spec.py: further arch related fixes

fixes a bug where `x86_64:` and `ppc64le:` intersected, and x86_64: and :haswell did not.

bin/spack

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ exit 1
 # The code above runs this file with our preferred python interpreter.
 
 import os
-import os.path
 import sys
 
 min_python3 = (3, 6)

etc/spack/defaults/packages.yaml

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ packages:
       go-or-gccgo-bootstrap: [go-bootstrap, gcc]
       iconv: [libiconv]
       ipp: [intel-oneapi-ipp]
-      java: [openjdk, jdk, ibm-java]
+      java: [openjdk, jdk]
       jpeg: [libjpeg-turbo, libjpeg]
       lapack: [openblas, amdlibflame]
       libc: [glibc, musl]
@@ -73,15 +73,27 @@ packages:
     permissions:
       read: world
       write: user
+  cray-fftw:
+    buildable: false
+  cray-libsci:
+    buildable: false
   cray-mpich:
     buildable: false
   cray-mvapich2:
     buildable: false
+  cray-pmi:
+    buildable: false
   egl:
     buildable: false
+  essl:
+    buildable: false
   fujitsu-mpi:
     buildable: false
+  fujitsu-ssl2:
+    buildable: false
   hpcx-mpi:
     buildable: false
+  mpt:
+    buildable: false
   spectrum-mpi:
     buildable: false

lib/spack/docs/bootstrapping.rst

@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ bootstrapping.
    To register the mirror on the platform where it's supposed to be used run the following command(s):
      % spack bootstrap add --trust local-sources /opt/bootstrap/metadata/sources
      % spack bootstrap add --trust local-binaries /opt/bootstrap/metadata/binaries
-
+     % spack buildcache update-index /opt/bootstrap/bootstrap_cache
 
 This command needs to be run on a machine with internet access and the resulting folder
 has to be moved over to the air-gapped system. Once the local sources are added using the

lib/spack/docs/build_systems/custompackage.rst

@@ -56,13 +56,13 @@ If you look at the ``perl`` package, you'll see:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-   phases = ["configure", "build", "install"]
+   phases = ("configure", "build", "install")
 
 Similarly, ``cmake`` defines:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-   phases = ["bootstrap", "build", "install"]
+   phases = ("bootstrap", "build", "install")
 
 If we look at the ``cmake`` example, this tells Spack's ``PackageBase``
 class to run the ``bootstrap``, ``build``, and ``install`` functions

lib/spack/docs/developer_guide.rst

@@ -543,10 +543,10 @@ With either interpreter you can run a single command:
 
 .. code-block:: console
 
-   $ spack python -c 'from spack.spec import Spec; Spec("python").concretized()'
+   $ spack python -c 'from spack.concretize import concretize_one; concretize_one("python")'
    ...
 
-   $ spack python -i ipython -c 'from spack.spec import Spec; Spec("python").concretized()'
+   $ spack python -i ipython -c 'from spack.concretize import concretize_one; concretize_one("python")'
    Out[1]: ...
 
 or a file:

lib/spack/docs/module_file_support.rst

@@ -456,14 +456,13 @@ For instance, the following config options,
        tcl:
          all:
            suffixes:
-             ^python@3: 'python{^python.version}'
+             ^python@3: 'python{^python.version.up_to_2}'
              ^openblas: 'openblas'
 
-will add a ``python-3.12.1`` version string to any packages compiled with
-Python matching the spec, ``python@3``. This is useful to know which
-version of Python a set of Python extensions is associated with. Likewise, the
-``openblas`` string is attached to any program that has openblas in the spec,
-most likely via the ``+blas`` variant specification.
+will add a ``python3.12`` to module names of packages compiled with Python 3.12, and similarly for
+all specs depending on ``python@3``. This is useful to know which version of Python a set of Python
+extensions is associated with. Likewise, the ``openblas`` string is attached to any program that
+has openblas in the spec, most likely via the ``+blas`` variant specification.
 
 The most heavyweight solution to module naming is to change the entire
 naming convention for module files. This uses the projections format

lib/spack/llnl/url.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 """URL primitives that just require Python standard library."""
 import itertools
-import os.path
+import os
 import re
 from typing import Optional, Set, Tuple
 from urllib.parse import urlsplit, urlunsplit

lib/spack/llnl/util/filesystem.py

@@ -75,7 +75,6 @@
     "install_tree",
     "is_exe",
     "join_path",
-    "last_modification_time_recursive",
     "library_extensions",
     "mkdirp",
     "partition_path",
@@ -1470,15 +1469,36 @@ def set_executable(path):
 
 
 @system_path_filter
-def last_modification_time_recursive(path):
-    path = os.path.abspath(path)
-    times = [os.stat(path).st_mtime]
-    times.extend(
-        os.lstat(os.path.join(root, name)).st_mtime
-        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path)
-        for name in dirs + files
-    )
-    return max(times)
+def recursive_mtime_greater_than(path: str, time: float) -> bool:
+    """Returns true if any file or dir recursively under `path` has mtime greater than `time`."""
+    # use bfs order to increase likelihood of early return
+    queue: Deque[str] = collections.deque([path])
+
+    if os.stat(path).st_mtime > time:
+        return True
+
+    while queue:
+        current = queue.popleft()
+
+        try:
+            entries = os.scandir(current)
+        except OSError:
+            continue
+
+        with entries:
+            for entry in entries:
+                try:
+                    st = entry.stat(follow_symlinks=False)
+                except OSError:
+                    continue
+
+                if st.st_mtime > time:
+                    return True
+
+                if entry.is_dir(follow_symlinks=False):
+                    queue.append(entry.path)
+
+    return False
 
 
 @system_path_filter
@@ -1740,8 +1760,7 @@ def find(
 
 
 def _log_file_access_issue(e: OSError, path: str) -> None:
-    errno_name = errno.errorcode.get(e.errno, "UNKNOWN")
-    tty.debug(f"find must skip {path}: {errno_name} {e}")
+    tty.debug(f"find must skip {path}: {e}")
 
 
 def _file_id(s: os.stat_result) -> Tuple[int, int]:

lib/spack/spack/audit.py

@@ -1356,14 +1356,8 @@ def _test_detection_by_executable(pkgs, debug_log, error_cls):
 
             def _compare_extra_attribute(_expected, _detected, *, _spec):
                 result = []
-                # Check items are of the same type
-                if not isinstance(_detected, type(_expected)):
-                    _summary = f'{pkg_name}: error when trying to detect "{_expected}"'
-                    _details = [f"{_detected} was detected instead"]
-                    return [error_cls(summary=_summary, details=_details)]
-
                 # If they are string expected is a regex
-                if isinstance(_expected, str):
+                if isinstance(_expected, str) and isinstance(_detected, str):
                     try:
                         _regex = re.compile(_expected)
                     except re.error:
@@ -1379,7 +1373,7 @@ def _compare_extra_attribute(_expected, _detected, *, _spec):
                         _details = [f"{_detected} does not match the regex"]
                         return [error_cls(summary=_summary, details=_details)]
 
-                if isinstance(_expected, dict):
+                elif isinstance(_expected, dict) and isinstance(_detected, dict):
                     _not_detected = set(_expected.keys()) - set(_detected.keys())
                     if _not_detected:
                         _summary = f"{pkg_name}: cannot detect some attributes for spec {_spec}"
@@ -1394,6 +1388,10 @@ def _compare_extra_attribute(_expected, _detected, *, _spec):
                         result.extend(
                             _compare_extra_attribute(_expected[_key], _detected[_key], _spec=_spec)
                         )
+                else:
+                    _summary = f'{pkg_name}: error when trying to detect "{_expected}"'
+                    _details = [f"{_detected} was detected instead"]
+                    return [error_cls(summary=_summary, details=_details)]
 
                 return result
 

lib/spack/spack/binary_distribution.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 import codecs
 import collections
 import concurrent.futures
+import contextlib
 import copy
 import hashlib
 import io
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@
 import urllib.request
 import warnings
 from contextlib import closing
-from typing import IO, Dict, Iterable, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
+from typing import IO, Callable, Dict, Iterable, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fsys
 import llnl.util.lang
@@ -91,6 +92,9 @@
 CURRENT_BUILD_CACHE_LAYOUT_VERSION = 2
 
 
+INDEX_HASH_FILE = "index.json.hash"
+
+
 class BuildCacheDatabase(spack_db.Database):
     """A database for binary buildcaches.
 
@@ -502,7 +506,7 @@ def _fetch_and_cache_index(self, mirror_url, cache_entry={}):
         scheme = urllib.parse.urlparse(mirror_url).scheme
 
         if scheme != "oci" and not web_util.url_exists(
-            url_util.join(mirror_url, BUILD_CACHE_RELATIVE_PATH, "index.json")
+            url_util.join(mirror_url, BUILD_CACHE_RELATIVE_PATH, spack_db.INDEX_JSON_FILE)
         ):
             return False
 
@@ -669,19 +673,24 @@ def sign_specfile(key: str, specfile_path: str) -> str:
 
 
 def _read_specs_and_push_index(
-    file_list, read_method, cache_prefix, db: BuildCacheDatabase, temp_dir, concurrency
+    file_list: List[str],
+    read_method: Callable,
+    cache_prefix: str,
+    db: BuildCacheDatabase,
+    temp_dir: str,
+    concurrency: int,
 ):
     """Read all the specs listed in the provided list, using thread given thread parallelism,
         generate the index, and push it to the mirror.
 
     Args:
-        file_list (list(str)): List of urls or file paths pointing at spec files to read
+        file_list: List of urls or file paths pointing at spec files to read
         read_method: A function taking a single argument, either a url or a file path,
             and which reads the spec file at that location, and returns the spec.
-        cache_prefix (str): prefix of the build cache on s3 where index should be pushed.
+        cache_prefix: prefix of the build cache on s3 where index should be pushed.
         db: A spack database used for adding specs and then writing the index.
-        temp_dir (str): Location to write index.json and hash for pushing
-        concurrency (int): Number of parallel processes to use when fetching
+        temp_dir: Location to write index.json and hash for pushing
+        concurrency: Number of parallel processes to use when fetching
     """
     for file in file_list:
         contents = read_method(file)
@@ -699,7 +708,7 @@ def _read_specs_and_push_index(
 
     # Now generate the index, compute its hash, and push the two files to
     # the mirror.
-    index_json_path = os.path.join(temp_dir, "index.json")
+    index_json_path = os.path.join(temp_dir, spack_db.INDEX_JSON_FILE)
     with open(index_json_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         db._write_to_file(f)
 
@@ -709,14 +718,14 @@ def _read_specs_and_push_index(
         index_hash = compute_hash(index_string)
 
     # Write the hash out to a local file
-    index_hash_path = os.path.join(temp_dir, "index.json.hash")
+    index_hash_path = os.path.join(temp_dir, INDEX_HASH_FILE)
     with open(index_hash_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         f.write(index_hash)
 
     # Push the index itself
     web_util.push_to_url(
         index_json_path,
-        url_util.join(cache_prefix, "index.json"),
+        url_util.join(cache_prefix, spack_db.INDEX_JSON_FILE),
         keep_original=False,
         extra_args={"ContentType": "application/json", "CacheControl": "no-cache"},
     )
@@ -724,7 +733,7 @@ def _read_specs_and_push_index(
     # Push the hash
     web_util.push_to_url(
         index_hash_path,
-        url_util.join(cache_prefix, "index.json.hash"),
+        url_util.join(cache_prefix, INDEX_HASH_FILE),
         keep_original=False,
         extra_args={"ContentType": "text/plain", "CacheControl": "no-cache"},
     )
@@ -793,7 +802,7 @@ def url_read_method(url):
         try:
             _, _, spec_file = web_util.read_from_url(url)
             contents = codecs.getreader("utf-8")(spec_file).read()
-        except web_util.SpackWebError as e:
+        except (web_util.SpackWebError, OSError) as e:
             tty.error(f"Error reading specfile: {url}: {e}")
         return contents
 
@@ -861,9 +870,12 @@ def _url_generate_package_index(url: str, tmpdir: str, concurrency: int = 32):
     tty.debug(f"Retrieving spec descriptor files from {url} to build index")
 
     db = BuildCacheDatabase(tmpdir)
+    db._write()
 
     try:
-        _read_specs_and_push_index(file_list, read_fn, url, db, db.database_directory, concurrency)
+        _read_specs_and_push_index(
+            file_list, read_fn, url, db, str(db.database_directory), concurrency
+        )
     except Exception as e:
         raise GenerateIndexError(f"Encountered problem pushing package index to {url}: {e}") from e
 
@@ -1777,7 +1789,7 @@ def _oci_update_index(
         db.mark(spec, "in_buildcache", True)
 
     # Create the index.json file
-    index_json_path = os.path.join(tmpdir, "index.json")
+    index_json_path = os.path.join(tmpdir, spack_db.INDEX_JSON_FILE)
     with open(index_json_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         db._write_to_file(f)
 
@@ -1998,7 +2010,7 @@ def fetch_url_to_mirror(url):
 
                 # Download the config = spec.json and the relevant tarball
                 try:
-                    manifest = json.loads(response.read())
+                    manifest = json.load(response)
                     spec_digest = spack.oci.image.Digest.from_string(manifest["config"]["digest"])
                     tarball_digest = spack.oci.image.Digest.from_string(
                         manifest["layers"][-1]["digest"]
@@ -2158,7 +2170,8 @@ def dedupe_hardlinks_if_necessary(root, buildinfo):
 
 def relocate_package(spec: spack.spec.Spec) -> None:
     """Relocate binaries and text files in the given spec prefix, based on its buildinfo file."""
-    buildinfo = read_buildinfo_file(spec.prefix)
+    spec_prefix = str(spec.prefix)
+    buildinfo = read_buildinfo_file(spec_prefix)
     old_layout_root = str(buildinfo["buildpath"])
 
     # Warn about old style tarballs created with the --rel flag (removed in Spack v0.20)
@@ -2179,7 +2192,7 @@ def relocate_package(spec: spack.spec.Spec) -> None:
             "and an older buildcache create implementation. It cannot be relocated."
         )
 
-    prefix_to_prefix = {}
+    prefix_to_prefix: Dict[str, str] = {}
 
     if "sbang_install_path" in buildinfo:
         old_sbang_install_path = str(buildinfo["sbang_install_path"])
@@ -2231,12 +2244,12 @@ def relocate_package(spec: spack.spec.Spec) -> None:
         tty.debug(f"Relocating: {old} => {new}.")
 
     # Old archives may have hardlinks repeated.
-    dedupe_hardlinks_if_necessary(spec.prefix, buildinfo)
+    dedupe_hardlinks_if_necessary(spec_prefix, buildinfo)
 
     # Text files containing the prefix text
-    textfiles = [os.path.join(spec.prefix, f) for f in buildinfo["relocate_textfiles"]]
-    binaries = [os.path.join(spec.prefix, f) for f in buildinfo.get("relocate_binaries")]
-    links = [os.path.join(spec.prefix, f) for f in buildinfo.get("relocate_links", [])]
+    textfiles = [os.path.join(spec_prefix, f) for f in buildinfo["relocate_textfiles"]]
+    binaries = [os.path.join(spec_prefix, f) for f in buildinfo.get("relocate_binaries")]
+    links = [os.path.join(spec_prefix, f) for f in buildinfo.get("relocate_links", [])]
 
     platform = spack.platforms.by_name(spec.platform)
     if "macho" in platform.binary_formats:
@@ -2258,6 +2271,24 @@ def relocate_package(spec: spack.spec.Spec) -> None:
             with fsys.edit_in_place_through_temporary_file(binary) as tmp_binary:
                 codesign("-fs-", tmp_binary)
 
+    install_manifest = os.path.join(
+        spec.prefix,
+        spack.store.STORE.layout.metadata_dir,
+        spack.store.STORE.layout.manifest_file_name,
+    )
+    if not os.path.exists(install_manifest):
+        spec_id = spec.format("{name}/{hash:7}")
+        tty.warn("No manifest file in tarball for spec %s" % spec_id)
+
+    # overwrite old metadata with new
+    if spec.spliced:
+        # rewrite spec on disk
+        spack.store.STORE.layout.write_spec(spec, spack.store.STORE.layout.spec_file_path(spec))
+
+        # de-cache the install manifest
+        with contextlib.suppress(FileNotFoundError):
+            os.unlink(install_manifest)
+
 
 def _extract_inner_tarball(spec, filename, extract_to, signature_required: bool, remote_checksum):
     stagepath = os.path.dirname(filename)
@@ -2424,15 +2455,6 @@ def extract_tarball(spec, download_result, force=False, timer=timer.NULL_TIMER):
     except Exception as e:
         shutil.rmtree(spec.prefix, ignore_errors=True)
         raise e
-    else:
-        manifest_file = os.path.join(
-            spec.prefix,
-            spack.store.STORE.layout.metadata_dir,
-            spack.store.STORE.layout.manifest_file_name,
-        )
-        if not os.path.exists(manifest_file):
-            spec_id = spec.format("{name}/{hash:7}")
-            tty.warn("No manifest file in tarball for spec %s" % spec_id)
     finally:
         if tmpdir:
             shutil.rmtree(tmpdir, ignore_errors=True)
@@ -2537,10 +2559,6 @@ def install_root_node(
         tty.msg('Installing "{0}" from a buildcache'.format(spec.format()))
         extract_tarball(spec, download_result, force)
         spec.package.windows_establish_runtime_linkage()
-        if spec.spliced:  # overwrite old metadata with new
-            spack.store.STORE.layout.write_spec(
-                spec, spack.store.STORE.layout.spec_file_path(spec)
-            )
         spack.hooks.post_install(spec, False)
         spack.store.STORE.db.add(spec, allow_missing=allow_missing)
 
@@ -2578,11 +2596,14 @@ def try_direct_fetch(spec, mirrors=None):
         )
         try:
             _, _, fs = web_util.read_from_url(buildcache_fetch_url_signed_json)
+            specfile_contents = codecs.getreader("utf-8")(fs).read()
             specfile_is_signed = True
-        except web_util.SpackWebError as e1:
+        except (web_util.SpackWebError, OSError) as e1:
             try:
                 _, _, fs = web_util.read_from_url(buildcache_fetch_url_json)
-            except web_util.SpackWebError as e2:
+                specfile_contents = codecs.getreader("utf-8")(fs).read()
+                specfile_is_signed = False
+            except (web_util.SpackWebError, OSError) as e2:
                 tty.debug(
                     f"Did not find {specfile_name} on {buildcache_fetch_url_signed_json}",
                     e1,
@@ -2592,7 +2613,6 @@ def try_direct_fetch(spec, mirrors=None):
                     f"Did not find {specfile_name} on {buildcache_fetch_url_json}", e2, level=2
                 )
                 continue
-        specfile_contents = codecs.getreader("utf-8")(fs).read()
 
         # read the spec from the build cache file. All specs in build caches
         # are concrete (as they are built) so we need to mark this spec
@@ -2686,8 +2706,9 @@ def get_keys(install=False, trust=False, force=False, mirrors=None):
 
         try:
             _, _, json_file = web_util.read_from_url(keys_index)
-            json_index = sjson.load(codecs.getreader("utf-8")(json_file))
-        except web_util.SpackWebError as url_err:
+            json_index = sjson.load(json_file)
+        except (web_util.SpackWebError, OSError, ValueError) as url_err:
+            # TODO: avoid repeated request
             if web_util.url_exists(keys_index):
                 tty.error(
                     f"Unable to find public keys in {url_util.format(fetch_url)},"
@@ -2934,14 +2955,14 @@ def __init__(self, url, local_hash, urlopen=web_util.urlopen):
 
     def get_remote_hash(self):
         # Failure to fetch index.json.hash is not fatal
-        url_index_hash = url_util.join(self.url, BUILD_CACHE_RELATIVE_PATH, "index.json.hash")
+        url_index_hash = url_util.join(self.url, BUILD_CACHE_RELATIVE_PATH, INDEX_HASH_FILE)
         try:
             response = self.urlopen(urllib.request.Request(url_index_hash, headers=self.headers))
-        except (TimeoutError, urllib.error.URLError):
+            remote_hash = response.read(64)
+        except OSError:
             return None
 
         # Validate the hash
-        remote_hash = response.read(64)
         if not re.match(rb"[a-f\d]{64}$", remote_hash):
             return None
         return remote_hash.decode("utf-8")
@@ -2955,17 +2976,17 @@ def conditional_fetch(self) -> FetchIndexResult:
             return FetchIndexResult(etag=None, hash=None, data=None, fresh=True)
 
         # Otherwise, download index.json
-        url_index = url_util.join(self.url, BUILD_CACHE_RELATIVE_PATH, "index.json")
+        url_index = url_util.join(self.url, BUILD_CACHE_RELATIVE_PATH, spack_db.INDEX_JSON_FILE)
 
         try:
             response = self.urlopen(urllib.request.Request(url_index, headers=self.headers))
-        except (TimeoutError, urllib.error.URLError) as e:
-            raise FetchIndexError("Could not fetch index from {}".format(url_index), e) from e
+        except OSError as e:
+            raise FetchIndexError(f"Could not fetch index from {url_index}", e) from e
 
         try:
             result = codecs.getreader("utf-8")(response).read()
-        except ValueError as e:
-            raise FetchIndexError("Remote index {} is invalid".format(url_index), e) from e
+        except (ValueError, OSError) as e:
+            raise FetchIndexError(f"Remote index {url_index} is invalid") from e
 
         computed_hash = compute_hash(result)
 
@@ -2999,7 +3020,7 @@ def __init__(self, url, etag, urlopen=web_util.urlopen):
 
     def conditional_fetch(self) -> FetchIndexResult:
         # Just do a conditional fetch immediately
-        url = url_util.join(self.url, BUILD_CACHE_RELATIVE_PATH, "index.json")
+        url = url_util.join(self.url, BUILD_CACHE_RELATIVE_PATH, spack_db.INDEX_JSON_FILE)
         headers = {"User-Agent": web_util.SPACK_USER_AGENT, "If-None-Match": f'"{self.etag}"'}
 
         try:
@@ -3009,12 +3030,12 @@ def conditional_fetch(self) -> FetchIndexResult:
                 # Not modified; that means fresh.
                 return FetchIndexResult(etag=None, hash=None, data=None, fresh=True)
             raise FetchIndexError(f"Could not fetch index {url}", e) from e
-        except (TimeoutError, urllib.error.URLError) as e:
+        except OSError as e:  # URLError, socket.timeout, etc.
             raise FetchIndexError(f"Could not fetch index {url}", e) from e
 
         try:
             result = codecs.getreader("utf-8")(response).read()
-        except ValueError as e:
+        except (ValueError, OSError) as e:
             raise FetchIndexError(f"Remote index {url} is invalid", e) from e
 
         headers = response.headers
@@ -3046,11 +3067,11 @@ def conditional_fetch(self) -> FetchIndexResult:
                     headers={"Accept": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json"},
                 )
             )
-        except (TimeoutError, urllib.error.URLError) as e:
+        except OSError as e:
             raise FetchIndexError(f"Could not fetch manifest from {url_manifest}", e) from e
 
         try:
-            manifest = json.loads(response.read())
+            manifest = json.load(response)
         except Exception as e:
             raise FetchIndexError(f"Remote index {url_manifest} is invalid", e) from e
 
@@ -3065,14 +3086,16 @@ def conditional_fetch(self) -> FetchIndexResult:
             return FetchIndexResult(etag=None, hash=None, data=None, fresh=True)
 
         # Otherwise fetch the blob / index.json
-        response = self.urlopen(
-            urllib.request.Request(
-                url=self.ref.blob_url(index_digest),
-                headers={"Accept": "application/vnd.oci.image.layer.v1.tar+gzip"},
+        try:
+            response = self.urlopen(
+                urllib.request.Request(
+                    url=self.ref.blob_url(index_digest),
+                    headers={"Accept": "application/vnd.oci.image.layer.v1.tar+gzip"},
+                )
             )
-        )
-
-        result = codecs.getreader("utf-8")(response).read()
+            result = codecs.getreader("utf-8")(response).read()
+        except (OSError, ValueError) as e:
+            raise FetchIndexError(f"Remote index {url_manifest} is invalid", e) from e
 
         # Make sure the blob we download has the advertised hash
         if compute_hash(result) != index_digest.digest:

lib/spack/spack/bootstrap/_common.py

@@ -5,12 +5,14 @@
 import fnmatch
 import glob
 import importlib
-import os.path
+import os
 import re
 import sys
 import sysconfig
 import warnings
-from typing import Dict, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from typing import Optional, Sequence, Union
+
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
 
 import archspec.cpu
 
@@ -18,13 +20,17 @@
 from llnl.util import tty
 
 import spack.platforms
+import spack.spec
 import spack.store
 import spack.util.environment
 import spack.util.executable
 
 from .config import spec_for_current_python
 
-QueryInfo = Dict[str, "spack.spec.Spec"]
+
+class QueryInfo(TypedDict, total=False):
+    spec: spack.spec.Spec
+    command: spack.util.executable.Executable
 
 
 def _python_import(module: str) -> bool:
@@ -211,7 +217,9 @@ def _executables_in_store(
             ):
                 spack.util.environment.path_put_first("PATH", [bin_dir])
                 if query_info is not None:
-                    query_info["command"] = spack.util.executable.which(*executables, path=bin_dir)
+                    query_info["command"] = spack.util.executable.which(
+                        *executables, path=bin_dir, required=True
+                    )
                     query_info["spec"] = concrete_spec
                 return True
     return False

lib/spack/spack/bootstrap/config.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 """Manage configuration swapping for bootstrapping purposes"""
 
 import contextlib
-import os.path
+import os
 import sys
 from typing import Any, Dict, Generator, MutableSequence, Sequence
 

lib/spack/spack/bootstrap/core.py

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 import functools
 import json
 import os
-import os.path
 import sys
 import uuid
 from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
@@ -34,8 +33,10 @@
 from llnl.util.lang import GroupedExceptionHandler
 
 import spack.binary_distribution
+import spack.concretize
 import spack.config
 import spack.detection
+import spack.error
 import spack.mirrors.mirror
 import spack.platforms
 import spack.spec
@@ -44,10 +45,17 @@
 import spack.util.executable
 import spack.util.path
 import spack.util.spack_yaml
+import spack.util.url
 import spack.version
 from spack.installer import PackageInstaller
 
-from ._common import _executables_in_store, _python_import, _root_spec, _try_import_from_store
+from ._common import (
+    QueryInfo,
+    _executables_in_store,
+    _python_import,
+    _root_spec,
+    _try_import_from_store,
+)
 from .clingo import ClingoBootstrapConcretizer
 from .config import spack_python_interpreter, spec_for_current_python
 
@@ -89,8 +97,12 @@ def __init__(self, conf: ConfigDictionary) -> None:
         self.name = conf["name"]
         self.metadata_dir = spack.util.path.canonicalize_path(conf["metadata"])
 
-        # Promote (relative) paths to file urls
-        self.url = spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror(conf["info"]["url"]).fetch_url
+        # Check for relative paths, and turn them into absolute paths
+        # root is the metadata_dir
+        maybe_url = conf["info"]["url"]
+        if spack.util.url.is_path_instead_of_url(maybe_url) and not os.path.isabs(maybe_url):
+            maybe_url = os.path.join(self.metadata_dir, maybe_url)
+        self.url = spack.mirrors.mirror.Mirror(maybe_url).fetch_url
 
     @property
     def mirror_scope(self) -> spack.config.InternalConfigScope:
@@ -134,7 +146,7 @@ class BuildcacheBootstrapper(Bootstrapper):
 
     def __init__(self, conf) -> None:
         super().__init__(conf)
-        self.last_search: Optional[ConfigDictionary] = None
+        self.last_search: Optional[QueryInfo] = None
         self.config_scope_name = f"bootstrap_buildcache-{uuid.uuid4()}"
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -211,14 +223,14 @@ def _install_and_test(
                 for _, pkg_hash, pkg_sha256 in item["binaries"]:
                     self._install_by_hash(pkg_hash, pkg_sha256, bincache_platform)
 
-                info: ConfigDictionary = {}
+                info: QueryInfo = {}
                 if test_fn(query_spec=abstract_spec, query_info=info):
                     self.last_search = info
                     return True
         return False
 
     def try_import(self, module: str, abstract_spec_str: str) -> bool:
-        info: ConfigDictionary
+        info: QueryInfo
         test_fn, info = functools.partial(_try_import_from_store, module), {}
         if test_fn(query_spec=abstract_spec_str, query_info=info):
             return True
@@ -231,7 +243,7 @@ def try_import(self, module: str, abstract_spec_str: str) -> bool:
         return self._install_and_test(abstract_spec, bincache_platform, data, test_fn)
 
     def try_search_path(self, executables: Tuple[str], abstract_spec_str: str) -> bool:
-        info: ConfigDictionary
+        info: QueryInfo
         test_fn, info = functools.partial(_executables_in_store, executables), {}
         if test_fn(query_spec=abstract_spec_str, query_info=info):
             self.last_search = info
@@ -249,11 +261,11 @@ class SourceBootstrapper(Bootstrapper):
 
     def __init__(self, conf) -> None:
         super().__init__(conf)
-        self.last_search: Optional[ConfigDictionary] = None
+        self.last_search: Optional[QueryInfo] = None
         self.config_scope_name = f"bootstrap_source-{uuid.uuid4()}"
 
     def try_import(self, module: str, abstract_spec_str: str) -> bool:
-        info: ConfigDictionary = {}
+        info: QueryInfo = {}
         if _try_import_from_store(module, abstract_spec_str, query_info=info):
             self.last_search = info
             return True
@@ -270,10 +282,10 @@ def try_import(self, module: str, abstract_spec_str: str) -> bool:
                 bootstrapper = ClingoBootstrapConcretizer(configuration=spack.config.CONFIG)
                 concrete_spec = bootstrapper.concretize()
             else:
-                concrete_spec = spack.spec.Spec(
+                abstract_spec = spack.spec.Spec(
                     abstract_spec_str + " ^" + spec_for_current_python()
                 )
-                concrete_spec.concretize()
+                concrete_spec = spack.concretize.concretize_one(abstract_spec)
 
         msg = "[BOOTSTRAP MODULE {0}] Try installing '{1}' from sources"
         tty.debug(msg.format(module, abstract_spec_str))
@@ -288,7 +300,7 @@ def try_import(self, module: str, abstract_spec_str: str) -> bool:
         return False
 
     def try_search_path(self, executables: Tuple[str], abstract_spec_str: str) -> bool:
-        info: ConfigDictionary = {}
+        info: QueryInfo = {}
         if _executables_in_store(executables, abstract_spec_str, query_info=info):
             self.last_search = info
             return True
@@ -299,7 +311,7 @@ def try_search_path(self, executables: Tuple[str], abstract_spec_str: str) -> bo
         # might reduce compilation time by a fair amount
         _add_externals_if_missing()
 
-        concrete_spec = spack.spec.Spec(abstract_spec_str).concretized()
+        concrete_spec = spack.concretize.concretize_one(abstract_spec_str)
         msg = "[BOOTSTRAP] Try installing '{0}' from sources"
         tty.debug(msg.format(abstract_spec_str))
         with spack.config.override(self.mirror_scope):
@@ -316,11 +328,9 @@ def create_bootstrapper(conf: ConfigDictionary):
     return _bootstrap_methods[btype](conf)
 
 
-def source_is_enabled_or_raise(conf: ConfigDictionary):
-    """Raise ValueError if the source is not enabled for bootstrapping"""
-    trusted, name = spack.config.get("bootstrap:trusted"), conf["name"]
-    if not trusted.get(name, False):
-        raise ValueError("source is not trusted")
+def source_is_enabled(conf: ConfigDictionary) -> bool:
+    """Returns true if the source is not enabled for bootstrapping"""
+    return spack.config.get("bootstrap:trusted").get(conf["name"], False)
 
 
 def ensure_module_importable_or_raise(module: str, abstract_spec: Optional[str] = None):
@@ -350,24 +360,23 @@ def ensure_module_importable_or_raise(module: str, abstract_spec: Optional[str]
     exception_handler = GroupedExceptionHandler()
 
     for current_config in bootstrapping_sources():
+        if not source_is_enabled(current_config):
+            continue
         with exception_handler.forward(current_config["name"], Exception):
-            source_is_enabled_or_raise(current_config)
-            current_bootstrapper = create_bootstrapper(current_config)
-            if current_bootstrapper.try_import(module, abstract_spec):
+            if create_bootstrapper(current_config).try_import(module, abstract_spec):
                 return
 
-    assert exception_handler, (
-        f"expected at least one exception to have been raised at this point: "
-        f"while bootstrapping {module}"
-    )
     msg = f'cannot bootstrap the "{module}" Python module '
     if abstract_spec:
         msg += f'from spec "{abstract_spec}" '
-    if tty.is_debug():
+
+    if not exception_handler:
+        msg += ": no bootstrapping sources are enabled"
+    elif spack.error.debug or spack.error.SHOW_BACKTRACE:
         msg += exception_handler.grouped_message(with_tracebacks=True)
     else:
         msg += exception_handler.grouped_message(with_tracebacks=False)
-        msg += "\nRun `spack --debug ...` for more detailed errors"
+        msg += "\nRun `spack --backtrace ...` for more detailed errors"
     raise ImportError(msg)
 
 
@@ -405,8 +414,9 @@ def ensure_executables_in_path_or_raise(
     exception_handler = GroupedExceptionHandler()
 
     for current_config in bootstrapping_sources():
+        if not source_is_enabled(current_config):
+            continue
         with exception_handler.forward(current_config["name"], Exception):
-            source_is_enabled_or_raise(current_config)
             current_bootstrapper = create_bootstrapper(current_config)
             if current_bootstrapper.try_search_path(executables, abstract_spec):
                 # Additional environment variables needed
@@ -414,6 +424,7 @@ def ensure_executables_in_path_or_raise(
                     current_bootstrapper.last_search["spec"],
                     current_bootstrapper.last_search["command"],
                 )
+                assert cmd is not None, "expected an Executable"
                 cmd.add_default_envmod(
                     spack.user_environment.environment_modifications_for_specs(
                         concrete_spec, set_package_py_globals=False
@@ -421,18 +432,17 @@ def ensure_executables_in_path_or_raise(
                 )
                 return cmd
 
-    assert exception_handler, (
-        f"expected at least one exception to have been raised at this point: "
-        f"while bootstrapping {executables_str}"
-    )
     msg = f"cannot bootstrap any of the {executables_str} executables "
     if abstract_spec:
         msg += f'from spec "{abstract_spec}" '
-    if tty.is_debug():
+
+    if not exception_handler:
+        msg += ": no bootstrapping sources are enabled"
+    elif spack.error.debug or spack.error.SHOW_BACKTRACE:
         msg += exception_handler.grouped_message(with_tracebacks=True)
     else:
         msg += exception_handler.grouped_message(with_tracebacks=False)
-        msg += "\nRun `spack --debug ...` for more detailed errors"
+        msg += "\nRun `spack --backtrace ...` for more detailed errors"
     raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
 

lib/spack/spack/bootstrap/status.py

@@ -63,7 +63,6 @@ def _missing(name: str, purpose: str, system_only: bool = True) -> str:
 
 def _core_requirements() -> List[RequiredResponseType]:
     _core_system_exes = {
-        "make": _missing("make", "required to build software from sources"),
         "patch": _missing("patch", "required to patch source code before building"),
         "tar": _missing("tar", "required to manage code archives"),
         "gzip": _missing("gzip", "required to compress/decompress code archives"),

lib/spack/spack/build_environment.py

@@ -301,11 +301,13 @@ def clean_environment():
     env.unset("CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH")
     env.unset("OBJC_INCLUDE_PATH")
 
+    # prevent configure scripts from sourcing variables from config site file (AC_SITE_LOAD).
+    env.set("CONFIG_SITE", os.devnull)
     env.unset("CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH")
+
     env.unset("PYTHONPATH")
     env.unset("R_HOME")
     env.unset("R_ENVIRON")
-
     env.unset("LUA_PATH")
     env.unset("LUA_CPATH")
 

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/aspell_dict.py

@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
 
 import spack.directives
+import spack.spec
 import spack.util.executable
+import spack.util.prefix
 
 from .autotools import AutotoolsBuilder, AutotoolsPackage
 
@@ -17,19 +19,18 @@ class AspellBuilder(AutotoolsBuilder):
     to the Aspell extensions.
     """
 
-    def configure(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def configure(
+        self,
+        pkg: "AspellDictPackage",  # type: ignore[override]
+        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
+        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+    ):
         aspell = spec["aspell"].prefix.bin.aspell
         prezip = spec["aspell"].prefix.bin.prezip
         destdir = prefix
 
-        sh = spack.util.executable.which("sh")
-        sh(
-            "./configure",
-            "--vars",
-            "ASPELL={0}".format(aspell),
-            "PREZIP={0}".format(prezip),
-            "DESTDIR={0}".format(destdir),
-        )
+        sh = spack.util.executable.Executable("/bin/sh")
+        sh("./configure", "--vars", f"ASPELL={aspell}", f"PREZIP={prezip}", f"DESTDIR={destdir}")
 
 
 # Aspell dictionaries install their bits into their prefix.lib

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/autotools.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 import os
-import os.path
 import stat
 import subprocess
 from typing import Callable, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
@@ -356,6 +355,13 @@ def _do_patch_libtool_configure(self) -> None:
             )
             # Support Libtool 2.4.2 and older:
             x.filter(regex=r'^(\s*test \$p = "-R")(; then\s*)$', repl=r'\1 || test x-l = x"$p"\2')
+            # Configure scripts generated with libtool < 2.5.4 have a faulty test for the
+            # -single_module linker flag. A deprecation warning makes it think the default is
+            # -multi_module, triggering it to use problematic linker flags (such as ld -r). The
+            # linker default is `-single_module` from (ancient) macOS 10.4, so override by setting
+            # `lt_cv_apple_cc_single_mod=yes`. See the fix in libtool commit
+            # 82f7f52123e4e7e50721049f7fa6f9b870e09c9d.
+            x.filter("lt_cv_apple_cc_single_mod=no", "lt_cv_apple_cc_single_mod=yes", string=True)
 
     @spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("configure")
     def _do_patch_libtool(self) -> None:
@@ -527,7 +533,7 @@ def build_directory(self) -> str:
         return build_dir
 
     @spack.phase_callbacks.run_before("autoreconf")
-    def delete_configure_to_force_update(self) -> None:
+    def _delete_configure_to_force_update(self) -> None:
         if self.force_autoreconf:
             fs.force_remove(self.configure_abs_path)
 
@@ -540,7 +546,7 @@ def autoreconf_search_path_args(self) -> List[str]:
         return _autoreconf_search_path_args(self.spec)
 
     @spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("autoreconf")
-    def set_configure_or_die(self) -> None:
+    def _set_configure_or_die(self) -> None:
         """Ensure the presence of a "configure" script, or raise. If the "configure"
         is found, a module level attribute is set.
 
@@ -564,10 +570,7 @@ def configure_args(self) -> List[str]:
         return []
 
     def autoreconf(
-        self,
-        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
-        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
-        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+        self, pkg: AutotoolsPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
     ) -> None:
         """Not needed usually, configure should be already there"""
 
@@ -596,10 +599,7 @@ def autoreconf(
             self.pkg.module.autoreconf(*autoreconf_args)
 
     def configure(
-        self,
-        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
-        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
-        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+        self, pkg: AutotoolsPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
     ) -> None:
         """Run "configure", with the arguments specified by the builder and an
         appropriately set prefix.
@@ -612,10 +612,7 @@ def configure(
             pkg.module.configure(*options)
 
     def build(
-        self,
-        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
-        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
-        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+        self, pkg: AutotoolsPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
     ) -> None:
         """Run "make" on the build targets specified by the builder."""
         # See https://autotools.io/automake/silent.html
@@ -625,10 +622,7 @@ def build(
             pkg.module.make(*params)
 
     def install(
-        self,
-        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
-        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
-        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+        self, pkg: AutotoolsPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
     ) -> None:
         """Run "make" on the install targets specified by the builder."""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
@@ -825,7 +819,7 @@ def installcheck(self) -> None:
             self.pkg._if_make_target_execute("installcheck")
 
     @spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install")
-    def remove_libtool_archives(self) -> None:
+    def _remove_libtool_archives(self) -> None:
         """Remove all .la files in prefix sub-folders if the package sets
         ``install_libtool_archives`` to be False.
         """

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/cached_cmake.py

@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
 
 import spack.phase_callbacks
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.prefix
 
 from .cmake import CMakeBuilder, CMakePackage
 
@@ -293,6 +295,13 @@ def initconfig_hardware_entries(self):
                 entries.append(cmake_cache_string("AMDGPU_TARGETS", arch_str))
                 entries.append(cmake_cache_string("GPU_TARGETS", arch_str))
 
+            if spec.satisfies("%gcc"):
+                entries.append(
+                    cmake_cache_string(
+                        "CMAKE_HIP_FLAGS", f"--gcc-toolchain={self.pkg.compiler.prefix}"
+                    )
+                )
+
         return entries
 
     def std_initconfig_entries(self):
@@ -323,7 +332,9 @@ def initconfig_package_entries(self):
         """This method is to be overwritten by the package"""
         return []
 
-    def initconfig(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def initconfig(
+        self, pkg: "CachedCMakePackage", spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         cache_entries = (
             self.std_initconfig_entries()
             + self.initconfig_compiler_entries()

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/cargo.py

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
 import spack.phase_callbacks
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.prefix
 from spack.directives import build_system, depends_on
 from spack.multimethod import when
 
@@ -81,12 +83,16 @@ def check_args(self):
     def setup_build_environment(self, env):
         env.set("CARGO_HOME", self.stage.path)
 
-    def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def build(
+        self, pkg: CargoPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Runs ``cargo install`` in the source directory"""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             pkg.module.cargo("install", "--root", "out", "--path", ".", *self.build_args)
 
-    def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def install(
+        self, pkg: CargoPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Copy build files into package prefix."""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             fs.install_tree("out", prefix)

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/cmake.py

@@ -454,10 +454,7 @@ def cmake_args(self) -> List[str]:
         return []
 
     def cmake(
-        self,
-        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
-        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
-        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+        self, pkg: CMakePackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
     ) -> None:
         """Runs ``cmake`` in the build directory"""
 
@@ -474,10 +471,7 @@ def cmake(
             pkg.module.cmake(*options)
 
     def build(
-        self,
-        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
-        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
-        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+        self, pkg: CMakePackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
     ) -> None:
         """Make the build targets"""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
@@ -488,10 +482,7 @@ def build(
                 pkg.module.ninja(*self.build_targets)
 
     def install(
-        self,
-        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
-        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
-        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+        self, pkg: CMakePackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
     ) -> None:
         """Make the install targets"""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/generic.py

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 import spack.directives
 import spack.package_base
 import spack.phase_callbacks
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.prefix
 
 from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults, apply_macos_rpath_fixups, execute_install_time_tests
 
@@ -48,3 +50,8 @@ class GenericBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
 
     # unconditionally perform any post-install phase tests
     spack.phase_callbacks.run_after("install")(execute_install_time_tests)
+
+    def install(
+        self, pkg: Package, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/go.py

@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
 import spack.phase_callbacks
-from spack.directives import build_system, extends
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.prefix
+from spack.directives import build_system, depends_on
 from spack.multimethod import when
 
 from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults, execute_install_time_tests
@@ -26,9 +28,7 @@ class GoPackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
     build_system("go")
 
     with when("build_system=go"):
-        # TODO: this seems like it should be depends_on, see
-        # setup_dependent_build_environment in go for why I kept it like this
-        extends("go@1.14:", type="build")
+        depends_on("go", type="build")
 
 
 @spack.builder.builder("go")
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ class GoBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
     def setup_build_environment(self, env):
         env.set("GO111MODULE", "on")
         env.set("GOTOOLCHAIN", "local")
+        env.set("GOPATH", fs.join_path(self.pkg.stage.path, "go"))
 
     @property
     def build_directory(self):
@@ -81,19 +82,31 @@ def build_directory(self):
     def build_args(self):
         """Arguments for ``go build``."""
         # Pass ldflags -s = --strip-all and -w = --no-warnings by default
-        return ["-modcacherw", "-ldflags", "-s -w", "-o", f"{self.pkg.name}"]
+        return [
+            "-p",
+            str(self.pkg.module.make_jobs),
+            "-modcacherw",
+            "-ldflags",
+            "-s -w",
+            "-o",
+            f"{self.pkg.name}",
+        ]
 
     @property
     def check_args(self):
         """Argument for ``go test`` during check phase"""
         return []
 
-    def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def build(
+        self, pkg: GoPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Runs ``go build`` in the source directory"""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             pkg.module.go("build", *self.build_args)
 
-    def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def install(
+        self, pkg: GoPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Install built binaries into prefix bin."""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             fs.mkdirp(prefix.bin)

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/lua.py

@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@
 
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
+import spack.spec
 import spack.util.executable
+import spack.util.prefix
 from spack.directives import build_system, depends_on, extends
 from spack.multimethod import when
 
@@ -55,7 +57,9 @@ class LuaBuilder(spack.builder.Builder):
     #: Names associated with package attributes in the old build-system format
     legacy_attributes = ()
 
-    def unpack(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def unpack(
+        self, pkg: LuaPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         if os.path.splitext(pkg.stage.archive_file)[1] == ".rock":
             directory = pkg.luarocks("unpack", pkg.stage.archive_file, output=str)
             dirlines = directory.split("\n")
@@ -66,15 +70,16 @@ def unpack(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
     def _generate_tree_line(name, prefix):
         return """{{ name = "{name}", root = "{prefix}" }};""".format(name=name, prefix=prefix)
 
-    def generate_luarocks_config(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def generate_luarocks_config(
+        self, pkg: LuaPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         spec = self.pkg.spec
         table_entries = []
         for d in spec.traverse(deptype=("build", "run")):
             if d.package.extends(self.pkg.extendee_spec):
                 table_entries.append(self._generate_tree_line(d.name, d.prefix))
 
-        path = self._luarocks_config_path()
-        with open(path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as config:
+        with open(self._luarocks_config_path(), "w", encoding="utf-8") as config:
             config.write(
                 """
                 deps_mode="all"
@@ -85,23 +90,26 @@ def generate_luarocks_config(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
                     "\n".join(table_entries)
                 )
             )
-        return path
 
-    def preprocess(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def preprocess(
+        self, pkg: LuaPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Override this to preprocess source before building with luarocks"""
         pass
 
     def luarocks_args(self):
         return []
 
-    def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def install(
+        self, pkg: LuaPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         rock = "."
         specs = find(".", "*.rockspec", recursive=False)
         if specs:
             rock = specs[0]
         rocks_args = self.luarocks_args()
         rocks_args.append(rock)
-        self.pkg.luarocks("--tree=" + prefix, "make", *rocks_args)
+        pkg.luarocks("--tree=" + prefix, "make", *rocks_args)
 
     def _luarocks_config_path(self):
         return os.path.join(self.pkg.stage.source_path, "spack_luarocks.lua")

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/makefile.py

@@ -98,29 +98,20 @@ def build_directory(self) -> str:
         return self.pkg.stage.source_path
 
     def edit(
-        self,
-        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
-        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
-        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+        self, pkg: MakefilePackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
     ) -> None:
         """Edit the Makefile before calling make. The default is a no-op."""
         pass
 
     def build(
-        self,
-        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
-        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
-        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+        self, pkg: MakefilePackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
     ) -> None:
         """Run "make" on the build targets specified by the builder."""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             pkg.module.make(*self.build_targets)
 
     def install(
-        self,
-        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
-        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
-        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+        self, pkg: MakefilePackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
     ) -> None:
         """Run "make" on the install targets specified by the builder."""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/maven.py

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.prefix
 from spack.directives import build_system, depends_on
 from spack.multimethod import when
 from spack.util.executable import which
@@ -58,16 +60,20 @@ def build_args(self):
         """List of args to pass to build phase."""
         return []
 
-    def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def build(
+        self, pkg: MavenPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Compile code and package into a JAR file."""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
-            mvn = which("mvn")
+            mvn = which("mvn", required=True)
             if self.pkg.run_tests:
                 mvn("verify", *self.build_args())
             else:
                 mvn("package", "-DskipTests", *self.build_args())
 
-    def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def install(
+        self, pkg: MavenPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Copy to installation prefix."""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             fs.install_tree(".", prefix)

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/meson.py

@@ -188,10 +188,7 @@ def meson_args(self) -> List[str]:
         return []
 
     def meson(
-        self,
-        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
-        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
-        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+        self, pkg: MesonPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
     ) -> None:
         """Run ``meson`` in the build directory"""
         options = []
@@ -204,10 +201,7 @@ def meson(
             pkg.module.meson(*options)
 
     def build(
-        self,
-        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
-        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
-        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+        self, pkg: MesonPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
     ) -> None:
         """Make the build targets"""
         options = ["-v"]
@@ -216,10 +210,7 @@ def build(
             pkg.module.ninja(*options)
 
     def install(
-        self,
-        pkg: spack.package_base.PackageBase,
-        spec: spack.spec.Spec,
-        prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix,
+        self, pkg: MesonPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
     ) -> None:
         """Make the install targets"""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/msbuild.py

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.prefix
 from spack.directives import build_system, conflicts
 
 from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults
@@ -99,7 +101,9 @@ def msbuild_install_args(self):
         as `msbuild_args` by default."""
         return self.msbuild_args()
 
-    def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def build(
+        self, pkg: MSBuildPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Run "msbuild" on the build targets specified by the builder."""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             pkg.module.msbuild(
@@ -108,7 +112,9 @@ def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
                 self.define_targets(*self.build_targets),
             )
 
-    def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def install(
+        self, pkg: MSBuildPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Run "msbuild" on the install targets specified by the builder.
         This is INSTALL by default"""
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/nmake.py

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.prefix
 from spack.directives import build_system, conflicts
 
 from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults
@@ -123,7 +125,9 @@ def nmake_install_args(self):
         Individual packages should override to specify NMake args to command line"""
         return []
 
-    def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def build(
+        self, pkg: NMakePackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Run "nmake" on the build targets specified by the builder."""
         opts = self.std_nmake_args
         opts += self.nmake_args()
@@ -132,7 +136,9 @@ def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
             pkg.module.nmake(*opts, *self.build_targets, ignore_quotes=self.ignore_quotes)
 
-    def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def install(
+        self, pkg: NMakePackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Run "nmake" on the install targets specified by the builder.
         This is INSTALL by default"""
         opts = self.std_nmake_args

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/octave.py

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.prefix
 from spack.directives import build_system, extends
 from spack.multimethod import when
 
@@ -42,7 +44,9 @@ class OctaveBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
     #: Names associated with package attributes in the old build-system format
     legacy_attributes = ()
 
-    def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def install(
+        self, pkg: OctavePackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Install the package from the archive file"""
         pkg.module.octave(
             "--quiet",

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/perl.py

@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
 import spack.phase_callbacks
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.prefix
 from spack.directives import build_system, depends_on, extends
 from spack.install_test import SkipTest, test_part
 from spack.multimethod import when
@@ -149,7 +151,9 @@ def configure_args(self):
         """
         return []
 
-    def configure(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def configure(
+        self, pkg: PerlPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Run Makefile.PL or Build.PL with arguments consisting of
         an appropriate installation base directory followed by the
         list returned by :py:meth:`~.PerlBuilder.configure_args`.
@@ -173,7 +177,9 @@ def fix_shebang(self):
             repl = "#!/usr/bin/env perl"
             filter_file(pattern, repl, "Build", backup=False)
 
-    def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def build(
+        self, pkg: PerlPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Builds a Perl package."""
         self.build_executable()
 
@@ -184,6 +190,8 @@ def check(self):
         """Runs built-in tests of a Perl package."""
         self.build_executable("test")
 
-    def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def install(
+        self, pkg: PerlPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Installs a Perl package."""
         self.build_executable("install")

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/python.py

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 import spack.repo
 import spack.spec
 import spack.store
+import spack.util.prefix
 from spack.directives import build_system, depends_on, extends
 from spack.error import NoHeadersError, NoLibrariesError
 from spack.install_test import test_part

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/qmake.py

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
 import spack.phase_callbacks
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.prefix
 from spack.directives import build_system, depends_on
 
 from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults, execute_build_time_tests
@@ -62,17 +64,23 @@ def qmake_args(self):
         """List of arguments passed to qmake."""
         return []
 
-    def qmake(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def qmake(
+        self, pkg: QMakePackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Run ``qmake`` to configure the project and generate a Makefile."""
         with working_dir(self.build_directory):
             pkg.module.qmake(*self.qmake_args())
 
-    def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def build(
+        self, pkg: QMakePackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Make the build targets"""
         with working_dir(self.build_directory):
             pkg.module.make()
 
-    def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def install(
+        self, pkg: QMakePackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Make the install targets"""
         with working_dir(self.build_directory):
             pkg.module.make("install")

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/racket.py

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
 
 import spack.builder
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.prefix
 from spack.build_environment import SPACK_NO_PARALLEL_MAKE
 from spack.config import determine_number_of_jobs
 from spack.directives import build_system, extends, maintainers
@@ -74,18 +76,22 @@ def build_directory(self):
             ret = os.path.join(ret, self.subdirectory)
         return ret
 
-    def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def install(
+        self, pkg: RacketPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Install everything from build directory."""
         raco = Executable("raco")
         with fs.working_dir(self.build_directory):
-            parallel = self.pkg.parallel and (not env_flag(SPACK_NO_PARALLEL_MAKE))
+            parallel = pkg.parallel and (not env_flag(SPACK_NO_PARALLEL_MAKE))
+            name = pkg.racket_name
+            assert name is not None, "Racket package name is not set"
             args = [
                 "pkg",
                 "install",
                 "-t",
                 "dir",
                 "-n",
-                self.pkg.racket_name,
+                name,
                 "--deps",
                 "fail",
                 "--ignore-implies",
@@ -101,8 +107,7 @@ def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
             except ProcessError:
                 args.insert(-2, "--skip-installed")
                 raco(*args)
-                msg = (
-                    "Racket package {0} was already installed, uninstalling via "
+                tty.warn(
+                    f"Racket package {name} was already installed, uninstalling via "
                     "Spack may make someone unhappy!"
                 )
-                tty.warn(msg.format(self.pkg.racket_name))

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/rocm.py

@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class ROCmPackage(PackageBase):
         when="+rocm",
     )
 
-    depends_on("llvm-amdgpu", when="+rocm")
+    depends_on("llvm-amdgpu", type="build", when="+rocm")
     depends_on("hsa-rocr-dev", when="+rocm")
     depends_on("hip +rocm", when="+rocm")
 

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/ruby.py

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.prefix
 from spack.directives import build_system, extends, maintainers
 
 from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults
@@ -42,7 +44,9 @@ class RubyBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
     #: Names associated with package attributes in the old build-system format
     legacy_attributes = ()
 
-    def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def build(
+        self, pkg: RubyPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Build a Ruby gem."""
 
         # ruby-rake provides both rake.gemspec and Rakefile, but only
@@ -58,7 +62,9 @@ def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
             # Some Ruby packages only ship `*.gem` files, so nothing to build
             pass
 
-    def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def install(
+        self, pkg: RubyPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Install a Ruby gem.
 
         The ruby package sets ``GEM_HOME`` to tell gem where to install to."""

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/scons.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
 import spack.phase_callbacks
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.prefix
 from spack.directives import build_system, depends_on
 
 from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults, execute_build_time_tests
@@ -59,7 +61,9 @@ def build_args(self, spec, prefix):
         """Arguments to pass to build."""
         return []
 
-    def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def build(
+        self, pkg: SConsPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Build the package."""
         pkg.module.scons(*self.build_args(spec, prefix))
 
@@ -67,7 +71,9 @@ def install_args(self, spec, prefix):
         """Arguments to pass to install."""
         return []
 
-    def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def install(
+        self, pkg: SConsPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Install the package."""
         pkg.module.scons("install", *self.install_args(spec, prefix))
 

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/sip.py

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 import spack.install_test
 import spack.package_base
 import spack.phase_callbacks
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.prefix
 from spack.directives import build_system, depends_on, extends
 from spack.multimethod import when
 from spack.util.executable import Executable
@@ -41,6 +43,7 @@ class SIPPackage(spack.package_base.PackageBase):
     with when("build_system=sip"):
         extends("python", type=("build", "link", "run"))
         depends_on("py-sip", type="build")
+        depends_on("gmake", type="build")
 
     @property
     def import_modules(self):
@@ -130,7 +133,9 @@ class SIPBuilder(BuilderWithDefaults):
 
     build_directory = "build"
 
-    def configure(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def configure(
+        self, pkg: SIPPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Configure the package."""
 
         # https://www.riverbankcomputing.com/static/Docs/sip/command_line_tools.html
@@ -148,7 +153,9 @@ def configure_args(self):
         """Arguments to pass to configure."""
         return []
 
-    def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def build(
+        self, pkg: SIPPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Build the package."""
         args = self.build_args()
 
@@ -159,7 +166,9 @@ def build_args(self):
         """Arguments to pass to build."""
         return []
 
-    def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def install(
+        self, pkg: SIPPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Install the package."""
         args = self.install_args()
 

lib/spack/spack/build_systems/waf.py

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 import spack.builder
 import spack.package_base
 import spack.phase_callbacks
+import spack.spec
+import spack.util.prefix
 from spack.directives import build_system, depends_on
 
 from ._checks import BuilderWithDefaults, execute_build_time_tests, execute_install_time_tests
@@ -97,7 +99,9 @@ def waf(self, *args, **kwargs):
         with working_dir(self.build_directory):
             self.python("waf", "-j{0}".format(jobs), *args, **kwargs)
 
-    def configure(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def configure(
+        self, pkg: WafPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Configures the project."""
         args = ["--prefix={0}".format(self.pkg.prefix)]
         args += self.configure_args()
@@ -108,7 +112,9 @@ def configure_args(self):
         """Arguments to pass to configure."""
         return []
 
-    def build(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def build(
+        self, pkg: WafPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Executes the build."""
         args = self.build_args()
 
@@ -118,7 +124,9 @@ def build_args(self):
         """Arguments to pass to build."""
         return []
 
-    def install(self, pkg, spec, prefix):
+    def install(
+        self, pkg: WafPackage, spec: spack.spec.Spec, prefix: spack.util.prefix.Prefix
+    ) -> None:
         """Installs the targets on the system."""
         args = self.install_args()
 

lib/spack/spack/ci/__init__.py

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 import zipfile
 from collections import namedtuple
 from typing import Callable, Dict, List, Set
-from urllib.error import HTTPError, URLError
 from urllib.request import HTTPHandler, Request, build_opener
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
@@ -472,12 +471,9 @@ def generate_pipeline(env: ev.Environment, args) -> None:
     # Use all unpruned specs to populate the build group for this set
     cdash_config = cfg.get("cdash")
     if options.cdash_handler and options.cdash_handler.auth_token:
-        try:
-            options.cdash_handler.populate_buildgroup(
-                [options.cdash_handler.build_name(s) for s in pipeline_specs]
-            )
-        except (SpackError, HTTPError, URLError, TimeoutError) as err:
-            tty.warn(f"Problem populating buildgroup: {err}")
+        options.cdash_handler.populate_buildgroup(
+            [options.cdash_handler.build_name(s) for s in pipeline_specs]
+        )
     elif cdash_config:
         # warn only if there was actually a CDash configuration.
         tty.warn("Unable to populate buildgroup without CDash credentials")

lib/spack/spack/ci/common.py

@@ -1,23 +1,21 @@
 # Copyright Spack Project Developers. See COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-import codecs
 import copy
 import json
 import os
 import re
-import ssl
 import sys
 import time
 from collections import deque
 from enum import Enum
 from typing import Dict, Generator, List, Optional, Set, Tuple
 from urllib.parse import quote, urlencode, urlparse
-from urllib.request import HTTPHandler, HTTPSHandler, Request, build_opener
+from urllib.request import Request
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
-from llnl.util.lang import Singleton, memoized
+from llnl.util.lang import memoized
 
 import spack.binary_distribution as bindist
 import spack.config as cfg
@@ -35,32 +33,11 @@
 from spack.reporters.cdash import SPACK_CDASH_TIMEOUT
 from spack.reporters.cdash import build_stamp as cdash_build_stamp
 
-
-def _urlopen():
-    error_handler = web_util.SpackHTTPDefaultErrorHandler()
-
-    # One opener with HTTPS ssl enabled
-    with_ssl = build_opener(
-        HTTPHandler(), HTTPSHandler(context=web_util.ssl_create_default_context()), error_handler
-    )
-
-    # One opener with HTTPS ssl disabled
-    without_ssl = build_opener(
-        HTTPHandler(), HTTPSHandler(context=ssl._create_unverified_context()), error_handler
-    )
-
-    # And dynamically dispatch based on the config:verify_ssl.
-    def dispatch_open(fullurl, data=None, timeout=None, verify_ssl=True):
-        opener = with_ssl if verify_ssl else without_ssl
-        timeout = timeout or cfg.get("config:connect_timeout", 1)
-        return opener.open(fullurl, data, timeout)
-
-    return dispatch_open
-
-
 IS_WINDOWS = sys.platform == "win32"
 SPACK_RESERVED_TAGS = ["public", "protected", "notary"]
-_dyn_mapping_urlopener = Singleton(_urlopen)
+
+# this exists purely for testing purposes
+_urlopen = web_util.urlopen
 
 
 def copy_files_to_artifacts(src, artifacts_dir):
@@ -279,26 +256,25 @@ def copy_test_results(self, source, dest):
         reports = fs.join_path(source, "*_Test*.xml")
         copy_files_to_artifacts(reports, dest)
 
-    def create_buildgroup(self, opener, headers, url, group_name, group_type):
+    def create_buildgroup(self, headers, url, group_name, group_type):
         data = {"newbuildgroup": group_name, "project": self.project, "type": group_type}
 
         enc_data = json.dumps(data).encode("utf-8")
 
         request = Request(url, data=enc_data, headers=headers)
 
-        response = opener.open(request, timeout=SPACK_CDASH_TIMEOUT)
-        response_code = response.getcode()
-
-        if response_code not in [200, 201]:
-            msg = f"Creating buildgroup failed (response code = {response_code})"
-            tty.warn(msg)
+        try:
+            response_text = _urlopen(request, timeout=SPACK_CDASH_TIMEOUT).read()
+        except OSError as e:
+            tty.warn(f"Failed to create CDash buildgroup: {e}")
             return None
 
-        response_text = response.read()
-        response_json = json.loads(response_text)
-        build_group_id = response_json["id"]
-
-        return build_group_id
+        try:
+            response_json = json.loads(response_text)
+            return response_json["id"]
+        except (json.JSONDecodeError, KeyError) as e:
+            tty.warn(f"Failed to parse CDash response: {e}")
+            return None
 
     def populate_buildgroup(self, job_names):
         url = f"{self.url}/api/v1/buildgroup.php"
@@ -308,16 +284,11 @@ def populate_buildgroup(self, job_names):
             "Content-Type": "application/json",
         }
 
-        opener = build_opener(HTTPHandler)
-
-        parent_group_id = self.create_buildgroup(opener, headers, url, self.build_group, "Daily")
-        group_id = self.create_buildgroup(
-            opener, headers, url, f"Latest {self.build_group}", "Latest"
-        )
+        parent_group_id = self.create_buildgroup(headers, url, self.build_group, "Daily")
+        group_id = self.create_buildgroup(headers, url, f"Latest {self.build_group}", "Latest")
 
         if not parent_group_id or not group_id:
-            msg = f"Failed to create or retrieve buildgroups for {self.build_group}"
-            tty.warn(msg)
+            tty.warn(f"Failed to create or retrieve buildgroups for {self.build_group}")
             return
 
         data = {
@@ -329,15 +300,12 @@ def populate_buildgroup(self, job_names):
 
         enc_data = json.dumps(data).encode("utf-8")
 
-        request = Request(url, data=enc_data, headers=headers)
-        request.get_method = lambda: "PUT"
+        request = Request(url, data=enc_data, headers=headers, method="PUT")
 
-        response = opener.open(request, timeout=SPACK_CDASH_TIMEOUT)
-        response_code = response.getcode()
-
-        if response_code != 200:
-            msg = f"Error response code ({response_code}) in populate_buildgroup"
-            tty.warn(msg)
+        try:
+            _urlopen(request, timeout=SPACK_CDASH_TIMEOUT)
+        except OSError as e:
+            tty.warn(f"Failed to populate CDash buildgroup: {e}")
 
     def report_skipped(self, spec: spack.spec.Spec, report_dir: str, reason: Optional[str]):
         """Explicitly report skipping testing of a spec (e.g., it's CI
@@ -735,9 +703,6 @@ def _apply_section(dest, src):
                 for value in header.values():
                     value = os.path.expandvars(value)
 
-                verify_ssl = mapping.get("verify_ssl", spack.config.get("config:verify_ssl", True))
-                timeout = mapping.get("timeout", spack.config.get("config:connect_timeout", 1))
-
                 required = mapping.get("require", [])
                 allowed = mapping.get("allow", [])
                 ignored = mapping.get("ignore", [])
@@ -771,19 +736,15 @@ def job_query(job):
                         endpoint_url._replace(query=query).geturl(), headers=header, method="GET"
                     )
                     try:
-                        response = _dyn_mapping_urlopener(
-                            request, verify_ssl=verify_ssl, timeout=timeout
-                        )
+                        response = _urlopen(request)
+                        config = json.load(response)
                     except Exception as e:
                         # For now just ignore any errors from dynamic mapping and continue
                         # This is still experimental, and failures should not stop CI
                         # from running normally
-                        tty.warn(f"Failed to fetch dynamic mapping for query:\n\t{query}")
-                        tty.warn(f"{e}")
+                        tty.warn(f"Failed to fetch dynamic mapping for query:\n\t{query}: {e}")
                         continue
 
-                    config = json.load(codecs.getreader("utf-8")(response))
-
                     # Strip ignore keys
                     if ignored:
                         for key in ignored:

lib/spack/spack/cmd/__init__.py

@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ def _concretize_spec_pairs(
     # Special case for concretizing a single spec
     if len(to_concretize) == 1:
         abstract, concrete = to_concretize[0]
-        return [concrete or abstract.concretized(tests=tests)]
+        return [concrete or spack.concretize.concretize_one(abstract, tests=tests)]
 
     # Special case if every spec is either concrete or has an abstract hash
     if all(
@@ -254,9 +254,9 @@ def matching_spec_from_env(spec):
     """
     env = ev.active_environment()
     if env:
-        return env.matching_spec(spec) or spec.concretized()
+        return env.matching_spec(spec) or spack.concretize.concretize_one(spec)
     else:
-        return spec.concretized()
+        return spack.concretize.concretize_one(spec)
 
 
 def matching_specs_from_env(specs):
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ def disambiguate_spec(
 
 def disambiguate_spec_from_hashes(
     spec: spack.spec.Spec,
-    hashes: List[str],
+    hashes: Optional[List[str]],
     local: bool = False,
     installed: Union[bool, InstallRecordStatus] = True,
     first: bool = False,

lib/spack/spack/cmd/bootstrap.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Copyright Spack Project Developers. See COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-import os.path
+import os
 import shutil
 import sys
 import tempfile
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@
 import spack.bootstrap
 import spack.bootstrap.config
 import spack.bootstrap.core
+import spack.concretize
 import spack.config
 import spack.mirrors.utils
-import spack.spec
 import spack.stage
 import spack.util.path
 import spack.util.spack_yaml
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ def _mirror(args):
         llnl.util.tty.msg(msg.format(spec_str, mirror_dir))
         # Suppress tty from the call below for terser messages
         llnl.util.tty.set_msg_enabled(False)
-        spec = spack.spec.Spec(spec_str).concretized()
+        spec = spack.concretize.concretize_one(spec_str)
         for node in spec.traverse():
             spack.mirrors.utils.create(mirror_dir, [node])
         llnl.util.tty.set_msg_enabled(True)
@@ -436,6 +436,7 @@ def write_metadata(subdir, metadata):
         shutil.copy(spack.util.path.canonicalize_path(GNUPG_JSON), abs_directory)
         shutil.copy(spack.util.path.canonicalize_path(PATCHELF_JSON), abs_directory)
         instructions += cmd.format("local-binaries", rel_directory)
+        instructions += "  % spack buildcache update-index <final-path>/bootstrap_cache\n"
     print(instructions)
 
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/buildcache.py

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 import spack.binary_distribution as bindist
 import spack.cmd
+import spack.concretize
 import spack.config
 import spack.deptypes as dt
 import spack.environment as ev
@@ -554,8 +555,7 @@ def check_fn(args: argparse.Namespace):
         tty.msg("No specs provided, exiting.")
         return
 
-    for spec in specs:
-        spec.concretize()
+    specs = [spack.concretize.concretize_one(s) for s in specs]
 
     # Next see if there are any configured binary mirrors
     configured_mirrors = spack.config.get("mirrors", scope=args.scope)
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ def save_specfile_fn(args):
     root = specs[0]
 
     if not root.concrete:
-        root.concretize()
+        root = spack.concretize.concretize_one(root)
 
     save_dependency_specfiles(
         root, args.specfile_dir, dependencies=spack.cmd.parse_specs(args.specs)

lib/spack/spack/cmd/common/arguments.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 
 import argparse
-import os.path
+import os
 import textwrap
 
 from llnl.util.lang import stable_partition

lib/spack/spack/cmd/containerize.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 import os
-import os.path
 
 import llnl.util.tty
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/deprecate.py

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 from llnl.util.symlink import symlink
 
 import spack.cmd
+import spack.concretize
 import spack.environment as ev
 import spack.installer
 import spack.store
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ def deprecate(parser, args):
     )
 
     if args.install:
-        deprecator = specs[1].concretized()
+        deprecator = spack.concretize.concretize_one(specs[1])
     else:
         deprecator = spack.cmd.disambiguate_spec(specs[1], env, local=True)
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/dev_build.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 import spack.build_environment
 import spack.cmd
 import spack.cmd.common.arguments
+import spack.concretize
 import spack.config
 import spack.repo
 from spack.cmd.common import arguments
@@ -113,8 +114,8 @@ def dev_build(self, args):
     source_path = os.path.abspath(source_path)
 
     # Forces the build to run out of the source directory.
-    spec.constrain("dev_path=%s" % source_path)
-    spec.concretize()
+    spec.constrain(f'dev_path="{source_path}"')
+    spec = spack.concretize.concretize_one(spec)
 
     if spec.installed:
         tty.error("Already installed in %s" % spec.prefix)

lib/spack/spack/cmd/install.py

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 from llnl.util import lang, tty
 
 import spack.cmd
+import spack.concretize
 import spack.config
 import spack.environment as ev
 import spack.paths
@@ -450,7 +451,7 @@ def concrete_specs_from_file(args):
             else:
                 s = spack.spec.Spec.from_json(f)
 
-        concretized = s.concretized()
+        concretized = spack.concretize.concretize_one(s)
         if concretized.dag_hash() != s.dag_hash():
             msg = 'skipped invalid file "{0}". '
             msg += "The file does not contain a concrete spec."

lib/spack/spack/cmd/make_installer.py

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
 
 from llnl.path import convert_to_posix_path
 
+import spack.concretize
 import spack.paths
 import spack.util.executable
-from spack.spec import Spec
 
 description = "generate Windows installer"
 section = "admin"
@@ -65,8 +65,7 @@ def make_installer(parser, args):
     """
     if sys.platform == "win32":
         output_dir = args.output_dir
-        cmake_spec = Spec("cmake")
-        cmake_spec.concretize()
+        cmake_spec = spack.concretize.concretize_one("cmake")
         cmake_path = os.path.join(cmake_spec.prefix, "bin", "cmake.exe")
         cpack_path = os.path.join(cmake_spec.prefix, "bin", "cpack.exe")
         spack_source = args.spack_source

lib/spack/spack/cmd/mirror.py

@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ def extend_with_additional_versions(specs, num_versions):
         mirror_specs = spack.mirrors.utils.get_all_versions(specs)
     else:
         mirror_specs = spack.mirrors.utils.get_matching_versions(specs, num_versions=num_versions)
-    mirror_specs = [x.concretized() for x in mirror_specs]
+    mirror_specs = [spack.concretize.concretize_one(x) for x in mirror_specs]
     return mirror_specs
 
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/modules/__init__.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 """Implementation details of the ``spack module`` command."""
 
 import collections
-import os.path
+import os
 import shutil
 import sys
 

lib/spack/spack/cmd/tutorial.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 
-import os.path
+import os
 import shutil
 
 import llnl.util.tty as tty

lib/spack/spack/cmd/unit_test.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 import argparse
 import collections
 import io
-import os.path
+import os
 import re
 import sys
 

lib/spack/spack/concretize.py

@@ -37,13 +37,12 @@ def enable_compiler_existence_check():
 
 SpecPairInput = Tuple[Spec, Optional[Spec]]
 SpecPair = Tuple[Spec, Spec]
-SpecLike = Union[Spec, str]
 TestsType = Union[bool, Iterable[str]]
 
 
-def concretize_specs_together(
-    abstract_specs: Sequence[SpecLike], tests: TestsType = False
-) -> Sequence[Spec]:
+def _concretize_specs_together(
+    abstract_specs: Sequence[Spec], tests: TestsType = False
+) -> List[Spec]:
     """Given a number of specs as input, tries to concretize them together.
 
     Args:
@@ -51,11 +50,10 @@ def concretize_specs_together(
         tests: list of package names for which to consider tests dependencies. If True, all nodes
             will have test dependencies. If False, test dependencies will be disregarded.
     """
-    import spack.solver.asp
+    from spack.solver.asp import Solver
 
     allow_deprecated = spack.config.get("config:deprecated", False)
-    solver = spack.solver.asp.Solver()
-    result = solver.solve(abstract_specs, tests=tests, allow_deprecated=allow_deprecated)
+    result = Solver().solve(abstract_specs, tests=tests, allow_deprecated=allow_deprecated)
     return [s.copy() for s in result.specs]
 
 
@@ -72,7 +70,7 @@ def concretize_together(
     """
     to_concretize = [concrete if concrete else abstract for abstract, concrete in spec_list]
     abstract_specs = [abstract for abstract, _ in spec_list]
-    concrete_specs = concretize_specs_together(to_concretize, tests=tests)
+    concrete_specs = _concretize_specs_together(to_concretize, tests=tests)
     return list(zip(abstract_specs, concrete_specs))
 
 
@@ -90,7 +88,7 @@ def concretize_together_when_possible(
         tests: list of package names for which to consider tests dependencies. If True, all nodes
             will have test dependencies. If False, test dependencies will be disregarded.
     """
-    import spack.solver.asp
+    from spack.solver.asp import Solver
 
     to_concretize = [concrete if concrete else abstract for abstract, concrete in spec_list]
     old_concrete_to_abstract = {
@@ -98,9 +96,8 @@ def concretize_together_when_possible(
     }
 
     result_by_user_spec = {}
-    solver = spack.solver.asp.Solver()
     allow_deprecated = spack.config.get("config:deprecated", False)
-    for result in solver.solve_in_rounds(
+    for result in Solver().solve_in_rounds(
         to_concretize, tests=tests, allow_deprecated=allow_deprecated
     ):
         result_by_user_spec.update(result.specs_by_input)
@@ -124,7 +121,7 @@ def concretize_separately(
         tests: list of package names for which to consider tests dependencies. If True, all nodes
             will have test dependencies. If False, test dependencies will be disregarded.
     """
-    import spack.bootstrap
+    from spack.bootstrap import ensure_bootstrap_configuration, ensure_clingo_importable_or_raise
 
     to_concretize = [abstract for abstract, concrete in spec_list if not concrete]
     args = [
@@ -134,8 +131,8 @@ def concretize_separately(
     ]
     ret = [(i, abstract) for i, abstract in enumerate(to_concretize) if abstract.concrete]
     # Ensure we don't try to bootstrap clingo in parallel
-    with spack.bootstrap.ensure_bootstrap_configuration():
-        spack.bootstrap.ensure_clingo_importable_or_raise()
+    with ensure_bootstrap_configuration():
+        ensure_clingo_importable_or_raise()
 
     # Ensure all the indexes have been built or updated, since
     # otherwise the processes in the pool may timeout on waiting
@@ -190,10 +187,52 @@ def _concretize_task(packed_arguments: Tuple[int, str, TestsType]) -> Tuple[int,
     index, spec_str, tests = packed_arguments
     with tty.SuppressOutput(msg_enabled=False):
         start = time.time()
-        spec = Spec(spec_str).concretized(tests=tests)
+        spec = concretize_one(Spec(spec_str), tests=tests)
         return index, spec, time.time() - start
 
 
+def concretize_one(spec: Union[str, Spec], tests: TestsType = False) -> Spec:
+    """Return a concretized copy of the given spec.
+
+    Args:
+        tests: if False disregard 'test' dependencies, if a list of names activate them for
+            the packages in the list, if True activate 'test' dependencies for all packages.
+    """
+    from spack.solver.asp import Solver, SpecBuilder
+
+    if isinstance(spec, str):
+        spec = Spec(spec)
+    spec = spec.lookup_hash()
+
+    if spec.concrete:
+        return spec.copy()
+
+    for node in spec.traverse():
+        if not node.name:
+            raise spack.error.SpecError(
+                f"Spec {node} has no name; cannot concretize an anonymous spec"
+            )
+
+    allow_deprecated = spack.config.get("config:deprecated", False)
+    result = Solver().solve([spec], tests=tests, allow_deprecated=allow_deprecated)
+
+    # take the best answer
+    opt, i, answer = min(result.answers)
+    name = spec.name
+    # TODO: Consolidate this code with similar code in solve.py
+    if spec.virtual:
+        providers = [s.name for s in answer.values() if s.package.provides(name)]
+        name = providers[0]
+
+    node = SpecBuilder.make_node(pkg=name)
+    assert (
+        node in answer
+    ), f"cannot find {name} in the list of specs {','.join([n.pkg for n in answer.keys()])}"
+
+    concretized = answer[node]
+    return concretized
+
+
 class UnavailableCompilerVersionError(spack.error.SpackError):
     """Raised when there is no available compiler that satisfies a
     compiler spec."""

lib/spack/spack/config.py

@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@
 import sys
 from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Generator, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
 
+import jsonschema
+
 from llnl.util import filesystem, lang, tty
 
 import spack.error
@@ -51,6 +53,7 @@
 import spack.schema.definitions
 import spack.schema.develop
 import spack.schema.env
+import spack.schema.env_vars
 import spack.schema.mirrors
 import spack.schema.modules
 import spack.schema.packages
@@ -68,6 +71,7 @@
     "compilers": spack.schema.compilers.schema,
     "concretizer": spack.schema.concretizer.schema,
     "definitions": spack.schema.definitions.schema,
+    "env_vars": spack.schema.env_vars.schema,
     "view": spack.schema.view.schema,
     "develop": spack.schema.develop.schema,
     "mirrors": spack.schema.mirrors.schema,
@@ -1048,8 +1052,6 @@ def validate(
     This leverages the line information (start_mark, end_mark) stored
     on Spack YAML structures.
     """
-    import jsonschema
-
     try:
         spack.schema.Validator(schema).validate(data)
     except jsonschema.ValidationError as e:

lib/spack/spack/container/__init__.py

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 """
 import warnings
 
+import jsonschema
+
 import spack.environment as ev
 import spack.schema.env as env
 import spack.util.spack_yaml as syaml
@@ -30,8 +32,6 @@ def validate(configuration_file):
     Returns:
         A sanitized copy of the configuration stored in the input file
     """
-    import jsonschema
-
     with open(configuration_file, encoding="utf-8") as f:
         config = syaml.load(f)
 

lib/spack/spack/container/images.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 """Manages the details on the images used in the various stages."""
 import json
-import os.path
+import os
 import shlex
 import sys
 

lib/spack/spack/container/writers.py

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 from collections import namedtuple
 from typing import Optional
 
+import jsonschema
+
 import spack.environment as ev
 import spack.error
 import spack.schema.env
@@ -188,8 +190,6 @@ def paths(self):
     @tengine.context_property
     def manifest(self):
         """The spack.yaml file that should be used in the image"""
-        import jsonschema
-
         # Copy in the part of spack.yaml prescribed in the configuration file
         manifest = copy.deepcopy(self.config)
         manifest.pop("container")

lib/spack/spack/database.py

@@ -123,6 +123,15 @@
     "deprecated_for",
 )
 
+#: File where the database is written
+INDEX_JSON_FILE = "index.json"
+
+# Verifier file to check last modification of the DB
+_INDEX_VERIFIER_FILE = "index_verifier"
+
+# Lockfile for the database
+_LOCK_FILE = "lock"
+
 
 @llnl.util.lang.memoized
 def _getfqdn():
@@ -260,7 +269,7 @@ class ForbiddenLockError(SpackError):
 
 class ForbiddenLock:
     def __getattr__(self, name):
-        raise ForbiddenLockError("Cannot access attribute '{0}' of lock".format(name))
+        raise ForbiddenLockError(f"Cannot access attribute '{name}' of lock")
 
     def __reduce__(self):
         return ForbiddenLock, tuple()
@@ -419,14 +428,25 @@ class FailureTracker:
     the likelihood of collision very low with no cleanup required.
     """
 
+    #: root directory of the failure tracker
+    dir: pathlib.Path
+
+    #: File for locking particular concrete spec hashes
+    locker: SpecLocker
+
     def __init__(self, root_dir: Union[str, pathlib.Path], default_timeout: Optional[float]):
         #: Ensure a persistent location for dealing with parallel installation
         #: failures (e.g., across near-concurrent processes).
         self.dir = pathlib.Path(root_dir) / _DB_DIRNAME / "failures"
-        self.dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
         self.locker = SpecLocker(failures_lock_path(root_dir), default_timeout=default_timeout)
 
+    def _ensure_parent_directories(self) -> None:
+        """Ensure that parent directories of the FailureTracker exist.
+
+        Accesses the filesystem only once, the first time it's called on a given FailureTracker.
+        """
+        self.dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
     def clear(self, spec: "spack.spec.Spec", force: bool = False) -> None:
         """Removes any persistent and cached failure tracking for the spec.
 
@@ -469,13 +489,18 @@ def clear_all(self) -> None:
 
         tty.debug("Removing prefix failure tracking files")
         try:
-            for fail_mark in os.listdir(str(self.dir)):
-                try:
-                    (self.dir / fail_mark).unlink()
-                except OSError as exc:
-                    tty.warn(f"Unable to remove failure marking file {fail_mark}: {str(exc)}")
+            marks = os.listdir(str(self.dir))
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            return  # directory doesn't exist yet
         except OSError as exc:
             tty.warn(f"Unable to remove failure marking files: {str(exc)}")
+            return
+
+        for fail_mark in marks:
+            try:
+                (self.dir / fail_mark).unlink()
+            except OSError as exc:
+                tty.warn(f"Unable to remove failure marking file {fail_mark}: {str(exc)}")
 
     def mark(self, spec: "spack.spec.Spec") -> lk.Lock:
         """Marks a spec as failing to install.
@@ -483,6 +508,8 @@ def mark(self, spec: "spack.spec.Spec") -> lk.Lock:
         Args:
             spec: spec that failed to install
         """
+        self._ensure_parent_directories()
+
         # Dump the spec to the failure file for (manual) debugging purposes
         path = self._path(spec)
         path.write_text(spec.to_json())
@@ -567,17 +594,13 @@ def __init__(
                 Relevant only if the repository is not an upstream.
         """
         self.root = root
-        self.database_directory = os.path.join(self.root, _DB_DIRNAME)
+        self.database_directory = pathlib.Path(self.root) / _DB_DIRNAME
         self.layout = layout
 
         # Set up layout of database files within the db dir
-        self._index_path = os.path.join(self.database_directory, "index.json")
-        self._verifier_path = os.path.join(self.database_directory, "index_verifier")
-        self._lock_path = os.path.join(self.database_directory, "lock")
-
-        # Create needed directories and files
-        if not is_upstream and not os.path.exists(self.database_directory):
-            fs.mkdirp(self.database_directory)
+        self._index_path = self.database_directory / INDEX_JSON_FILE
+        self._verifier_path = self.database_directory / _INDEX_VERIFIER_FILE
+        self._lock_path = self.database_directory / _LOCK_FILE
 
         self.is_upstream = is_upstream
         self.last_seen_verifier = ""
@@ -592,14 +615,14 @@ def __init__(
 
         # initialize rest of state.
         self.db_lock_timeout = lock_cfg.database_timeout
-        tty.debug("DATABASE LOCK TIMEOUT: {0}s".format(str(self.db_lock_timeout)))
+        tty.debug(f"DATABASE LOCK TIMEOUT: {str(self.db_lock_timeout)}s")
 
         self.lock: Union[ForbiddenLock, lk.Lock]
         if self.is_upstream:
             self.lock = ForbiddenLock()
         else:
             self.lock = lk.Lock(
-                self._lock_path,
+                str(self._lock_path),
                 default_timeout=self.db_lock_timeout,
                 desc="database",
                 enable=lock_cfg.enable,
@@ -616,6 +639,11 @@ def __init__(
         self._write_transaction_impl = lk.WriteTransaction
         self._read_transaction_impl = lk.ReadTransaction
 
+    def _ensure_parent_directories(self):
+        """Create the parent directory for the DB, if necessary."""
+        if not self.is_upstream:
+            self.database_directory.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
     def write_transaction(self):
         """Get a write lock context manager for use in a `with` block."""
         return self._write_transaction_impl(self.lock, acquire=self._read, release=self._write)
@@ -630,6 +658,8 @@ def _write_to_file(self, stream):
 
         This function does not do any locking or transactions.
         """
+        self._ensure_parent_directories()
+
         # map from per-spec hash code to installation record.
         installs = dict(
             (k, v.to_dict(include_fields=self.record_fields)) for k, v in self._data.items()
@@ -759,7 +789,7 @@ def _read_from_file(self, filename):
         Does not do any locking.
         """
         try:
-            with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            with open(str(filename), "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 # In the future we may use a stream of JSON objects, hence `raw_decode` for compat.
                 fdata, _ = JSONDecoder().raw_decode(f.read())
         except Exception as e:
@@ -860,11 +890,13 @@ def reindex(self):
         if self.is_upstream:
             raise UpstreamDatabaseLockingError("Cannot reindex an upstream database")
 
+        self._ensure_parent_directories()
+
         # Special transaction to avoid recursive reindex calls and to
         # ignore errors if we need to rebuild a corrupt database.
         def _read_suppress_error():
             try:
-                if os.path.isfile(self._index_path):
+                if self._index_path.is_file():
                     self._read_from_file(self._index_path)
             except CorruptDatabaseError as e:
                 tty.warn(f"Reindexing corrupt database, error was: {e}")
@@ -1007,7 +1039,7 @@ def _check_ref_counts(self):
                     % (key, found, expected, self._index_path)
                 )
 
-    def _write(self, type, value, traceback):
+    def _write(self, type=None, value=None, traceback=None):
         """Write the in-memory database index to its file path.
 
         This is a helper function called by the WriteTransaction context
@@ -1018,6 +1050,8 @@ def _write(self, type, value, traceback):
 
         This routine does no locking.
         """
+        self._ensure_parent_directories()
+
         # Do not write if exceptions were raised
         if type is not None:
             # A failure interrupted a transaction, so we should record that
@@ -1026,16 +1060,16 @@ def _write(self, type, value, traceback):
             self._state_is_inconsistent = True
             return
 
-        temp_file = self._index_path + (".%s.%s.temp" % (_getfqdn(), os.getpid()))
+        temp_file = str(self._index_path) + (".%s.%s.temp" % (_getfqdn(), os.getpid()))
 
         # Write a temporary database file them move it into place
         try:
             with open(temp_file, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 self._write_to_file(f)
-            fs.rename(temp_file, self._index_path)
+            fs.rename(temp_file, str(self._index_path))
 
             if _use_uuid:
-                with open(self._verifier_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                with self._verifier_path.open("w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                     new_verifier = str(uuid.uuid4())
                     f.write(new_verifier)
                     self.last_seen_verifier = new_verifier
@@ -1048,11 +1082,11 @@ def _write(self, type, value, traceback):
 
     def _read(self):
         """Re-read Database from the data in the set location. This does no locking."""
-        if os.path.isfile(self._index_path):
+        if self._index_path.is_file():
             current_verifier = ""
             if _use_uuid:
                 try:
-                    with open(self._verifier_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                    with self._verifier_path.open("r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                         current_verifier = f.read()
                 except BaseException:
                     pass
@@ -1065,7 +1099,7 @@ def _read(self):
                 self._state_is_inconsistent = False
             return
         elif self.is_upstream:
-            tty.warn("upstream not found: {0}".format(self._index_path))
+            tty.warn(f"upstream not found: {self._index_path}")
 
     def _add(
         self,
@@ -1681,7 +1715,7 @@ def query(
             )
 
         results = list(local_results) + list(x for x in upstream_results if x not in local_results)
-        results.sort()
+        results.sort()  # type: ignore[call-overload]
         return results
 
     def query_one(

lib/spack/spack/detection/common.py

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 import glob
 import itertools
 import os
-import os.path
 import pathlib
 import re
 import sys

lib/spack/spack/detection/path.py

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 import collections
 import concurrent.futures
 import os
-import os.path
 import re
 import sys
 import traceback

lib/spack/spack/directives.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class OpenMpi(Package):
 """
 import collections
 import collections.abc
-import os.path
+import os
 import re
 from typing import Any, Callable, List, Optional, Tuple, Type, Union
 

lib/spack/spack/environment/shell.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 import spack.environment as ev
 import spack.repo
+import spack.schema.environment
 import spack.store
 from spack.util.environment import EnvironmentModifications
 
@@ -156,6 +157,11 @@ def activate(
     # MANPATH, PYTHONPATH, etc. All variables that end in PATH (case-sensitive)
     # become PATH variables.
     #
+
+    env_vars_yaml = env.manifest.configuration.get("env_vars", None)
+    if env_vars_yaml:
+        env_mods.extend(spack.schema.environment.parse(env_vars_yaml))
+
     try:
         if view and env.has_view(view):
             with spack.store.STORE.db.read_transaction():
@@ -189,6 +195,10 @@ def deactivate() -> EnvironmentModifications:
     if active is None:
         return env_mods
 
+    env_vars_yaml = active.manifest.configuration.get("env_vars", None)
+    if env_vars_yaml:
+        env_mods.extend(spack.schema.environment.parse(env_vars_yaml).reversed())
+
     active_view = os.getenv(ev.spack_env_view_var)
 
     if active_view and active.has_view(active_view):

lib/spack/spack/fetch_strategy.py

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 import functools
 import http.client
 import os
-import os.path
 import re
 import shutil
 import urllib.error
@@ -321,9 +320,15 @@ def _fetch_urllib(self, url):
 
         request = urllib.request.Request(url, headers={"User-Agent": web_util.SPACK_USER_AGENT})
 
+        if os.path.lexists(save_file):
+            os.remove(save_file)
+
         try:
             response = web_util.urlopen(request)
-        except (TimeoutError, urllib.error.URLError) as e:
+            tty.msg(f"Fetching {url}")
+            with open(save_file, "wb") as f:
+                shutil.copyfileobj(response, f)
+        except OSError as e:
             # clean up archive on failure.
             if self.archive_file:
                 os.remove(self.archive_file)
@@ -331,14 +336,6 @@ def _fetch_urllib(self, url):
                 os.remove(save_file)
             raise FailedDownloadError(e) from e
 
-        tty.msg(f"Fetching {url}")
-
-        if os.path.lexists(save_file):
-            os.remove(save_file)
-
-        with open(save_file, "wb") as f:
-            shutil.copyfileobj(response, f)
-
         # Save the redirected URL for error messages. Sometimes we're redirected to an arbitrary
         # mirror that is broken, leading to spurious download failures. In that case it's helpful
         # for users to know which URL was actually fetched.
@@ -535,11 +532,16 @@ def __init__(self, *, url: str, checksum: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs):
     @_needs_stage
     def fetch(self):
         file = self.stage.save_filename
-        tty.msg(f"Fetching {self.url}")
+
+        if os.path.lexists(file):
+            os.remove(file)
 
         try:
             response = self._urlopen(self.url)
-        except (TimeoutError, urllib.error.URLError) as e:
+            tty.msg(f"Fetching {self.url}")
+            with open(file, "wb") as f:
+                shutil.copyfileobj(response, f)
+        except OSError as e:
             # clean up archive on failure.
             if self.archive_file:
                 os.remove(self.archive_file)
@@ -547,12 +549,6 @@ def fetch(self):
                 os.remove(file)
             raise FailedDownloadError(e) from e
 
-        if os.path.lexists(file):
-            os.remove(file)
-
-        with open(file, "wb") as f:
-            shutil.copyfileobj(response, f)
-
 
 class VCSFetchStrategy(FetchStrategy):
     """Superclass for version control system fetch strategies.

lib/spack/spack/filesystem_view.py

@@ -89,10 +89,10 @@ def view_copy(
     if stat.S_ISLNK(src_stat.st_mode):
         spack.relocate.relocate_links(links=[dst], prefix_to_prefix=prefix_to_projection)
     elif spack.relocate.is_binary(dst):
-        spack.relocate.relocate_text_bin(binaries=[dst], prefixes=prefix_to_projection)
+        spack.relocate.relocate_text_bin(binaries=[dst], prefix_to_prefix=prefix_to_projection)
     else:
         prefix_to_projection[spack.store.STORE.layout.root] = view._root
-        spack.relocate.relocate_text(files=[dst], prefixes=prefix_to_projection)
+        spack.relocate.relocate_text(files=[dst], prefix_to_prefix=prefix_to_projection)
 
     # The os module on Windows does not have a chown function.
     if sys.platform != "win32":

lib/spack/spack/installer.py

@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ def _do_fake_install(pkg: "spack.package_base.PackageBase") -> None:
     fs.mkdirp(pkg.prefix.bin)
     fs.touch(os.path.join(pkg.prefix.bin, command))
     if sys.platform != "win32":
-        chmod = which("chmod")
+        chmod = which("chmod", required=True)
         chmod("+x", os.path.join(pkg.prefix.bin, command))
 
     # Install fake header file

lib/spack/spack/main.py

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 import io
 import operator
 import os
-import os.path
 import pstats
 import re
 import shlex

lib/spack/spack/mirrors/layout.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 import os
-import os.path
 from typing import Optional
 
 import llnl.url

lib/spack/spack/mirrors/utils.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 import os
-import os.path
 import traceback
 
 import llnl.util.tty as tty

lib/spack/spack/modules/common.py

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 import copy
 import datetime
 import inspect
-import os.path
+import os
 import re
 import string
 from typing import List, Optional

lib/spack/spack/modules/lmod.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 import collections
 import itertools
-import os.path
+import os
 from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
 
 import llnl.util.filesystem as fs

lib/spack/spack/modules/tcl.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 """This module implements the classes necessary to generate Tcl
 non-hierarchical modules.
 """
-import os.path
+import os
 from typing import Dict, Optional, Tuple
 
 import spack.config

lib/spack/spack/oci/opener.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 import base64
 import json
 import re
+import socket
 import time
 import urllib.error
 import urllib.parse
@@ -410,7 +411,7 @@ def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
         for i in range(retries):
             try:
                 return f(*args, **kwargs)
-            except (urllib.error.URLError, TimeoutError) as e:
+            except OSError as e:
                 # Retry on internal server errors, and rate limit errors
                 # Potentially this could take into account the Retry-After header
                 # if registries support it
@@ -420,9 +421,10 @@ def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                         and (500 <= e.code < 600 or e.code == 429)
                     )
                     or (
-                        isinstance(e, urllib.error.URLError) and isinstance(e.reason, TimeoutError)
+                        isinstance(e, urllib.error.URLError)
+                        and isinstance(e.reason, socket.timeout)
                     )
-                    or isinstance(e, TimeoutError)
+                    or isinstance(e, socket.timeout)
                 ):
                     # Exponential backoff
                     sleep(2**i)

lib/spack/spack/operating_systems/_operating_system.py

@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 import llnl.util.lang
 
-import spack.util.spack_yaml as syaml
-
 
 @llnl.util.lang.lazy_lexicographic_ordering
 class OperatingSystem:
@@ -42,4 +40,4 @@ def _cmp_iter(self):
         yield self.version
 
     def to_dict(self):
-        return syaml.syaml_dict([("name", self.name), ("version", self.version)])
+        return {"name": self.name, "version": self.version}

lib/spack/spack/package.py

@@ -106,8 +106,16 @@
 from spack.variant import any_combination_of, auto_or_any_combination_of, disjoint_sets
 from spack.version import Version, ver
 
-# These are just here for editor support; they will be replaced when the build env
-# is set up.
-make = MakeExecutable("make", jobs=1)
-ninja = MakeExecutable("ninja", jobs=1)
-configure = Executable(join_path(".", "configure"))
+# These are just here for editor support; they may be set when the build env is set up.
+configure: Executable
+make_jobs: int
+make: MakeExecutable
+ninja: MakeExecutable
+python_include: str
+python_platlib: str
+python_purelib: str
+python: Executable
+spack_cc: str
+spack_cxx: str
+spack_f77: str
+spack_fc: str

lib/spack/spack/package_base.py

@@ -1099,14 +1099,14 @@ def update_external_dependencies(self, extendee_spec=None):
         """
         pass
 
-    def detect_dev_src_change(self):
+    def detect_dev_src_change(self) -> bool:
         """
         Method for checking for source code changes to trigger rebuild/reinstall
         """
         dev_path_var = self.spec.variants.get("dev_path", None)
         _, record = spack.store.STORE.db.query_by_spec_hash(self.spec.dag_hash())
-        mtime = fsys.last_modification_time_recursive(dev_path_var.value)
-        return mtime > record.installation_time
+        assert dev_path_var and record, "dev_path variant and record must be present"
+        return fsys.recursive_mtime_greater_than(dev_path_var.value, record.installation_time)
 
     def all_urls_for_version(self, version: StandardVersion) -> List[str]:
         """Return all URLs derived from version_urls(), url, urls, and

lib/spack/spack/patch.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 
 import hashlib
 import os
-import os.path
 import pathlib
 import sys
 from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Tuple, Type, Union

lib/spack/spack/platforms/cray.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Copyright Spack Project Developers. See COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-import os.path
+import os
 
 
 def slingshot_network():

lib/spack/spack/relocate.py

@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@
 import os
 import re
 import sys
-from collections import OrderedDict
-from typing import List, Optional
+from typing import Dict, Iterable, List, Optional
 
 import macholib.mach_o
 import macholib.MachO
@@ -18,28 +17,11 @@
 from llnl.util.lang import memoized
 from llnl.util.symlink import readlink, symlink
 
-import spack.error
 import spack.store
 import spack.util.elf as elf
 import spack.util.executable as executable
 
-from .relocate_text import BinaryFilePrefixReplacer, TextFilePrefixReplacer
-
-
-class InstallRootStringError(spack.error.SpackError):
-    def __init__(self, file_path, root_path):
-        """Signal that the relocated binary still has the original
-        Spack's store root string
-
-        Args:
-            file_path (str): path of the binary
-            root_path (str): original Spack's store root string
-        """
-        super().__init__(
-            "\n %s \ncontains string\n %s \n"
-            "after replacing it in rpaths.\n"
-            "Package should not be relocated.\n Use -a to override." % (file_path, root_path)
-        )
+from .relocate_text import BinaryFilePrefixReplacer, PrefixToPrefix, TextFilePrefixReplacer
 
 
 @memoized
@@ -58,7 +40,7 @@ def _decode_macho_data(bytestring):
     return bytestring.rstrip(b"\x00").decode("ascii")
 
 
-def macho_find_paths(orig_rpaths, deps, idpath, prefix_to_prefix):
+def _macho_find_paths(orig_rpaths, deps, idpath, prefix_to_prefix):
     """
     Inputs
     original rpaths from mach-o binaries
@@ -103,7 +85,7 @@ def macho_find_paths(orig_rpaths, deps, idpath, prefix_to_prefix):
     return paths_to_paths
 
 
-def modify_macho_object(cur_path, rpaths, deps, idpath, paths_to_paths):
+def _modify_macho_object(cur_path, rpaths, deps, idpath, paths_to_paths):
     """
     This function is used to make machO buildcaches on macOS by
     replacing old paths with new paths using install_name_tool
@@ -146,7 +128,7 @@ def modify_macho_object(cur_path, rpaths, deps, idpath, paths_to_paths):
             install_name_tool(*args, temp_path)
 
 
-def macholib_get_paths(cur_path):
+def _macholib_get_paths(cur_path):
     """Get rpaths, dependent libraries, and library id of mach-o objects."""
     headers = []
     try:
@@ -228,25 +210,25 @@ def relocate_macho_binaries(path_names, prefix_to_prefix):
         if path_name.endswith(".o"):
             continue
         # get the paths in the old prefix
-        rpaths, deps, idpath = macholib_get_paths(path_name)
+        rpaths, deps, idpath = _macholib_get_paths(path_name)
         # get the mapping of paths in the old prerix to the new prefix
-        paths_to_paths = macho_find_paths(rpaths, deps, idpath, prefix_to_prefix)
+        paths_to_paths = _macho_find_paths(rpaths, deps, idpath, prefix_to_prefix)
         # replace the old paths with new paths
-        modify_macho_object(path_name, rpaths, deps, idpath, paths_to_paths)
+        _modify_macho_object(path_name, rpaths, deps, idpath, paths_to_paths)
 
 
-def relocate_elf_binaries(binaries, prefix_to_prefix):
-    """Take a list of binaries, and an ordered dictionary of
-    prefix to prefix mapping, and update the rpaths accordingly."""
+def relocate_elf_binaries(binaries: Iterable[str], prefix_to_prefix: Dict[str, str]) -> None:
+    """Take a list of binaries, and an ordered prefix to prefix mapping, and update the rpaths
+    accordingly."""
 
     # Transform to binary string
-    prefix_to_prefix = OrderedDict(
-        (k.encode("utf-8"), v.encode("utf-8")) for (k, v) in prefix_to_prefix.items()
-    )
+    prefix_to_prefix_bin = {
+        k.encode("utf-8"): v.encode("utf-8") for k, v in prefix_to_prefix.items()
+    }
 
     for path in binaries:
         try:
-            elf.substitute_rpath_and_pt_interp_in_place_or_raise(path, prefix_to_prefix)
+            elf.substitute_rpath_and_pt_interp_in_place_or_raise(path, prefix_to_prefix_bin)
         except elf.ElfCStringUpdatesFailed as e:
             # Fall back to `patchelf --set-rpath ... --set-interpreter ...`
             rpaths = e.rpath.new_value.decode("utf-8").split(":") if e.rpath else []
@@ -254,13 +236,13 @@ def relocate_elf_binaries(binaries, prefix_to_prefix):
             _set_elf_rpaths_and_interpreter(path, rpaths=rpaths, interpreter=interpreter)
 
 
-def warn_if_link_cant_be_relocated(link, target):
+def _warn_if_link_cant_be_relocated(link: str, target: str):
     if not os.path.isabs(target):
         return
-    tty.warn('Symbolic link at "{}" to "{}" cannot be relocated'.format(link, target))
+    tty.warn(f'Symbolic link at "{link}" to "{target}" cannot be relocated')
 
 
-def relocate_links(links, prefix_to_prefix):
+def relocate_links(links: Iterable[str], prefix_to_prefix: Dict[str, str]) -> None:
     """Relocate links to a new install prefix."""
     regex = re.compile("|".join(re.escape(p) for p in prefix_to_prefix.keys()))
     for link in links:
@@ -269,7 +251,7 @@ def relocate_links(links, prefix_to_prefix):
 
         # No match.
         if match is None:
-            warn_if_link_cant_be_relocated(link, old_target)
+            _warn_if_link_cant_be_relocated(link, old_target)
             continue
 
         new_target = prefix_to_prefix[match.group()] + old_target[match.end() :]
@@ -277,32 +259,32 @@ def relocate_links(links, prefix_to_prefix):
         symlink(new_target, link)
 
 
-def relocate_text(files, prefixes):
+def relocate_text(files: Iterable[str], prefix_to_prefix: PrefixToPrefix) -> None:
     """Relocate text file from the original installation prefix to the
     new prefix.
 
     Relocation also affects the the path in Spack's sbang script.
 
     Args:
-        files (list): Text files to be relocated
-        prefixes (OrderedDict): String prefixes which need to be changed
+        files: Text files to be relocated
+        prefix_to_prefix: ordered prefix to prefix mapping
     """
-    TextFilePrefixReplacer.from_strings_or_bytes(prefixes).apply(files)
+    TextFilePrefixReplacer.from_strings_or_bytes(prefix_to_prefix).apply(files)
 
 
-def relocate_text_bin(binaries, prefixes):
+def relocate_text_bin(binaries: Iterable[str], prefix_to_prefix: PrefixToPrefix) -> List[str]:
     """Replace null terminated path strings hard-coded into binaries.
 
     The new install prefix must be shorter than the original one.
 
     Args:
-        binaries (list): binaries to be relocated
-        prefixes (OrderedDict): String prefixes which need to be changed.
+        binaries: paths to binaries to be relocated
+        prefix_to_prefix: ordered prefix to prefix mapping
 
     Raises:
       spack.relocate_text.BinaryTextReplaceError: when the new path is longer than the old path
     """
-    return BinaryFilePrefixReplacer.from_strings_or_bytes(prefixes).apply(binaries)
+    return BinaryFilePrefixReplacer.from_strings_or_bytes(prefix_to_prefix).apply(binaries)
 
 
 def is_macho_magic(magic: bytes) -> bool:
@@ -339,7 +321,7 @@ def _exists_dir(dirname):
     return os.path.isdir(dirname)
 
 
-def is_macho_binary(path):
+def is_macho_binary(path: str) -> bool:
     try:
         with open(path, "rb") as f:
             return is_macho_magic(f.read(4))
@@ -363,7 +345,7 @@ def fixup_macos_rpath(root, filename):
         return False
 
     # Get Mach-O header commands
-    (rpath_list, deps, id_dylib) = macholib_get_paths(abspath)
+    (rpath_list, deps, id_dylib) = _macholib_get_paths(abspath)
 
     # Convert rpaths list to (name -> number of occurrences)
     add_rpaths = set()

lib/spack/spack/relocate_text.py

@@ -6,64 +6,61 @@
 paths inside text files and binaries."""
 
 import re
-from collections import OrderedDict
-from typing import Dict, Union
+from typing import IO, Dict, Iterable, List, Union
+
+from llnl.util.lang import PatternBytes
 
 import spack.error
 
 Prefix = Union[str, bytes]
+PrefixToPrefix = Union[Dict[str, str], Dict[bytes, bytes]]
 
 
 def encode_path(p: Prefix) -> bytes:
     return p if isinstance(p, bytes) else p.encode("utf-8")
 
 
-def _prefix_to_prefix_as_bytes(prefix_to_prefix) -> Dict[bytes, bytes]:
-    return OrderedDict((encode_path(k), encode_path(v)) for (k, v) in prefix_to_prefix.items())
+def _prefix_to_prefix_as_bytes(prefix_to_prefix: PrefixToPrefix) -> Dict[bytes, bytes]:
+    return {encode_path(k): encode_path(v) for (k, v) in prefix_to_prefix.items()}
 
 
-def utf8_path_to_binary_regex(prefix: str):
+def utf8_path_to_binary_regex(prefix: str) -> PatternBytes:
     """Create a binary regex that matches the input path in utf8"""
     prefix_bytes = re.escape(prefix).encode("utf-8")
     return re.compile(b"(?<![\\w\\-_/])([\\w\\-_]*?)%s([\\w\\-_/]*)" % prefix_bytes)
 
 
-def _byte_strings_to_single_binary_regex(prefixes):
+def _byte_strings_to_single_binary_regex(prefixes: Iterable[bytes]) -> PatternBytes:
     all_prefixes = b"|".join(re.escape(p) for p in prefixes)
     return re.compile(b"(?<![\\w\\-_/])([\\w\\-_]*?)(%s)([\\w\\-_/]*)" % all_prefixes)
 
 
-def utf8_paths_to_single_binary_regex(prefixes):
+def utf8_paths_to_single_binary_regex(prefixes: Iterable[str]) -> PatternBytes:
     """Create a (binary) regex that matches any input path in utf8"""
     return _byte_strings_to_single_binary_regex(p.encode("utf-8") for p in prefixes)
 
 
-def filter_identity_mappings(prefix_to_prefix):
+def filter_identity_mappings(prefix_to_prefix: Dict[bytes, bytes]) -> Dict[bytes, bytes]:
     """Drop mappings that are not changed."""
     # NOTE: we don't guard against the following case:
     # [/abc/def -> /abc/def, /abc -> /x] *will* be simplified to
     # [/abc -> /x], meaning that after this simplification /abc/def will be
     # mapped to /x/def instead of /abc/def. This should not be a problem.
-    return OrderedDict((k, v) for (k, v) in prefix_to_prefix.items() if k != v)
+    return {k: v for k, v in prefix_to_prefix.items() if k != v}
 
 
 class PrefixReplacer:
-    """Base class for applying a prefix to prefix map
-    to a list of binaries or text files.
-    Child classes implement _apply_to_file to do the
-    actual work, which is different when it comes to
+    """Base class for applying a prefix to prefix map to a list of binaries or text files. Derived
+    classes implement _apply_to_file to do the actual work, which is different when it comes to
     binaries and text files."""
 
-    def __init__(self, prefix_to_prefix: Dict[bytes, bytes]):
+    def __init__(self, prefix_to_prefix: Dict[bytes, bytes]) -> None:
         """
         Arguments:
-
-            prefix_to_prefix (OrderedDict):
-
-                A ordered mapping from prefix to prefix. The order is
-                relevant to support substring fallbacks, for example
-                [("/first/sub", "/x"), ("/first", "/y")] will ensure
-                /first/sub is matched and replaced before /first.
+            prefix_to_prefix: An ordered mapping from prefix to prefix. The order is relevant to
+                support substring fallbacks, for example
+                ``[("/first/sub", "/x"), ("/first", "/y")]`` will ensure /first/sub is matched and
+                replaced before /first.
         """
         self.prefix_to_prefix = filter_identity_mappings(prefix_to_prefix)
 
@@ -74,7 +71,7 @@ def is_noop(self) -> bool:
         or there are no prefixes to replace."""
         return not self.prefix_to_prefix
 
-    def apply(self, filenames: list):
+    def apply(self, filenames: Iterable[str]) -> List[str]:
         """Returns a list of files that were modified"""
         changed_files = []
         if self.is_noop:
@@ -84,17 +81,20 @@ def apply(self, filenames: list):
                 changed_files.append(filename)
         return changed_files
 
-    def apply_to_filename(self, filename):
+    def apply_to_filename(self, filename: str) -> bool:
         if self.is_noop:
             return False
         with open(filename, "rb+") as f:
             return self.apply_to_file(f)
 
-    def apply_to_file(self, f):
+    def apply_to_file(self, f: IO[bytes]) -> bool:
         if self.is_noop:
             return False
         return self._apply_to_file(f)
 
+    def _apply_to_file(self, f: IO) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Derived classes must implement this method")
+
 
 class TextFilePrefixReplacer(PrefixReplacer):
     """This class applies prefix to prefix mappings for relocation
@@ -112,13 +112,11 @@ def __init__(self, prefix_to_prefix: Dict[bytes, bytes]):
         self.regex = _byte_strings_to_single_binary_regex(self.prefix_to_prefix.keys())
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_strings_or_bytes(
-        cls, prefix_to_prefix: Dict[Prefix, Prefix]
-    ) -> "TextFilePrefixReplacer":
+    def from_strings_or_bytes(cls, prefix_to_prefix: PrefixToPrefix) -> "TextFilePrefixReplacer":
         """Create a TextFilePrefixReplacer from an ordered prefix to prefix map."""
         return cls(_prefix_to_prefix_as_bytes(prefix_to_prefix))
 
-    def _apply_to_file(self, f):
+    def _apply_to_file(self, f: IO) -> bool:
         """Text replacement implementation simply reads the entire file
         in memory and applies the combined regex."""
         replacement = lambda m: m.group(1) + self.prefix_to_prefix[m.group(2)] + m.group(3)
@@ -133,12 +131,12 @@ def _apply_to_file(self, f):
 
 
 class BinaryFilePrefixReplacer(PrefixReplacer):
-    def __init__(self, prefix_to_prefix, suffix_safety_size=7):
+    def __init__(self, prefix_to_prefix: Dict[bytes, bytes], suffix_safety_size: int = 7) -> None:
         """
-        prefix_to_prefix (OrderedDict): OrderedDictionary where the keys are
-            bytes representing the old prefixes and the values are the new
-        suffix_safety_size (int): in case of null terminated strings, what size
-            of the suffix should remain to avoid aliasing issues?
+        prefix_to_prefix: Ordered dictionary where the keys are bytes representing the old prefixes
+            and the values are the new
+        suffix_safety_size: in case of null terminated strings, what size of the suffix should
+            remain to avoid aliasing issues?
         """
         assert suffix_safety_size >= 0
         super().__init__(prefix_to_prefix)
@@ -146,17 +144,18 @@ def __init__(self, prefix_to_prefix, suffix_safety_size=7):
         self.regex = self.binary_text_regex(self.prefix_to_prefix.keys(), suffix_safety_size)
 
     @classmethod
-    def binary_text_regex(cls, binary_prefixes, suffix_safety_size=7):
-        """
-        Create a regex that looks for exact matches of prefixes, and also tries to
-        match a C-string type null terminator in a small lookahead window.
+    def binary_text_regex(
+        cls, binary_prefixes: Iterable[bytes], suffix_safety_size: int = 7
+    ) -> PatternBytes:
+        """Create a regex that looks for exact matches of prefixes, and also tries to match a
+        C-string type null terminator in a small lookahead window.
 
         Arguments:
-            binary_prefixes (list): List of byte strings of prefixes to match
-            suffix_safety_size (int): Sizeof the lookahed for null-terminated string.
-
-        Returns: compiled regex
+            binary_prefixes: Iterable of byte strings of prefixes to match
+            suffix_safety_size: Sizeof the lookahed for null-terminated string.
         """
+        # Note: it's important not to use capture groups for the prefix, since it destroys
+        # performance due to common prefix optimization.
         return re.compile(
             b"("
             + b"|".join(re.escape(p) for p in binary_prefixes)
@@ -165,36 +164,34 @@ def binary_text_regex(cls, binary_prefixes, suffix_safety_size=7):
 
     @classmethod
     def from_strings_or_bytes(
-        cls, prefix_to_prefix: Dict[Prefix, Prefix], suffix_safety_size: int = 7
+        cls, prefix_to_prefix: PrefixToPrefix, suffix_safety_size: int = 7
     ) -> "BinaryFilePrefixReplacer":
         """Create a BinaryFilePrefixReplacer from an ordered prefix to prefix map.
 
         Arguments:
-            prefix_to_prefix (OrderedDict): Ordered mapping of prefix to prefix.
-            suffix_safety_size (int): Number of bytes to retain at the end of a C-string
-                to avoid binary string-aliasing issues.
+            prefix_to_prefix: Ordered mapping of prefix to prefix.
+            suffix_safety_size: Number of bytes to retain at the end of a C-string to avoid binary
+                string-aliasing issues.
         """
         return cls(_prefix_to_prefix_as_bytes(prefix_to_prefix), suffix_safety_size)
 
-    def _apply_to_file(self, f):
+    def _apply_to_file(self, f: IO[bytes]) -> bool:
         """
-        Given a file opened in rb+ mode, apply the string replacements as
-        specified by an ordered dictionary of prefix to prefix mappings. This
-        method takes special care of null-terminated C-strings. C-string constants
-        are problematic because compilers and linkers optimize readonly strings for
-        space by aliasing those that share a common suffix (only suffix since all
-        of them are null terminated). See https://github.com/spack/spack/pull/31739
-        and https://github.com/spack/spack/pull/32253 for details. Our logic matches
-        the original prefix with a ``suffix_safety_size + 1`` lookahead for null bytes.
-        If no null terminator is found, we simply pad with leading /, assuming that
-        it's a long C-string; the full C-string after replacement has a large suffix
-        in common with its original value.
-        If there *is* a null terminator we can do the same as long as the replacement
-        has a sufficiently long common suffix with the original prefix.
-        As a last resort when the replacement does not have a long enough common suffix,
-        we can try to shorten the string, but this only works if the new length is
-        sufficiently short (typically the case when going from large padding -> normal path)
-        If the replacement string is longer, or all of the above fails, we error out.
+        Given a file opened in rb+ mode, apply the string replacements as specified by an ordered
+        dictionary of prefix to prefix mappings. This method takes special care of null-terminated
+        C-strings. C-string constants are problematic because compilers and linkers optimize
+        readonly strings for space by aliasing those that share a common suffix (only suffix since
+        all of them are null terminated). See https://github.com/spack/spack/pull/31739 and
+        https://github.com/spack/spack/pull/32253 for details. Our logic matches the original
+        prefix with a ``suffix_safety_size + 1`` lookahead for null bytes. If no null terminator
+        is found, we simply pad with leading /, assuming that it's a long C-string; the full
+        C-string after replacement has a large suffix in common with its original value. If there
+        *is* a null terminator we can do the same as long as the replacement has a sufficiently
+        long common suffix with the original prefix. As a last resort when the replacement does
+        not have a long enough common suffix, we can try to shorten the string, but this only
+        works if the new length is sufficiently short (typically the case when going from large
+        padding -> normal path) If the replacement string is longer, or all of the above fails,
+        we error out.
 
         Arguments:
             f: file opened in rb+ mode
@@ -204,11 +201,10 @@ def _apply_to_file(self, f):
         """
         assert f.tell() == 0
 
-        # We *could* read binary data in chunks to avoid loading all in memory,
-        # but it's nasty to deal with matches across boundaries, so let's stick to
-        # something simple.
+        # We *could* read binary data in chunks to avoid loading all in memory, but it's nasty to
+        # deal with matches across boundaries, so let's stick to something simple.
 
-        modified = True
+        modified = False
 
         for match in self.regex.finditer(f.read()):
             # The matching prefix (old) and its replacement (new)
@@ -218,8 +214,7 @@ def _apply_to_file(self, f):
             # Did we find a trailing null within a N + 1 bytes window after the prefix?
             null_terminated = match.end(0) > match.end(1)
 
-            # Suffix string length, excluding the null byte
-            # Only makes sense if null_terminated
+            # Suffix string length, excluding the null byte. Only makes sense if null_terminated
             suffix_strlen = match.end(0) - match.end(1) - 1
 
             # How many bytes are we shrinking our string?
@@ -229,9 +224,9 @@ def _apply_to_file(self, f):
             if bytes_shorter < 0:
                 raise CannotGrowString(old, new)
 
-            # If we don't know whether this is a null terminated C-string (we're looking
-            # only N + 1 bytes ahead), or if it is and we have a common suffix, we can
-            # simply pad with leading dir separators.
+            # If we don't know whether this is a null terminated C-string (we're looking only N + 1
+            # bytes ahead), or if it is and we have a common suffix, we can simply pad with leading
+            # dir separators.
             elif (
                 not null_terminated
                 or suffix_strlen >= self.suffix_safety_size  # == is enough, but let's be defensive
@@ -240,9 +235,9 @@ def _apply_to_file(self, f):
             ):
                 replacement = b"/" * bytes_shorter + new
 
-            # If it *was* null terminated, all that matters is that we can leave N bytes
-            # of old suffix in place. Note that > is required since we also insert an
-            # additional null terminator.
+            # If it *was* null terminated, all that matters is that we can leave N bytes of old
+            # suffix in place. Note that > is required since we also insert an additional null
+            # terminator.
             elif bytes_shorter > self.suffix_safety_size:
                 replacement = new + match.group(2)  # includes the trailing null
 
@@ -257,22 +252,6 @@ def _apply_to_file(self, f):
         return modified
 
 
-class BinaryStringReplacementError(spack.error.SpackError):
-    def __init__(self, file_path, old_len, new_len):
-        """The size of the file changed after binary path substitution
-
-        Args:
-            file_path (str): file with changing size
-            old_len (str): original length of the file
-            new_len (str): length of the file after substitution
-        """
-        super().__init__(
-            "Doing a binary string replacement in %s failed.\n"
-            "The size of the file changed from %s to %s\n"
-            "when it should have remanined the same." % (file_path, old_len, new_len)
-        )
-
-
 class BinaryTextReplaceError(spack.error.SpackError):
     def __init__(self, msg):
         msg += (
@@ -284,17 +263,16 @@ def __init__(self, msg):
 
 class CannotGrowString(BinaryTextReplaceError):
     def __init__(self, old, new):
-        msg = "Cannot replace {!r} with {!r} because the new prefix is longer.".format(old, new)
-        super().__init__(msg)
+        return super().__init__(
+            f"Cannot replace {old!r} with {new!r} because the new prefix is longer."
+        )
 
 
 class CannotShrinkCString(BinaryTextReplaceError):
     def __init__(self, old, new, full_old_string):
-        # Just interpolate binary string to not risk issues with invalid
-        # unicode, which would be really bad user experience: error in error.
-        # We have no clue if we actually deal with a real C-string nor what
-        # encoding it has.
-        msg = "Cannot replace {!r} with {!r} in the C-string {!r}.".format(
-            old, new, full_old_string
+        # Just interpolate binary string to not risk issues with invalid unicode, which would be
+        # really bad user experience: error in error. We have no clue if we actually deal with a
+        # real C-string nor what encoding it has.
+        super().__init__(
+            f"Cannot replace {old!r} with {new!r} in the C-string {full_old_string!r}."
         )
-        super().__init__(msg)

lib/spack/spack/repo.py

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 import inspect
 import itertools
 import os
-import os.path
 import random
 import re
 import shutil

lib/spack/spack/reporters/cdash.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 import collections
 import hashlib
-import os.path
+import os
 import platform
 import posixpath
 import re

lib/spack/spack/reporters/junit.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Copyright Spack Project Developers. See COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-import os.path
+import os
 
 import spack.tengine
 

lib/spack/spack/rewiring.py

@@ -3,15 +3,11 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 
 import os
-import shutil
 import tempfile
 
 import spack.binary_distribution as bindist
-import spack.deptypes as dt
 import spack.error
 import spack.hooks
-import spack.platforms
-import spack.relocate as relocate
 import spack.store
 
 
@@ -42,63 +38,11 @@ def rewire_node(spec, explicit):
 
     spack.hooks.pre_install(spec)
     bindist.extract_buildcache_tarball(tarball, destination=spec.prefix)
-    buildinfo = bindist.read_buildinfo_file(spec.prefix)
+    bindist.relocate_package(spec)
 
-    # compute prefix-to-prefix for every node from the build spec to the spliced
-    # spec
-    prefix_to_prefix = {spec.build_spec.prefix: spec.prefix}
-    build_spec_ids = set(id(s) for s in spec.build_spec.traverse(deptype=dt.ALL & ~dt.BUILD))
-    for s in bindist.specs_to_relocate(spec):
-        analog = s
-        if id(s) not in build_spec_ids:
-            analogs = [
-                d
-                for d in spec.build_spec.traverse(deptype=dt.ALL & ~dt.BUILD)
-                if s._splice_match(d, self_root=spec, other_root=spec.build_spec)
-            ]
-            if analogs:
-                # Prefer same-name analogs and prefer higher versions
-                # This matches the preferences in Spec.splice, so we will find same node
-                analog = max(analogs, key=lambda a: (a.name == s.name, a.version))
-
-        prefix_to_prefix[analog.prefix] = s.prefix
-
-    platform = spack.platforms.by_name(spec.platform)
-
-    text_to_relocate = [
-        os.path.join(spec.prefix, rel_path) for rel_path in buildinfo["relocate_textfiles"]
-    ]
-    if text_to_relocate:
-        relocate.relocate_text(files=text_to_relocate, prefixes=prefix_to_prefix)
-    links = [os.path.join(spec.prefix, f) for f in buildinfo["relocate_links"]]
-    relocate.relocate_links(links, prefix_to_prefix)
-    bins_to_relocate = [
-        os.path.join(spec.prefix, rel_path) for rel_path in buildinfo["relocate_binaries"]
-    ]
-    if bins_to_relocate:
-        if "macho" in platform.binary_formats:
-            relocate.relocate_macho_binaries(bins_to_relocate, prefix_to_prefix)
-        if "elf" in platform.binary_formats:
-            relocate.relocate_elf_binaries(bins_to_relocate, prefix_to_prefix)
-        relocate.relocate_text_bin(binaries=bins_to_relocate, prefixes=prefix_to_prefix)
-    shutil.rmtree(tempdir)
-    install_manifest = os.path.join(
-        spec.prefix,
-        spack.store.STORE.layout.metadata_dir,
-        spack.store.STORE.layout.manifest_file_name,
-    )
-    try:
-        os.unlink(install_manifest)
-    except FileNotFoundError:
-        pass
-    # Write the spliced spec into spec.json. Without this, Database.add would fail because it
-    # checks the spec.json in the prefix against the spec being added to look for mismatches
-    spack.store.STORE.layout.write_spec(spec, spack.store.STORE.layout.spec_file_path(spec))
-    # add to database, not sure about explicit
-    spack.store.STORE.db.add(spec, explicit=explicit)
-
-    # run post install hooks
+    # run post install hooks and add to db
     spack.hooks.post_install(spec, explicit)
+    spack.store.STORE.db.add(spec, explicit=explicit)
 
 
 class RewireError(spack.error.SpackError):

lib/spack/spack/schema/__init__.py

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 import typing
 import warnings
 
+import jsonschema
+
 import llnl.util.lang
 
 from spack.error import SpecSyntaxError
@@ -19,12 +21,8 @@ class DeprecationMessage(typing.NamedTuple):
 # jsonschema is imported lazily as it is heavy to import
 # and increases the start-up time
 def _make_validator():
-    import jsonschema
-
     def _validate_spec(validator, is_spec, instance, schema):
         """Check if the attributes on instance are valid specs."""
-        import jsonschema
-
         import spack.spec_parser
 
         if not validator.is_type(instance, "object"):
@@ -33,8 +31,8 @@ def _validate_spec(validator, is_spec, instance, schema):
         for spec_str in instance:
             try:
                 spack.spec_parser.parse(spec_str)
-            except SpecSyntaxError as e:
-                yield jsonschema.ValidationError(str(e))
+            except SpecSyntaxError:
+                yield jsonschema.ValidationError(f"the key '{spec_str}' is not a valid spec")
 
     def _deprecated_properties(validator, deprecated, instance, schema):
         if not (validator.is_type(instance, "object") or validator.is_type(instance, "array")):
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ def _deprecated_properties(validator, deprecated, instance, schema):
             yield jsonschema.ValidationError("\n".join(errors))
 
     return jsonschema.validators.extend(
-        jsonschema.Draft4Validator,
+        jsonschema.Draft7Validator,
         {"validate_spec": _validate_spec, "deprecatedProperties": _deprecated_properties},
     )
 

lib/spack/spack/schema/definitions.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
         "items": {
             "type": "object",
             "properties": {"when": {"type": "string"}},
-            "patternProperties": {r"^(?!when$)\w*": spec_list_schema},
+            "additionalProperties": spec_list_schema,
         },
     }
 }

lib/spack/spack/schema/env_vars.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Copyright Spack Project Developers. See COPYRIGHT file for details.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+"""Schema for env_vars.yaml configuration file.
+
+.. literalinclude:: _spack_root/lib/spack/spack/schema/env_vars.py
+   :lines: 15-
+"""
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
+import spack.schema.environment
+
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {"env_vars": spack.schema.environment.definition}
+
+#: Full schema with metadata
+schema = {
+    "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+    "title": "Spack env_vars configuration file schema",
+    "type": "object",
+    "additionalProperties": False,
+    "properties": properties,
+}

lib/spack/spack/schema/merged.py

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 import spack.schema.container
 import spack.schema.definitions
 import spack.schema.develop
+import spack.schema.env_vars
 import spack.schema.mirrors
 import spack.schema.modules
 import spack.schema.packages
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@
     spack.schema.ci.properties,
     spack.schema.definitions.properties,
     spack.schema.develop.properties,
+    spack.schema.env_vars.properties,
     spack.schema.mirrors.properties,
     spack.schema.modules.properties,
     spack.schema.packages.properties,

lib/spack/spack/schema/mirrors.py

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 """
 from typing import Any, Dict
 
+import jsonschema
+
 #: Common properties for connection specification
 connection = {
     "url": {"type": "string"},
@@ -102,8 +104,6 @@
 
 
 def update(data):
-    import jsonschema
-
     errors = []
 
     def check_access_pair(name, section):

lib/spack/spack/schema/modules.py

@@ -12,22 +12,6 @@
 import spack.schema.environment
 import spack.schema.projections
 
-#: Matches a spec or a multi-valued variant but not another
-#: valid keyword.
-#:
-#: THIS NEEDS TO BE UPDATED FOR EVERY NEW KEYWORD THAT
-#: IS ADDED IMMEDIATELY BELOW THE MODULE TYPE ATTRIBUTE
-spec_regex = (
-    r"(?!hierarchy|core_specs|verbose|hash_length|defaults|filter_hierarchy_specs|hide|"
-    r"include|exclude|projections|naming_scheme|core_compilers|all)(^\w[\w-]*)"
-)
-
-#: Matches a valid name for a module set
-valid_module_set_name = r"^(?!prefix_inspections$)\w[\w-]*$"
-
-#: Matches an anonymous spec, i.e. a spec without a root name
-anonymous_spec_regex = r"^[\^@%+~]"
-
 #: Definitions for parts of module schema
 array_of_strings = {"type": "array", "default": [], "items": {"type": "string"}}
 
@@ -56,7 +40,7 @@
         "suffixes": {
             "type": "object",
             "validate_spec": True,
-            "patternProperties": {r"\w[\w-]*": {"type": "string"}},  # key
+            "additionalProperties": {"type": "string"},  # key
         },
         "environment": spack.schema.environment.definition,
     },
@@ -64,34 +48,40 @@
 
 projections_scheme = spack.schema.projections.properties["projections"]
 
-module_type_configuration = {
+module_type_configuration: Dict = {
     "type": "object",
     "default": {},
-    "allOf": [
-        {
-            "properties": {
-                "verbose": {"type": "boolean", "default": False},
-                "hash_length": {"type": "integer", "minimum": 0, "default": 7},
-                "include": array_of_strings,
-                "exclude": array_of_strings,
-                "exclude_implicits": {"type": "boolean", "default": False},
-                "defaults": array_of_strings,
-                "hide_implicits": {"type": "boolean", "default": False},
-                "naming_scheme": {"type": "string"},  # Can we be more specific here?
-                "projections": projections_scheme,
-                "all": module_file_configuration,
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "validate_spec": True,
-            "patternProperties": {
-                spec_regex: module_file_configuration,
-                anonymous_spec_regex: module_file_configuration,
-            },
-        },
-    ],
+    "validate_spec": True,
+    "properties": {
+        "verbose": {"type": "boolean", "default": False},
+        "hash_length": {"type": "integer", "minimum": 0, "default": 7},
+        "include": array_of_strings,
+        "exclude": array_of_strings,
+        "exclude_implicits": {"type": "boolean", "default": False},
+        "defaults": array_of_strings,
+        "hide_implicits": {"type": "boolean", "default": False},
+        "naming_scheme": {"type": "string"},
+        "projections": projections_scheme,
+        "all": module_file_configuration,
+    },
+    "additionalProperties": module_file_configuration,
 }
 
+tcl_configuration = module_type_configuration.copy()
+
+lmod_configuration = module_type_configuration.copy()
+lmod_configuration["properties"].update(
+    {
+        "core_compilers": array_of_strings,
+        "hierarchy": array_of_strings,
+        "core_specs": array_of_strings,
+        "filter_hierarchy_specs": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "validate_spec": True,
+            "additionalProperties": array_of_strings,
+        },
+    }
+)
 
 module_config_properties = {
     "use_view": {"anyOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "boolean"}]},
@@ -105,31 +95,8 @@
         "default": [],
         "items": {"type": "string", "enum": ["tcl", "lmod"]},
     },
-    "lmod": {
-        "allOf": [
-            # Base configuration
-            module_type_configuration,
-            {
-                "type": "object",
-                "properties": {
-                    "core_compilers": array_of_strings,
-                    "hierarchy": array_of_strings,
-                    "core_specs": array_of_strings,
-                    "filter_hierarchy_specs": {
-                        "type": "object",
-                        "patternProperties": {spec_regex: array_of_strings},
-                    },
-                },
-            },  # Specific lmod extensions
-        ]
-    },
-    "tcl": {
-        "allOf": [
-            # Base configuration
-            module_type_configuration,
-            {},  # Specific tcl extensions
-        ]
-    },
+    "lmod": lmod_configuration,
+    "tcl": tcl_configuration,
     "prefix_inspections": {
         "type": "object",
         "additionalProperties": False,
@@ -145,7 +112,6 @@
 properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
     "modules": {
         "type": "object",
-        "additionalProperties": False,
         "properties": {
             "prefix_inspections": {
                 "type": "object",
@@ -156,13 +122,11 @@
                 },
             }
         },
-        "patternProperties": {
-            valid_module_set_name: {
-                "type": "object",
-                "default": {},
-                "additionalProperties": False,
-                "properties": module_config_properties,
-            }
+        "additionalProperties": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "default": {},
+            "additionalProperties": False,
+            "properties": module_config_properties,
         },
     }
 }

lib/spack/spack/schema/packages.py

@@ -98,7 +98,6 @@
     "packages": {
         "type": "object",
         "default": {},
-        "additionalProperties": False,
         "properties": {
             "all": {  # package name
                 "type": "object",
@@ -140,58 +139,54 @@
                 },
             }
         },
-        "patternProperties": {
-            r"(?!^all$)(^\w[\w-]*)": {  # package name
-                "type": "object",
-                "default": {},
-                "additionalProperties": False,
-                "properties": {
-                    "require": requirements,
-                    "prefer": prefer_and_conflict,
-                    "conflict": prefer_and_conflict,
-                    "version": {
-                        "type": "array",
-                        "default": [],
-                        # version strings
-                        "items": {"anyOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "number"}]},
-                    },
-                    "buildable": {"type": "boolean", "default": True},
-                    "permissions": permissions,
-                    # If 'get_full_repo' is promoted to a Package-level
-                    # attribute, it could be useful to set it here
-                    "package_attributes": package_attributes,
-                    "variants": variants,
-                    "externals": {
-                        "type": "array",
-                        "items": {
-                            "type": "object",
-                            "properties": {
-                                "spec": {"type": "string"},
-                                "prefix": {"type": "string"},
-                                "modules": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
-                                "extra_attributes": {
-                                    "type": "object",
-                                    "additionalProperties": True,
-                                    "properties": {
-                                        "compilers": {
-                                            "type": "object",
-                                            "patternProperties": {
-                                                r"(^\w[\w-]*)": {"type": "string"}
-                                            },
-                                        },
-                                        "environment": spack.schema.environment.definition,
-                                        "extra_rpaths": extra_rpaths,
-                                        "implicit_rpaths": implicit_rpaths,
-                                        "flags": flags,
+        "additionalProperties": {  # package name
+            "type": "object",
+            "default": {},
+            "additionalProperties": False,
+            "properties": {
+                "require": requirements,
+                "prefer": prefer_and_conflict,
+                "conflict": prefer_and_conflict,
+                "version": {
+                    "type": "array",
+                    "default": [],
+                    # version strings
+                    "items": {"anyOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "number"}]},
+                },
+                "buildable": {"type": "boolean", "default": True},
+                "permissions": permissions,
+                # If 'get_full_repo' is promoted to a Package-level
+                # attribute, it could be useful to set it here
+                "package_attributes": package_attributes,
+                "variants": variants,
+                "externals": {
+                    "type": "array",
+                    "items": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "properties": {
+                            "spec": {"type": "string"},
+                            "prefix": {"type": "string"},
+                            "modules": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
+                            "extra_attributes": {
+                                "type": "object",
+                                "additionalProperties": {"type": "string"},
+                                "properties": {
+                                    "compilers": {
+                                        "type": "object",
+                                        "patternProperties": {r"(^\w[\w-]*)": {"type": "string"}},
                                     },
+                                    "environment": spack.schema.environment.definition,
+                                    "extra_rpaths": extra_rpaths,
+                                    "implicit_rpaths": implicit_rpaths,
+                                    "flags": flags,
                                 },
                             },
-                            "additionalProperties": True,
-                            "required": ["spec"],
                         },
+                        "additionalProperties": True,
+                        "required": ["spec"],
                     },
                 },
-            }
+            },
         },
     }
 }

lib/spack/spack/solver/asp.py

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 import spack.package_prefs
 import spack.platforms
 import spack.repo
+import spack.solver.splicing
 import spack.spec
 import spack.store
 import spack.util.crypto
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@
 
 GitOrStandardVersion = Union[spack.version.GitVersion, spack.version.StandardVersion]
 
-TransformFunction = Callable[["spack.spec.Spec", List[AspFunction]], List[AspFunction]]
+TransformFunction = Callable[[spack.spec.Spec, List[AspFunction]], List[AspFunction]]
 
 #: Enable the addition of a runtime node
 WITH_RUNTIME = sys.platform != "win32"
@@ -127,8 +128,8 @@ def __str__(self):
 
 @contextmanager
 def named_spec(
-    spec: Optional["spack.spec.Spec"], name: Optional[str]
-) -> Iterator[Optional["spack.spec.Spec"]]:
+    spec: Optional[spack.spec.Spec], name: Optional[str]
+) -> Iterator[Optional[spack.spec.Spec]]:
     """Context manager to temporarily set the name of a spec"""
     if spec is None or name is None:
         yield spec
@@ -747,11 +748,11 @@ def on_model(model):
 class KnownCompiler(NamedTuple):
     """Data class to collect information on compilers"""
 
-    spec: "spack.spec.Spec"
+    spec: spack.spec.Spec
     os: str
-    target: str
+    target: Optional[str]
     available: bool
-    compiler_obj: Optional["spack.compiler.Compiler"]
+    compiler_obj: Optional[spack.compiler.Compiler]
 
     def _key(self):
         return self.spec, self.os, self.target
@@ -1132,7 +1133,7 @@ def __init__(self, tests: bool = False):
             set
         )
 
-        self.possible_compilers: List = []
+        self.possible_compilers: List[KnownCompiler] = []
         self.possible_oses: Set = set()
         self.variant_values_from_specs: Set = set()
         self.version_constraints: Set = set()
@@ -1386,7 +1387,7 @@ def effect_rules(self):
 
     def define_variant(
         self,
-        pkg: "Type[spack.package_base.PackageBase]",
+        pkg: Type[spack.package_base.PackageBase],
         name: str,
         when: spack.spec.Spec,
         variant_def: vt.Variant,
@@ -1490,7 +1491,7 @@ def define_auto_variant(self, name: str, multi: bool):
             )
         )
 
-    def variant_rules(self, pkg: "Type[spack.package_base.PackageBase]"):
+    def variant_rules(self, pkg: Type[spack.package_base.PackageBase]):
         for name in pkg.variant_names():
             self.gen.h3(f"Variant {name} in package {pkg.name}")
             for when, variant_def in pkg.variant_definitions(name):
@@ -1681,8 +1682,8 @@ def dependency_holds(input_spec, requirements):
     def _gen_match_variant_splice_constraints(
         self,
         pkg,
-        cond_spec: "spack.spec.Spec",
-        splice_spec: "spack.spec.Spec",
+        cond_spec: spack.spec.Spec,
+        splice_spec: spack.spec.Spec,
         hash_asp_var: "AspVar",
         splice_node,
         match_variants: List[str],
@@ -1740,7 +1741,7 @@ def package_splice_rules(self, pkg):
                     if any(
                         v in cond.variants or v in spec_to_splice.variants for v in match_variants
                     ):
-                        raise Exception(
+                        raise spack.error.PackageError(
                             "Overlap between match_variants and explicitly set variants"
                         )
                     variant_constraints = self._gen_match_variant_splice_constraints(
@@ -2710,7 +2711,7 @@ def setup(
         if env:
             dev_specs = tuple(
                 spack.spec.Spec(info["spec"]).constrained(
-                    "dev_path=%s"
+                    'dev_path="%s"'
                     % spack.util.path.canonicalize_path(info["path"], default_wd=env.path)
                 )
                 for name, info in env.dev_specs.items()
@@ -2977,7 +2978,7 @@ def _specs_from_requires(self, pkg_name, section):
             for s in spec_group[key]:
                 yield _spec_with_default_name(s, pkg_name)
 
-    def pkg_class(self, pkg_name: str) -> typing.Type["spack.package_base.PackageBase"]:
+    def pkg_class(self, pkg_name: str) -> typing.Type[spack.package_base.PackageBase]:
         request = pkg_name
         if pkg_name in self.explicitly_required_namespaces:
             namespace = self.explicitly_required_namespaces[pkg_name]
@@ -3096,7 +3097,7 @@ def __init__(self, configuration) -> None:
 
             self.compilers.add(candidate)
 
-    def with_input_specs(self, input_specs: List["spack.spec.Spec"]) -> "CompilerParser":
+    def with_input_specs(self, input_specs: List[spack.spec.Spec]) -> "CompilerParser":
         """Accounts for input specs when building the list of possible compilers.
 
         Args:
@@ -3136,7 +3137,7 @@ def with_input_specs(self, input_specs: List["spack.spec.Spec"]) -> "CompilerPar
 
         return self
 
-    def add_compiler_from_concrete_spec(self, spec: "spack.spec.Spec") -> None:
+    def add_compiler_from_concrete_spec(self, spec: spack.spec.Spec) -> None:
         """Account for compilers that are coming from concrete specs, through reuse.
 
         Args:
@@ -3374,14 +3375,6 @@ def consume_facts(self):
         self._setup.effect_rules()
 
 
-# This should be a dataclass, but dataclasses don't work on Python 3.6
-class Splice:
-    def __init__(self, splice_node: NodeArgument, child_name: str, child_hash: str):
-        self.splice_node = splice_node
-        self.child_name = child_name
-        self.child_hash = child_hash
-
-
 class SpecBuilder:
     """Class with actions to rebuild a spec from ASP results."""
 
@@ -3421,7 +3414,7 @@ def __init__(self, specs, hash_lookup=None):
         self._specs: Dict[NodeArgument, spack.spec.Spec] = {}
 
         # Matches parent nodes to splice node
-        self._splices: Dict[NodeArgument, List[Splice]] = {}
+        self._splices: Dict[spack.spec.Spec, List[spack.solver.splicing.Splice]] = {}
         self._result = None
         self._command_line_specs = specs
         self._flag_sources: Dict[Tuple[NodeArgument, str], Set[str]] = collections.defaultdict(
@@ -3540,15 +3533,13 @@ def reorder_flags(self):
         )
         cmd_specs = dict((s.name, s) for spec in self._command_line_specs for s in spec.traverse())
 
-        for spec in self._specs.values():
+        for node, spec in self._specs.items():
             # if bootstrapping, compiler is not in config and has no flags
             flagmap_from_compiler = {}
             if spec.compiler in compilers:
                 flagmap_from_compiler = compilers[spec.compiler].flags
 
             for flag_type in spec.compiler_flags.valid_compiler_flags():
-                node = SpecBuilder.make_node(pkg=spec.name)
-
                 ordered_flags = []
 
                 # 1. Put compiler flags first
@@ -3630,49 +3621,12 @@ def splice_at_hash(
         child_name: str,
         child_hash: str,
     ):
-        splice = Splice(splice_node, child_name=child_name, child_hash=child_hash)
-        self._splices.setdefault(parent_node, []).append(splice)
-
-    def _resolve_automatic_splices(self):
-        """After all of the specs have been concretized, apply all immediate splices.
-
-        Use reverse topological order to ensure that all dependencies are resolved
-        before their parents, allowing for maximal sharing and minimal copying.
-
-        """
-        fixed_specs = {}
-
-        # create a mapping from dag hash to an integer representing position in reverse topo order.
-        specs = self._specs.values()
-        topo_order = list(traverse.traverse_nodes(specs, order="topo", key=traverse.by_dag_hash))
-        topo_lookup = {spec.dag_hash(): index for index, spec in enumerate(reversed(topo_order))}
-
-        # iterate over specs, children before parents
-        for node, spec in sorted(self._specs.items(), key=lambda x: topo_lookup[x[1].dag_hash()]):
-            immediate = self._splices.get(node, [])
-            if not immediate and not any(
-                edge.spec in fixed_specs for edge in spec.edges_to_dependencies()
-            ):
-                continue
-            new_spec = spec.copy(deps=False)
-            new_spec.build_spec = spec
-            for edge in spec.edges_to_dependencies():
-                depflag = edge.depflag & ~dt.BUILD
-                if any(edge.spec.dag_hash() == splice.child_hash for splice in immediate):
-                    splice = [s for s in immediate if s.child_hash == edge.spec.dag_hash()][0]
-                    new_spec.add_dependency_edge(
-                        self._specs[splice.splice_node], depflag=depflag, virtuals=edge.virtuals
-                    )
-                elif edge.spec in fixed_specs:
-                    new_spec.add_dependency_edge(
-                        fixed_specs[edge.spec], depflag=depflag, virtuals=edge.virtuals
-                    )
-                else:
-                    new_spec.add_dependency_edge(
-                        edge.spec, depflag=depflag, virtuals=edge.virtuals
-                    )
-            self._specs[node] = new_spec
-            fixed_specs[spec] = new_spec
+        parent_spec = self._specs[parent_node]
+        splice_spec = self._specs[splice_node]
+        splice = spack.solver.splicing.Splice(
+            splice_spec, child_name=child_name, child_hash=child_hash
+        )
+        self._splices.setdefault(parent_spec, []).append(splice)
 
     @staticmethod
     def sort_fn(function_tuple) -> Tuple[int, int]:
@@ -3765,7 +3719,15 @@ def build_specs(self, function_tuples):
         for root in roots.values():
             root._finalize_concretization()
 
-        self._resolve_automatic_splices()
+        # Only attempt to resolve automatic splices if the solver produced any
+        if self._splices:
+            resolved_splices = spack.solver.splicing._resolve_collected_splices(
+                list(self._specs.values()), self._splices
+            )
+            new_specs = {}
+            for node, spec in self._specs.items():
+                new_specs[node] = resolved_splices.get(spec, spec)
+            self._specs = new_specs
 
         for s in self._specs.values():
             spack.spec.Spec.ensure_no_deprecated(s)

lib/spack/spack/solver/splicing.py

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+# Copyright Spack Project Developers. See COPYRIGHT file for details.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+from functools import cmp_to_key
+from typing import Dict, List, NamedTuple
+
+import spack.deptypes as dt
+from spack.spec import Spec
+from spack.traverse import by_dag_hash, traverse_nodes
+
+
+class Splice(NamedTuple):
+    #: The spec being spliced into a parent
+    splice_spec: Spec
+    #: The name of the child that splice spec is replacing
+    child_name: str
+    #: The hash of the child that `splice_spec` is replacing
+    child_hash: str
+
+
+def _resolve_collected_splices(
+    specs: List[Spec], splices: Dict[Spec, List[Splice]]
+) -> Dict[Spec, Spec]:
+    """After all of the specs have been concretized, apply all immediate splices.
+    Returns a dict mapping original specs to their resolved counterparts
+    """
+
+    def splice_cmp(s1: Spec, s2: Spec):
+        """This function can be used to sort a list of specs such that that any
+        spec which will be spliced into a parent comes after the parent it will
+        be spliced into. This order ensures that transitive splices will be
+        executed in the correct order.
+        """
+
+        s1_splices = splices.get(s1, [])
+        s2_splices = splices.get(s2, [])
+        if any([s2.dag_hash() == splice.splice_spec.dag_hash() for splice in s1_splices]):
+            return -1
+        elif any([s1.dag_hash() == splice.splice_spec.dag_hash() for splice in s2_splices]):
+            return 1
+        else:
+            return 0
+
+    splice_order = sorted(specs, key=cmp_to_key(splice_cmp))
+    reverse_topo_order = reversed(
+        [x for x in traverse_nodes(splice_order, order="topo", key=by_dag_hash) if x in specs]
+    )
+
+    already_resolved: Dict[Spec, Spec] = {}
+    for spec in reverse_topo_order:
+        immediate = splices.get(spec, [])
+        if not immediate and not any(
+            edge.spec in already_resolved for edge in spec.edges_to_dependencies()
+        ):
+            continue
+        new_spec = spec.copy(deps=False)
+        new_spec.clear_caches(ignore=("package_hash",))
+        new_spec.build_spec = spec
+        for edge in spec.edges_to_dependencies():
+            depflag = edge.depflag & ~dt.BUILD
+            if any(edge.spec.dag_hash() == splice.child_hash for splice in immediate):
+                splice = [s for s in immediate if s.child_hash == edge.spec.dag_hash()][0]
+                # If the spec being splice in is also spliced
+                splice_spec = already_resolved.get(splice.splice_spec, splice.splice_spec)
+                new_spec.add_dependency_edge(splice_spec, depflag=depflag, virtuals=edge.virtuals)
+            elif edge.spec in already_resolved:
+                new_spec.add_dependency_edge(
+                    already_resolved[edge.spec], depflag=depflag, virtuals=edge.virtuals
+                )
+            else:
+                new_spec.add_dependency_edge(edge.spec, depflag=depflag, virtuals=edge.virtuals)
+        already_resolved[spec] = new_spec
+    return already_resolved

lib/spack/spack/spec.py

@@ -86,7 +86,6 @@
 import spack
 import spack.compiler
 import spack.compilers
-import spack.config
 import spack.deptypes as dt
 import spack.error
 import spack.hash_types as ht
@@ -94,7 +93,6 @@
 import spack.platforms
 import spack.provider_index
 import spack.repo
-import spack.solver
 import spack.spec_parser
 import spack.store
 import spack.traverse
@@ -232,7 +230,7 @@ def ensure_modern_format_string(fmt: str) -> None:
 def _make_microarchitecture(name: str) -> archspec.cpu.Microarchitecture:
     if isinstance(name, archspec.cpu.Microarchitecture):
         return name
-    return archspec.cpu.TARGETS.get(name, archspec.cpu.generic_microarchitecture(name))
+    return archspec.cpu.TARGETS.get(name) or archspec.cpu.generic_microarchitecture(name)
 
 
 @lang.lazy_lexicographic_ordering
@@ -463,13 +461,16 @@ def _target_satisfies(self, other: "ArchSpec", strict: bool) -> bool:
         return bool(self._target_intersection(other))
 
     def _target_constrain(self, other: "ArchSpec") -> bool:
+        if self.target is None and other.target is None:
+            return False
+
         if not other._target_satisfies(self, strict=False):
             raise UnsatisfiableArchitectureSpecError(self, other)
 
-        if self.target_concrete:
+        if self._target_concrete:
             return False
 
-        elif other.target_concrete:
+        elif other._target_concrete:
             self.target = other.target
             return True
 
@@ -484,8 +485,8 @@ def _target_constrain(self, other: "ArchSpec") -> bool:
         self.target = intersection_target
         return True
 
-    def _target_intersection(self, other):
-        results = []
+    def _target_intersection(self, other: "ArchSpec") -> List[str]:
+        results: List[str] = []
 
         if not self.target or not other.target:
             return results
@@ -511,21 +512,56 @@ def _target_intersection(self, other):
                     if (not s_min or o_comp >= s_min) and (not s_max or o_comp <= s_max):
                         results.append(o_min)
                 else:
-                    # Take intersection of two ranges
-                    # Lots of comparisons needed
-                    _s_min = _make_microarchitecture(s_min)
-                    _s_max = _make_microarchitecture(s_max)
-                    _o_min = _make_microarchitecture(o_min)
-                    _o_max = _make_microarchitecture(o_max)
+                    # Take the "min" of the two max, if there is a partial ordering.
+                    n_max = ""
+                    if s_max and o_max:
+                        _s_max = _make_microarchitecture(s_max)
+                        _o_max = _make_microarchitecture(o_max)
+                        if _s_max.family != _o_max.family:
+                            continue
+                        if _s_max <= _o_max:
+                            n_max = s_max
+                        elif _o_max < _s_max:
+                            n_max = o_max
+                        else:
+                            continue
+                    elif s_max:
+                        n_max = s_max
+                    elif o_max:
+                        n_max = o_max
+
+                    # Take the "max" of the two min.
+                    n_min = ""
+                    if s_min and o_min:
+                        _s_min = _make_microarchitecture(s_min)
+                        _o_min = _make_microarchitecture(o_min)
+                        if _s_min.family != _o_min.family:
+                            continue
+                        if _s_min >= _o_min:
+                            n_min = s_min
+                        elif _o_min > _s_min:
+                            n_min = o_min
+                        else:
+                            continue
+                    elif s_min:
+                        n_min = s_min
+                    elif o_min:
+                        n_min = o_min
+
+                    if n_min and n_max:
+                        _n_min = _make_microarchitecture(n_min)
+                        _n_max = _make_microarchitecture(n_max)
+                        if _n_min.family != _n_max.family or not _n_min <= _n_max:
+                            continue
+                        if n_min == n_max:
+                            results.append(n_min)
+                        else:
+                            results.append(f"{n_min}:{n_max}")
+                    elif n_min:
+                        results.append(f"{n_min}:")
+                    elif n_max:
+                        results.append(f":{n_max}")
 
-                    n_min = s_min if _s_min >= _o_min else o_min
-                    n_max = s_max if _s_max <= _o_max else o_max
-                    _n_min = _make_microarchitecture(n_min)
-                    _n_max = _make_microarchitecture(n_max)
-                    if _n_min == _n_max:
-                        results.append(n_min)
-                    elif not n_min or not n_max or _n_min < _n_max:
-                        results.append("%s:%s" % (n_min, n_max))
         return results
 
     def constrain(self, other: "ArchSpec") -> bool:
@@ -557,40 +593,35 @@ def constrain(self, other: "ArchSpec") -> bool:
 
         return constrained
 
-    def copy(self):
+    def copy(self) -> "ArchSpec":
         """Copy the current instance and returns the clone."""
         return ArchSpec(self)
 
     @property
     def concrete(self):
         """True if the spec is concrete, False otherwise"""
-        return self.platform and self.os and self.target and self.target_concrete
+        return self.platform and self.os and self.target and self._target_concrete
 
     @property
-    def target_concrete(self):
+    def _target_concrete(self) -> bool:
         """True if the target is not a range or list."""
         return (
             self.target is not None and ":" not in str(self.target) and "," not in str(self.target)
         )
 
-    def to_dict(self):
+    def to_dict(self) -> dict:
         # Generic targets represent either an architecture family (like x86_64)
         # or a custom micro-architecture
         if self.target.vendor == "generic":
             target_data = str(self.target)
         else:
             # Get rid of compiler flag information before turning the uarch into a dict
-            uarch_dict = self.target.to_dict()
-            uarch_dict.pop("compilers", None)
-            target_data = syaml.syaml_dict(uarch_dict.items())
-
-        d = syaml.syaml_dict(
-            [("platform", self.platform), ("platform_os", self.os), ("target", target_data)]
-        )
-        return syaml.syaml_dict([("arch", d)])
+            target_data = self.target.to_dict()
+            target_data.pop("compilers", None)
+        return {"arch": {"platform": self.platform, "platform_os": self.os, "target": target_data}}
 
     @staticmethod
-    def from_dict(d):
+    def from_dict(d: dict) -> "ArchSpec":
         """Import an ArchSpec from raw YAML/JSON data"""
         arch = d["arch"]
         target_name = arch["target"]
@@ -600,13 +631,12 @@ def from_dict(d):
         return ArchSpec((arch["platform"], arch["platform_os"], target))
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "%s-%s-%s" % (self.platform, self.os, self.target)
+        return f"{self.platform}-{self.os}-{self.target}"
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        fmt = "ArchSpec(({0.platform!r}, {0.os!r}, {1!r}))"
-        return fmt.format(self, str(self.target))
+        return f"ArchSpec(({self.platform!r}, {self.os!r}, {str(self.target)!r}))"
 
-    def __contains__(self, string):
+    def __contains__(self, string) -> bool:
         return string in str(self) or string in self.target
 
 
@@ -712,10 +742,7 @@ def _cmp_iter(self):
         yield self.versions
 
     def to_dict(self):
-        d = syaml.syaml_dict([("name", self.name)])
-        d.update(self.versions.to_dict())
-
-        return syaml.syaml_dict([("compiler", d)])
+        return {"compiler": {"name": self.name, **self.versions.to_dict()}}
 
     @staticmethod
     def from_dict(d):
@@ -2052,6 +2079,20 @@ def traverse_edges(
             visited=visited,
         )
 
+    @property
+    def long_spec(self):
+        """Returns a string of the spec with the dependencies completely
+        enumerated."""
+        root_str = [self.format()]
+        sorted_dependencies = sorted(
+            self.traverse(root=False), key=lambda x: (x.name, x.abstract_hash)
+        )
+        sorted_dependencies = [
+            d.format("{edge_attributes} " + DEFAULT_FORMAT) for d in sorted_dependencies
+        ]
+        spec_str = " ^".join(root_str + sorted_dependencies)
+        return spec_str.strip()
+
     @property
     def short_spec(self):
         """Returns a version of the spec with the dependencies hashed
@@ -2278,9 +2319,7 @@ def to_node_dict(self, hash=ht.dag_hash):
         Arguments:
             hash (spack.hash_types.SpecHashDescriptor) type of hash to generate.
         """
-        d = syaml.syaml_dict()
-
-        d["name"] = self.name
+        d = {"name": self.name}
 
         if self.versions:
             d.update(self.versions.to_dict())
@@ -2294,7 +2333,7 @@ def to_node_dict(self, hash=ht.dag_hash):
         if self.namespace:
             d["namespace"] = self.namespace
 
-        params = syaml.syaml_dict(sorted(v.yaml_entry() for _, v in self.variants.items()))
+        params = dict(sorted(v.yaml_entry() for v in self.variants.values()))
 
         # Only need the string compiler flag for yaml file
         params.update(
@@ -2320,13 +2359,16 @@ def to_node_dict(self, hash=ht.dag_hash):
             )
 
         if self.external:
-            d["external"] = syaml.syaml_dict(
-                [
-                    ("path", self.external_path),
-                    ("module", self.external_modules),
-                    ("extra_attributes", self.extra_attributes),
-                ]
-            )
+            if self.extra_attributes:
+                extra_attributes = syaml.sorted_dict(self.extra_attributes)
+            else:
+                extra_attributes = None
+
+            d["external"] = {
+                "path": self.external_path,
+                "module": self.external_modules,
+                "extra_attributes": extra_attributes,
+            }
 
         if not self._concrete:
             d["concrete"] = False
@@ -2357,29 +2399,25 @@ def to_node_dict(self, hash=ht.dag_hash):
         # Note: Relies on sorting dict by keys later in algorithm.
         deps = self._dependencies_dict(depflag=hash.depflag)
         if deps:
-            deps_list = []
-            for name, edges_for_name in sorted(deps.items()):
-                name_tuple = ("name", name)
-                for dspec in edges_for_name:
-                    hash_tuple = (hash.name, dspec.spec._cached_hash(hash))
-                    parameters_tuple = (
-                        "parameters",
-                        syaml.syaml_dict(
-                            (
-                                ("deptypes", dt.flag_to_tuple(dspec.depflag)),
-                                ("virtuals", dspec.virtuals),
-                            )
-                        ),
-                    )
-                    ordered_entries = [name_tuple, hash_tuple, parameters_tuple]
-                    deps_list.append(syaml.syaml_dict(ordered_entries))
-            d["dependencies"] = deps_list
+            d["dependencies"] = [
+                {
+                    "name": name,
+                    hash.name: dspec.spec._cached_hash(hash),
+                    "parameters": {
+                        "deptypes": dt.flag_to_tuple(dspec.depflag),
+                        "virtuals": dspec.virtuals,
+                    },
+                }
+                for name, edges_for_name in sorted(deps.items())
+                for dspec in edges_for_name
+            ]
 
         # Name is included in case this is replacing a virtual.
         if self._build_spec:
-            d["build_spec"] = syaml.syaml_dict(
-                [("name", self.build_spec.name), (hash.name, self.build_spec._cached_hash(hash))]
-            )
+            d["build_spec"] = {
+                "name": self.build_spec.name,
+                hash.name: self.build_spec._cached_hash(hash),
+            }
         return d
 
     def to_dict(self, hash=ht.dag_hash):
@@ -2481,10 +2519,7 @@ def to_dict(self, hash=ht.dag_hash):
                         node_list.append(node)
                         hash_set.add(node_hash)
 
-        meta_dict = syaml.syaml_dict([("version", SPECFILE_FORMAT_VERSION)])
-        inner_dict = syaml.syaml_dict([("_meta", meta_dict), ("nodes", node_list)])
-        spec_dict = syaml.syaml_dict([("spec", inner_dict)])
-        return spec_dict
+        return {"spec": {"_meta": {"version": SPECFILE_FORMAT_VERSION}, "nodes": node_list}}
 
     def node_dict_with_hashes(self, hash=ht.dag_hash):
         """Returns a node_dict of this spec with the dag hash added.  If this
@@ -2935,44 +2970,16 @@ def ensure_no_deprecated(root):
             raise SpecDeprecatedError(msg)
 
     def concretize(self, tests: Union[bool, Iterable[str]] = False) -> None:
-        """Concretize the current spec.
+        from spack.concretize import concretize_one
 
-        Args:
-            tests: if False disregard 'test' dependencies, if a list of names activate them for
-                the packages in the list, if True activate 'test' dependencies for all packages.
-        """
-        import spack.solver.asp
+        warnings.warn(
+            "`Spec.concretize` is deprecated and will be removed in version 1.0.0. Use "
+            "`spack.concretize.concretize_one` instead.",
+            category=spack.error.SpackAPIWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
 
-        self.replace_hash()
-
-        for node in self.traverse():
-            if not node.name:
-                raise spack.error.SpecError(
-                    f"Spec {node} has no name; cannot concretize an anonymous spec"
-                )
-
-        if self._concrete:
-            return
-
-        allow_deprecated = spack.config.get("config:deprecated", False)
-        solver = spack.solver.asp.Solver()
-        result = solver.solve([self], tests=tests, allow_deprecated=allow_deprecated)
-
-        # take the best answer
-        opt, i, answer = min(result.answers)
-        name = self.name
-        # TODO: Consolidate this code with similar code in solve.py
-        if self.virtual:
-            providers = [spec.name for spec in answer.values() if spec.package.provides(name)]
-            name = providers[0]
-
-        node = spack.solver.asp.SpecBuilder.make_node(pkg=name)
-        assert (
-            node in answer
-        ), f"cannot find {name} in the list of specs {','.join([n.pkg for n in answer.keys()])}"
-
-        concretized = answer[node]
-        self._dup(concretized)
+        self._dup(concretize_one(self, tests))
 
     def _mark_root_concrete(self, value=True):
         """Mark just this spec (not dependencies) concrete."""
@@ -3062,19 +3069,16 @@ def _finalize_concretization(self):
             spec._cached_hash(ht.dag_hash)
 
     def concretized(self, tests: Union[bool, Iterable[str]] = False) -> "Spec":
-        """This is a non-destructive version of concretize().
+        from spack.concretize import concretize_one
 
-        First clones, then returns a concrete version of this package
-        without modifying this package.
+        warnings.warn(
+            "`Spec.concretized` is deprecated and will be removed in version 1.0.0. Use "
+            "`spack.concretize.concretize_one` instead.",
+            category=spack.error.SpackAPIWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
 
-        Args:
-            tests (bool or list): if False disregard 'test' dependencies,
-                if a list of names activate them for the packages in the list,
-                if True activate 'test' dependencies for all packages.
-        """
-        clone = self.copy()
-        clone.concretize(tests=tests)
-        return clone
+        return concretize_one(self, tests)
 
     def index(self, deptype="all"):
         """Return a dictionary that points to all the dependencies in this
@@ -3184,18 +3188,13 @@ def constrain(self, other, deps=True):
             if not self.variants[v].compatible(other.variants[v]):
                 raise vt.UnsatisfiableVariantSpecError(self.variants[v], other.variants[v])
 
-        # TODO: Check out the logic here
         sarch, oarch = self.architecture, other.architecture
-        if sarch is not None and oarch is not None:
-            if sarch.platform is not None and oarch.platform is not None:
-                if sarch.platform != oarch.platform:
-                    raise UnsatisfiableArchitectureSpecError(sarch, oarch)
-            if sarch.os is not None and oarch.os is not None:
-                if sarch.os != oarch.os:
-                    raise UnsatisfiableArchitectureSpecError(sarch, oarch)
-            if sarch.target is not None and oarch.target is not None:
-                if sarch.target != oarch.target:
-                    raise UnsatisfiableArchitectureSpecError(sarch, oarch)
+        if (
+            sarch is not None
+            and oarch is not None
+            and not self.architecture.intersects(other.architecture)
+        ):
+            raise UnsatisfiableArchitectureSpecError(sarch, oarch)
 
         changed = False
 
@@ -3218,18 +3217,12 @@ def constrain(self, other, deps=True):
 
         changed |= self.compiler_flags.constrain(other.compiler_flags)
 
-        old = str(self.architecture)
         sarch, oarch = self.architecture, other.architecture
-        if sarch is None or other.architecture is None:
-            self.architecture = sarch or oarch
-        else:
-            if sarch.platform is None or oarch.platform is None:
-                self.architecture.platform = sarch.platform or oarch.platform
-            if sarch.os is None or oarch.os is None:
-                sarch.os = sarch.os or oarch.os
-            if sarch.target is None or oarch.target is None:
-                sarch.target = sarch.target or oarch.target
-        changed |= str(self.architecture) != old
+        if sarch is not None and oarch is not None:
+            changed |= self.architecture.constrain(other.architecture)
+        elif oarch is not None:
+            self.architecture = oarch
+            changed = True
 
         if deps:
             changed |= self._constrain_dependencies(other)
@@ -3610,25 +3603,16 @@ def patches(self):
 
         return self._patches
 
-    def _dup(self, other, deps: Union[bool, dt.DepTypes, dt.DepFlag] = True, cleardeps=True):
-        """Copy the spec other into self.  This is an overwriting
-        copy. It does not copy any dependents (parents), but by default
-        copies dependencies.
-
-        To duplicate an entire DAG, call _dup() on the root of the DAG.
+    def _dup(self, other: "Spec", deps: Union[bool, dt.DepTypes, dt.DepFlag] = True) -> bool:
+        """Copies "other" into self, by overwriting all attributes.
 
         Args:
-            other (Spec): spec to be copied onto ``self``
-            deps: if True copies all the dependencies. If
-                False copies None. If deptype/depflag, copy matching types.
-            cleardeps (bool): if True clears the dependencies of ``self``,
-                before possibly copying the dependencies of ``other`` onto
-                ``self``
+            other: spec to be copied onto ``self``
+            deps: if True copies all the dependencies. If False copies None.
+                If deptype, or depflag, copy matching types.
 
         Returns:
-            True if ``self`` changed because of the copy operation,
-            False otherwise.
-
+            True if ``self`` changed because of the copy operation, False otherwise.
         """
         # We don't count dependencies as changes here
         changed = True
@@ -3653,14 +3637,15 @@ def _dup(self, other, deps: Union[bool, dt.DepTypes, dt.DepFlag] = True, clearde
         self.versions = other.versions.copy()
         self.architecture = other.architecture.copy() if other.architecture else None
         self.compiler = other.compiler.copy() if other.compiler else None
-        if cleardeps:
-            self._dependents = _EdgeMap(store_by_child=False)
-            self._dependencies = _EdgeMap(store_by_child=True)
         self.compiler_flags = other.compiler_flags.copy()
         self.compiler_flags.spec = self
         self.variants = other.variants.copy()
         self._build_spec = other._build_spec
 
+        # Clear dependencies
+        self._dependents = _EdgeMap(store_by_child=False)
+        self._dependencies = _EdgeMap(store_by_child=True)
+
         # FIXME: we manage _patches_in_order_of_appearance specially here
         # to keep it from leaking out of spec.py, but we should figure
         # out how to handle it more elegantly in the Variant classes.
@@ -4165,15 +4150,7 @@ def __str__(self):
         if not self._dependencies:
             return self.format()
 
-        root_str = [self.format()]
-        sorted_dependencies = sorted(
-            self.traverse(root=False), key=lambda x: (x.name, x.abstract_hash)
-        )
-        sorted_dependencies = [
-            d.format("{edge_attributes} " + DEFAULT_FORMAT) for d in sorted_dependencies
-        ]
-        spec_str = " ^".join(root_str + sorted_dependencies)
-        return spec_str.strip()
+        return self.long_spec
 
     @property
     def colored_str(self):
@@ -4551,7 +4528,7 @@ def mask_build_deps(in_spec):
 
         return spec
 
-    def clear_caches(self, ignore=()):
+    def clear_caches(self, ignore: Tuple[str, ...] = ()) -> None:
         """
         Clears all cached hashes in a Spec, while preserving other properties.
         """
@@ -4936,9 +4913,7 @@ def from_node_dict(cls, node):
                 spec.external_modules = node["external"]["module"]
                 if spec.external_modules is False:
                     spec.external_modules = None
-                spec.extra_attributes = node["external"].get(
-                    "extra_attributes", syaml.syaml_dict()
-                )
+                spec.extra_attributes = node["external"].get("extra_attributes", {})
 
         # specs read in are concrete unless marked abstract
         if node.get("concrete", True):

lib/spack/spack/test/abi_splicing.py

@@ -7,35 +7,14 @@
 
 import pytest
 
+import spack.concretize
 import spack.config
 import spack.deptypes as dt
-import spack.solver.asp
 from spack.installer import PackageInstaller
+from spack.solver.asp import SolverError
 from spack.spec import Spec
 
 
-class CacheManager:
-    def __init__(self, specs: List[str]) -> None:
-        self.req_specs = specs
-        self.concr_specs: List[Spec]
-        self.concr_specs = []
-
-    def __enter__(self):
-        self.concr_specs = [Spec(s).concretized() for s in self.req_specs]
-        for s in self.concr_specs:
-            PackageInstaller([s.package], fake=True, explicit=True).install()
-
-    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
-        for s in self.concr_specs:
-            s.package.do_uninstall()
-
-
-# MacOS and Windows only work if you pass this function pointer rather than a
-# closure
-def _mock_has_runtime_dependencies(_x):
-    return True
-
-
 def _make_specs_non_buildable(specs: List[str]):
     output_config = {}
     for spec in specs:
@@ -44,203 +23,262 @@ def _make_specs_non_buildable(specs: List[str]):
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def splicing_setup(mutable_database, mock_packages, monkeypatch):
-    spack.config.set("concretizer:reuse", True)
-    monkeypatch.setattr(
-        spack.solver.asp, "_has_runtime_dependencies", _mock_has_runtime_dependencies
-    )
+def install_specs(
+    mutable_database,
+    mock_packages,
+    mutable_config,
+    do_not_check_runtimes_on_reuse,
+    install_mockery,
+):
+    """Returns a function that concretizes and installs a list of abstract specs"""
+    mutable_config.set("concretizer:reuse", True)
+
+    def _impl(*specs_str):
+        concrete_specs = [Spec(s).concretized() for s in specs_str]
+        PackageInstaller([s.package for s in concrete_specs], fake=True, explicit=True).install()
+        return concrete_specs
+
+    return _impl
 
 
 def _enable_splicing():
     spack.config.set("concretizer:splice", {"automatic": True})
 
 
-def _has_build_dependency(spec: Spec, name: str):
-    return any(s.name == name for s in spec.dependencies(None, dt.BUILD))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("spec_str", ["splice-z", "splice-h@1"])
+def test_spec_reuse(spec_str, install_specs, mutable_config):
+    """Tests reuse of splice-z, without splicing, as a root and as a dependency of splice-h"""
+    splice_z = install_specs("splice-z@1.0.0+compat")[0]
+    mutable_config.set("packages", _make_specs_non_buildable(["splice-z"]))
+    concrete = spack.concretize.concretize_one(spec_str)
+    assert concrete["splice-z"].satisfies(splice_z)
 
 
-def test_simple_reuse(splicing_setup):
-    with CacheManager(["splice-z@1.0.0+compat"]):
-        spack.config.set("packages", _make_specs_non_buildable(["splice-z"]))
-        assert Spec("splice-z").concretized().satisfies(Spec("splice-z"))
-
-
-def test_simple_dep_reuse(splicing_setup):
-    with CacheManager(["splice-z@1.0.0+compat"]):
-        spack.config.set("packages", _make_specs_non_buildable(["splice-z"]))
-        assert Spec("splice-h@1").concretized().satisfies(Spec("splice-h@1"))
-
-
-def test_splice_installed_hash(splicing_setup):
-    cache = [
+@pytest.mark.regression("48578")
+def test_splice_installed_hash(install_specs, mutable_config):
+    """Tests splicing the dependency of an installed spec, for another installed spec"""
+    splice_t, splice_h = install_specs(
         "splice-t@1 ^splice-h@1.0.0+compat ^splice-z@1.0.0",
         "splice-h@1.0.2+compat ^splice-z@1.0.0",
-    ]
-    with CacheManager(cache):
-        packages_config = _make_specs_non_buildable(["splice-t", "splice-h"])
-        spack.config.set("packages", packages_config)
-        goal_spec = Spec("splice-t@1 ^splice-h@1.0.2+compat ^splice-z@1.0.0")
-        with pytest.raises(Exception):
-            goal_spec.concretized()
-        _enable_splicing()
-        assert goal_spec.concretized().satisfies(goal_spec)
+    )
+    packages_config = _make_specs_non_buildable(["splice-t", "splice-h"])
+    mutable_config.set("packages", packages_config)
+
+    goal_spec = "splice-t@1 ^splice-h@1.0.2+compat ^splice-z@1.0.0"
+    with pytest.raises(SolverError):
+        spack.concretize.concretize_one(goal_spec)
+    _enable_splicing()
+    concrete = spack.concretize.concretize_one(goal_spec)
+
+    # splice-t has a dependency that is changing, thus its hash should be different
+    assert concrete.dag_hash() != splice_t.dag_hash()
+    assert concrete.build_spec.satisfies(splice_t)
+    assert not concrete.satisfies(splice_t)
+
+    # splice-h is reused, so the hash should stay the same
+    assert concrete["splice-h"].satisfies(splice_h)
+    assert concrete["splice-h"].build_spec.satisfies(splice_h)
+    assert concrete["splice-h"].dag_hash() == splice_h.dag_hash()
 
 
-def test_splice_build_splice_node(splicing_setup):
-    with CacheManager(["splice-t@1 ^splice-h@1.0.0+compat ^splice-z@1.0.0+compat"]):
-        spack.config.set("packages", _make_specs_non_buildable(["splice-t"]))
-        goal_spec = Spec("splice-t@1 ^splice-h@1.0.2+compat ^splice-z@1.0.0+compat")
-        with pytest.raises(Exception):
-            goal_spec.concretized()
-        _enable_splicing()
-        assert goal_spec.concretized().satisfies(goal_spec)
+def test_splice_build_splice_node(install_specs, mutable_config):
+    """Tests splicing the dependency of an installed spec, for a spec that is yet to be built"""
+    splice_t = install_specs("splice-t@1 ^splice-h@1.0.0+compat ^splice-z@1.0.0+compat")[0]
+    mutable_config.set("packages", _make_specs_non_buildable(["splice-t"]))
+
+    goal_spec = "splice-t@1 ^splice-h@1.0.2+compat ^splice-z@1.0.0+compat"
+    with pytest.raises(SolverError):
+        spack.concretize.concretize_one(goal_spec)
+
+    _enable_splicing()
+    concrete = spack.concretize.concretize_one(goal_spec)
+
+    # splice-t has a dependency that is changing, thus its hash should be different
+    assert concrete.dag_hash() != splice_t.dag_hash()
+    assert concrete.build_spec.satisfies(splice_t)
+    assert not concrete.satisfies(splice_t)
+
+    # splice-h should be different
+    assert concrete["splice-h"].dag_hash() != splice_t["splice-h"].dag_hash()
+    assert concrete["splice-h"].build_spec.dag_hash() == concrete["splice-h"].dag_hash()
 
 
-def test_double_splice(splicing_setup):
-    cache = [
+def test_double_splice(install_specs, mutable_config):
+    """Tests splicing two dependencies of an installed spec, for other installed specs"""
+    splice_t, splice_h, splice_z = install_specs(
         "splice-t@1 ^splice-h@1.0.0+compat ^splice-z@1.0.0+compat",
         "splice-h@1.0.2+compat ^splice-z@1.0.1+compat",
         "splice-z@1.0.2+compat",
-    ]
-    with CacheManager(cache):
-        freeze_builds_config = _make_specs_non_buildable(["splice-t", "splice-h", "splice-z"])
-        spack.config.set("packages", freeze_builds_config)
-        goal_spec = Spec("splice-t@1 ^splice-h@1.0.2+compat ^splice-z@1.0.2+compat")
-        with pytest.raises(Exception):
-            goal_spec.concretized()
-        _enable_splicing()
-        assert goal_spec.concretized().satisfies(goal_spec)
+    )
+    mutable_config.set("packages", _make_specs_non_buildable(["splice-t", "splice-h", "splice-z"]))
+
+    goal_spec = "splice-t@1 ^splice-h@1.0.2+compat ^splice-z@1.0.2+compat"
+    with pytest.raises(SolverError):
+        spack.concretize.concretize_one(goal_spec)
+
+    _enable_splicing()
+    concrete = spack.concretize.concretize_one(goal_spec)
+
+    # splice-t and splice-h have a dependency that is changing, thus its hash should be different
+    assert concrete.dag_hash() != splice_t.dag_hash()
+    assert concrete.build_spec.satisfies(splice_t)
+    assert not concrete.satisfies(splice_t)
+
+    assert concrete["splice-h"].dag_hash() != splice_h.dag_hash()
+    assert concrete["splice-h"].build_spec.satisfies(splice_h)
+    assert not concrete["splice-h"].satisfies(splice_h)
+
+    # splice-z is reused, so the hash should stay the same
+    assert concrete["splice-z"].dag_hash() == splice_z.dag_hash()
 
 
-# The next two tests are mirrors of one another
-def test_virtual_multi_splices_in(splicing_setup):
-    cache = [
-        "depends-on-virtual-with-abi ^virtual-abi-1",
-        "depends-on-virtual-with-abi ^virtual-abi-2",
-    ]
-    goal_specs = [
-        "depends-on-virtual-with-abi ^virtual-abi-multi abi=one",
-        "depends-on-virtual-with-abi ^virtual-abi-multi abi=two",
-    ]
-    with CacheManager(cache):
-        spack.config.set("packages", _make_specs_non_buildable(["depends-on-virtual-with-abi"]))
-        for gs in goal_specs:
-            with pytest.raises(Exception):
-                Spec(gs).concretized()
-        _enable_splicing()
-        for gs in goal_specs:
-            assert Spec(gs).concretized().satisfies(gs)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "original_spec,goal_spec",
+    [
+        # `virtual-abi-1` can be spliced for `virtual-abi-multi abi=one` and vice-versa
+        (
+            "depends-on-virtual-with-abi ^virtual-abi-1",
+            "depends-on-virtual-with-abi ^virtual-abi-multi abi=one",
+        ),
+        (
+            "depends-on-virtual-with-abi ^virtual-abi-multi abi=one",
+            "depends-on-virtual-with-abi ^virtual-abi-1",
+        ),
+        # `virtual-abi-2` can be spliced for `virtual-abi-multi abi=two` and vice-versa
+        (
+            "depends-on-virtual-with-abi ^virtual-abi-2",
+            "depends-on-virtual-with-abi ^virtual-abi-multi abi=two",
+        ),
+        (
+            "depends-on-virtual-with-abi ^virtual-abi-multi abi=two",
+            "depends-on-virtual-with-abi ^virtual-abi-2",
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+def test_virtual_multi_splices_in(original_spec, goal_spec, install_specs, mutable_config):
+    """Tests that we can splice a virtual dependency with a different, but compatible, provider."""
+    original = install_specs(original_spec)[0]
+    mutable_config.set("packages", _make_specs_non_buildable(["depends-on-virtual-with-abi"]))
+
+    with pytest.raises(SolverError):
+        spack.concretize.concretize_one(goal_spec)
+
+    _enable_splicing()
+    spliced = spack.concretize.concretize_one(goal_spec)
+
+    assert spliced.dag_hash() != original.dag_hash()
+    assert spliced.build_spec.dag_hash() == original.dag_hash()
+    assert spliced["virtual-with-abi"].name != spliced.build_spec["virtual-with-abi"].name
 
 
-def test_virtual_multi_can_be_spliced(splicing_setup):
-    cache = [
-        "depends-on-virtual-with-abi ^virtual-abi-multi abi=one",
-        "depends-on-virtual-with-abi ^virtual-abi-multi abi=two",
-    ]
-    goal_specs = [
-        "depends-on-virtual-with-abi ^virtual-abi-1",
-        "depends-on-virtual-with-abi ^virtual-abi-2",
-    ]
-    with CacheManager(cache):
-        spack.config.set("packages", _make_specs_non_buildable(["depends-on-virtual-with-abi"]))
-        with pytest.raises(Exception):
-            for gs in goal_specs:
-                Spec(gs).concretized()
-        _enable_splicing()
-        for gs in goal_specs:
-            assert Spec(gs).concretized().satisfies(gs)
-
-
-def test_manyvariant_star_matching_variant_splice(splicing_setup):
-    cache = [
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "original_spec,goal_spec",
+    [
         # can_splice("manyvariants@1.0.0", when="@1.0.1", match_variants="*")
-        "depends-on-manyvariants ^manyvariants@1.0.0+a+b c=v1 d=v2",
-        "depends-on-manyvariants ^manyvariants@1.0.0~a~b c=v3 d=v3",
-    ]
-    goal_specs = [
-        Spec("depends-on-manyvariants ^manyvariants@1.0.1+a+b c=v1 d=v2"),
-        Spec("depends-on-manyvariants ^manyvariants@1.0.1~a~b c=v3 d=v3"),
-    ]
-    with CacheManager(cache):
-        freeze_build_config = {"depends-on-manyvariants": {"buildable": False}}
-        spack.config.set("packages", freeze_build_config)
-        for goal in goal_specs:
-            with pytest.raises(Exception):
-                goal.concretized()
-        _enable_splicing()
-        for goal in goal_specs:
-            assert goal.concretized().satisfies(goal)
-
-
-def test_manyvariant_limited_matching(splicing_setup):
-    cache = [
+        (
+            "depends-on-manyvariants ^manyvariants@1.0.0+a+b c=v1 d=v2",
+            "depends-on-manyvariants ^manyvariants@1.0.1+a+b c=v1 d=v2",
+        ),
+        (
+            "depends-on-manyvariants ^manyvariants@1.0.0~a~b c=v3 d=v3",
+            "depends-on-manyvariants ^manyvariants@1.0.1~a~b c=v3 d=v3",
+        ),
         # can_splice("manyvariants@2.0.0+a~b", when="@2.0.1~a+b", match_variants=["c", "d"])
-        "depends-on-manyvariants@2.0 ^manyvariants@2.0.0+a~b c=v3 d=v2",
+        (
+            "depends-on-manyvariants@2.0 ^manyvariants@2.0.0+a~b c=v3 d=v2",
+            "depends-on-manyvariants@2.0 ^manyvariants@2.0.1~a+b c=v3 d=v2",
+        ),
         # can_splice("manyvariants@2.0.0 c=v1 d=v1", when="@2.0.1+a+b")
-        "depends-on-manyvariants@2.0 ^manyvariants@2.0.0~a~b c=v1 d=v1",
-    ]
-    goal_specs = [
-        Spec("depends-on-manyvariants@2.0 ^manyvariants@2.0.1~a+b c=v3 d=v2"),
-        Spec("depends-on-manyvariants@2.0 ^manyvariants@2.0.1+a+b c=v3 d=v3"),
-    ]
-    with CacheManager(cache):
-        freeze_build_config = {"depends-on-manyvariants": {"buildable": False}}
-        spack.config.set("packages", freeze_build_config)
-        for s in goal_specs:
-            with pytest.raises(Exception):
-                s.concretized()
-        _enable_splicing()
-        for s in goal_specs:
-            assert s.concretized().satisfies(s)
+        (
+            "depends-on-manyvariants@2.0 ^manyvariants@2.0.0~a~b c=v1 d=v1",
+            "depends-on-manyvariants@2.0 ^manyvariants@2.0.1+a+b c=v3 d=v3",
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+def test_manyvariant_matching_variant_splice(
+    original_spec, goal_spec, install_specs, mutable_config
+):
+    """Tests splicing with different kind of matching on variants"""
+    original = install_specs(original_spec)[0]
+    mutable_config.set("packages", {"depends-on-manyvariants": {"buildable": False}})
+
+    with pytest.raises(SolverError):
+        spack.concretize.concretize_one(goal_spec)
+
+    _enable_splicing()
+    spliced = spack.concretize.concretize_one(goal_spec)
+
+    assert spliced.dag_hash() != original.dag_hash()
+    assert spliced.build_spec.dag_hash() == original.dag_hash()
+
+    # The spliced 'manyvariants' is yet to be built
+    assert spliced["manyvariants"].dag_hash() != original["manyvariants"].dag_hash()
+    assert spliced["manyvariants"].build_spec.dag_hash() == spliced["manyvariants"].dag_hash()
 
 
-def test_external_splice_same_name(splicing_setup):
-    cache = [
+def test_external_splice_same_name(install_specs, mutable_config):
+    """Tests that externals can be spliced for non-external specs"""
+    original_splice_h, original_splice_t = install_specs(
         "splice-h@1.0.0 ^splice-z@1.0.0+compat",
         "splice-t@1.0 ^splice-h@1.0.1 ^splice-z@1.0.1+compat",
-    ]
-    packages_yaml = {
-        "splice-z": {"externals": [{"spec": "splice-z@1.0.2+compat", "prefix": "/usr"}]}
-    }
-    goal_specs = [
-        Spec("splice-h@1.0.0 ^splice-z@1.0.2"),
-        Spec("splice-t@1.0 ^splice-h@1.0.1 ^splice-z@1.0.2"),
-    ]
-    with CacheManager(cache):
-        spack.config.set("packages", packages_yaml)
-        _enable_splicing()
-        for s in goal_specs:
-            assert s.concretized().satisfies(s)
+    )
+    mutable_config.set("packages", _make_specs_non_buildable(["splice-t", "splice-h"]))
+    mutable_config.set(
+        "packages",
+        {
+            "splice-z": {
+                "externals": [{"spec": "splice-z@1.0.2+compat", "prefix": "/usr"}],
+                "buildable": False,
+            }
+        },
+    )
+
+    _enable_splicing()
+    concrete_splice_h = spack.concretize.concretize_one("splice-h@1.0.0 ^splice-z@1.0.2")
+    concrete_splice_t = spack.concretize.concretize_one(
+        "splice-t@1.0 ^splice-h@1.0.1 ^splice-z@1.0.2"
+    )
+
+    assert concrete_splice_h.dag_hash() != original_splice_h.dag_hash()
+    assert concrete_splice_h.build_spec.dag_hash() == original_splice_h.dag_hash()
+    assert concrete_splice_h["splice-z"].external
+
+    assert concrete_splice_t.dag_hash() != original_splice_t.dag_hash()
+    assert concrete_splice_t.build_spec.dag_hash() == original_splice_t.dag_hash()
+    assert concrete_splice_t["splice-z"].external
+
+    assert concrete_splice_t["splice-z"].dag_hash() == concrete_splice_h["splice-z"].dag_hash()
 
 
-def test_spliced_build_deps_only_in_build_spec(splicing_setup):
-    cache = ["splice-t@1.0 ^splice-h@1.0.1 ^splice-z@1.0.0"]
-    goal_spec = Spec("splice-t@1.0 ^splice-h@1.0.2 ^splice-z@1.0.0")
+def test_spliced_build_deps_only_in_build_spec(install_specs):
+    """Tests that build specs are not reported in the spliced spec"""
+    install_specs("splice-t@1.0 ^splice-h@1.0.1 ^splice-z@1.0.0")
 
-    with CacheManager(cache):
-        _enable_splicing()
-        concr_goal = goal_spec.concretized()
-        build_spec = concr_goal._build_spec
-        # Spec has been spliced
-        assert build_spec is not None
-        # Build spec has spliced build dependencies
-        assert _has_build_dependency(build_spec, "splice-h")
-        assert _has_build_dependency(build_spec, "splice-z")
-        # Spliced build dependencies are removed
-        assert len(concr_goal.dependencies(None, dt.BUILD)) == 0
+    _enable_splicing()
+    spliced = spack.concretize.concretize_one("splice-t@1.0 ^splice-h@1.0.2 ^splice-z@1.0.0")
+    build_spec = spliced.build_spec
+
+    # Spec has been spliced
+    assert build_spec.dag_hash() != spliced.dag_hash()
+    # Build spec has spliced build dependencies
+    assert build_spec.dependencies("splice-h", dt.BUILD)
+    assert build_spec.dependencies("splice-z", dt.BUILD)
+    # Spliced build dependencies are removed
+    assert len(spliced.dependencies(None, dt.BUILD)) == 0
 
 
-def test_spliced_transitive_dependency(splicing_setup):
-    cache = ["splice-depends-on-t@1.0 ^splice-h@1.0.1"]
-    goal_spec = Spec("splice-depends-on-t^splice-h@1.0.2")
+def test_spliced_transitive_dependency(install_specs, mutable_config):
+    """Tests that build specs are not reported, even for spliced transitive dependencies"""
+    install_specs("splice-depends-on-t@1.0 ^splice-h@1.0.1")
+    mutable_config.set("packages", _make_specs_non_buildable(["splice-depends-on-t"]))
 
-    with CacheManager(cache):
-        spack.config.set("packages", _make_specs_non_buildable(["splice-depends-on-t"]))
-        _enable_splicing()
-        concr_goal = goal_spec.concretized()
-        # Spec has been spliced
-        assert concr_goal._build_spec is not None
-        assert concr_goal["splice-t"]._build_spec is not None
-        assert concr_goal.satisfies(goal_spec)
-        # Spliced build dependencies are removed
-        assert len(concr_goal.dependencies(None, dt.BUILD)) == 0
+    _enable_splicing()
+    spliced = spack.concretize.concretize_one("splice-depends-on-t^splice-h@1.0.2")
+
+    # Spec has been spliced
+    assert spliced.build_spec.dag_hash() != spliced.dag_hash()
+    assert spliced["splice-t"].build_spec.dag_hash() != spliced["splice-t"].dag_hash()
+
+    # Spliced build dependencies are removed
+    assert len(spliced.dependencies(None, dt.BUILD)) == 0
+    assert len(spliced["splice-t"].dependencies(None, dt.BUILD)) == 0

lib/spack/spack/test/architecture.py

@@ -133,5 +133,5 @@ def test_concretize_target_ranges(root_target_range, dep_target_range, result, m
         f"pkg-a %gcc@10 foobar=bar target={root_target_range} ^pkg-b target={dep_target_range}"
     )
     with spack.concretize.disable_compiler_existence_check():
-        spec.concretize()
+        spec = spack.concretize.concretize_one(spec)
     assert spec.target == spec["pkg-b"].target == result

lib/spack/spack/test/bindist.py

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 import spack.binary_distribution as bindist
 import spack.caches
 import spack.compilers
+import spack.concretize
 import spack.config
 import spack.fetch_strategy
 import spack.hooks.sbang as sbang
@@ -35,13 +36,15 @@
 import spack.mirrors.mirror
 import spack.oci.image
 import spack.paths
+import spack.repo
 import spack.spec
 import spack.store
 import spack.util.gpg
 import spack.util.spack_yaml as syaml
 import spack.util.url as url_util
 import spack.util.web as web_util
-from spack.binary_distribution import CannotListKeys, GenerateIndexError
+from spack.binary_distribution import INDEX_HASH_FILE, CannotListKeys, GenerateIndexError
+from spack.database import INDEX_JSON_FILE
 from spack.installer import PackageInstaller
 from spack.paths import test_path
 from spack.spec import Spec
@@ -92,7 +95,7 @@ def config_directory(tmp_path_factory):
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope="function")
-def default_config(tmp_path, config_directory, monkeypatch, install_mockery):
+def default_config(tmp_path, config_directory, mock_repo_path, install_mockery):
     # This fixture depends on install_mockery to ensure
     # there is a clear order of initialization. The substitution of the
     # config scopes here is done on top of the substitution that comes with
@@ -107,7 +110,6 @@ def default_config(tmp_path, config_directory, monkeypatch, install_mockery):
     ]
 
     with spack.config.use_configuration(*scopes):
-        spack.config.CONFIG.set("repos", [spack.paths.mock_packages_path])
         njobs = spack.config.get("config:build_jobs")
         if not njobs:
             spack.config.set("config:build_jobs", 4, scope="user")
@@ -128,8 +130,8 @@ def default_config(tmp_path, config_directory, monkeypatch, install_mockery):
         timeout = spack.config.get("config:connect_timeout")
         if not timeout:
             spack.config.set("config:connect_timeout", 10, scope="user")
-
-        yield spack.config.CONFIG
+        with spack.repo.use_repositories(mock_repo_path):
+            yield spack.config.CONFIG
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope="function")
@@ -205,8 +207,9 @@ def test_default_rpaths_create_install_default_layout(temporary_mirror_dir):
     Test the creation and installation of buildcaches with default rpaths
     into the default directory layout scheme.
     """
-    gspec, cspec = Spec("garply").concretized(), Spec("corge").concretized()
-    sy_spec = Spec("symly").concretized()
+    gspec = spack.concretize.concretize_one("garply")
+    cspec = spack.concretize.concretize_one("corge")
+    sy_spec = spack.concretize.concretize_one("symly")
 
     # Install 'corge' without using a cache
     install_cmd("--no-cache", cspec.name)
@@ -253,9 +256,9 @@ def test_default_rpaths_install_nondefault_layout(temporary_mirror_dir):
     Test the creation and installation of buildcaches with default rpaths
     into the non-default directory layout scheme.
     """
-    cspec = Spec("corge").concretized()
+    cspec = spack.concretize.concretize_one("corge")
     # This guy tests for symlink relocation
-    sy_spec = Spec("symly").concretized()
+    sy_spec = spack.concretize.concretize_one("symly")
 
     # Install some packages with dependent packages
     # test install in non-default install path scheme
@@ -276,7 +279,8 @@ def test_relative_rpaths_install_default_layout(temporary_mirror_dir):
     Test the creation and installation of buildcaches with relative
     rpaths into the default directory layout scheme.
     """
-    gspec, cspec = Spec("garply").concretized(), Spec("corge").concretized()
+    gspec = spack.concretize.concretize_one("garply")
+    cspec = spack.concretize.concretize_one("corge")
 
     # Install buildcache created with relativized rpaths
     buildcache_cmd("install", "-uf", cspec.name)
@@ -305,7 +309,7 @@ def test_relative_rpaths_install_nondefault(temporary_mirror_dir):
     Test the installation of buildcaches with relativized rpaths
     into the non-default directory layout scheme.
     """
-    cspec = Spec("corge").concretized()
+    cspec = spack.concretize.concretize_one("corge")
 
     # Test install in non-default install path scheme and relative path
     buildcache_cmd("install", "-uf", cspec.name)
@@ -358,7 +362,8 @@ def test_built_spec_cache(temporary_mirror_dir):
     that cache from a buildcache index."""
     buildcache_cmd("list", "-a", "-l")
 
-    gspec, cspec = Spec("garply").concretized(), Spec("corge").concretized()
+    gspec = spack.concretize.concretize_one("garply")
+    cspec = spack.concretize.concretize_one("corge")
 
     for s in [gspec, cspec]:
         results = bindist.get_mirrors_for_spec(s)
@@ -381,7 +386,7 @@ def test_spec_needs_rebuild(monkeypatch, tmpdir):
     mirror_dir = tmpdir.join("mirror_dir")
     mirror_url = url_util.path_to_file_url(mirror_dir.strpath)
 
-    s = Spec("libdwarf").concretized()
+    s = spack.concretize.concretize_one("libdwarf")
 
     # Install a package
     install_cmd(s.name)
@@ -410,7 +415,7 @@ def test_generate_index_missing(monkeypatch, tmpdir, mutable_config):
     mirror_url = url_util.path_to_file_url(mirror_dir.strpath)
     spack.config.set("mirrors", {"test": mirror_url})
 
-    s = Spec("libdwarf").concretized()
+    s = spack.concretize.concretize_one("libdwarf")
 
     # Install a package
     install_cmd("--no-cache", s.name)
@@ -494,7 +499,7 @@ def mock_list_url(url, recursive=False):
 
 def test_update_sbang(tmp_path, temporary_mirror, mock_fetch, install_mockery):
     """Test relocation of the sbang shebang line in a package script"""
-    s = Spec("old-sbang").concretized()
+    s = spack.concretize.concretize_one("old-sbang")
     PackageInstaller([s.package]).install()
     old_prefix, old_sbang_shebang = s.prefix, sbang.sbang_shebang_line()
     old_contents = f"""\
@@ -602,7 +607,7 @@ def test_etag_fetching_304():
     # handled as success, since it means the local cache is up-to-date.
     def response_304(request: urllib.request.Request):
         url = request.get_full_url()
-        if url == "https://www.example.com/build_cache/index.json":
+        if url == f"https://www.example.com/build_cache/{INDEX_JSON_FILE}":
             assert request.get_header("If-none-match") == '"112a8bbc1b3f7f185621c1ee335f0502"'
             raise urllib.error.HTTPError(
                 url, 304, "Not Modified", hdrs={}, fp=None  # type: ignore[arg-type]
@@ -624,7 +629,7 @@ def test_etag_fetching_200():
     # Test conditional fetch with etags. The remote has modified the file.
     def response_200(request: urllib.request.Request):
         url = request.get_full_url()
-        if url == "https://www.example.com/build_cache/index.json":
+        if url == f"https://www.example.com/build_cache/{INDEX_JSON_FILE}":
             assert request.get_header("If-none-match") == '"112a8bbc1b3f7f185621c1ee335f0502"'
             return urllib.response.addinfourl(
                 io.BytesIO(b"Result"),
@@ -675,7 +680,7 @@ def test_default_index_fetch_200():
 
     def urlopen(request: urllib.request.Request):
         url = request.get_full_url()
-        if url.endswith("index.json.hash"):
+        if url.endswith(INDEX_HASH_FILE):
             return urllib.response.addinfourl(  # type: ignore[arg-type]
                 io.BytesIO(index_json_hash.encode()),
                 headers={},  # type: ignore[arg-type]
@@ -683,7 +688,7 @@ def urlopen(request: urllib.request.Request):
                 code=200,
             )
 
-        elif url.endswith("index.json"):
+        elif url.endswith(INDEX_JSON_FILE):
             return urllib.response.addinfourl(
                 io.BytesIO(index_json.encode()),
                 headers={"Etag": '"59bcc3ad6775562f845953cf01624225"'},  # type: ignore[arg-type]
@@ -714,7 +719,7 @@ def test_default_index_dont_fetch_index_json_hash_if_no_local_hash():
 
     def urlopen(request: urllib.request.Request):
         url = request.get_full_url()
-        if url.endswith("index.json"):
+        if url.endswith(INDEX_JSON_FILE):
             return urllib.response.addinfourl(
                 io.BytesIO(index_json.encode()),
                 headers={"Etag": '"59bcc3ad6775562f845953cf01624225"'},  # type: ignore[arg-type]
@@ -743,7 +748,7 @@ def test_default_index_not_modified():
 
     def urlopen(request: urllib.request.Request):
         url = request.get_full_url()
-        if url.endswith("index.json.hash"):
+        if url.endswith(INDEX_HASH_FILE):
             return urllib.response.addinfourl(
                 io.BytesIO(index_json_hash.encode()),
                 headers={},  # type: ignore[arg-type]
@@ -788,7 +793,7 @@ def test_default_index_json_404():
 
     def urlopen(request: urllib.request.Request):
         url = request.get_full_url()
-        if url.endswith("index.json.hash"):
+        if url.endswith(INDEX_HASH_FILE):
             return urllib.response.addinfourl(
                 io.BytesIO(index_json_hash.encode()),
                 headers={},  # type: ignore[arg-type]
@@ -796,7 +801,7 @@ def urlopen(request: urllib.request.Request):
                 code=200,
             )
 
-        elif url.endswith("index.json"):
+        elif url.endswith(INDEX_JSON_FILE):
             raise urllib.error.HTTPError(
                 url,
                 code=404,

lib/spack/spack/test/bootstrap.py

@@ -220,14 +220,12 @@ def test_source_is_disabled(mutable_config):
 
     # The source is not explicitly enabled or disabled, so the following
     # call should raise to skip using it for bootstrapping
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-        spack.bootstrap.core.source_is_enabled_or_raise(conf)
+    assert not spack.bootstrap.core.source_is_enabled(conf)
 
     # Try to explicitly disable the source and verify that the behavior
     # is the same as above
     spack.config.add("bootstrap:trusted:{0}:{1}".format(conf["name"], False))
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-        spack.bootstrap.core.source_is_enabled_or_raise(conf)
+    assert not spack.bootstrap.core.source_is_enabled(conf)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.regression("45247")

lib/spack/spack/test/build_distribution.py

@@ -3,20 +3,19 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 
 import os
-import os.path
 
 import pytest
 
 import spack.binary_distribution as bd
+import spack.concretize
 import spack.mirrors.mirror
-import spack.spec
 from spack.installer import PackageInstaller
 
 pytestmark = pytest.mark.not_on_windows("does not run on windows")
 
 
 def test_build_tarball_overwrite(install_mockery, mock_fetch, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
-    spec = spack.spec.Spec("trivial-install-test-package").concretized()
+    spec = spack.concretize.concretize_one("trivial-install-test-package")
     PackageInstaller([spec.package], fake=True).install()
 
     specs = [spec]

lib/spack/spack/test/build_environment.py

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 import spack.build_environment
 import spack.compiler
 import spack.compilers
+import spack.concretize
 import spack.config
 import spack.deptypes as dt
 import spack.package_base
@@ -163,8 +164,7 @@ def test_static_to_shared_library(build_environment):
 @pytest.mark.regression("8345")
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures("config", "mock_packages")
 def test_cc_not_changed_by_modules(monkeypatch, working_env):
-    s = spack.spec.Spec("cmake")
-    s.concretize()
+    s = spack.concretize.concretize_one("cmake")
     pkg = s.package
 
     def _set_wrong_cc(x):
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ def test_setup_dependent_package_inherited_modules(
     working_env, mock_packages, install_mockery, mock_fetch
 ):
     # This will raise on regression
-    s = spack.spec.Spec("cmake-client-inheritor").concretized()
+    s = spack.concretize.concretize_one("cmake-client-inheritor")
     PackageInstaller([s.package]).install()
 
 
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ def platform_pathsep(pathlist):
         return convert_to_platform_path(pathlist)
 
     # Monkeypatch a pkg.compiler.environment with the required modifications
-    pkg = spack.spec.Spec("cmake").concretized().package
+    pkg = spack.concretize.concretize_one("cmake").package
     monkeypatch.setattr(pkg.compiler, "environment", modifications)
     # Trigger the modifications
     spack.build_environment.setup_package(pkg, False)
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ def custom_env(pkg, env):
         env.prepend_path("PATH", test_path)
         env.append_flags("ENV_CUSTOM_CC_FLAGS", "--custom-env-flag1")
 
-    pkg = spack.spec.Spec("cmake").concretized().package
+    pkg = spack.concretize.concretize_one("cmake").package
     monkeypatch.setattr(pkg.compiler, "setup_custom_environment", custom_env)
     spack.build_environment.setup_package(pkg, False)
 
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ def test_external_config_env(mock_packages, mutable_config, working_env):
     }
     spack.config.set("packages:cmake", cmake_config)
 
-    cmake_client = spack.spec.Spec("cmake-client").concretized()
+    cmake_client = spack.concretize.concretize_one("cmake-client")
     spack.build_environment.setup_package(cmake_client.package, False)
 
     assert os.environ["TEST_ENV_VAR_SET"] == "yes it's set"
@@ -330,8 +330,7 @@ def test_external_config_env(mock_packages, mutable_config, working_env):
 
 @pytest.mark.regression("9107")
 def test_spack_paths_before_module_paths(config, mock_packages, monkeypatch, working_env):
-    s = spack.spec.Spec("cmake")
-    s.concretize()
+    s = spack.concretize.concretize_one("cmake")
     pkg = s.package
 
     module_path = os.path.join("path", "to", "module")
@@ -352,8 +351,7 @@ def _set_wrong_cc(x):
 
 
 def test_package_inheritance_module_setup(config, mock_packages, working_env):
-    s = spack.spec.Spec("multimodule-inheritance")
-    s.concretize()
+    s = spack.concretize.concretize_one("multimodule-inheritance")
     pkg = s.package
 
     spack.build_environment.setup_package(pkg, False)
@@ -387,8 +385,7 @@ def test_wrapper_variables(
         not in cuda_include_dirs
     )
 
-    root = spack.spec.Spec("dt-diamond")
-    root.concretize()
+    root = spack.concretize.concretize_one("dt-diamond")
 
     for s in root.traverse():
         s.prefix = "/{0}-prefix/".format(s.name)
@@ -453,7 +450,7 @@ def test_external_prefixes_last(mutable_config, mock_packages, working_env, monk
 """
     )
     spack.config.set("packages", cfg_data)
-    top = spack.spec.Spec("dt-diamond").concretized()
+    top = spack.concretize.concretize_one("dt-diamond")
 
     def _trust_me_its_a_dir(path):
         return True
@@ -500,8 +497,7 @@ def test_parallel_false_is_not_propagating(default_mock_concretization):
 )
 def test_setting_dtags_based_on_config(config_setting, expected_flag, config, mock_packages):
     # Pick a random package to be able to set compiler's variables
-    s = spack.spec.Spec("cmake")
-    s.concretize()
+    s = spack.concretize.concretize_one("cmake")
     pkg = s.package
 
     env = EnvironmentModifications()
@@ -533,7 +529,7 @@ def setup_dependent_package(module, dependent_spec):
         assert dependent_module.ninja is not None
         dependent_spec.package.test_attr = True
 
-    externaltool = spack.spec.Spec("externaltest").concretized()
+    externaltool = spack.concretize.concretize_one("externaltest")
     monkeypatch.setattr(
         externaltool["externaltool"].package, "setup_dependent_package", setup_dependent_package
     )
@@ -728,7 +724,7 @@ def test_build_system_globals_only_set_on_root_during_build(default_mock_concret
     But obviously it can lead to very hard to find bugs... We should get rid of those globals and
     define them instead as a property on the package instance.
     """
-    root = spack.spec.Spec("mpileaks").concretized()
+    root = spack.concretize.concretize_one("mpileaks")
     build_variables = ("std_cmake_args", "std_meson_args", "std_pip_args")
 
     # See todo above, we clear out any properties that may have been set by the previous test.