_versions: if true, this skips adding resources when
-            they do not have a stable archive checksum (as determined by
-            ``fetch_strategy.stable_target``)
-    """
-    # Get the absolute path of the root before we start jumping around.
-    if not os.path.isdir(path):
-        try:
-            mkdirp(path)
-        except OSError as e:
-            raise MirrorError("Cannot create directory '%s':" % path, str(e))
-    mirror_cache = spack.caches.MirrorCache(path, skip_unstable_versions=skip_unstable_versions)
-    mirror_stats = MirrorStats()
-    return mirror_cache, mirror_stats
-
-
-def add(mirror: Mirror, scope=None):
-    """Add a named mirror in the given scope"""
-    mirrors = spack.config.get("mirrors", scope=scope)
-    if not mirrors:
-        mirrors = syaml.syaml_dict()
-
-    if mirror.name in mirrors:
-        tty.die("Mirror with name {} already exists.".format(mirror.name))
-
-    items = [(n, u) for n, u in mirrors.items()]
-    items.insert(0, (mirror.name, mirror.to_dict()))
-    mirrors = syaml.syaml_dict(items)
-    spack.config.set("mirrors", mirrors, scope=scope)
-
-
-def remove(name, scope):
-    """Remove the named mirror in the given scope"""
-    mirrors = spack.config.get("mirrors", scope=scope)
-    if not mirrors:
-        mirrors = syaml.syaml_dict()
-
-    if name not in mirrors:
-        tty.die("No mirror with name %s" % name)
-
-    mirrors.pop(name)
-    spack.config.set("mirrors", mirrors, scope=scope)
-    tty.msg("Removed mirror %s." % name)
-
-
-class MirrorStats:
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.present = {}
-        self.new = {}
-        self.errors = set()
-
-        self.current_spec = None
-        self.added_resources = set()
-        self.existing_resources = set()
-
-    def next_spec(self, spec):
-        self._tally_current_spec()
-        self.current_spec = spec
-
-    def _tally_current_spec(self):
-        if self.current_spec:
-            if self.added_resources:
-                self.new[self.current_spec] = len(self.added_resources)
-            if self.existing_resources:
-                self.present[self.current_spec] = len(self.existing_resources)
-            self.added_resources = set()
-            self.existing_resources = set()
-        self.current_spec = None
-
-    def stats(self):
-        self._tally_current_spec()
-        return list(self.present), list(self.new), list(self.errors)
-
-    def already_existed(self, resource):
-        # If an error occurred after caching a subset of a spec's
-        # resources, a secondary attempt may consider them already added
-        if resource not in self.added_resources:
-            self.existing_resources.add(resource)
-
-    def added(self, resource):
-        self.added_resources.add(resource)
-
-    def error(self):
-        self.errors.add(self.current_spec)
-
-
-def create_mirror_from_package_object(pkg_obj, mirror_cache, mirror_stats):
-    """Add a single package object to a mirror.
-
-    The package object is only required to have an associated spec
-    with a concrete version.
-
-    Args:
-        pkg_obj (spack.package_base.PackageBase): package object with to be added.
-        mirror_cache (spack.caches.MirrorCache): mirror where to add the spec.
-        mirror_stats (spack.mirror.MirrorStats): statistics on the current mirror
-
-    Return:
-        True if the spec was added successfully, False otherwise
-    """
-    tty.msg("Adding package {} to mirror".format(pkg_obj.spec.format("{name}{@version}")))
-    num_retries = 3
-    while num_retries > 0:
-        try:
-            # Includes patches and resources
-            with pkg_obj.stage as pkg_stage:
-                pkg_stage.cache_mirror(mirror_cache, mirror_stats)
-            exception = None
-            break
-        except Exception as e:
-            exc_tuple = sys.exc_info()
-            exception = e
-        num_retries -= 1
-    if exception:
-        if spack.config.get("config:debug"):
-            traceback.print_exception(file=sys.stderr, *exc_tuple)
-        else:
-            tty.warn(
-                "Error while fetching %s" % pkg_obj.spec.cformat("{name}{@version}"),
-                getattr(exception, "message", exception),
-            )
-        mirror_stats.error()
-        return False
-    return True
-
-
-def require_mirror_name(mirror_name):
-    """Find a mirror by name and raise if it does not exist"""
-    mirror = MirrorCollection().get(mirror_name)
-    if not mirror:
-        raise ValueError(f'no mirror named "{mirror_name}"')
-    return mirror
-
-
-class MirrorError(spack.error.SpackError):
-    """Superclass of all mirror-creation related errors."""
-
-    def __init__(self, msg, long_msg=None):
-        super().__init__(msg, long_msg)

lib/spack/spack/mirrors/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Copyright 2013-2024 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
+# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)

lib/spack/spack/mirrors/layout.py

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+# Copyright 2013-2024 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
+# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+import os
+import os.path
+from typing import Optional
+
+import llnl.url
+import llnl.util.symlink
+from llnl.util.filesystem import mkdirp
+
+import spack.fetch_strategy
+import spack.oci.image
+import spack.repo
+import spack.spec
+from spack.error import MirrorError
+
+
+class MirrorLayout:
+    """A ``MirrorLayout`` object describes the relative path of a mirror entry."""
+
+    def __init__(self, path: str) -> None:
+        self.path = path
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Yield all paths including aliases where the resource can be found."""
+        yield self.path
+
+    def make_alias(self, root: str) -> None:
+        """Make the entry ``root / self.path`` available under a human readable alias"""
+        pass
+
+
+class DefaultLayout(MirrorLayout):
+    def __init__(self, alias_path: str, digest_path: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+        # When we have a digest, it is used as the primary storage location. If not, then we use
+        # the human-readable alias. In case of mirrors of a VCS checkout, we currently do not have
+        # a digest, that's why an alias is required and a digest optional.
+        super().__init__(path=digest_path or alias_path)
+        self.alias = alias_path
+        self.digest_path = digest_path
+
+    def make_alias(self, root: str) -> None:
+        """Symlink a human readible path in our mirror to the actual storage location."""
+        # We already use the human-readable path as the main storage location.
+        if not self.digest_path:
+            return
+
+        alias, digest = os.path.join(root, self.alias), os.path.join(root, self.digest_path)
+
+        alias_dir = os.path.dirname(alias)
+        relative_dst = os.path.relpath(digest, start=alias_dir)
+
+        mkdirp(alias_dir)
+        tmp = f"{alias}.tmp"
+        llnl.util.symlink.symlink(relative_dst, tmp)
+
+        try:
+            os.rename(tmp, alias)
+        except OSError:
+            # Clean up the temporary if possible
+            try:
+                os.unlink(tmp)
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+            raise
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        if self.digest_path:
+            yield self.digest_path
+        yield self.alias
+
+
+class OCILayout(MirrorLayout):
+    """Follow the OCI Image Layout Specification to archive blobs where paths are of the form
+    ``blobs/<algorithm>/<digest>``"""
+
+    def __init__(self, digest: spack.oci.image.Digest) -> None:
+        super().__init__(os.path.join("blobs", digest.algorithm, digest.digest))
+
+
+def _determine_extension(fetcher):
+    if isinstance(fetcher, spack.fetch_strategy.URLFetchStrategy):
+        if fetcher.expand_archive:
+            # If we fetch with a URLFetchStrategy, use URL's archive type
+            ext = llnl.url.determine_url_file_extension(fetcher.url)
+
+            if ext:
+                # Remove any leading dots
+                ext = ext.lstrip(".")
+            else:
+                msg = """\
+Unable to parse extension from {0}.
+
+If this URL is for a tarball but does not include the file extension
+in the name, you can explicitly declare it with the following syntax:
+
+    version('1.2.3', 'hash', extension='tar.gz')
+
+If this URL is for a download like a .jar or .whl that does not need
+to be expanded, or an uncompressed installation script, you can tell
+Spack not to expand it with the following syntax:
+
+    version('1.2.3', 'hash', expand=False)
+"""
+                raise MirrorError(msg.format(fetcher.url))
+        else:
+            # If the archive shouldn't be expanded, don't check extension.
+            ext = None
+    else:
+        # Otherwise we'll make a .tar.gz ourselves
+        ext = "tar.gz"
+
+    return ext
+
+
+def default_mirror_layout(
+    fetcher: "spack.fetch_strategy.FetchStrategy",
+    per_package_ref: str,
+    spec: Optional["spack.spec.Spec"] = None,
+) -> MirrorLayout:
+    """Returns a ``MirrorReference`` object which keeps track of the relative
+    storage path of the resource associated with the specified ``fetcher``."""
+    ext = None
+    if spec:
+        pkg_cls = spack.repo.PATH.get_pkg_class(spec.name)
+        versions = pkg_cls.versions.get(spec.version, {})
+        ext = versions.get("extension", None)
+    # If the spec does not explicitly specify an extension (the default case),
+    # then try to determine it automatically. An extension can only be
+    # specified for the primary source of the package (e.g. the source code
+    # identified in the 'version' declaration). Resources/patches don't have
+    # an option to specify an extension, so it must be inferred for those.
+    ext = ext or _determine_extension(fetcher)
+
+    if ext:
+        per_package_ref += ".%s" % ext
+
+    global_ref = fetcher.mirror_id()
+    if global_ref:
+        global_ref = os.path.join("_source-cache", global_ref)
+    if global_ref and ext:
+        global_ref += ".%s" % ext
+
+    return DefaultLayout(per_package_ref, global_ref)

lib/spack/spack/mirrors/mirror.py

@@ -0,0 +1,470 @@
+# Copyright 2013-2024 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
+# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+import collections.abc
+import operator
+import os
+import urllib.parse
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+import llnl.util.tty as tty
+
+import spack.config
+import spack.util.path
+import spack.util.spack_json as sjson
+import spack.util.spack_yaml as syaml
+import spack.util.url as url_util
+from spack.error import MirrorError
+
+#: What schemes do we support
+supported_url_schemes = ("file", "http", "https", "sftp", "ftp", "s3", "gs", "oci")
+
+
+def _url_or_path_to_url(url_or_path: str) -> str:
+    """For simplicity we allow mirror URLs in config files to be local, relative paths.
+    This helper function takes care of distinguishing between URLs and paths, and
+    canonicalizes paths before transforming them into file:// URLs."""
+    # Is it a supported URL already? Then don't do path-related canonicalization.
+    parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(url_or_path)
+    if parsed.scheme in supported_url_schemes:
+        return url_or_path
+
+    # Otherwise we interpret it as path, and we should promote it to file:// URL.
+    return url_util.path_to_file_url(spack.util.path.canonicalize_path(url_or_path))
+
+
+class Mirror:
+    """Represents a named location for storing source tarballs and binary
+    packages.
+
+    Mirrors have a fetch_url that indicate where and how artifacts are fetched
+    from them, and a push_url that indicate where and how artifacts are pushed
+    to them. These two URLs are usually the same.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, data: Union[str, dict], name: Optional[str] = None):
+        self._data = data
+        self._name = name
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_yaml(stream, name=None):
+        return Mirror(syaml.load(stream), name)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_json(stream, name=None):
+        try:
+            return Mirror(sjson.load(stream), name)
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise sjson.SpackJSONError("error parsing JSON mirror:", str(e)) from e
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_local_path(path: str):
+        return Mirror(url_util.path_to_file_url(path))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_url(url: str):
+        """Create an anonymous mirror by URL. This method validates the URL."""
+        if not urllib.parse.urlparse(url).scheme in supported_url_schemes:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f'"{url}" is not a valid mirror URL. '
+                f"Scheme must be one of {supported_url_schemes}."
+            )
+        return Mirror(url)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Mirror):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self._data == other._data and self._name == other._name
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f"{self._name}: {self.push_url} {self.fetch_url}"
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"Mirror(name={self._name!r}, data={self._data!r})"
+
+    def to_json(self, stream=None):
+        return sjson.dump(self.to_dict(), stream)
+
+    def to_yaml(self, stream=None):
+        return syaml.dump(self.to_dict(), stream)
+
+    def to_dict(self):
+        return self._data
+
+    def display(self, max_len=0):
+        fetch, push = self.fetch_url, self.push_url
+        # don't print the same URL twice
+        url = fetch if fetch == push else f"fetch: {fetch} push: {push}"
+        source = "s" if self.source else " "
+        binary = "b" if self.binary else " "
+        print(f"{self.name: <{max_len}} [{source}{binary}] {url}")
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return self._name or "<unnamed>"
+
+    @property
+    def binary(self):
+        return isinstance(self._data, str) or self._data.get("binary", True)
+
+    @property
+    def source(self):
+        return isinstance(self._data, str) or self._data.get("source", True)
+
+    @property
+    def signed(self) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(self._data, str) or self._data.get("signed", True)
+
+    @property
+    def autopush(self) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(self._data, str):
+            return False
+        return self._data.get("autopush", False)
+
+    @property
+    def fetch_url(self):
+        """Get the valid, canonicalized fetch URL"""
+        return self.get_url("fetch")
+
+    @property
+    def push_url(self):
+        """Get the valid, canonicalized fetch URL"""
+        return self.get_url("push")
+
+    def ensure_mirror_usable(self, direction: str = "push"):
+        access_pair = self._get_value("access_pair", direction)
+        access_token_variable = self._get_value("access_token_variable", direction)
+
+        errors = []
+
+        # Verify that the credentials that are variables expand
+        if access_pair and isinstance(access_pair, dict):
+            if "id_variable" in access_pair and access_pair["id_variable"] not in os.environ:
+                errors.append(f"id_variable {access_pair['id_variable']} not set in environment")
+            if "secret_variable" in access_pair:
+                if access_pair["secret_variable"] not in os.environ:
+                    errors.append(
+                        f"environment variable `{access_pair['secret_variable']}` "
+                        "(secret_variable) not set"
+                    )
+
+        if access_token_variable:
+            if access_token_variable not in os.environ:
+                errors.append(
+                    f"environment variable `{access_pair['access_token_variable']}` "
+                    "(access_token_variable) not set"
+                )
+
+        if errors:
+            msg = f"invalid {direction} configuration for mirror {self.name}: "
+            msg += "\n    ".join(errors)
+            raise MirrorError(msg)
+
+    def _update_connection_dict(self, current_data: dict, new_data: dict, top_level: bool):
+        # Only allow one to exist in the config
+        if "access_token" in current_data and "access_token_variable" in new_data:
+            current_data.pop("access_token")
+        elif "access_token_variable" in current_data and "access_token" in new_data:
+            current_data.pop("access_token_variable")
+
+        # If updating to a new access_pair that is the deprecated list, warn
+        warn_deprecated_access_pair = False
+        if "access_pair" in new_data:
+            warn_deprecated_access_pair = isinstance(new_data["access_pair"], list)
+        # If the not updating the current access_pair, and it is the deprecated list, warn
+        elif "access_pair" in current_data:
+            warn_deprecated_access_pair = isinstance(current_data["access_pair"], list)
+
+        if warn_deprecated_access_pair:
+            tty.warn(
+                f"in mirror {self.name}: support for plain text secrets in config files "
+                "(access_pair: [id, secret]) is deprecated and will be removed in a future Spack "
+                "version. Use environment variables instead (access_pair: "
+                "{id: ..., secret_variable: ...})"
+            )
+
+        keys = [
+            "url",
+            "access_pair",
+            "access_token",
+            "access_token_variable",
+            "profile",
+            "endpoint_url",
+        ]
+        if top_level:
+            keys += ["binary", "source", "signed", "autopush"]
+        changed = False
+        for key in keys:
+            if key in new_data and current_data.get(key) != new_data[key]:
+                current_data[key] = new_data[key]
+                changed = True
+        return changed
+
+    def update(self, data: dict, direction: Optional[str] = None) -> bool:
+        """Modify the mirror with the given data. This takes care
+        of expanding trivial mirror definitions by URL to something more
+        rich with a dict if necessary
+
+        Args:
+            data (dict): The data to update the mirror with.
+            direction (str): The direction to update the mirror in (fetch
+                or push or None for top-level update)
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the mirror was updated, False otherwise."""
+
+        # Modify the top-level entry when no direction is given.
+        if not data:
+            return False
+
+        # If we only update a URL, there's typically no need to expand things to a dict.
+        set_url = data["url"] if len(data) == 1 and "url" in data else None
+
+        if direction is None:
+            # First deal with the case where the current top-level entry is just a string.
+            if isinstance(self._data, str):
+                # Can we replace that string with something new?
+                if set_url:
+                    if self._data == set_url:
+                        return False
+                    self._data = set_url
+                    return True
+
+                # Otherwise promote to a dict
+                self._data = {"url": self._data}
+
+            # And update the dictionary accordingly.
+            return self._update_connection_dict(self._data, data, top_level=True)
+
+        # Otherwise, update the fetch / push entry; turn top-level
+        # url string into a dict if necessary.
+        if isinstance(self._data, str):
+            self._data = {"url": self._data}
+
+        # Create a new fetch / push entry if necessary
+        if direction not in self._data:
+            # Keep config minimal if we're just setting the URL.
+            if set_url:
+                self._data[direction] = set_url
+                return True
+            self._data[direction] = {}
+
+        entry = self._data[direction]
+
+        # Keep the entry simple if we're just swapping out the URL.
+        if isinstance(entry, str):
+            if set_url:
+                if entry == set_url:
+                    return False
+                self._data[direction] = set_url
+                return True
+
+            # Otherwise promote to a dict
+            self._data[direction] = {"url": entry}
+
+        return self._update_connection_dict(self._data[direction], data, top_level=False)
+
+    def _get_value(self, attribute: str, direction: str):
+        """Returns the most specific value for a given attribute (either push/fetch or global)"""
+        if direction not in ("fetch", "push"):
+            raise ValueError(f"direction must be either 'fetch' or 'push', not {direction}")
+
+        if isinstance(self._data, str):
+            return None
+
+        # Either a string (url) or a dictionary, we care about the dict here.
+        value = self._data.get(direction, {})
+
+        # Return top-level entry if only a URL was set.
+        if isinstance(value, str) or attribute not in value:
+            return self._data.get(attribute)
+
+        return value[attribute]
+
+    def get_url(self, direction: str) -> str:
+        if direction not in ("fetch", "push"):
+            raise ValueError(f"direction must be either 'fetch' or 'push', not {direction}")
+
+        # Whole mirror config is just a url.
+        if isinstance(self._data, str):
+            return _url_or_path_to_url(self._data)
+
+        # Default value
+        url = self._data.get("url")
+
+        # Override it with a direction-specific value
+        if direction in self._data:
+            # Either a url as string or a dict with url key
+            info = self._data[direction]
+            if isinstance(info, str):
+                url = info
+            elif "url" in info:
+                url = info["url"]
+
+        if not url:
+            raise ValueError(f"Mirror {self.name} has no URL configured")
+
+        return _url_or_path_to_url(url)
+
+    def get_credentials(self, direction: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Get the mirror credentials from the mirror config
+
+        Args:
+            direction: fetch or push mirror config
+
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary from credential type string to value
+
+            Credential Type Map:
+                access_token -> str
+                access_pair  -> tuple(str,str)
+                profile      -> str
+        """
+        creddict: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        access_token = self.get_access_token(direction)
+        if access_token:
+            creddict["access_token"] = access_token
+
+        access_pair = self.get_access_pair(direction)
+        if access_pair:
+            creddict.update({"access_pair": access_pair})
+
+        profile = self.get_profile(direction)
+        if profile:
+            creddict["profile"] = profile
+
+        return creddict
+
+    def get_access_token(self, direction: str) -> Optional[str]:
+        tok = self._get_value("access_token_variable", direction)
+        if tok:
+            return os.environ.get(tok)
+        else:
+            return self._get_value("access_token", direction)
+        return None
+
+    def get_access_pair(self, direction: str) -> Optional[Tuple[str, str]]:
+        pair = self._get_value("access_pair", direction)
+        if isinstance(pair, (tuple, list)) and len(pair) == 2:
+            return (pair[0], pair[1]) if all(pair) else None
+        elif isinstance(pair, dict):
+            id_ = os.environ.get(pair["id_variable"]) if "id_variable" in pair else pair["id"]
+            secret = os.environ.get(pair["secret_variable"])
+            return (id_, secret) if id_ and secret else None
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def get_profile(self, direction: str) -> Optional[str]:
+        return self._get_value("profile", direction)
+
+    def get_endpoint_url(self, direction: str) -> Optional[str]:
+        return self._get_value("endpoint_url", direction)
+
+
+class MirrorCollection(collections.abc.Mapping):
+    """A mapping of mirror names to mirrors."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        mirrors=None,
+        scope=None,
+        binary: Optional[bool] = None,
+        source: Optional[bool] = None,
+        autopush: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ):
+        """Initialize a mirror collection.
+
+        Args:
+            mirrors: A name-to-mirror mapping to initialize the collection with.
+            scope: The scope to use when looking up mirrors from the config.
+            binary: If True, only include binary mirrors.
+                    If False, omit binary mirrors.
+                    If None, do not filter on binary mirrors.
+            source: If True, only include source mirrors.
+                    If False, omit source mirrors.
+                    If None, do not filter on source mirrors.
+            autopush: If True, only include mirrors that have autopush enabled.
+                      If False, omit mirrors that have autopush enabled.
+                      If None, do not filter on autopush."""
+        mirrors_data = (
+            mirrors.items()
+            if mirrors is not None
+            else spack.config.get("mirrors", scope=scope).items()
+        )
+        mirrors = (Mirror(data=mirror, name=name) for name, mirror in mirrors_data)
+
+        def _filter(m: Mirror):
+            if source is not None and m.source != source:
+                return False
+            if binary is not None and m.binary != binary:
+                return False
+            if autopush is not None and m.autopush != autopush:
+                return False
+            return True
+
+        self._mirrors = {m.name: m for m in mirrors if _filter(m)}
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self._mirrors == other._mirrors
+
+    def to_json(self, stream=None):
+        return sjson.dump(self.to_dict(True), stream)
+
+    def to_yaml(self, stream=None):
+        return syaml.dump(self.to_dict(True), stream)
+
+    # TODO: this isn't called anywhere
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_yaml(stream, name=None):
+        data = syaml.load(stream)
+        return MirrorCollection(data)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_json(stream, name=None):
+        try:
+            d = sjson.load(stream)
+            return MirrorCollection(d)
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise sjson.SpackJSONError("error parsing JSON mirror collection:", str(e)) from e
+
+    def to_dict(self, recursive=False):
+        return syaml.syaml_dict(
+            sorted(
+                ((k, (v.to_dict() if recursive else v)) for (k, v) in self._mirrors.items()),
+                key=operator.itemgetter(0),
+            )
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_dict(d):
+        return MirrorCollection(d)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        return self._mirrors[item]
+
+    def display(self):
+        max_len = max(len(mirror.name) for mirror in self._mirrors.values())
+        for mirror in self._mirrors.values():
+            mirror.display(max_len)
+
+    def lookup(self, name_or_url):
+        """Looks up and returns a Mirror.
+
+        If this MirrorCollection contains a named Mirror under the name
+        [name_or_url], then that mirror is returned.  Otherwise, [name_or_url]
+        is assumed to be a mirror URL, and an anonymous mirror with the given
+        URL is returned.
+        """
+        result = self.get(name_or_url)
+
+        if result is None:
+            result = Mirror(fetch=name_or_url)
+
+        return result
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._mirrors)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._mirrors)

lib/spack/spack/mirrors/utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+# Copyright 2013-2024 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
+# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+import os
+import os.path
+import traceback
+
+import llnl.util.tty as tty
+from llnl.util.filesystem import mkdirp
+
+import spack.caches
+import spack.config
+import spack.error
+import spack.repo
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.spack_yaml as syaml
+import spack.version
+from spack.error import MirrorError
+from spack.mirrors.mirror import Mirror, MirrorCollection
+
+
+def get_all_versions(specs):
+    """Given a set of initial specs, return a new set of specs that includes
+    each version of each package in the original set.
+
+    Note that if any spec in the original set specifies properties other than
+    version, this information will be omitted in the new set; for example; the
+    new set of specs will not include variant settings.
+    """
+    version_specs = []
+    for spec in specs:
+        pkg_cls = spack.repo.PATH.get_pkg_class(spec.name)
+        # Skip any package that has no known versions.
+        if not pkg_cls.versions:
+            tty.msg("No safe (checksummed) versions for package %s" % pkg_cls.name)
+            continue
+
+        for version in pkg_cls.versions:
+            version_spec = spack.spec.Spec(pkg_cls.name)
+            version_spec.versions = spack.version.VersionList([version])
+            version_specs.append(version_spec)
+
+    return version_specs
+
+
+def get_matching_versions(specs, num_versions=1):
+    """Get a spec for EACH known version matching any spec in the list.
+    For concrete specs, this retrieves the concrete version and, if more
+    than one version per spec is requested, retrieves the latest versions
+    of the package.
+    """
+    matching = []
+    for spec in specs:
+        pkg = spec.package
+
+        # Skip any package that has no known versions.
+        if not pkg.versions:
+            tty.msg("No safe (checksummed) versions for package %s" % pkg.name)
+            continue
+
+        pkg_versions = num_versions
+
+        version_order = list(reversed(sorted(pkg.versions)))
+        matching_spec = []
+        if spec.concrete:
+            matching_spec.append(spec)
+            pkg_versions -= 1
+            if spec.version in version_order:
+                version_order.remove(spec.version)
+
+        for v in version_order:
+            # Generate no more than num_versions versions for each spec.
+            if pkg_versions < 1:
+                break
+
+            # Generate only versions that satisfy the spec.
+            if spec.concrete or v.intersects(spec.versions):
+                s = spack.spec.Spec(pkg.name)
+                s.versions = spack.version.VersionList([v])
+                s.variants = spec.variants.copy()
+                # This is needed to avoid hanging references during the
+                # concretization phase
+                s.variants.spec = s
+                matching_spec.append(s)
+                pkg_versions -= 1
+
+        if not matching_spec:
+            tty.warn("No known version matches spec: %s" % spec)
+        matching.extend(matching_spec)
+
+    return matching
+
+
+def create(path, specs, skip_unstable_versions=False):
+    """Create a directory to be used as a spack mirror, and fill it with
+    package archives.
+
+    Arguments:
+        path: Path to create a mirror directory hierarchy in.
+        specs: Any package versions matching these specs will be added \
+            to the mirror.
+        skip_unstable_versions: if true, this skips adding resources when
+            they do not have a stable archive checksum (as determined by
+            ``fetch_strategy.stable_target``)
+
+    Return Value:
+        Returns a tuple of lists: (present, mirrored, error)
+
+        * present:  Package specs that were already present.
+        * mirrored: Package specs that were successfully mirrored.
+        * error:    Package specs that failed to mirror due to some error.
+    """
+    # automatically spec-ify anything in the specs array.
+    specs = [s if isinstance(s, spack.spec.Spec) else spack.spec.Spec(s) for s in specs]
+
+    mirror_cache, mirror_stats = mirror_cache_and_stats(path, skip_unstable_versions)
+    for spec in specs:
+        mirror_stats.next_spec(spec)
+        create_mirror_from_package_object(spec.package, mirror_cache, mirror_stats)
+
+    return mirror_stats.stats()
+
+
+def mirror_cache_and_stats(path, skip_unstable_versions=False):
+    """Return both a mirror cache and a mirror stats, starting from the path
+    where a mirror ought to be created.
+
+    Args:
+        path (str): path to create a mirror directory hierarchy in.
+        skip_unstable_versions: if true, this skips adding resources when
+            they do not have a stable archive checksum (as determined by
+            ``fetch_strategy.stable_target``)
+    """
+    # Get the absolute path of the root before we start jumping around.
+    if not os.path.isdir(path):
+        try:
+            mkdirp(path)
+        except OSError as e:
+            raise MirrorError("Cannot create directory '%s':" % path, str(e))
+    mirror_cache = spack.caches.MirrorCache(path, skip_unstable_versions=skip_unstable_versions)
+    mirror_stats = MirrorStats()
+    return mirror_cache, mirror_stats
+
+
+def add(mirror: Mirror, scope=None):
+    """Add a named mirror in the given scope"""
+    mirrors = spack.config.get("mirrors", scope=scope)
+    if not mirrors:
+        mirrors = syaml.syaml_dict()
+
+    if mirror.name in mirrors:
+        tty.die("Mirror with name {} already exists.".format(mirror.name))
+
+    items = [(n, u) for n, u in mirrors.items()]
+    items.insert(0, (mirror.name, mirror.to_dict()))
+    mirrors = syaml.syaml_dict(items)
+    spack.config.set("mirrors", mirrors, scope=scope)
+
+
+def remove(name, scope):
+    """Remove the named mirror in the given scope"""
+    mirrors = spack.config.get("mirrors", scope=scope)
+    if not mirrors:
+        mirrors = syaml.syaml_dict()
+
+    if name not in mirrors:
+        tty.die("No mirror with name %s" % name)
+
+    mirrors.pop(name)
+    spack.config.set("mirrors", mirrors, scope=scope)
+    tty.msg("Removed mirror %s." % name)
+
+
+class MirrorStats:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.present = {}
+        self.new = {}
+        self.errors = set()
+
+        self.current_spec = None
+        self.added_resources = set()
+        self.existing_resources = set()
+
+    def next_spec(self, spec):
+        self._tally_current_spec()
+        self.current_spec = spec
+
+    def _tally_current_spec(self):
+        if self.current_spec:
+            if self.added_resources:
+                self.new[self.current_spec] = len(self.added_resources)
+            if self.existing_resources:
+                self.present[self.current_spec] = len(self.existing_resources)
+            self.added_resources = set()
+            self.existing_resources = set()
+        self.current_spec = None
+
+    def stats(self):
+        self._tally_current_spec()
+        return list(self.present), list(self.new), list(self.errors)
+
+    def already_existed(self, resource):
+        # If an error occurred after caching a subset of a spec's
+        # resources, a secondary attempt may consider them already added
+        if resource not in self.added_resources:
+            self.existing_resources.add(resource)
+
+    def added(self, resource):
+        self.added_resources.add(resource)
+
+    def error(self):
+        self.errors.add(self.current_spec)
+
+
+def create_mirror_from_package_object(
+    pkg_obj, mirror_cache: "spack.caches.MirrorCache", mirror_stats: MirrorStats
+) -> bool:
+    """Add a single package object to a mirror.
+
+    The package object is only required to have an associated spec
+    with a concrete version.
+
+    Args:
+        pkg_obj (spack.package_base.PackageBase): package object with to be added.
+        mirror_cache: mirror where to add the spec.
+        mirror_stats: statistics on the current mirror
+
+    Return:
+        True if the spec was added successfully, False otherwise
+    """
+    tty.msg("Adding package {} to mirror".format(pkg_obj.spec.format("{name}{@version}")))
+    max_retries = 3
+    for num_retries in range(max_retries):
+        try:
+            # Includes patches and resources
+            with pkg_obj.stage as pkg_stage:
+                pkg_stage.cache_mirror(mirror_cache, mirror_stats)
+            break
+        except Exception as e:
+            if num_retries + 1 == max_retries:
+                if spack.config.get("config:debug"):
+                    traceback.print_exc()
+                else:
+                    tty.warn(
+                        "Error while fetching %s" % pkg_obj.spec.format("{name}{@version}"), str(e)
+                    )
+                mirror_stats.error()
+                return False
+    return True
+
+
+def require_mirror_name(mirror_name):
+    """Find a mirror by name and raise if it does not exist"""
+    mirror = MirrorCollection().get(mirror_name)
+    if not mirror:
+        raise ValueError(f'no mirror named "{mirror_name}"')
+    return mirror

lib/spack/spack/mixins.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem
 
-import spack.builder
+import spack.phase_callbacks
 
 
 def filter_compiler_wrappers(*files, **kwargs):
@@ -111,4 +111,4 @@ def _filter_compiler_wrappers_impl(pkg_or_builder):
         if pkg.compiler.name == "nag":
             x.filter("-Wl,--enable-new-dtags", "", **filter_kwargs)
 
-    spack.builder.run_after(after)(_filter_compiler_wrappers_impl)
+    spack.phase_callbacks.run_after(after)(_filter_compiler_wrappers_impl)

lib/spack/spack/modules/common.py

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
-from llnl.util.lang import dedupe, memoized
+from llnl.util.lang import Singleton, dedupe, memoized
 
 import spack.build_environment
 import spack.config
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ def _generate_upstream_module_index():
     return UpstreamModuleIndex(spack.store.STORE.db, module_indices)
 
 
-upstream_module_index = llnl.util.lang.Singleton(_generate_upstream_module_index)
+upstream_module_index = Singleton(_generate_upstream_module_index)
 
 
 ModuleIndexEntry = collections.namedtuple("ModuleIndexEntry", ["path", "use_name"])

lib/spack/spack/oci/oci.py

@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
 
 import spack.fetch_strategy
-import spack.mirror
+import spack.mirrors.layout
+import spack.mirrors.mirror
 import spack.oci.opener
 import spack.stage
 import spack.util.url
@@ -213,7 +214,7 @@ def upload_manifest(
     return digest, size
 
 
-def image_from_mirror(mirror: spack.mirror.Mirror) -> ImageReference:
+def image_from_mirror(mirror: spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror) -> ImageReference:
     """Given an OCI based mirror, extract the URL and image name from it"""
     url = mirror.push_url
     if not url.startswith("oci://"):
@@ -385,5 +386,8 @@ def make_stage(
     # is the `oci-layout` and `index.json` files, which are
     # required by the spec.
     return spack.stage.Stage(
-        fetch_strategy, mirror_paths=spack.mirror.OCILayout(digest), name=digest.digest, keep=keep
+        fetch_strategy,
+        mirror_paths=spack.mirrors.layout.OCILayout(digest),
+        name=digest.digest,
+        keep=keep,
     )

lib/spack/spack/oci/opener.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 import llnl.util.lang
 
 import spack.config
-import spack.mirror
+import spack.mirrors.mirror
 import spack.parser
 import spack.util.web
 
@@ -367,19 +367,20 @@ def http_error_401(self, req: Request, fp, code, msg, headers):
 
 
 def credentials_from_mirrors(
-    domain: str, *, mirrors: Optional[Iterable[spack.mirror.Mirror]] = None
+    domain: str, *, mirrors: Optional[Iterable[spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror]] = None
 ) -> Optional[UsernamePassword]:
     """Filter out OCI registry credentials from a list of mirrors."""
 
-    mirrors = mirrors or spack.mirror.MirrorCollection().values()
+    mirrors = mirrors or spack.mirrors.mirror.MirrorCollection().values()
 
     for mirror in mirrors:
         # Prefer push credentials over fetch. Unlikely that those are different
         # but our config format allows it.
         for direction in ("push", "fetch"):
-            pair = mirror.get_access_pair(direction)
-            if pair is None:
+            pair = mirror.get_credentials(direction).get("access_pair")
+            if not pair:
                 continue
+
             url = mirror.get_url(direction)
             if not url.startswith("oci://"):
                 continue

lib/spack/spack/package.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 from os import chdir, environ, getcwd, makedirs, mkdir, remove, removedirs
 from shutil import move, rmtree
 
-from spack.error import InstallError
+from spack.error import InstallError, NoHeadersError, NoLibrariesError
 
 # Emulate some shell commands for convenience
 env = environ
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
 from spack.build_systems.sourceware import SourcewarePackage
 from spack.build_systems.waf import WafPackage
 from spack.build_systems.xorg import XorgPackage
-from spack.builder import run_after, run_before
+from spack.builder import BaseBuilder
 from spack.config import determine_number_of_jobs
 from spack.deptypes import ALL_TYPES as all_deptypes
 from spack.directives import *
@@ -100,15 +100,11 @@
     on_package_attributes,
 )
 from spack.package_completions import *
+from spack.phase_callbacks import run_after, run_before
 from spack.spec import InvalidSpecDetected, Spec
 from spack.util.executable import *
 from spack.util.filesystem import file_command, fix_darwin_install_name, mime_type
-from spack.variant import (
-    any_combination_of,
-    auto_or_any_combination_of,
-    conditional,
-    disjoint_sets,
-)
+from spack.variant import any_combination_of, auto_or_any_combination_of, disjoint_sets
 from spack.version import Version, ver
 
 # These are just here for editor support; they will be replaced when the build env

lib/spack/spack/package_base.py

@@ -32,18 +32,19 @@
 from llnl.util.lang import classproperty, memoized
 from llnl.util.link_tree import LinkTree
 
-import spack.builder
 import spack.compilers
 import spack.config
 import spack.dependency
 import spack.deptypes as dt
-import spack.directives
+import spack.directives_meta
 import spack.error
 import spack.fetch_strategy as fs
 import spack.hooks
-import spack.mirror
+import spack.mirrors.layout
+import spack.mirrors.mirror
 import spack.multimethod
 import spack.patch
+import spack.phase_callbacks
 import spack.repo
 import spack.spec
 import spack.store
@@ -51,9 +52,10 @@
 import spack.util.environment
 import spack.util.path
 import spack.util.web
+import spack.variant
 from spack.error import InstallError, NoURLError, PackageError
 from spack.filesystem_view import YamlFilesystemView
-from spack.install_test import PackageTest, TestSuite
+from spack.resource import Resource
 from spack.solver.version_order import concretization_version_order
 from spack.stage import DevelopStage, ResourceStage, Stage, StageComposite, compute_stage_name
 from spack.util.package_hash import package_hash
@@ -299,9 +301,9 @@ def determine_variants(cls, objs, version_str):
 
 
 class PackageMeta(
-    spack.builder.PhaseCallbacksMeta,
+    spack.phase_callbacks.PhaseCallbacksMeta,
     DetectablePackageMeta,
-    spack.directives.DirectiveMeta,
+    spack.directives_meta.DirectiveMeta,
     spack.multimethod.MultiMethodMeta,
 ):
     """
@@ -453,7 +455,7 @@ def _names(when_indexed_dictionary: WhenDict) -> List[str]:
     return sorted(all_names)
 
 
-WhenVariantList = List[Tuple["spack.spec.Spec", "spack.variant.Variant"]]
+WhenVariantList = List[Tuple[spack.spec.Spec, spack.variant.Variant]]
 
 
 def _remove_overridden_vdefs(variant_defs: WhenVariantList) -> None:
@@ -492,41 +494,14 @@ class Hipblas:
             i += 1
 
 
-class RedistributionMixin:
-    """Logic for determining whether a Package is source/binary
-    redistributable.
-    """
-
-    #: Store whether a given Spec source/binary should not be
-    #: redistributed.
-    disable_redistribute: Dict["spack.spec.Spec", "spack.directives.DisableRedistribute"]
-
-    # Source redistribution must be determined before concretization
-    # (because source mirrors work with un-concretized Specs).
-    @classmethod
-    def redistribute_source(cls, spec):
-        """Whether it should be possible to add the source of this
-        package to a Spack mirror.
-        """
-        for when_spec, disable_redistribute in cls.disable_redistribute.items():
-            if disable_redistribute.source and spec.satisfies(when_spec):
-                return False
-
-        return True
-
-    @property
-    def redistribute_binary(self):
-        """Whether it should be possible to create a binary out of an
-        installed instance of this package.
-        """
-        for when_spec, disable_redistribute in self.__class__.disable_redistribute.items():
-            if disable_redistribute.binary and self.spec.satisfies(when_spec):
-                return False
-
-        return True
+#: Store whether a given Spec source/binary should not be redistributed.
+class DisableRedistribute:
+    def __init__(self, source, binary):
+        self.source = source
+        self.binary = binary
 
 
-class PackageBase(WindowsRPath, PackageViewMixin, RedistributionMixin, metaclass=PackageMeta):
+class PackageBase(WindowsRPath, PackageViewMixin, metaclass=PackageMeta):
     """This is the superclass for all spack packages.
 
     ***The Package class***
@@ -612,16 +587,22 @@ class PackageBase(WindowsRPath, PackageViewMixin, RedistributionMixin, metaclass
     # Declare versions dictionary as placeholder for values.
     # This allows analysis tools to correctly interpret the class attributes.
     versions: dict
-    dependencies: Dict["spack.spec.Spec", Dict[str, "spack.dependency.Dependency"]]
-    conflicts: Dict["spack.spec.Spec", List[Tuple["spack.spec.Spec", Optional[str]]]]
+    resources: Dict[spack.spec.Spec, List[Resource]]
+    dependencies: Dict[spack.spec.Spec, Dict[str, spack.dependency.Dependency]]
+    conflicts: Dict[spack.spec.Spec, List[Tuple[spack.spec.Spec, Optional[str]]]]
     requirements: Dict[
-        "spack.spec.Spec", List[Tuple[Tuple["spack.spec.Spec", ...], str, Optional[str]]]
+        spack.spec.Spec, List[Tuple[Tuple[spack.spec.Spec, ...], str, Optional[str]]]
     ]
-    provided: Dict["spack.spec.Spec", Set["spack.spec.Spec"]]
-    provided_together: Dict["spack.spec.Spec", List[Set[str]]]
-    patches: Dict["spack.spec.Spec", List["spack.patch.Patch"]]
-    variants: Dict["spack.spec.Spec", Dict[str, "spack.variant.Variant"]]
-    languages: Dict["spack.spec.Spec", Set[str]]
+    provided: Dict[spack.spec.Spec, Set[spack.spec.Spec]]
+    provided_together: Dict[spack.spec.Spec, List[Set[str]]]
+    patches: Dict[spack.spec.Spec, List[spack.patch.Patch]]
+    variants: Dict[spack.spec.Spec, Dict[str, spack.variant.Variant]]
+    languages: Dict[spack.spec.Spec, Set[str]]
+    licenses: Dict[spack.spec.Spec, str]
+    splice_specs: Dict[spack.spec.Spec, Tuple[spack.spec.Spec, Union[None, str, List[str]]]]
+
+    #: Store whether a given Spec source/binary should not be redistributed.
+    disable_redistribute: Dict[spack.spec.Spec, DisableRedistribute]
 
     #: By default, packages are not virtual
     #: Virtual packages override this attribute
@@ -736,11 +717,11 @@ class PackageBase(WindowsRPath, PackageViewMixin, RedistributionMixin, metaclass
     test_requires_compiler: bool = False
 
     #: TestSuite instance used to manage stand-alone tests for 1+ specs.
-    test_suite: Optional["TestSuite"] = None
+    test_suite: Optional[Any] = None
 
     def __init__(self, spec):
         # this determines how the package should be built.
-        self.spec: "spack.spec.Spec" = spec
+        self.spec: spack.spec.Spec = spec
 
         # Allow custom staging paths for packages
         self.path = None
@@ -758,7 +739,7 @@ def __init__(self, spec):
         # init internal variables
         self._stage: Optional[StageComposite] = None
         self._fetcher = None
-        self._tester: Optional["PackageTest"] = None
+        self._tester: Optional[Any] = None
 
         # Set up timing variables
         self._fetch_time = 0.0
@@ -808,9 +789,7 @@ def variant_definitions(cls, name: str) -> WhenVariantList:
         return defs
 
     @classmethod
-    def variant_items(
-        cls,
-    ) -> Iterable[Tuple["spack.spec.Spec", Dict[str, "spack.variant.Variant"]]]:
+    def variant_items(cls) -> Iterable[Tuple[spack.spec.Spec, Dict[str, spack.variant.Variant]]]:
         """Iterate over ``cls.variants.items()`` with overridden definitions removed."""
         # Note: This is quadratic in the average number of variant definitions per name.
         # That is likely close to linear in practice, as there are few variants with
@@ -828,7 +807,7 @@ def variant_items(
             if filtered_variants_by_name:
                 yield when, filtered_variants_by_name
 
-    def get_variant(self, name: str) -> "spack.variant.Variant":
+    def get_variant(self, name: str) -> spack.variant.Variant:
         """Get the highest precedence variant definition matching this package's spec.
 
         Arguments:
@@ -1003,6 +982,26 @@ def global_license_file(self):
             self.global_license_dir, self.name, os.path.basename(self.license_files[0])
         )
 
+    # Source redistribution must be determined before concretization (because source mirrors work
+    # with abstract specs).
+    @classmethod
+    def redistribute_source(cls, spec):
+        """Whether it should be possible to add the source of this
+        package to a Spack mirror."""
+        for when_spec, disable_redistribute in cls.disable_redistribute.items():
+            if disable_redistribute.source and spec.satisfies(when_spec):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def redistribute_binary(self):
+        """Whether it should be possible to create a binary out of an installed instance of this
+        package."""
+        for when_spec, disable_redistribute in self.disable_redistribute.items():
+            if disable_redistribute.binary and self.spec.satisfies(when_spec):
+                return False
+        return True
+
     # NOTE: return type should be Optional[Literal['all', 'specific', 'none']] in
     # Python 3.8+, but we still support 3.6.
     @property
@@ -1015,7 +1014,7 @@ def keep_werror(self) -> Optional[str]:
         * ``"none"``: filter out all ``-Werror*`` flags.
         * ``None``: respect the user's configuration (``"none"`` by default).
         """
-        if self.spec.satisfies("%nvhpc@:23.3") or self.spec.satisfies("%pgi"):
+        if self.spec.satisfies("%nvhpc@:23.3"):
             # Filtering works by replacing -Werror with -Wno-error, but older nvhpc and
             # PGI do not understand -Wno-error, so we disable filtering.
             return "all"
@@ -1189,10 +1188,10 @@ def _make_resource_stage(self, root_stage, resource):
             root=root_stage,
             resource=resource,
             name=self._resource_stage(resource),
-            mirror_paths=spack.mirror.default_mirror_layout(
+            mirror_paths=spack.mirrors.layout.default_mirror_layout(
                 resource.fetcher, os.path.join(self.name, pretty_resource_name)
             ),
-            mirrors=spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(source=True).values(),
+            mirrors=spack.mirrors.mirror.MirrorCollection(source=True).values(),
             path=self.path,
         )
 
@@ -1204,7 +1203,7 @@ def _make_root_stage(self, fetcher):
         # Construct a mirror path (TODO: get this out of package.py)
         format_string = "{name}-{version}"
         pretty_name = self.spec.format_path(format_string)
-        mirror_paths = spack.mirror.default_mirror_layout(
+        mirror_paths = spack.mirrors.layout.default_mirror_layout(
             fetcher, os.path.join(self.name, pretty_name), self.spec
         )
         # Construct a path where the stage should build..
@@ -1213,7 +1212,7 @@ def _make_root_stage(self, fetcher):
         stage = Stage(
             fetcher,
             mirror_paths=mirror_paths,
-            mirrors=spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(source=True).values(),
+            mirrors=spack.mirrors.mirror.MirrorCollection(source=True).values(),
             name=stage_name,
             path=self.path,
             search_fn=self._download_search,
@@ -1352,11 +1351,13 @@ def archive_install_test_log(self):
 
     @property
     def tester(self):
+        import spack.install_test
+
         if not self.spec.versions.concrete:
             raise ValueError("Cannot retrieve tester for package without concrete version.")
 
         if not self._tester:
-            self._tester = PackageTest(self)
+            self._tester = spack.install_test.PackageTest(self)
         return self._tester
 
     @property
@@ -2013,72 +2014,58 @@ def build_system_flags(
         """
         return None, None, flags
 
-    def setup_run_environment(self, env):
+    def setup_run_environment(self, env: spack.util.environment.EnvironmentModifications) -> None:
         """Sets up the run environment for a package.
 
         Args:
-            env (spack.util.environment.EnvironmentModifications): environment
-                modifications to be applied when the package is run. Package authors
+            env: environment modifications to be applied when the package is run. Package authors
                 can call methods on it to alter the run environment.
         """
         pass
 
-    def setup_dependent_run_environment(self, env, dependent_spec):
+    def setup_dependent_run_environment(
+        self, env: spack.util.environment.EnvironmentModifications, dependent_spec: spack.spec.Spec
+    ) -> None:
         """Sets up the run environment of packages that depend on this one.
 
-        This is similar to ``setup_run_environment``, but it is used to
-        modify the run environments of packages that *depend* on this one.
+        This is similar to ``setup_run_environment``, but it is used to modify the run environment
+        of a package that *depends* on this one.
 
-        This gives packages like Python and others that follow the extension
-        model a way to implement common environment or run-time settings
-        for dependencies.
+        This gives packages like Python and others that follow the extension model a way to
+        implement common environment or run-time settings for dependencies.
 
         Args:
-            env (spack.util.environment.EnvironmentModifications): environment
-                modifications to be applied when the dependent package is run.
-                Package authors can call methods on it to alter the build environment.
+            env: environment modifications to be applied when the dependent package is run. Package
+                authors can call methods on it to alter the build environment.
 
-            dependent_spec (spack.spec.Spec): The spec of the dependent package
-                about to be run. This allows the extendee (self) to query
-                the dependent's state. Note that *this* package's spec is
+            dependent_spec: The spec of the dependent package about to be run. This allows the
+                extendee (self) to query the dependent's state. Note that *this* package's spec is
                 available as ``self.spec``
         """
         pass
 
-    def setup_dependent_package(self, module, dependent_spec):
-        """Set up Python module-scope variables for dependent packages.
+    def setup_dependent_package(self, module, dependent_spec: spack.spec.Spec) -> None:
+        """Set up module-scope global variables for dependent packages.
 
-        Called before the install() method of dependents.
-
-        Default implementation does nothing, but this can be
-        overridden by an extendable package to set up the module of
-        its extensions. This is useful if there are some common steps
-        to installing all extensions for a certain package.
+        This function is called when setting up the build and run environments of a DAG.
 
         Examples:
 
-        1. Extensions often need to invoke the ``python`` interpreter
-           from the Python installation being extended. This routine
-           can put a ``python()`` Executable object in the module scope
-           for the extension package to simplify extension installs.
+        1. Extensions often need to invoke the ``python`` interpreter from the Python installation
+           being extended. This routine can put a ``python`` Executable as a global in the module
+           scope for the extension package to simplify extension installs.
 
-        2. MPI compilers could set some variables in the dependent's
-           scope that point to ``mpicc``, ``mpicxx``, etc., allowing
-           them to be called by common name regardless of which MPI is used.
-
-        3. BLAS/LAPACK implementations can set some variables
-           indicating the path to their libraries, since these
-           paths differ by BLAS/LAPACK implementation.
+        2. MPI compilers could set some variables in the dependent's scope that point to ``mpicc``,
+           ``mpicxx``, etc., allowing them to be called by common name regardless of which MPI is
+           used.
 
         Args:
-            module (spack.package_base.PackageBase.module): The Python ``module``
-                object of the dependent package. Packages can use this to set
-                module-scope variables for the dependent to use.
+            module: The Python ``module`` object of the dependent package. Packages can use this to
+                set module-scope variables for the dependent to use.
 
-            dependent_spec (spack.spec.Spec): The spec of the dependent package
-                about to be built. This allows the extendee (self) to
-                query the dependent's state.  Note that *this*
-                package's spec is available as ``self.spec``.
+            dependent_spec: The spec of the dependent package about to be built. This allows the
+                extendee (self) to query the dependent's state.  Note that *this* package's spec is
+                available as ``self.spec``.
         """
         pass
 
@@ -2105,7 +2092,7 @@ def flag_handler(self, var: FLAG_HANDLER_TYPE) -> None:
     #  arguments. This is implemented for build system classes where
     #  appropriate and will otherwise raise a NotImplementedError.
 
-    def flags_to_build_system_args(self, flags):
+    def flags_to_build_system_args(self, flags: Dict[str, List[str]]) -> None:
         # Takes flags as a dict name: list of values
         if any(v for v in flags.values()):
             msg = "The {0} build system".format(self.__class__.__name__)
@@ -2308,10 +2295,6 @@ def rpath_args(self):
         """
         return " ".join("-Wl,-rpath,%s" % p for p in self.rpath)
 
-    @property
-    def builder(self):
-        return spack.builder.create(self)
-
 
 inject_flags = PackageBase.inject_flags
 env_flags = PackageBase.env_flags

lib/spack/spack/patch.py

@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@
 import spack
 import spack.error
 import spack.fetch_strategy
-import spack.mirror
+import spack.mirrors.layout
+import spack.mirrors.mirror
 import spack.repo
 import spack.stage
 import spack.util.spack_json as sjson
@@ -329,12 +330,12 @@ def stage(self) -> "spack.stage.Stage":
         name = "{0}-{1}".format(os.path.basename(self.url), fetch_digest[:7])
 
         per_package_ref = os.path.join(self.owner.split(".")[-1], name)
-        mirror_ref = spack.mirror.default_mirror_layout(fetcher, per_package_ref)
+        mirror_ref = spack.mirrors.layout.default_mirror_layout(fetcher, per_package_ref)
         self._stage = spack.stage.Stage(
             fetcher,
             name=f"{spack.stage.stage_prefix}patch-{fetch_digest}",
             mirror_paths=mirror_ref,
-            mirrors=spack.mirror.MirrorCollection(source=True).values(),
+            mirrors=spack.mirrors.mirror.MirrorCollection(source=True).values(),
         )
         return self._stage