Bump to 1.0.0

Update changelog for 1.0.0 release

.circleci/config.yml

@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ jobs:
       - run:
           name: Check upgrade testing
           command: |
-            if [ "$CIRCLE_BRANCH" == "master" ]; then
+            if [ "$CIRCLE_BRANCH" == "main" ]; then
                 echo "On master, no upgrade to test..."
                 circleci-agent step halt
             else

.github/dependabot.yaml

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# dependabot.yml reference: https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/dependabot/dependabot-version-updates/configuration-options-for-the-dependabot.yml-file
+# dependabot.yaml reference: https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/dependabot/dependabot-version-updates/configuration-options-for-the-dependabot.yml-file
 #
 # Notes:
 # - Status and logs from dependabot are provided at
@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@ version: 2
 updates:
   # Maintain dependencies in our GitHub Workflows
   - package-ecosystem: github-actions
-    directory: "/" # This should be / rather than .github/workflows
+    directory: /
+    labels: [ci]
     schedule:
-      interval: weekly
+      interval: monthly
       time: "05:00"
-      timezone: "Etc/UTC"
+      timezone: Etc/UTC

.github/integration-test.py

@@ -1,184 +1,199 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 import argparse
-from shutil import which
+import functools
+import os
 import subprocess
 import time
-import os
+from shutil import which
+
+GIT_REPO_PATH = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)))
+TEST_IMAGE_NAME = "test-systemd"
 
 
-def container_runtime():
+@functools.lru_cache()
+def _get_container_runtime_cli():
     runtimes = ["docker", "podman"]
     for runtime in runtimes:
         if which(runtime):
             return runtime
-    raise RuntimeError(f"No container runtime found, tried: {' '.join(runtimes)}")
+    raise RuntimeError(f"No container runtime CLI found, tried: {' '.join(runtimes)}")
 
 
-def container_check_output(*args, **kwargs):
+def _cli(args, log_failure=True):
-    cmd = [container_runtime()] + list(*args)
+    cmd = [_get_container_runtime_cli(), *args]
-    print(f"Running {cmd} {kwargs}")
+    try:
-    return subprocess.check_output(cmd, **kwargs)
+        return subprocess.check_output(cmd, text=True, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+        if log_failure:
+            print(f"{cmd} failed!", flush=True)
+        raise
 
 
-def container_run(*args, **kwargs):
+def _await_container_startup(container_name, timeout=60):
-    cmd = [container_runtime()] + list(*args)
-    print(f"Running {cmd} {kwargs}")
-    return subprocess.run(cmd, **kwargs)
-
-
-def build_systemd_image(image_name, source_path, build_args=None):
     """
-    Build docker image with systemd at source_path.
+    Await container to become ready, as checked by attempting to run a basic
-
+    command (id) inside it.
-    Built image is tagged with image_name
     """
-    cmd = ["build", f"-t={image_name}", source_path]
+    start = time.time()
-    if build_args:
-        cmd.extend([f"--build-arg={ba}" for ba in build_args])
-    container_check_output(cmd)
-
-
-def check_container_ready(container_name, timeout=60):
-    """
-    Check if container is ready to run tests
-    """
-    now = time.time()
     while True:
         try:
-            out = container_check_output(["exec", "-t", container_name, "id"])
+            _cli(["exec", "-t", container_name, "id"], log_failure=False)
-            print(out.decode())
             return
-        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
-            print(e)
+            if time.time() - start > timeout:
-            try:
+                inspect = ""
-                out = container_check_output(["inspect", container_name])
+                logs = ""
-                print(out.decode())
+                try:
-            except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+                    inspect = _cli(["inspect", container_name], log_failure=False)
-                print(e)
+                except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
-            try:
+                    inspect = e.output
-                out = container_check_output(["logs", container_name])
+                try:
-                print(out.decode())
+                    logs = _cli(["logs", container_name], log_failure=False)
-            except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+                except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
-                print(e)
+                    logs = e.output
-            if time.time() - now > timeout:
+                raise RuntimeError(
-                raise RuntimeError(f"Container {container_name} hasn't started")
+                    f"Container {container_name} failed to start! Debugging info follows...\n\n"
-            time.sleep(5)
+                    f"> docker inspect {container_name}\n"
+                    "----------------------------------------\n"
+                    f"{inspect}\n"
+                    f"> docker logs {container_name}\n"
+                    "----------------------------------------\n"
+                    f"{logs}\n"
+                )
+            time.sleep(1)
 
 
-def run_systemd_image(image_name, container_name, bootstrap_pip_spec):
+def build_image(build_args=None):
     """
-    Run docker image with systemd
+    Build Dockerfile with systemd in the integration-tests folder to run tests
+    from.
+    """
+    cmd = [
+        _get_container_runtime_cli(),
+        "build",
+        f"--tag={TEST_IMAGE_NAME}",
+        "integration-tests",
+    ]
+    if build_args:
+        cmd.extend([f"--build-arg={ba}" for ba in build_args])
 
-    Image named image_name should be built with build_systemd_image.
+    subprocess.run(cmd, check=True, text=True)
 
-    Container named container_name will be started.
+
+def start_container(container_name, bootstrap_pip_spec):
+    """
+    Starts a container based on an image expected to start systemd.
     """
     cmd = [
         "run",
-        "--privileged",
+        "--rm",
         "--detach",
+        "--privileged",
         f"--name={container_name}",
         # A bit less than 1GB to ensure TLJH runs on 1GB VMs.
         # If this is changed all docs references to the required memory must be changed too.
         "--memory=900m",
     ]
-
     if bootstrap_pip_spec:
-        cmd.append("-e")
+        cmd.append(f"--env=TLJH_BOOTSTRAP_PIP_SPEC={bootstrap_pip_spec}")
-        cmd.append(f"TLJH_BOOTSTRAP_PIP_SPEC={bootstrap_pip_spec}")
+    else:
+        cmd.append("--env=TLJH_BOOTSTRAP_DEV=yes")
+        cmd.append("--env=TLJH_BOOTSTRAP_PIP_SPEC=/srv/src")
+    cmd.append(TEST_IMAGE_NAME)
 
-    cmd.append(image_name)
+    return _cli(cmd)
-
-    container_check_output(cmd)
 
 
 def stop_container(container_name):
     """
-    Stop & remove docker container if it exists.
+    Stop and remove docker container if it exists.
     """
     try:
-        container_check_output(["inspect", container_name], stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+        return _cli(["rm", "--force", container_name], log_failure=False)
     except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
-        # No such container exists, nothing to do
+        pass
-        return
-    container_check_output(["rm", "-f", container_name])
 
 
-def run_container_command(container_name, cmd):
+def run_command(container_name, command):
     """
-    Run cmd in a running container with a bash shell
+    Run a bash command in a running container and error if it fails
     """
-    proc = container_run(
+    cmd = [
-        ["exec", "-t", container_name, "/bin/bash", "-c", cmd],
+        _get_container_runtime_cli(),
-        check=True,
+        "exec",
-    )
+        "-t",
+        container_name,
+        "/bin/bash",
+        "-c",
+        command,
+    ]
+    print(f"\nRunning: {cmd}\n----------------------------------------", flush=True)
+    subprocess.run(cmd, check=True, text=True)
 
 
 def copy_to_container(container_name, src_path, dest_path):
     """
-    Copy files from src_path to dest_path inside container_name
+    Copy files from a path on the local file system to a destination in a
+    running container
     """
-    container_check_output(["cp", src_path, f"{container_name}:{dest_path}"])
+    _cli(["cp", src_path, f"{container_name}:{dest_path}"])
 
 
 def run_test(
-    image_name, test_name, bootstrap_pip_spec, test_files, upgrade, installer_args
+    container_name,
+    bootstrap_pip_spec,
+    test_files,
+    upgrade_from,
+    installer_args,
 ):
     """
-    Wrapper that sets up tljh with installer_args & runs test_name
+    (Re-)starts a named container with given (Systemd based) image, then runs
+    the bootstrap script inside it to setup tljh with installer_args.
+
+    Thereafter, source files are copied to the container and
     """
-    stop_container(test_name)
+    stop_container(container_name)
-    run_systemd_image(image_name, test_name, bootstrap_pip_spec)
+    start_container(container_name, bootstrap_pip_spec)
+    _await_container_startup(container_name)
+    copy_to_container(container_name, GIT_REPO_PATH, "/srv/src")
 
-    check_container_ready(test_name)
+    # To test upgrades, we run a bootstrap.py script two times instead of one,
+    # where the initial run first installs some older version.
+    #
+    # We want to support testing a PR by upgrading from "main", "latest" (latest
+    # released version), and from a previous major-like version.
+    #
+    if upgrade_from:
+        command = f"python3 /srv/src/bootstrap/bootstrap.py --version={upgrade_from}"
+        run_command(container_name, command)
 
-    source_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), os.pardir))
+    command = f"python3 /srv/src/bootstrap/bootstrap.py {' '.join(installer_args)}"
-
+    run_command(container_name, command)
-    copy_to_container(test_name, os.path.join(source_path, "bootstrap/."), "/srv/src")
-    copy_to_container(
-        test_name, os.path.join(source_path, "integration-tests/"), "/srv/src"
-    )
-
-    # These logs can be very relevant to debug a container startup failure
-    print(f"--- Start of logs from the container: {test_name}")
-    print(container_check_output(["logs", test_name]).decode())
-    print(f"--- End of logs from the container: {test_name}")
-
-    # Install TLJH from the default branch first to test upgrades
-    if upgrade:
-        run_container_command(
-            test_name, "curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py | python3 -"
-        )
-
-    run_container_command(test_name, f"python3 /srv/src/bootstrap.py {installer_args}")
 
     # Install pkgs from requirements in hub's pip, where
     # the bootstrap script installed the others
-    run_container_command(
+    command = "/opt/tljh/hub/bin/python3 -m pip install -r /srv/src/integration-tests/requirements.txt"
-        test_name,
+    run_command(container_name, command)
-        "/opt/tljh/hub/bin/python3 -m pip install -r /srv/src/integration-tests/requirements.txt",
+
-    )
+    # show environment
-    run_container_command(
+    command = "/opt/tljh/hub/bin/python3 -m pip freeze"
-        test_name,
+    run_command(container_name, command)
-        # We abort pytest after two failures as a compromise between wanting to
+
-        # avoid a flood of logs while still understanding if multiple tests
+    # run tests
-        # would fail.
+    test_files = " ".join([f"/srv/src/integration-tests/{f}" for f in test_files])
-        "/opt/tljh/hub/bin/python3 -m pytest --verbose --maxfail=2 --color=yes --durations=10 --capture=no {}".format(
+    command = f"/opt/tljh/hub/bin/python3 -m pytest {test_files}"
-            " ".join(
+    run_command(container_name, command)
-                [os.path.join("/srv/src/integration-tests/", f) for f in test_files]
-            )
-        ),
-    )
 
 
 def show_logs(container_name):
     """
-    Print logs from inside container to stdout
+    Print jupyterhub and traefik status and logs from both.
+
+    tljh logs ref: https://tljh.jupyter.org/en/latest/troubleshooting/logs.html
     """
-    run_container_command(container_name, "journalctl --no-pager")
+    run_command(container_name, "systemctl --no-pager status jupyterhub traefik")
-    run_container_command(
+    run_command(container_name, "journalctl --no-pager -u jupyterhub")
-        container_name, "systemctl --no-pager status jupyterhub traefik"
+    run_command(container_name, "journalctl --no-pager -u traefik")
-    )
 
 
 def main():
@@ -186,15 +201,13 @@ def main():
     subparsers = argparser.add_subparsers(dest="action")
 
     build_image_parser = subparsers.add_parser("build-image")
-    build_image_parser.add_argument(
+    build_image_parser.add_argument("--build-arg", action="append", dest="build_args")
-        "--build-arg",
-        action="append",
-        dest="build_args",
-    )
 
-    subparsers.add_parser("stop-container").add_argument("container_name")
+    start_container_parser = subparsers.add_parser("start-container")
+    start_container_parser.add_argument("container_name")
 
-    subparsers.add_parser("start-container").add_argument("container_name")
+    stop_container_parser = subparsers.add_parser("stop-container")
+    stop_container_parser.add_argument("container_name")
 
     run_parser = subparsers.add_parser("run")
     run_parser.add_argument("container_name")
@@ -206,12 +219,10 @@ def main():
     copy_parser.add_argument("dest")
 
     run_test_parser = subparsers.add_parser("run-test")
-    run_test_parser.add_argument("--installer-args", default="")
+    run_test_parser.add_argument("--installer-args", action="append")
-    run_test_parser.add_argument("--upgrade", action="store_true")
+    run_test_parser.add_argument("--upgrade-from", default="")
-    run_test_parser.add_argument(
+    run_test_parser.add_argument("--bootstrap-pip-spec", default="/srv/src")
-        "--bootstrap-pip-spec", nargs="?", default="", type=str
+    run_test_parser.add_argument("container_name")
-    )
-    run_test_parser.add_argument("test_name")
     run_test_parser.add_argument("test_files", nargs="+")
 
     show_logs_parser = subparsers.add_parser("show-logs")
@@ -219,29 +230,26 @@ def main():
 
     args = argparser.parse_args()
 
-    image_name = "tljh-systemd"
+    if args.action == "build-image":
-
+        build_image(args.build_args)
-    if args.action == "run-test":
+    elif args.action == "start-container":
+        start_container(args.container_name, args.bootstrap_pip_spec)
+    elif args.action == "stop-container":
+        stop_container(args.container_name)
+    elif args.action == "run":
+        run_command(args.container_name, args.command)
+    elif args.action == "copy":
+        copy_to_container(args.container_name, args.src, args.dest)
+    elif args.action == "run-test":
         run_test(
-            image_name,
+            args.container_name,
-            args.test_name,
             args.bootstrap_pip_spec,
             args.test_files,
-            args.upgrade,
+            args.upgrade_from,
             args.installer_args,
         )
     elif args.action == "show-logs":
         show_logs(args.container_name)
-    elif args.action == "run":
-        run_container_command(args.container_name, args.command)
-    elif args.action == "copy":
-        copy_to_container(args.container_name, args.src, args.dest)
-    elif args.action == "start-container":
-        run_systemd_image(image_name, args.container_name, args.bootstrap_pip_spec)
-    elif args.action == "stop-container":
-        stop_container(args.container_name)
-    elif args.action == "build-image":
-        build_systemd_image(image_name, "integration-tests", args.build_args)
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

.github/workflows/integration-test.yaml

@@ -8,14 +8,12 @@ on:
     paths-ignore:
       - "docs/**"
       - "**.md"
-      - "**.rst"
       - ".github/workflows/*"
       - "!.github/workflows/integration-test.yaml"
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - "docs/**"
       - "**.md"
-      - "**.rst"
       - ".github/workflows/*"
       - "!.github/workflows/integration-test.yaml"
     branches-ignore:
@@ -24,158 +22,123 @@ on:
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
-  # This job is used as a workaround to a limitation when using a matrix of
-  # variations that a job should be executed against. The limitation is that a
-  # matrix once defined can't include any conditions.
-  #
-  # What this job does before our real test job with a matrix of variations run,
-  # is to decide on that matrix of variations a conditional logic of our choice.
-  #
-  # For more details, see this excellent stack overflow answer:
-  # https://stackoverflow.com/a/65434401/2220152
-  #
-  decide-on-test-jobs-to-run:
-    name: Decide on test jobs to run
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-
-    outputs:
-      matrix: ${{ steps.set-matrix.outputs.matrix }}
-
-    steps:
-      # Currently, this logic filters out a matrix entry equaling a specific git
-      # reference identified by "dont_run_on_ref".
-      - name: Decide on test jobs to run
-        id: set-matrix
-        run: |
-          matrix_post_filter=$(
-            echo "$matrix_include_pre_filter" \
-              | yq e --output-format=json '.' - \
-              | jq -c '{"include": map( . | select(.dont_run_on_ref != "${{ github.ref }}" ))}'
-          )
-          echo "matrix=$matrix_post_filter" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-
-          echo "The subsequent job's matrix are:"
-          echo $matrix_post_filter | jq -C '.'
-        env:
-          matrix_include_pre_filter: |
-            - name: "Int. tests: Ubuntu 18.04, Py 3.6"
-              ubuntu_version: "18.04"
-              python_version: "3.6"
-              extra_flags: ""
-            - name: "Int. tests: Ubuntu 20.04, Py 3.9"
-              ubuntu_version: "20.04"
-              python_version: "3.9"
-              extra_flags: ""
-            - name: "Int. tests: Ubuntu 22.04, Py 3.10"
-              ubuntu_version: "22.04"
-              python_version: "3.10"
-              extra_flags: ""
-            - name: "Int. tests: Ubuntu 22.04, Py 3.10, --upgrade"
-              ubuntu_version: "22.04"
-              python_version: "3.10"
-              extra_flags: --upgrade
-              dont_run_on_ref: refs/heads/master
-
   integration-tests:
-    needs: decide-on-test-jobs-to-run
+    # integration tests run in a container,
-
+    # not in the worker, so this version is not relevant to the tests
-    # runs-on can only be configured to the LTS releases of ubuntu (20.04,
+    # and can be the same for all tested versions
-    # 22.04, ...), so if we want to test against the latest non-LTS release, we
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
-    # must compromise when configuring runs-on and configure runs-on to be the
-    # latest LTS release instead.
-    #
-    # This can have consequences because actions like actions/setup-python will
-    # mount cached installations associated with the chosen runs-on environment.
-    #
-    runs-on: ${{ format('ubuntu-{0}', matrix.runs_on || matrix.ubuntu_version) }}
 
     name: ${{ matrix.name }}
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
-      matrix: ${{ fromJson(needs.decide-on-test-jobs-to-run.outputs.matrix) }}
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - name: "Debian 11, Py 3.9"
+            distro_image: "debian:11"
+            extra_flags: ""
+          - name: "Ubuntu 20.04, Py 3.8"
+            distro_image: "ubuntu:20.04"
+            extra_flags: ""
+          - name: "Ubuntu 22.04 Py 3.10"
+            distro_image: "ubuntu:22.04"
+            extra_flags: ""
+          - name: "Ubuntu 22.04, Py 3.10, from main"
+            distro_image: "ubuntu:22.04"
+            extra_flags: --upgrade-from=main
+          - name: "Ubuntu 22.04, Py 3.10, from latest"
+            distro_image: "ubuntu:22.04"
+            extra_flags: --upgrade-from=latest
+          - name: "Ubuntu 22.04, Py 3.10, from 0.2.0"
+            distro_image: "ubuntu:22.04"
+            extra_flags: --upgrade-from=0.2.0
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v3
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
         with:
-          python-version: "${{ matrix.python_version }}"
+          python-version: "3.10"
 
-      - name: Install pytest
+      - name: Build systemd image, derived from ${{ matrix.distro_image }}
-        run: python3 -m pip install pytest
-
-      # We abort pytest after two failures as a compromise between wanting to
-      # avoid a flood of logs while still understanding if multiple tests would
-      # fail.
-      - name: Run bootstrap tests (Runs in/Builds ubuntu:${{ matrix.ubuntu_version }} derived image)
-        run: |
-          pytest --verbose --maxfail=2 --color=yes --durations=10 --capture=no \
-              integration-tests/test_bootstrap.py
-        timeout-minutes: 15
-        env:
-          # integration-tests/test_bootstrap.py will build and start containers
-          # based on this environment variable. This is similar to how
-          # .github/integration-test.py build-image can take a --build-arg
-          # setting the ubuntu_version.
-          UBUNTU_VERSION: ${{ matrix.ubuntu_version }}
-
-      # We build a docker image from wherein we will work
-      - name: Build systemd image (Builds ubuntu:${{ matrix.ubuntu_version }} derived image)
         run: |
           .github/integration-test.py build-image \
-              --build-arg "ubuntu_version=${{ matrix.ubuntu_version }}"
+              --build-arg "BASE_IMAGE=${{ matrix.distro_image }}"
 
-      # FIXME: Make the logic below easier to follow.
-      # - In short, setting BOOTSTRAP_PIP_SPEC here, specifies from what
-      #   location the tljh python package should be installed from. In this
-      #   GitHub Workflow's test job, we provide a remote reference to itself as
-      #   found on GitHub - this could be the HEAD of a PR branch or the default
-      #   branch on merge.
-      #
       # Overview of how this logic influences the end result.
       # - integration-test.yaml:
-      #   Runs integration-test.py by passing --bootstrap-pip-spec flag with a
+      #
-      #   reference to the pull request on GitHub.
+      #   - Runs integration-test.py build-image, to build a systemd based image
-      # - integration-test.py:
+      #     to use later.
-      #   Starts a pre-build systemd container, setting the
+      #
-      #   TLJH_BOOTSTRAP_PIP_SPEC based on its passed --bootstrap-pip-spec value.
+      #   - Runs integration-test.py run-tests, to start a systemd based
-      # - systemd container:
+      #     container, run the bootstrap.py script inside it, and then run
-      #   Runs bootstrap.py
+      #     pytest from the hub python environment setup by the bootstrap
-      # - bootstrap.py
+      #     script.
-      #   Makes use of TLJH_BOOTSTRAP_PIP_SPEC environment variable to install
+      #
-      #   the tljh package from a given location, which could be a local git
+      # About passed --installer-args:
-      #   clone of this repo where setup.py resides, or a reference to some
+      #
-      #   GitHub branch for example.
+      #   - --admin admin:admin
-      - name: Set BOOTSTRAP_PIP_SPEC value
+      #     Required for test_admin_installer.py
+      #
+      #   - --plugin /srv/src/integration-tests/plugins/simplest
+      #     Required for test_simplest_plugin.py
+      #
+      - name: pytest integration-tests/
+        id: integration-tests
         run: |
-          BOOTSTRAP_PIP_SPEC="git+https://github.com/$GITHUB_REPOSITORY.git@$GITHUB_REF"
+          .github/integration-test.py run-test integration-tests \
-          echo "BOOTSTRAP_PIP_SPEC=$BOOTSTRAP_PIP_SPEC" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+              --installer-args "--admin test-admin-username:test-admin-password" \
-          echo $BOOTSTRAP_PIP_SPEC
+              --installer-args "--plugin /srv/src/integration-tests/plugins/simplest" \
-
-      - name: Run basic tests (Runs in ubuntu:${{ matrix.ubuntu_version }} derived image)
-        run: |
-          .github/integration-test.py run-test basic-tests \
-              --bootstrap-pip-spec "$BOOTSTRAP_PIP_SPEC" \
               ${{ matrix.extra_flags }} \
               test_hub.py \
               test_proxy.py \
               test_install.py \
-              test_extensions.py
+              test_extensions.py \
-        timeout-minutes: 15
+              test_admin_installer.py \
-
-      - name: Run admin tests (Runs in ubuntu:${{ matrix.ubuntu_version }} derived image)
-        run: |
-          .github/integration-test.py run-test admin-tests \
-              --installer-args "--admin admin:admin" \
-              --bootstrap-pip-spec "$BOOTSTRAP_PIP_SPEC" \
-              ${{ matrix.extra_flags }} \
-              test_admin_installer.py
-        timeout-minutes: 15
-
-      - name: Run plugin tests (Runs in ubuntu:${{ matrix.ubuntu_version }} derived image)
-        run: |
-          .github/integration-test.py run-test plugin-tests \
-              --bootstrap-pip-spec "$BOOTSTRAP_PIP_SPEC" \
-              --installer-args "--plugin /srv/src/integration-tests/plugins/simplest" \
-              ${{ matrix.extra_flags }} \
               test_simplest_plugin.py
         timeout-minutes: 15
+      - name: show logs
+        if: always() && steps.integration-tests.outcome != 'skipped'
+        run: |
+          .github/integration-test.py show-logs integration-tests
+
+  integration-tests-bootstrap:
+    # integration tests run in a container,
+    # not in the worker, so this version is not relevant to the tests
+    # and can be the same for all tested versions
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+
+    name: ${{ matrix.name }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - name: "Ubuntu 22.04 Py 3.10 (test_bootstrap.py)"
+            distro_image: "ubuntu:22.04"
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.10"
+
+      # FIXME: The test_bootstrap.py script has duplicated logic to run build
+      #        and start images and run things in them. This makes tests slower,
+      #        and adds code to maintain. Let's try to remove it.
+      #
+      #        - bootstrap.py's failure detections, put in unit tests?
+      #        - bootstrap.py's --show-progress-page test, include as a normal
+      #          integration test?
+      #
+      - name: Install integration-tests/requirements.txt for test_bootstrap.py
+        run: pip install -r integration-tests/requirements.txt
+
+      - name: Run bootstrap tests (Runs in/Builds ${{ matrix.distro_image }} derived image)
+        run: |
+          pytest integration-tests/test_bootstrap.py
+        timeout-minutes: 10
+        env:
+          # integration-tests/test_bootstrap.py will build and start containers
+          # based on this environment variable. This is similar to how
+          # .github/integration-test.py build-image can take a --build-arg
+          # setting the base image via a Dockerfile ARG.
+          BASE_IMAGE: ${{ matrix.distro_image }}

.github/workflows/unit-test.yaml

@@ -8,14 +8,12 @@ on:
     paths-ignore:
       - "docs/**"
       - "**.md"
-      - "**.rst"
       - ".github/workflows/*"
       - "!.github/workflows/unit-test.yaml"
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - "docs/**"
       - "**.md"
-      - "**.rst"
       - ".github/workflows/*"
       - "!.github/workflows/unit-test.yaml"
     branches-ignore:
@@ -42,13 +40,10 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
-          - name: "Unit tests: Ubuntu 18.04, Py 3.6"
+          - name: "Ubuntu 20.04, Py 3.9"
-            ubuntu_version: "18.04"
-            python_version: "3.6"
-          - name: "Unit tests: Ubuntu 20.04, Py 3.9"
             ubuntu_version: "20.04"
             python_version: "3.9"
-          - name: "Unit tests: Ubuntu 22.04, Py 3.10"
+          - name: "Ubuntu 22.04, Py 3.10"
             ubuntu_version: "22.04"
             python_version: "3.10"
 
@@ -64,6 +59,7 @@ jobs:
           apt-get update
           apt-get install --yes \
               python3-venv \
+              bzip2 \
               git
 
           python3 -m venv /srv/venv
@@ -85,20 +81,16 @@ jobs:
             ${{ hashFiles('setup.py', 'dev-requirements.txt', '.github/workflows/unit-test.yaml') }}
 
       - name: Install Python dependencies
-        # Keep pip version pinning in sync with the one in bootstrap.py!
-        # See changelog at https://pip.pypa.io/en/latest/news/#changelog
         run: |
-          python3 -m pip install -U "pip==21.3.*"
+          pip install -r dev-requirements.txt
-          python3 -m pip install -r dev-requirements.txt
+          pip install -e .
-          python3 -m pip install -e .
+
+      - name: List Python dependencies
+        run: |
           pip freeze
 
-      # We abort pytest after two failures as a compromise between wanting to
-      # avoid a flood of logs while still understanding if multiple tests would
-      # fail.
       - name: Run unit tests
-        run: pytest --verbose --maxfail=2 --color=yes --durations=10 --cov=tljh tests/
+        run: pytest tests
         timeout-minutes: 15
 
-      - name: Upload code coverage stats
+      - uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
-        run: codecov

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 repos:
   # Autoformat: Python code, syntax patterns are modernized
   - repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
-    rev: v2.34.0
+    rev: v3.10.1
     hooks:
       - id: pyupgrade
         args:
@@ -20,21 +20,36 @@ repos:
         # exclude it from the pyupgrade hook that will apply f-strings etc.
         exclude: bootstrap/bootstrap.py
 
+  # Autoformat: Python code
+  - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/autoflake
+    rev: v2.2.0
+    hooks:
+      - id: autoflake
+        # args ref: https://github.com/PyCQA/autoflake#advanced-usage
+        args:
+          - --in-place
+
+  # Autoformat: Python code
+  - repo: https://github.com/pycqa/isort
+    rev: 5.12.0
+    hooks:
+      - id: isort
+
   # Autoformat: Python code
   - repo: https://github.com/psf/black
-    rev: 22.3.0
+    rev: 23.7.0
     hooks:
       - id: black
 
   # Autoformat: markdown, yaml
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-prettier
-    rev: v2.7.1
+    rev: v3.0.0
     hooks:
       - id: prettier
 
   # Misc...
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-    rev: v4.3.0
+    rev: v4.4.0
     # ref: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks#hooks-available
     hooks:
       # Autoformat: Makes sure files end in a newline and only a newline.
@@ -49,6 +64,10 @@ repos:
 
   # Lint: Python code
   - repo: https://github.com/pycqa/flake8
-    rev: "4.0.1"
+    rev: "6.1.0"
     hooks:
       - id: flake8
+
+# pre-commit.ci config reference: https://pre-commit.ci/#configuration
+ci:
+  autoupdate_schedule: monthly

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The changelog now lives in [TLJH's documentation](https://tljh.jupyter.org/en/stable/reference/changelog.html).

CONTRIBUTING.rst

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-Contributing to The Littlest JupyterHub development
----------------------------------------------------
-
-This is an open source project that is developed and maintained by volunteers.
-Your contribution is integral to the future of the project. Thank you!
-
-See the `contributing guide <https://the-littlest-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/index.html>`_
-for information on the different ways of contributing to The Littlest JupyterHub.

MANIFEST.in

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 include tljh/systemd-units/*
 include tljh/*.tpl
-include tljh/requirements-base.txt
+include tljh/requirements-*.txt

README.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # The Littlest JupyterHub
 
 [![Documentation build status](https://img.shields.io/readthedocs/the-littlest-jupyterhub?logo=read-the-docs)](https://tljh.jupyter.org/en/latest/?badge=latest)
-[![GitHub Workflow Status - Test](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/Unit%20tests?logo=github&label=tests)](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/actions)
+[![GitHub Workflow Status - Test](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/integration-test.yaml?logo=github&label=tests)](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/actions)
-[![Test coverage of code](https://codecov.io/gh/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub)
+[![Test coverage of code](https://codecov.io/gh/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/branch/main/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub)
 [![GitHub](https://img.shields.io/badge/issue_tracking-github-blue?logo=github)](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/issues)
 [![Discourse](https://img.shields.io/badge/help_forum-discourse-blue?logo=discourse)](https://discourse.jupyter.org/c/jupyterhub/tljh)
 [![Gitter](https://img.shields.io/badge/social_chat-gitter-blue?logo=gitter)](https://gitter.im/jupyterhub/jupyterhub)
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ might still make breaking changes that have no clear upgrade pathway.
 ## Installation
 
 The Littlest JupyterHub (TLJH) can run on any server that is running at least
-**Ubuntu 18.04**. Earlier versions of Ubuntu are not supported.
+**Ubuntu 20.04**. Earlier versions of Ubuntu are not supported.
 We have several tutorials to get you started.
 
 - Tutorials to create a new server from scratch on a cloud provider & run TLJH

bootstrap/bootstrap.py

@@ -9,11 +9,10 @@ This script is run as:
 
 Constraints:
 
-    - The entire script should be compatible with Python 3.6, which is the on
+    - The entire script should be compatible with Python 3.8, which is the default on
-      Ubuntu 18.04+.
+      Ubuntu 20.04.
-    - The script should parse in Python 3.5 as we print error messages for using
+    - The script should parse in Python 3.6 as we print error messages for using
-      Ubuntu 16.04+ which comes with Python 3.5 by default. This means no
+      Ubuntu 18.04 which comes with Python 3.6 by default.
-      f-strings can be used.
     - The script must depend only on stdlib modules, as no previous installation
       of dependencies can be assumed.
 
@@ -27,7 +26,7 @@ Environment variables:
                                 installing the tljh installer. Pass the values
                                 yes or no.
 
-Command line flags:
+Command line flags, from "bootstrap.py --help":
 
     The bootstrap.py script accept the following command line flags. All other
     flags are passed through to the tljh installer without interception by this
@@ -37,17 +36,22 @@ Command line flags:
                             logs can be accessed during installation. If this is
                             passed, it will pass --progress-page-server-pid=<pid>
                             to the tljh installer for later termination.
+    --version VERSION       TLJH version or Git reference. Default 'latest' is
+                            the most recent release. Partial versions can be
+                            specified, for example '1', '1.0' or '1.0.0'. You
+                            can also pass a branch name such as 'main' or a
+                            commit hash.
 """
-from argparse import ArgumentParser
+import logging
-import os
-from http.server import SimpleHTTPRequestHandler, HTTPServer
 import multiprocessing
+import os
 import re
+import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
-import logging
-import shutil
 import urllib.request
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from http.server import HTTPServer, SimpleHTTPRequestHandler
 
 progress_page_favicon_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/main/share/jupyterhub/static/favicon.ico"
 progress_page_html = """
@@ -133,6 +137,11 @@ progress_page_html = """
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
+def _parse_version(vs):
+    """Parse a simple version into a tuple of ints"""
+    return tuple(int(part) for part in vs.split("."))
+
+
 # This function is needed both by the process starting this script, and by the
 # TLJH installer that this script execs in the end. Make sure its replica at
 # tljh/utils.py stays in sync with this version!
@@ -174,45 +183,48 @@ def run_subprocess(cmd, *args, **kwargs):
         return output
 
 
+def get_os_release_variable(key):
+    """
+    Return value for key from /etc/os-release
+
+    /etc/os-release is a bash file, so should use bash to parse it.
+
+    Returns empty string if key is not found.
+    """
+    return (
+        subprocess.check_output(
+            [
+                "/bin/bash",
+                "-c",
+                "source /etc/os-release && echo ${{{key}}}".format(key=key),
+            ]
+        )
+        .decode()
+        .strip()
+    )
+
+
 def ensure_host_system_can_install_tljh():
     """
     Check if TLJH is installable in current host system and exit with a clear
     error message otherwise.
     """
-
+    # Require Ubuntu 20.04+ or Debian 11+
-    def get_os_release_variable(key):
-        """
-        Return value for key from /etc/os-release
-
-        /etc/os-release is a bash file, so should use bash to parse it.
-
-        Returns empty string if key is not found.
-        """
-        return (
-            subprocess.check_output(
-                [
-                    "/bin/bash",
-                    "-c",
-                    "source /etc/os-release && echo ${{{key}}}".format(key=key),
-                ]
-            )
-            .decode()
-            .strip()
-        )
-
-    # Require Ubuntu 18.04+
     distro = get_os_release_variable("ID")
-    version = float(get_os_release_variable("VERSION_ID"))
+    version = get_os_release_variable("VERSION_ID")
-    if distro != "ubuntu":
+    if distro not in ["ubuntu", "debian"]:
-        print("The Littlest JupyterHub currently supports Ubuntu Linux only")
+        print("The Littlest JupyterHub currently supports Ubuntu or Debian Linux only")
         sys.exit(1)
-    elif float(version) < 18.04:
+    elif distro == "ubuntu" and _parse_version(version) < (20, 4):
-        print("The Littlest JupyterHub requires Ubuntu 18.04 or higher")
+        print("The Littlest JupyterHub requires Ubuntu 20.04 or higher")
+        sys.exit(1)
+    elif distro == "debian" and _parse_version(version) < (11,):
+        print("The Littlest JupyterHub requires Debian 11 or higher")
         sys.exit(1)
 
-    # Require Python 3.6+
+    # Require Python 3.8+
-    if sys.version_info < (3, 6):
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
-        print("bootstrap.py must be run with at least Python 3.6")
+        print(f"bootstrap.py must be run with at least Python 3.8, found {sys.version}")
         sys.exit(1)
 
     # Require systemd (systemctl is a part of systemd)
@@ -228,6 +240,7 @@ def ensure_host_system_can_install_tljh():
                 "For local development, see http://tljh.jupyter.org/en/latest/contributing/dev-setup.html"
             )
         sys.exit(1)
+    return distro, version
 
 
 class ProgressPageRequestHandler(SimpleHTTPRequestHandler):
@@ -330,13 +343,28 @@ def main():
     start a local webserver temporarily and report its installation progress via
     a web site served locally on port 80.
     """
-    ensure_host_system_can_install_tljh()
+    distro, version = ensure_host_system_can_install_tljh()
 
-    parser = ArgumentParser()
+    parser = ArgumentParser(
-    parser.add_argument("--show-progress-page", action="store_true")
+        description=(
+            "The bootstrap.py script accept the following command line flags. "
+            "All other flags are passed through to the tljh installer without "
+            "interception by this script."
+        )
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--show-progress-page",
+        action="store_true",
+        help=(
+            "Starts a local web server listening on port 80 where logs can be "
+            "accessed during installation. If this is passed, it will pass "
+            "--progress-page-server-pid=<pid> to the tljh installer for later "
+            "termination."
+        ),
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
         "--version",
-        default="latest",
+        default="",
         help=(
             "TLJH version or Git reference. "
             "Default 'latest' is the most recent release. "
@@ -348,10 +376,10 @@ def main():
 
     # Various related constants
     install_prefix = os.environ.get("TLJH_INSTALL_PREFIX", "/opt/tljh")
-    hub_prefix = os.path.join(install_prefix, "hub")
+    hub_env_prefix = os.path.join(install_prefix, "hub")
-    python_bin = os.path.join(hub_prefix, "bin", "python3")
+    hub_env_python = os.path.join(hub_env_prefix, "bin", "python3")
-    pip_bin = os.path.join(hub_prefix, "bin", "pip")
+    hub_env_pip = os.path.join(hub_env_prefix, "bin", "pip")
-    initial_setup = not os.path.exists(python_bin)
+    initial_setup = not os.path.exists(hub_env_python)
 
     # Attempt to start a web server to serve a progress page reporting
     # installation progress.
@@ -425,7 +453,9 @@ def main():
             ["apt-get", "install", "--yes", "software-properties-common"],
             env=apt_get_adjusted_env,
         )
-        run_subprocess(["add-apt-repository", "universe", "--yes"])
+        # Section "universe" exists and is required only in ubuntu.
+        if distro == "ubuntu":
+            run_subprocess(["add-apt-repository", "universe", "--yes"])
         run_subprocess(["apt-get", "update"])
         run_subprocess(
             [
@@ -436,35 +466,38 @@ def main():
                 "python3-venv",
                 "python3-pip",
                 "git",
+                "sudo",  # sudo is missing in default debian install
             ],
             env=apt_get_adjusted_env,
         )
 
-        logger.info("Setting up virtual environment at {}".format(hub_prefix))
+        logger.info("Setting up virtual environment at {}".format(hub_env_prefix))
-        os.makedirs(hub_prefix, exist_ok=True)
+        os.makedirs(hub_env_prefix, exist_ok=True)
-        run_subprocess(["python3", "-m", "venv", hub_prefix])
+        run_subprocess(["python3", "-m", "venv", hub_env_prefix])
 
-    # Upgrade pip
-    # Keep pip version pinning in sync with the one in unit-test.yml!
-    # See changelog at https://pip.pypa.io/en/latest/news/#changelog
     logger.info("Upgrading pip...")
-    run_subprocess([pip_bin, "install", "--upgrade", "pip==21.3.*"])
+    run_subprocess([hub_env_pip, "install", "--upgrade", "pip"])
-
-    # Install/upgrade TLJH installer
-    tljh_install_cmd = [pip_bin, "install", "--upgrade"]
-    if os.environ.get("TLJH_BOOTSTRAP_DEV", "no") == "yes":
-        logger.info("Selected TLJH_BOOTSTRAP_DEV=yes...")
-        tljh_install_cmd.append("--editable")
 
+    # pip install TLJH installer based on
+    #
+    #   1. --version, _resolve_git_version is used
+    #   2. TLJH_BOOTSTRAP_PIP_SPEC (then also respect TLJH_BOOTSTRAP_DEV)
+    #   3. latest, _resolve_git_version is used
+    #
+    tljh_install_cmd = [hub_env_pip, "install", "--upgrade"]
     bootstrap_pip_spec = os.environ.get("TLJH_BOOTSTRAP_PIP_SPEC")
-    if not bootstrap_pip_spec:
+    if args.version or not bootstrap_pip_spec:
+        version_to_resolve = args.version or "latest"
         bootstrap_pip_spec = (
             "git+https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub.git@{}".format(
-                _resolve_git_version(args.version)
+                _resolve_git_version(version_to_resolve)
             )
         )
-
+    elif os.environ.get("TLJH_BOOTSTRAP_DEV", "no") == "yes":
+        logger.info("Selected TLJH_BOOTSTRAP_DEV=yes...")
+        tljh_install_cmd.append("--editable")
     tljh_install_cmd.append(bootstrap_pip_spec)
+
     if initial_setup:
         logger.info("Installing TLJH installer...")
     else:
@@ -473,7 +506,9 @@ def main():
 
     # Run TLJH installer
     logger.info("Running TLJH installer...")
-    os.execv(python_bin, [python_bin, "-m", "tljh.installer"] + tljh_installer_flags)
+    os.execv(
+        hub_env_python, [hub_env_python, "-m", "tljh.installer"] + tljh_installer_flags
+    )
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

dev-requirements.txt

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
+packaging
 pytest
 pytest-cov
+pytest-asyncio
 pytest-mock
-codecov

docs/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-- [ ] Add / update documentation
-- [ ] Add tests
-
- <!-- Read more about our code-review guidelines at https://the-littlest-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/code-review.html -->

docs/conf.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 #
 import datetime
 
-
 # -- Project information -----------------------------------------------------
 # ref: https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/configuration.html#project-information
 #
@@ -21,11 +20,13 @@ author = "Project Jupyter Contributors"
 #
 extensions = [
     "sphinx_copybutton",
+    "sphinx.ext.intersphinx",
     "sphinxext.opengraph",
     "sphinxext.rediraffe",
+    "myst_parser",
 ]
 root_doc = "index"
-source_suffix = [".rst"]
+source_suffix = [".md"]
 
 
 # -- Options for HTML output -------------------------------------------------
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ html_static_path = ["_static"]
 # pydata_sphinx_theme reference: https://pydata-sphinx-theme.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html
 html_theme = "pydata_sphinx_theme"
 html_theme_options = {
+    "navigation_with_keys": False,
     "icon_links": [
         {
             "name": "GitHub",
@@ -59,6 +61,45 @@ html_context = {
     "doc_path": "docs",
 }
 
+# -- MyST configuration ------------------------------------------------------
+# ref: https://myst-parser.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html
+#
+myst_heading_anchors = 2
+
+myst_enable_extensions = [
+    # available extensions: https://myst-parser.readthedocs.io/en/latest/syntax/optional.html
+    "attrs_inline",
+    "colon_fence",
+    "deflist",
+    "dollarmath",
+    "fieldlist",
+]
+
+
+# -- Options for intersphinx extension ---------------------------------------
+# ref: https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/extensions/intersphinx.html#configuration
+#
+# The extension makes us able to link like to other projects like below.
+#
+#     rST  - :external:py:class:`jupyterhub.spawner.Spawner`
+#     MyST - {external:py:class}`jupyterhub.spawner.Spawner`
+#
+#     rST  - :external:py:attribute:`jupyterhub.spawner.Spawner.default_url`
+#     MyST - {external:py:attribute}`jupyterhub.spawner.Spawner.default_url`
+#
+# To see what we can link to, do the following where "objects.inv" is appended
+# to the sphinx based website:
+#
+#     python -m sphinx.ext.intersphinx https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/stable/objects.inv
+#
+intersphinx_mapping = {
+    "jupyterhub": ("https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/stable/", None),
+}
+
+# intersphinx_disabled_reftypes set based on recommendation in
+# https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/guides/intersphinx.html#using-intersphinx
+intersphinx_disabled_reftypes = ["*"]
+
 
 # -- Options for linkcheck builder -------------------------------------------
 # ref: https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/configuration.html#options-for-the-linkcheck-builder
@@ -93,4 +134,7 @@ ogp_use_first_image = True
 rediraffe_branch = "main"
 rediraffe_redirects = {
     # "old-file": "new-folder/new-file-name",
+    "howto/env/user-environment": "howto/user-env/user-environment",
+    "howto/env/notebook-interfaces": "howto/user-env/notebook-interfaces",
+    "howto/env/server-resources": "howto/user-env/server-resources",
 }

docs/contributing/code-review.md

@@ -1,37 +1,32 @@
-.. _contributing/code-review:
+(contributing-code-review)=
 
-======================
+# Code Review guidelines
-Code Review guidelines
-======================
 
 This document outlines general guidelines to follow when you are making
 or reviewing a Pull Request.
 
-Have empathy
+## Have empathy
-============
 
-We recommend reading `On Empathy & Pull Requests <https://slack.engineering/on-empathy-pull-requests-979e4257d158>`_
+We recommend reading [On Empathy & Pull Requests](https://slack.engineering/on-empathy-pull-requests-979e4257d158)
-and `How about code reviews <https://slack.engineering/how-about-code-reviews-2695fb10d034>`_
+and [How about code reviews](https://slack.engineering/how-about-code-reviews-2695fb10d034)
 to learn more about being empathetic in code reviews.
 
-Write documentation
+## Write documentation
-===================
 
 If your pull request touches any code, you must write or update documentation
 for it. For this project, documentation is a lot more important than the code.
-If a feature is not documented, it does not exist. If a behavior is not documented, 
+If a feature is not documented, it does not exist. If a behavior is not documented,
-it is a bug. 
+it is a bug.
 
 Do not worry about having perfect documentation! Documentation improves over
 time. The requirement is to have documentation before merging a pull request,
-not to have *perfect* documentation before merging a pull request. If you
+not to have _perfect_ documentation before merging a pull request. If you
 are new and not sure how to add documentation, other contributors will
 be happy to guide you.
 
-See :ref:`contributing/docs` for guidelines on writing documentation.
+See [](/contributing/docs) for guidelines on writing documentation.
 
-Write tests
+## Write tests
-===========
 
 If your pull request touches any code, you must write unit or integration tests
 to exercise it. This helps validate & communicate that your pull request works
@@ -48,4 +43,4 @@ add more tests.
 If you are unsure what kind of tests to add for your pull request, other
 contributors to the repo will be happy to help guide you!
 
-See :ref:`contributing/tests` for guidelines on writing tests.
+See [](/contributing/tests) for guidelines on writing tests.

docs/contributing/dev-setup.md

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+(contributing-dev-setup)=
+
+# Setting up Development Environment
+
+The easiest & safest way to develop & test TLJH is with [Docker](https://www.docker.com/).
+
+1. Install Docker Community Edition by following the instructions on
+   [their website](https://www.docker.com/community-edition).
+
+2. Clone the [git repo](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub) (or your fork of it).
+
+3. Build a docker image that has a functional systemd in it.
+
+   ```bash
+   docker build -t tljh-systemd . -f integration-tests/Dockerfile
+   ```
+
+4. Run a docker container with the image in the background, while bind mounting
+   your TLJH repository under `/srv/src`.
+
+   ```bash
+   docker run \
+     --privileged \
+     --detach \
+     --name=tljh-dev \
+     --publish 12000:80 \
+     --mount type=bind,source="$(pwd)",target=/srv/src \
+     tljh-systemd
+   ```
+
+5. Get a shell inside the running docker container.
+
+   ```bash
+   docker exec -it tljh-dev /bin/bash
+   ```
+
+6. Run the bootstrapper from inside the container (see step above):
+   The container image is already set up to default to a `dev` install, so
+   it'll install from your local repo rather than from github.
+
+   ```console
+   python3 /srv/src/bootstrap/bootstrap.py --admin admin
+   ```
+
+   Or, if you would like to setup the admin's password during install,
+   you can use this command (replace "admin" with the desired admin username
+   and "password" with the desired admin password):
+
+   ```console
+   python3 /srv/src/bootstrap/bootstrap.py --admin admin:password
+   ```
+
+   The primary hub environment will also be in your PATH already for convenience.
+
+7. You should be able to access the JupyterHub from your browser now at
+   [http://localhost:12000](http://localhost:12000). Congratulations, you are
+   set up to develop TLJH!
+
+8. Make some changes to the repository. You can test easily depending on what
+   you changed.
+
+   - If you changed the `bootstrap/bootstrap.py` script or any of its dependencies,
+     you can test it by running `python3 /srv/src/bootstrap/bootstrap.py`.
+   - If you changed the `tljh/installer.py` code (or any of its dependencies),
+     you can test it by running `python3 -m tljh.installer`.
+   - If you changed `tljh/jupyterhub_config.py`, `tljh/configurer.py`,
+     `/opt/tljh/config/` or any of their dependencies, you only need to
+     restart jupyterhub for them to take effect. `tljh-config reload hub`
+     should do that.
+
+[](/troubleshooting/logs) has information on looking at various logs in the container
+to debug issues you might have.

docs/contributing/dev-setup.rst

@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-.. _contributing/dev-setup:
-
-==================================
-Setting up Development Environment
-==================================
-
-The easiest & safest way to develop & test TLJH is with `Docker <https://www.docker.com/>`_.
-
-#. Install Docker Community Edition by following the instructions on
-   `their website <https://www.docker.com/community-edition>`_.
-
-#. Clone the `git repo <https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub>`_ (or your fork of it).
-#. Build a docker image that has a functional systemd in it.
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      docker build -t tljh-systemd . -f integration-tests/Dockerfile
-
-#. Run a docker container with the image in the background, while bind mounting
-   your TLJH repository under ``/srv/src``.
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      docker run \
-        --privileged \
-        --detach \
-        --name=tljh-dev \
-        --publish 12000:80 \
-        --mount type=bind,source=$(pwd),target=/srv/src \
-        tljh-systemd
-
-#. Get a shell inside the running docker container.
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      docker exec -it tljh-dev /bin/bash
-
-#. Run the bootstrapper from inside the container (see step above):
-   The container image is already set up to default to a ``dev`` install, so
-   it'll install from your local repo rather than from github.
-
-   .. code-block:: console
-
-      python3 /srv/src/bootstrap/bootstrap.py --admin admin
-
-  Or, if you would like to setup the admin's password during install,
-  you can use this command (replace "admin" with the desired admin username
-  and "password" with the desired admin password):
-
-   .. code-block:: console
-
-      python3 /srv/src/bootstrap/bootstrap.py --admin admin:password
-
-   The primary hub environment will also be in your PATH already for convenience.
-
-#. You should be able to access the JupyterHub from your browser now at
-   `http://localhost:12000 <http://localhost:12000>`_. Congratulations, you are
-   set up to develop TLJH!
-
-#. Make some changes to the repository. You can test easily depending on what
-   you changed.
-
-   * If you changed the ``bootstrap/bootstrap.py`` script or any of its dependencies,
-     you can test it by running ``python3 /srv/src/bootstrap/bootstrap.py``.
-
-   * If you changed the ``tljh/installer.py`` code (or any of its dependencies),
-     you can test it by running ``python3 -m tljh.installer``.
-
-   * If you changed ``tljh/jupyterhub_config.py``, ``tljh/configurer.py``,
-     ``/opt/tljh/config/`` or any of their dependencies, you only need to
-     restart jupyterhub for them to take effect. ``tljh-config reload hub``
-     should do that.
-
-:ref:`troubleshooting/logs` has information on looking at various logs in the container
-to debug issues you might have.

docs/contributing/docs.md

@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-.. _contributing/docs:
+(contributing-docs)=
 
-=====================
+# Writing documentation
-Writing documentation
-=====================
 
-.. note::
+:::{note}
-
+Heavily inspired by the
-   Heavily inspired by the
+[django project's guidelines](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/internals/contributing/writing-documentation/)
-   `django project's guidelines <https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/internals/contributing/writing-documentation/>`_
+:::
 
 We place a high importance on consistency, readability and completeness of documentation.
 If a feature is not documented, it does not exist. If a behavior is not documented,
@@ -17,70 +15,62 @@ possible.
 
 Documentation changes generally come in two forms:
 
-* General improvements: typo corrections, error fixes and better
+- General improvements: typo corrections, error fixes and better
   explanations through clearer writing and more examples.
-
+- New features: documentation of features that have been added to the
-* New features: documentation of features that have been added to the
   framework since the last release.
 
 This section explains how writers can craft their documentation changes
 in the most useful and least error-prone ways.
 
-Getting the raw documentation
+## Getting the raw documentation
-=============================
 
 Though TLJH's documentation is intended to be read as HTML at
-https://the-littlest-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/, we edit it as a collection of text files for
+<https://the-littlest-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/>, we edit it as a collection of text files for
-maximum flexibility. These files live in the top-level ``docs/`` directory of
+maximum flexibility. These files live in the top-level `docs/` directory of
 TLJH's repository.
 
 If you'd like to start contributing to our docs, get the development version of
 TLJH from the source code repository. The development version has the
 latest-and-greatest documentation, just as it has latest-and-greatest code.
 
-Getting started with Sphinx
+## Getting started with Sphinx
-===========================
 
-TLJH's documentation uses the Sphinx__ documentation system, which in turn
+TLJH's documentation uses the [Sphinx](http://sphinx-doc.org/) documentation system, which in turn
-is based on docutils__. The basic idea is that lightly-formatted plain-text
+is based on [docutils](http://docutils.sourceforge.net/). The basic idea is that lightly-formatted plain-text
 documentation is transformed into HTML, PDF, and any other output format.
 
-__ http://sphinx-doc.org/
-__ http://docutils.sourceforge.net/
-
 To build the documentation locally, install the Sphinx dependencies:
 
-.. code-block:: console
+```console
+$ cd docs/
+$ pip install -r requirements.txt
+```
 
-     $ cd docs/
+Then from the `docs` directory, build the HTML:
-     $ pip install -r requirements.txt
 
-Then from the ``docs`` directory, build the HTML:
+```console
-
+$ make html
-.. code-block:: console
+```
-
-     $ make html
 
 If you encounter this error, it's likely that you are running inside a virtual environment.
 
-.. code-block:: console
+```console
+Error in "currentmodule" directive:
+```
 
-   Error in "currentmodule" directive:
+To get started contributing, you'll want to get familiar with [markdown](https://commonmark.org/help/) and [MyST](https://myst-parser.readthedocs.io).
-
-To get started contributing, you'll want to read the :ref:`reStructuredText
-reference <sphinx:rst-index>`
 
 Your locally-built documentation will be themed differently than the
-documentation at `the-littlest-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io <https://the-littlest-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io>`_.
+documentation at [the-littlest-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io](https://the-littlest-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io).
 This is OK! If your changes look good on your local machine, they'll look good
 on the website.
 
-How the documentation is organized
+## How the documentation is organized
-==================================
 
 The documentation is organized into several categories:
 
-* **Tutorials** take the reader by the hand through a series
+- **Tutorials** take the reader by the hand through a series
   of steps to create something.
 
   The important thing in a tutorial is to help the reader achieve something
@@ -97,7 +87,7 @@ The documentation is organized into several categories:
   systems. These should cross-link a lot to other parts of the documentation,
   avoid forcing the user to learn to SSH if possible & have lots of screenshots.
 
-* **Topic guides** aim to explain a concept or subject at a
+- **Topic guides** aim to explain a concept or subject at a
   fairly high level.
 
   Link to reference material rather than repeat it. Use examples and don't be
@@ -107,7 +97,7 @@ The documentation is organized into several categories:
   Providing background context helps a newcomer connect the topic to things
   that they already know.
 
-* **Reference guides** contain technical reference for APIs.
+- **Reference guides** contain technical reference for APIs.
   They describe the functioning of TLJH's internal machinery and instruct in
   its use.
 
@@ -119,7 +109,7 @@ The documentation is organized into several categories:
   yourself explaining basic concepts, you may want to move that material to a
   topic guide.
 
-* **How-to guides** are recipes that take the reader through
+- **How-to guides** are recipes that take the reader through
   steps in key subjects.
 
   What matters most in a how-to guide is what a user wants to achieve.
@@ -131,83 +121,56 @@ The documentation is organized into several categories:
   hesitate to refer the reader back to the appropriate tutorial rather than
   repeat the same material.
 
-* **Troubleshooting guides** help reader answer the question "Why is my JupyterHub
+- **Troubleshooting guides** help reader answer the question "Why is my JupyterHub
   not working?".
 
   These guides help readers try find causes for their symptoms, and hopefully fix
   the issues. Some of these need to be specific to cloud providers, and that is
   acceptable.
 
-Writing style
+## Writing style
-=============
 
-Typically, documentation is written in second person, referring to the reader as “you”. 
+Typically, documentation is written in second person, referring to the reader as “you”.
 When using pronouns in reference to a hypothetical person, such as "a user with
 a running notebook", gender neutral pronouns (they/their/them) should be used.
 Instead of:
 
-* he or she... use they.
+- he or she... use they.
-* him or her... use them.
+- him or her... use them.
-* his or her... use their.
+- his or her... use their.
-* his or hers... use theirs.
+- his or hers... use theirs.
-* himself or herself... use themselves.
+- himself or herself... use themselves.
 
-Commonly used terms
+## Commonly used terms
-===================
 
 Here are some style guidelines on commonly used terms throughout the
 documentation:
 
-* **TLJH** -- common abbreviation of The Littlest JupyterHub. Fully
+- **TLJH** -- common abbreviation of The Littlest JupyterHub. Fully
   capitalized except when used in code / the commandline.
+- **Python** -- when referring to the language, capitalize Python.
+- **Notebook Interface** -- generic term for referring to JupyterLab,
+  classic notebook & other user interfaces for accessing.
 
-* **Python** -- when referring to the language, capitalize Python.
+## Guidelines for markdown files
 
-* **Notebook Interface** -- generic term for referring to JupyterLab,
+These guidelines regulate the format of our markdown
-  nteract, classic notebook & other user interfaces for accessing
-
-
-Guidelines for reStructuredText files
-=====================================
-
-These guidelines regulate the format of our reST (reStructuredText)
 documentation:
 
-* In section titles, capitalize only initial words and proper nouns.
+- In section titles, capitalize only initial words and proper nouns.
 
-* Wrap the documentation at 120 characters wide, unless a code example
+- Wrap the documentation at sentence breaks or around 120 characters wide, unless a code example
   is significantly less readable when split over two lines, or for another
   good reason.
 
-
+## Documenting new features
-* Use these heading styles::
-
-    ===
-    One
-    ===
-
-    Two
-    ===
-
-    Three
-    -----
-
-    Four
-    ~~~~
-
-    Five
-    ^^^^
-
-Documenting new features
-========================
 
 Our policy for new features is:
 
-    All new features must have appropriate documentation before they
+> All new features must have appropriate documentation before they
-    can be merged.
+> can be merged.
 
-Choosing image size
+## Choosing image size
-===================
 
 When adding images to the documentation, try to keep them as small as possible.
 Larger images make the site load more slowly on browsers, and may make the site
@@ -217,37 +180,34 @@ If you're adding screenshots, make the size of your shot as small as possible.
 If you're uploading large images, consider using an image optimizer in order
 to reduce its size.
 
-For example, for PNG files, use OptiPNG and AdvanceCOMP's ``advpng``:
+For example, for PNG files, use OptiPNG and AdvanceCOMP's `advpng`:
 
-.. code-block:: console
+```console
-
+$ cd docs
-   $ cd docs
+$ optipng -o7 -zm1-9 -i0 -strip all `find . -type f -not -path "./_build/*" -name "*.png"`
-   $ optipng -o7 -zm1-9 -i0 -strip all `find . -type f -not -path "./_build/*" -name "*.png"`
+$ advpng -z4 `find . -type f -not -path "./_build/*" -name "*.png"`
-   $ advpng -z4 `find . -type f -not -path "./_build/*" -name "*.png"`
+```
 
 This is based on OptiPNG version 0.7.5. Older versions may complain about the
-``--strip all`` option being lossy.
+`--strip all` option being lossy.
 
-Spelling check
+## Spelling check
-==============
 
 Before you commit your docs, it's a good idea to run the spelling checker.
 You'll need to install a couple packages first:
 
-* `pyenchant <https://pypi.org/project/pyenchant/>`_ (which requires
+- [pyenchant](https://pypi.org/project/pyenchant/) (which requires
-  `enchant <https://www.abisource.com/projects/enchant/>`_)
+  [enchant](https://www.abisource.com/projects/enchant/))
+- [sphinxcontrib-spelling](https://pypi.org/project/sphinxcontrib-spelling/)
 
-* `sphinxcontrib-spelling
+Then from the `docs` directory, run `make spelling`. Wrong words (if any)
-  <https://pypi.org/project/sphinxcontrib-spelling/>`_
-
-Then from the ``docs`` directory, run ``make spelling``. Wrong words (if any)
 along with the file and line number where they occur will be saved to
-``_build/spelling/output.txt``.
+`_build/spelling/output.txt`.
 
 If you encounter false-positives (error output that actually is correct), do
 one of the following:
 
-* Surround inline code or brand/technology names with grave accents (`).
+- Surround inline code or brand/technology names with grave accents (\`).
-* Find synonyms that the spell checker recognizes.
+- Find synonyms that the spell checker recognizes.
-* If, and only if, you are sure the word you are using is correct - add it
+- If, and only if, you are sure the word you are using is correct - add it
-  to ``docs/spelling_wordlist`` (please keep the list in alphabetical order).
+  to `docs/spelling_wordlist` (please keep the list in alphabetical order).

docs/contributing/index.md

@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-============
+# Contributing
-Contributing
-============
 
 ✨ Thank you for thinking about contributing to the littlest JupyterHub! ✨
 
@@ -9,14 +7,15 @@ Your contribution is integral to the future of the project. Thank you!
 
 This section contains documentation for people who want to contribute.
 
-You can find the `source code on GitHub <https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/tree/HEAD/tljh>`_
+You can find the [source code on GitHub](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/tree/HEAD/tljh)
 
-.. toctree::
+```{toctree}
-   :titlesonly:
+:titlesonly: true
 
-   docs
+docs
-   dev-setup
+dev-setup
-   tests
+tests
-   plugins
+plugins
-   code-review
+code-review
-   packages
+packages
+```

docs/contributing/packages.md

@@ -1,46 +1,40 @@
-.. _contributing/packages:
+(contributing-packages)=
 
-=======================
+# Environments & Packages
-Environments & Packages
-=======================
 
 TLJH installs packages from different sources during installation.
 This document describes the various sources and how to upgrade
 versions of packages installed.
 
-Python Environments
+## Python Environments
-===================
 
 TLJH sets up two python environments during installation.
 
 1. **Hub Environment**. JupyterHub, authenticators, spawners, TLJH plugins
    and the TLJH configuration management code is installed into this
-   environment. A `venv <https://docs.python.org/3/library/venv.html>`_ is used,
+   environment. A [venv](https://docs.python.org/3/library/venv.html) is used,
    primarily since conda does not support ARM CPUs and we'd like to support the
    RaspberryPI someday. Admins generally do not install custom packages
    in this environment.
-
+2. **User Environment**. Jupyter Notebook, JupyterLab, kernels,
-2. **User Environment**. Jupyter Notebook, JupyterLab, nteract, kernels,
    and packages the users wanna use (such as numpy, scipy, etc) are installed
-   here. A `conda <https://conda.io>`_ environment is used here, since
+   here. A [conda](https://conda.io) environment is used here, since
-   a lot of scientific packages are available from Conda. ``pip`` is still
+   a lot of scientific packages are available from Conda. `pip` is still
    used to install Jupyter specific packages, primarily because most notebook
-   extensions are still available only on `PyPI <https://pypi.org>`_.
+   extensions are still available only on [PyPI](https://pypi.org).
    Admins can install packages here for use by all users.
 
-Python package versions
+## Python package versions
-=======================
 
-In ``installer.py``, most Python packages have a version specified. This
+In `installer.py`, most Python packages have a version specified. This
 can be upgraded freely whenever needed. Some of them have version checks
-in ``integration-tests/test_extensions.py``, so those might need
+in `integration-tests/test_extensions.py`, so those might need
 updating too.
 
-Apt packages
+## Apt packages
-============
 
 Base operating system packages, including Python itself, are installed
-via ``apt`` from the base Ubuntu repositories.
+via `apt` from the base Ubuntu repositories.
 
 We generally do not pin versions of packages provided by apt, instead
 just using the latest versions provided by Ubuntu.

docs/contributing/plugins.md

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+(contributing-plugins)=
+
+# TLJH Plugins
+
+TLJH plugins are the official way to make customized 'spins' or 'stacks'
+with TLJH as the base. For example, the earth sciences community can make
+a plugin that installs commonly used packages, set up authentication
+and pre-download useful datasets. The mybinder.org community can
+make a plugin that gives you a single-node, single-repository mybinder.org.
+Plugins are very powerful, so the possibilities are endless.
+
+## Design
+
+[pluggy](https://github.com/pytest-dev/pluggy) is used to implement
+plugin functionality. TLJH exposes specific **hooks** that your plugin
+can provide implementations for. This allows us to have specific hook
+points in the application that can be explicitly extended by plugins,
+balancing the need to change TLJH internals in the future with the
+stability required for a good plugin ecosystem.
+
+## Installing Plugins
+
+Include `--plugin <install_name>` in the Installer script. See [](/topic/customizing-installer) for more info.
+
+## Writing a simple plugins
+
+We shall try to write a simple plugin that installs a few libraries,
+and use it to explain how the plugin mechanism works. We shall call
+this plugin `tljh-simple`.
+
+### Plugin directory layout
+
+We recommend creating a new git repo for your plugin. Plugins are
+normal python packages - however, since they are usually simpler,
+we recommend they live in one file.
+
+For `tljh-simple`, the repository's structure should look like:
+
+```none
+tljh_simple:
+ - tljh_simple.py
+ - setup.py
+ - README.md
+ - LICENSE
+```
+
+The `README.md` (or `README.rst` file) contains human readable
+information about what your plugin does for your users. `LICENSE`
+specifies the license used by your plugin - we recommend the
+3-Clause BSD License, since that is what is used by TLJH itself.
+
+### `setup.py` - metadata & registration
+
+`setup.py` marks this as a python package, and contains metadata
+about the package itself. It should look something like:
+
+```python
+from setuptools import setup
+
+setup(
+    name="tljh-simple",
+    author="YuviPanda",
+    version="0.1",
+    license="3-clause BSD",
+    url='https://github.com/yuvipanda/tljh-simple',
+    entry_points={"tljh": ["simple = tljh_simple"]},
+    py_modules=["tljh_simple"],
+)
+```
+
+This is a mostly standard `setup.py` file. `entry_points={"tljh": ["simple = tljh_simple]}`
+'registers' the module `tljh_simple` (in file `tljh_simple.py`) with TLJH as a plugin.
+
+### `tljh_simple.py` - implementation
+
+In `tljh_simple.py`, you provide implementations for whichever hooks
+you want to extend.
+
+A hook implementation is a function that has the following characteristics:
+
+1. Has same name as the hook
+2. Accepts some or all of the parameters defined for the hook
+3. Is decorated with the `hookimpl` decorator function, imported from
+   `tljh.hooks`.
+
+The current list of available hooks and when they are called can be
+seen in [tljh/hooks.py](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/blob/main/tljh/hooks.py)
+in the source repository. Example implementations of each hook can be referenced from
+[integration-tests/plugins/simplest/tljh_simplest.py](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/blob/main/integration-tests/plugins/simplest/tljh_simplest.py).
+
+This example provides an implementation for the `tljh_extra_user_conda_packages`
+hook, which can return a list of conda packages that'll be installed in users'
+environment from conda-forge.
+
+```python
+from tljh.hooks import hookimpl
+
+@hookimpl
+def tljh_extra_user_conda_packages():
+    return [
+        'xarray',
+        'iris',
+        'dask',
+    ]
+```
+
+## Publishing plugins
+
+Plugins are python packages and should be published on PyPI. Users
+can also install them directly from GitHub - although this is
+not good long term practice.
+
+The python package should be named `tljh-<pluginname>`.
+
+## List of known plugins
+
+If you are looking for a way to extend or customize your TLJH deployment, you might want to look for existing plugins.
+
+Here is a non-exhaustive list of known TLJH plugins:
+
+- [tljh-pangeo](https://github.com/yuvipanda/tljh-pangeo): TLJH plugin for setting up the Pangeo Stack.
+- [tljh-voila-gallery](https://github.com/voila-dashboards/tljh-voila-gallery): TLJH plugin that installs a gallery of Voilà dashboards.
+- [tljh-repo2docker](https://github.com/plasmabio/tljh-repo2docker): TLJH plugin to build multiple user environments with
+  [repo2docker](https://repo2docker.readthedocs.io).
+- [tljh-shared-directory](https://github.com/kafonek/tljh-shared-directory): TLJH plugin which sets up a _shared directory_
+  for the Hub users in `/srv/scratch`.
+- [tljh-db](https://github.com/sinzlab/tljh-db): TLJH plugin for working with mysql databases.
+
+If you have authored a plugin, please open a PR to add it to this list!
+
+We also recommend adding the `tljh-plugin` topic to the GitHub repository to make it more discoverable:
+[https://github.com/topics/tljh-plugin](https://github.com/topics/tljh-plugin)

docs/contributing/plugins.rst

@@ -1,147 +0,0 @@
-.. _contributing/plugins:
-
-============
-TLJH Plugins
-============
-
-TLJH plugins are the official way to make customized 'spins' or 'stacks'
-with TLJH as the base. For example, the earth sciences community can make
-a plugin that installs commonly used packages, set up authentication
-and pre-download useful datasets. The mybinder.org community can
-make a plugin that gives you a single-node, single-repository mybinder.org.
-Plugins are very powerful, so the possibilities are endless.
-
-Design
-======
-
-`pluggy <https://github.com/pytest-dev/pluggy>`_ is used to implement
-plugin functionality. TLJH exposes specific **hooks** that your plugin
-can provide implementations for. This allows us to have specific hook
-points in the application that can be explicitly extended by plugins,
-balancing the need to change TLJH internals in the future with the
-stability required for a good plugin ecosystem.
-
-Installing Plugins
-==================
-
-Include ``--plugin <install_name>`` in the Installer script.  See :ref:`topic/customizing-installer` for more info.
-
-Writing a simple plugins
-========================
-
-We shall try to write a simple plugin that installs a few libraries,
-and use it to explain how the plugin mechanism works. We shall call
-this plugin ``tljh-simple``.
-
-Plugin directory layout
------------------------
-
-We recommend creating a new git repo for your plugin. Plugins are
-normal python packages - however, since they are usually simpler,
-we recommend they live in one file.
-
-For ``tljh-simple``, the repository's structure should look like:
-
-.. code-block:: none
-
-   tljh_simple:
-    - tljh_simple.py
-    - setup.py
-    - README.md
-    - LICENSE
-
-The ``README.md`` (or ``README.rst`` file) contains human readable
-information about what your plugin does for your users. ``LICENSE``
-specifies the license used by your plugin - we recommend the
-3-Clause BSD License, since that is what is used by TLJH itself.
-
-``setup.py`` - metadata & registration
---------------------------------------
-
-``setup.py`` marks this as a python package, and contains metadata
-about the package itself. It should look something like:
-
-.. code-block:: python
-
-    from setuptools import setup
-
-    setup(
-        name="tljh-simple",
-        author="YuviPanda",
-        version="0.1",
-        license="3-clause BSD",
-        url='https://github.com/yuvipanda/tljh-simple',
-        entry_points={"tljh": ["simple = tljh_simple"]},
-        py_modules=["tljh_simple"],
-    )
-
-
-This is a mostly standard ``setup.py`` file. ``entry_points={"tljh": ["simple = tljh_simple]}``
-'registers' the module ``tljh_simple`` (in file ``tljh_simple.py``) with TLJH as a plugin.
-
-``tljh_simple.py`` - implementation
------------------------------------
-
-In ``tljh_simple.py``, you provide implementations for whichever hooks
-you want to extend.
-
-A hook implementation is a function that has the following characteristics:
-
-#. Has same name as the hook
-#. Accepts some or all of the parameters defined for the hook
-#. Is decorated with the ``hookimpl`` decorator function, imported from
-   ``tljh.hooks``.
-
-The current list of available hooks and when they are called can be
-seen in `tljh/hooks.py <https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/blob/main/tljh/hooks.py>`_
-in the source repository. Example implementations of each hook can be referenced from 
-`integration-tests/plugins/simplest/tljh_simplest.py 
-<https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/blob/main/integration-tests/plugins/simplest/tljh_simplest.py>`_.
-
-
-This example provides an implementation for the ``tljh_extra_user_conda_packages``
-hook, which can return a list of conda packages that'll be installed in users'
-environment from conda-forge.
-
-.. code-block:: python
-
-    from tljh.hooks import hookimpl
-
-    @hookimpl
-    def tljh_extra_user_conda_packages():
-        return [
-            'xarray',
-            'iris',
-            'dask',
-        ]
-
-
-Publishing plugins
-==================
-
-Plugins are python packages and should be published on PyPI. Users
-can also install them directly from GitHub - although this is
-not good long term practice.
-
-The python package should be named ``tljh-<pluginname>``.
-
-
-List of known plugins
-=====================
-
-If you are looking for a way to extend or customize your TLJH deployment, you might want to look for existing plugins.
-
-Here is a non-exhaustive list of known TLJH plugins:
-
-- `tljh-pangeo <https://github.com/yuvipanda/tljh-pangeo>`_: TLJH plugin for setting up the Pangeo Stack.
-- `tljh-voila-gallery <https://github.com/voila-dashboards/tljh-voila-gallery>`_: TLJH plugin that installs a gallery of Voilà dashboards.
-- `tljh-repo2docker <https://github.com/plasmabio/tljh-repo2docker>`_: TLJH plugin to build multiple user environments with
-  `repo2docker <https://repo2docker.readthedocs.io>`_.
-- `tljh-shared-directory <https://github.com/kafonek/tljh-shared-directory>`_: TLJH plugin which sets up a *shared directory*
-  for the Hub users in ``/srv/scratch``.
-- `tljh-db <https://github.com/sinzlab/tljh-db>`_: TLJH plugin for working with mysql databases.
-
-If you have authored a plugin, please open a PR to add it to this list!
-
-We also recommend adding the ``tljh-plugin`` topic to the GitHub repository to make it more discoverable:
-`https://github.com/topics/tljh-plugin <https://github.com/topics/tljh-plugin>`_

docs/contributing/tests.md

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+(contributing-tests)=
+
+# Testing TLJH
+
+Unit and integration tests are a core part of TLJH, as important as
+the code & documentation. They help validate that the code works as
+we think it does, and continues to do so when changes occur. They
+also help communicate in precise terms what we expect our code
+to do.
+
+## Integration tests
+
+TLJH is a _distribution_ where the primary value is the many
+opinionated choices we have made on components to use and how
+they fit together. Integration tests are perfect for testing
+that the various components fit together and work as they should.
+So we write a lot of integration tests, and put in more effort
+towards them than unit tests.
+
+All integration tests are run in [GitHub Actions](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/actions)
+for each PR and merge, making sure we don't have broken tests
+for too long.
+
+The integration tests are in the `integration-tests` directory
+in the git repository. `py.test` is used to write the integration
+tests. Each file should contain tests that can be run in any order
+against the same installation of TLJH.
+
+### Running integration tests locally
+
+You need `docker` installed and callable by the user running
+the integration tests without needing sudo.
+
+You can then run the tests with:
+
+```bash
+.github/integration-test.py run-test <name-of-run> <test-file-names>
+```
+
+- `<name-of-run>` is an identifier for the tests - you can choose anything you want
+- `<test-file-names>>` is list of test files (under `integration-tests`) that should be run in one go.
+
+For example, to run all the basic tests, you would write:
+
+```bash
+.github/integration-test.py run-test basic-tests \
+   test_hub.py \
+   test_proxy.py \
+   test_install.py \
+   test_extensions.py
+```
+
+This will run the tests in the three files against the same installation
+of TLJH and report errors.
+
+If you would like to run the tests with a custom pip spec for the bootstrap script, you can use the `--bootstrap-pip-spec`
+parameter:
+
+```bash
+.github/integration-test.py run-test <name-of-run> <test-file-names> \
+   --bootstrap-pip-spec="git+https://github.com/your-username/the-littlest-jupyterhub.git@branch-name"
+```

docs/contributing/tests.rst

@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-.. _contributing/tests:
-
-============
-Testing TLJH
-============
-
-Unit and integration tests are a core part of TLJH, as important as
-the code & documentation. They help validate that the code works as
-we think it does, and continues to do so when changes occur. They
-also help communicate in precise terms what we expect our code
-to do.
-
-Integration tests
-=================
-
-TLJH is a *distribution* where the primary value is the many
-opinionated choices we have made on components to use and how
-they fit together. Integration tests are perfect for testing
-that the various components fit together and work as they should.
-So we write a lot of integration tests, and put in more effort
-towards them than unit tests.
-
-All integration tests are run in `GitHub Actions <https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/actions>`_
-for each PR and merge, making sure we don't have broken tests
-for too long.
-
-The integration tests are in the ``integration-tests`` directory
-in the git repository. ``py.test`` is used to write the integration
-tests. Each file should contain tests that can be run in any order
-against the same installation of TLJH.
-
-Running integration tests locally
----------------------------------
-
-You need ``docker`` installed and callable by the user running
-the integration tests without needing sudo.
-
-You can then run the tests with:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-   .github/integration-test.py run-test <name-of-run> <test-file-names>
-
-- ``<name-of-run>`` is an identifier for the tests - you can choose anything you want
-- ``<test-file-names>>`` is list of test files (under ``integration-tests``) that should be run in one go.
-
-For example, to run all the basic tests, you would write:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-   .github/integration-test.py run-test basic-tests \
-      test_hub.py \
-      test_proxy.py \
-      test_install.py \
-      test_extensions.py
-
-This will run the tests in the three files against the same installation
-of TLJH and report errors.
-
-If you would like to run the tests with a custom pip spec for the bootstrap script, you can use the ``--bootstrap-pip-spec``
-parameter:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-   .github/integration-test.py run-test <name-of-run> <test-file-names> \
-      --bootstrap-pip-spec="git+https://github.com/your-username/the-littlest-jupyterhub.git@branch-name"

docs/howto/admin/admin-users.md

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+(howto-admin-admin-users)=
+
+# Add / Remove admin users
+
+Admin users in TLJH have the following powers:
+
+1. Full root access to the server with passwordless `sudo`.
+   This lets them do literally whatever they want in the server
+2. Access servers / home directories of all other users
+3. Install new packages for everyone with `conda`, `pip` or `apt`
+4. Change configuration of TLJH
+
+This is a lot of power, so make sure you know who you are giving it
+to. Admin users should have decent passwords / secure login mechanisms,
+so attackers can not easily gain control of the system.
+
+:::{important}
+You should make sure an admin user is present when you **install** TLJH
+the very first time. It is recommended that you also set a password
+for the admin at this step. The [`--admin`](#howto-admin-admin-users)
+flag passed to the installer does this. If you had forgotten to do so, the
+easiest way to fix this is to run the installer again.
+:::
+
+## Adding admin users from the JupyterHub interface
+
+There are two primary user interfaces for doing work on your JupyterHub. By
+default, this is the Notebook Interface, and will be used in this section.
+If you are using JupyterLab, you can access the Notebook Interface by replacing
+`/lab` with `/tree` in your URL.
+
+1. First, navigate to the Jupyter Notebook interface home page. You can do this
+   by going to the URL `<my-hub-url>/user/<my-username>/tree`.
+
+2. Open the **Control Panel** by clicking the control panel button on the top
+   right of your JupyterHub.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/control-panel-button.png
+   :alt: Control panel button in notebook, top right
+   ```
+
+3. In the control panel, open the **Admin** link in the top left.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/admin/admin-access-button.png
+   :alt: Admin button in control panel, top left
+   ```
+
+   This opens up the JupyterHub admin page, where you can add / delete users,
+   start / stop peoples' servers and see who is online.
+
+4. Click the **Add Users** button.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/admin/add-users-button.png
+   :alt: Add Users button in the admin page
+   ```
+
+   A **Add Users** dialog box opens up.
+
+5. Type the names of users you want to add to this JupyterHub in the dialog box,
+   one per line. **Make sure to tick the Admin checkbox**.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/admin/add-users-dialog.png
+   :alt: Adding users with add users dialog
+   ```
+
+6. Click the **Add Users** button in the dialog box. Your users are now added
+   to the JupyterHub with administrator privileges!
+
+## Adding admin users from the command line
+
+Sometimes it is easier to add or remove admin users from the command line (for
+example, if you forgot to add an admin user when first setting up your JupyterHub).
+
+### Adding new admin users
+
+New admin users can be added by executing the following commands on an
+admin terminal:
+
+```bash
+sudo tljh-config add-item users.admin <username>
+sudo tljh-config reload
+```
+
+If the user is already using the JupyterHub, they might have to stop and
+start their server from the control panel to gain new powers.
+
+### Removing admin users
+
+You can remove an existing admin user by executing the following commands in
+an admin terminal:
+
+```bash
+sudo tljh-config remove-item users.admin <username>
+sudo tljh-config reload
+```
+
+If the user is already using the JupyterHub, they will continue to have
+some of their admin powers until their server is stopped. Another admin
+can force their server to stop by clicking 'Stop Server' in the admin
+panel.

docs/howto/admin/admin-users.rst

@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-.. _howto/admin/admin-users:
-
-========================
-Add / Remove admin users
-========================
-
-Admin users in TLJH have the following powers:
-
-#. Full root access to the server with passwordless ``sudo``.
-   This lets them do literally whatever they want in the server
-#. Access servers / home directories of all other users
-#. Install new packages for everyone with ``conda``, ``pip`` or ``apt``
-#. Change configuration of TLJH
-
-This is a lot of power, so make sure you know who you are giving it
-to. Admin users should have decent passwords / secure login mechanisms,
-so attackers can not easily gain control of the system.
-
-.. important::
-
-   You should make sure an admin user is present when you **install** TLJH
-   the very first time. It is recommended that you also set a password
-   for the admin at this step. The :ref:`--admin <topic/customizing-installer/admin>`
-   flag passed to the installer does this. If you had forgotten to do so, the
-   easiest way to fix this is to run the installer again.
-
-Adding admin users from the JupyterHub interface
-================================================
-
-There are two primary user interfaces for doing work on your JupyterHub. By
-default, this is the Notebook Interface, and will be used in this section.
-If you are using JupyterLab, you can access the Notebook Interface by replacing
-``/lab`` with ``/tree`` in your URL.
-
-#. First, navigate to the Jupyter Notebook interface home page. You can do this
-   by going to the URL ``<my-hub-url>/user/<my-username>/tree``.
-
-#. Open the **Control Panel** by clicking the control panel button on the top
-   right of your JupyterHub.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/control-panel-button.png
-      :alt: Control panel button in notebook, top right
-
-#. In the control panel, open the **Admin** link in the top left.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/admin/admin-access-button.png
-      :alt: Admin button in control panel, top left
-
-   This opens up the JupyterHub admin page, where you can add / delete users,
-   start / stop peoples' servers and see who is online.
-
-#. Click the **Add Users** button.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/admin/add-users-button.png
-      :alt: Add Users button in the admin page
-
-   A **Add Users** dialog box opens up.
-
-#. Type the names of users you want to add to this JupyterHub in the dialog box,
-   one per line. **Make sure to tick the Admin checkbox**.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/admin/add-users-dialog.png
-      :alt: Adding users with add users dialog
-
-#. Click the **Add Users** button in the dialog box. Your users are now added
-   to the JupyterHub with administrator privileges!
-
-Adding admin users from the command line
-========================================
-
-Sometimes it is easier to add or remove admin users from the command line (for
-example, if you forgot to add an admin user when first setting up your JupyterHub).
-
-Adding new admin users
-----------------------
-
-New admin users can be added by executing the following commands on an
-admin terminal:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-   sudo tljh-config add-item users.admin <username>
-   sudo tljh-config reload
-
-If the user is already using the JupyterHub, they might have to stop and
-start their server from the control panel to gain new powers.
-
-Removing admin users
---------------------
-
-You can remove an existing admin user by executing the following commands in
-an admin terminal:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-   sudo tljh-config remove-item users.admin <username>
-   sudo tljh-config reload
-
-If the user is already using the JupyterHub, they will continue to have
-some of their admin powers until their server is stopped. Another admin
-can force their server to stop by clicking 'Stop Server' in the admin
-panel.

docs/howto/admin/enable-extensions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+(howto-admin-extensions)=
+
+# Enabling Jupyter Notebook extensions
+
+Jupyter contributed notebook
+[extensions](https://jupyter-contrib-nbextensions.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html) are
+community-contributed and maintained plug-ins to the Jupyter notebook. These extensions
+serve many purposes, from [pedagogical tools](https://jupyter-contrib-nbextensions.readthedocs.io/en/latest/nbextensions/codefolding/readme.html)
+to tools for [converting](https://jupyter-contrib-nbextensions.readthedocs.io/en/latest/nbextensions/latex_envs/README.html)
+and [editing](https://jupyter-contrib-nbextensions.readthedocs.io/en/latest/nbextensions/spellchecker/README.html)
+notebooks.
+
+Extensions are often added and enabled through the graphical user interface of the notebook.
+However, this interface only makes the extension available to the user, not all users on a
+hub. Instead, to make contributed extensions available to your users, you will use the command
+line. This can be completed using the terminal in the JupyterHub (or via SSH-ing into your
+VM and using this terminal).
+
+(tljh-extension-cli)=
+
+## Enabling extensions via the command line
+
+1. There are [multiple ways](https://jupyter-contrib-nbextensions.readthedocs.io/en/latest/install.html)
+   to install contributed extensions. For this example, we will use `pip`.
+
+   ```bash
+   sudo -E pip install jupyter_contrib_nbextensions
+   ```
+
+2. Next, add the notebook extension style files to the Jupyter configuration files.
+
+   ```bash
+   sudo -E jupyter contrib nbextension install --sys-prefix
+   ```
+
+3. Then, you will enable the extensions you would like to use. The syntax for this is
+   `jupyter nbextension enable` followed by the path to the desired extension's main file.
+   For example, to enable [scratchpad](https://jupyter-contrib-nbextensions.readthedocs.io/en/latest/nbextensions/scratchpad/README.html),
+   you would type the following:
+
+   ```bash
+   sudo -E jupyter nbextension enable scratchpad/main --sys-prefix
+   ```
+
+4. When this is completed, the enabled extension should be visible in the extension list:
+
+   ```bash
+   jupyter nbextension list
+   ```
+
+5. You can also verify the availability of the extension via its user interface in the notebook.
+   For example, spellchecker adds an ABC checkmark icon to the interface.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/admin/enable-spellcheck.png
+   :alt: spellcheck-interface-changes
+   ```

docs/howto/admin/enable-extensions.rst

@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-.. _howto/admin/extensions:
-
-====================================
-Enabling Jupyter Notebook extensions
-====================================
-
-Jupyter contributed notebook 
-`extensions <https://jupyter-contrib-nbextensions.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html>`_ are
-community-contributed and maintained plug-ins to the Jupyter notebook. These extensions
-serve many purposes, from `pedagogical tools <https://jupyter-contrib-nbextensions.readthedocs.io/en/latest/nbextensions/codefolding/readme.html>`_
-to tools for `converting <https://jupyter-contrib-nbextensions.readthedocs.io/en/latest/nbextensions/latex_envs/README.html>`_
-and `editing <https://jupyter-contrib-nbextensions.readthedocs.io/en/latest/nbextensions/spellchecker/README.html>`_
-notebooks.
-
-Extensions are often added and enabled through the graphical user interface of the notebook.
-However, this interface only makes the extension available to the user, not all users on a 
-hub. Instead, to make contributed extensions available to your users, you will use the command 
-line. This can be completed using the terminal in the JupyterHub (or via SSH-ing into your 
-VM and using this terminal).
-
-.. _tljh_extension_cli:
-
-Enabling extensions via the command line 
-========================================
-
-#. There are `multiple ways <https://jupyter-contrib-nbextensions.readthedocs.io/en/latest/install.html>`_
-   to install contributed extensions. For this example, we will use ``pip``.
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      sudo -E pip install jupyter_contrib_nbextensions
-
-#. Next, add the notebook extension style files to the Jupyter configuration files.
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      sudo -E jupyter contrib nbextension install --sys-prefix
-
-#. Then, you will enable the extensions you would like to use. The syntax for this is 
-   ``jupyter nbextension enable`` followed by the path to the desired extension's main file. 
-   For example, to enable `scratchpad <https://jupyter-contrib-nbextensions.readthedocs.io/en/latest/nbextensions/scratchpad/README.html>`_,
-   you would type the following: 
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      sudo -E jupyter nbextension enable scratchpad/main --sys-prefix
-
-#. When this is completed, the enabled extension should be visible in the extension list:
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      jupyter nbextension list
-
-#. You can also verify the availability of the extension via its user interface in the notebook.
-   For example, spellchecker adds an ABC checkmark icon to the interface.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/admin/enable-spellcheck.png
-      :alt: spellcheck-interface-changes

docs/howto/admin/https.md

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+(howto-admin-https)=
+
+# Enable HTTPS
+
+Every JupyterHub deployment should enable HTTPS!
+
+HTTPS encrypts traffic so that usernames, passwords and your data are
+communicated securely. sensitive bits of information are communicated
+securely. The Littlest JupyterHub supports automatically configuring HTTPS
+via [Let's Encrypt](https://letsencrypt.org), or setting it up
+[manually](#howto-admin-https-manual) with your own TLS key and
+certificate. Unless you have a strong reason to use the manual method,
+you should use the [Let's Encrypt](#howto-admin-https-letsencrypt)
+method.
+
+:::{note}
+You _must_ have a domain name set up to point to the IP address on
+which TLJH is accessible before you can set up HTTPS.
+
+To do that, you would have to log in to the website of your registrar
+and go to the DNS records section. The interface will look like something
+similar to this:
+
+```{image} ../../images/dns.png
+:alt: Adding an entry to the DNS records
+```
+
+:::
+
+(howto-admin-https-letsencrypt)=
+
+## Automatic HTTPS with Let's Encrypt
+
+:::{note}
+If the machine you are running on is not reachable from the internet -
+for example, if it is a machine internal to your organization that
+is cut off from the internet - you can not use this method. Please
+set up a DNS entry and HTTPS [manually](#howto-admin-https-manual).
+:::
+
+To enable HTTPS via letsencrypt:
+
+```
+sudo tljh-config set https.enabled true
+sudo tljh-config set https.letsencrypt.email you@example.com
+sudo tljh-config add-item https.letsencrypt.domains yourhub.yourdomain.edu
+```
+
+where `you@example.com` is your email address and `yourhub.yourdomain.edu`
+is the domain where your hub will be running.
+
+Once you have loaded this, your config should look like:
+
+```
+sudo tljh-config show
+```
+
+```yaml
+https:
+  enabled: true
+  letsencrypt:
+    email: you@example.com
+    domains:
+      - yourhub.yourdomain.edu
+```
+
+Finally, you can reload the proxy to load the new configuration:
+
+```
+sudo tljh-config reload proxy
+```
+
+At this point, the proxy should negotiate with Let's Encrypt to set up a
+trusted HTTPS certificate for you. It may take a moment for the proxy to
+negotiate with Let's Encrypt to get your certificates, after which you can
+access your Hub securely at <https://yourhub.yourdomain.edu>.
+
+These certificates are valid for 3 months. The proxy will automatically
+renew them for you before they expire.
+
+(howto-admin-https-manual)=
+
+## Manual HTTPS with existing key and certificate
+
+You may already have an SSL key and certificate.
+If so, you can tell your deployment to use these files:
+
+```
+sudo tljh-config set https.enabled true
+sudo tljh-config set https.tls.key /etc/mycerts/mydomain.key
+sudo tljh-config set https.tls.cert /etc/mycerts/mydomain.cert
+```
+
+Once you have loaded this, your config should look like:
+
+```
+sudo tljh-config show
+```
+
+```yaml
+https:
+  enabled: true
+  tls:
+    key: /etc/mycerts/mydomain.key
+    cert: /etc/mycerts/mydomain.cert
+```
+
+Finally, you can reload the proxy to load the new configuration:
+
+```
+sudo tljh-config reload proxy
+```
+
+and now access your Hub securely at <https://yourhub.yourdomain.edu>.
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+If you're having trouble with HTTPS, looking at the [traefik proxy logs](troubleshooting-logs-traefik) might help.

docs/howto/admin/https.rst

@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-.. _howto/admin/https:
-
-============
-Enable HTTPS
-============
-
-Every JupyterHub deployment should enable HTTPS!
-
-HTTPS encrypts traffic so that usernames, passwords and your data are
-communicated securely. sensitive bits of information are communicated
-securely. The Littlest JupyterHub supports automatically configuring HTTPS
-via `Let's Encrypt <https://letsencrypt.org>`_, or setting it up
-:ref:`manually <howto/admin/https/manual>` with your own TLS key and
-certificate. Unless you have a strong reason to use the manual method,
-you should use the :ref:`Let's Encrypt <howto/admin/https/letsencrypt>`
-method.
-
-.. note::
-
-   You *must* have a domain name set up to point to the IP address on
-   which TLJH is accessible before you can set up HTTPS.
-
-   To do that, you would have to log in to the website of your registrar
-   and go to the DNS records section. The interface will look like something
-   similar to this:
-
-    .. image:: ../../images/dns.png
-       :alt: Adding an entry to the DNS records
-
-.. _howto/admin/https/letsencrypt:
-
-Automatic HTTPS with Let's Encrypt
-==================================
-
-.. note::
-
-   If the machine you are running on is not reachable from the internet -
-   for example, if it is a machine internal to your organization that
-   is cut off from the internet - you can not use this method. Please
-   set up a DNS entry and HTTPS :ref:`manually <howto/admin/https/manual>`.
-
-To enable HTTPS via letsencrypt::
-
-    sudo tljh-config set https.enabled true
-    sudo tljh-config set https.letsencrypt.email you@example.com
-    sudo tljh-config add-item https.letsencrypt.domains yourhub.yourdomain.edu
-
-where ``you@example.com`` is your email address and ``yourhub.yourdomain.edu``
-is the domain where your hub will be running.
-
-Once you have loaded this, your config should look like::
-
-    sudo tljh-config show
-
-.. sourcecode:: yaml
-
-    https:
-      enabled: true
-      letsencrypt:
-        email: you@example.com
-        domains:
-        - yourhub.yourdomain.edu
-
-Finally, you can reload the proxy to load the new configuration::
-
-    sudo tljh-config reload proxy
-
-At this point, the proxy should negotiate with Let's Encrypt to set up a
-trusted HTTPS certificate for you. It may take a moment for the proxy to
-negotiate with Let's Encrypt to get your certificates, after which you can
-access your Hub securely at https://yourhub.yourdomain.edu.
-
-These certificates are valid for 3 months. The proxy will automatically
-renew them for you before they expire.
-
-.. _howto/admin/https/manual:
-
-Manual HTTPS with existing key and certificate
-==============================================
-
-You may already have an SSL key and certificate.
-If so, you can tell your deployment to use these files::
-
-    sudo tljh-config set https.enabled true
-    sudo tljh-config set https.tls.key /etc/mycerts/mydomain.key
-    sudo tljh-config set https.tls.cert /etc/mycerts/mydomain.cert
-
-
-Once you have loaded this, your config should look like::
-
-    sudo tljh-config show
-
-
-.. sourcecode:: yaml
-
-    https:
-      enabled: true
-      tls:
-        key: /etc/mycerts/mydomain.key
-        cert: /etc/mycerts/mydomain.cert
-
-Finally, you can reload the proxy to load the new configuration::
-
-    sudo tljh-config reload proxy
-
-and now access your Hub securely at https://yourhub.yourdomain.edu.
-
-Troubleshooting
-===============
-
-If you're having trouble with HTTPS, looking at the :ref:`traefik
-proxy logs <troubleshooting/logs/traefik>` might help.

docs/howto/admin/nbresuse.md

@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
-.. _howto/admin/nbresuse:
+(howto-admin-nbresuse)=
 
-=======================
+# Check your memory usage
-Check your memory usage
-=======================
 
-The `jupyter-resource-usage <https://github.com/jupyter-server/jupyter-resource-usage>`_ extension is part of
+The [jupyter-resource-usage](https://github.com/jupyter-server/jupyter-resource-usage) extension is part of
 the default installation, and tells you how much memory your user is using
 right now, and what the memory limit for your user is. It is shown in the
 top right corner of the notebook interface. Note that this is memory usage
 for everything your user is running through the Jupyter notebook interface,
 not just the specific notebook it is shown on.
 
-.. image:: ../../images/nbresuse.png
+```{image} ../../images/nbresuse.png
-   :alt: Memory limit / usage shown with jupyter-resource-usage
+:alt: Memory limit / usage shown with jupyter-resource-usage
+```

docs/howto/admin/resize.md

@@ -1,60 +1,58 @@
-.. _howto/admin/resize:
+(howto-admin-resize)=
 
-=================================================
+# Resize the resources available to your JupyterHub
-Resize the resources available to your JupyterHub
-=================================================
 
 As you are using your JupyterHub, you may need to increase or decrease
 the amount of resources allocated to your TLJH install. The kinds of resources that can be
 allocated, as well as the process to do so, will depend on the provider / interface for your
 VM. We recommend consulting the installation page for your provider for more information. This
-page covers the steps your should take on your JupyterHub *after* you've reallocated resources on
+page covers the steps your should take on your JupyterHub _after_ you've reallocated resources on
 the cloud provider of your choice.
 
 Currently there are instructions to resize your resources on the following providers:
 
-* :ref:`Digital Ocean <howto/providers/digitalocean/resize>`.
+- [Digital Ocean](howto-providers-digitalocean-resize)
 
 Once resources have been reallocated, you must tell TLJH to make use of these resources,
 and verify that the resources have become available.
 
-Verifying a Resize
+## Verifying a Resize
-==================
 
-#. Once you have resized your server, tell the JupyterHub to make use of
+1. Once you have resized your server, tell the JupyterHub to make use of
    these new resources. To accomplish this, follow the instructions in
-   :ref:`topic/tljh-config` to set new memory or CPU limits and reload the hub. This can be completed
+   [](/topic/tljh-config) to set new memory or CPU limits and reload the hub. This can be completed
    using the terminal in the JupyterHub (or via SSH-ing into your VM and using this terminal).
 
-#. TLJH configuration options can be verified by viewing the tljh-config output.
+2. TLJH configuration options can be verified by viewing the tljh-config output.
 
-   .. code-block:: bash
+   ```bash
-
+   sudo tljh-config show
-      sudo tljh-config show
+   ```
 
    Double-check that your changes are reflected in the output.
 
-#. **To verify changes to memory**, confirm that it worked by starting
+3. **To verify changes to memory**, confirm that it worked by starting
    a new server (if you had one previously running, click "Control Panel -> Stop My Server" to
    shut down your active server first), opening a notebook, and checking the value of the
-   `jupyter-resource-usage <https://github.com/jupyter-server/jupyter-resource-usage>`_ extension in the upper-right.
+   [jupyter-resource-usage](https://github.com/jupyter-server/jupyter-resource-usage) extension in the upper-right.
 
-   .. image:: ../../images/nbresuse.png
+   ```{image} ../../images/nbresuse.png
-      :alt: jupyter-resource-usage demonstration
+   :alt: jupyter-resource-usage demonstration
+   ```
 
-#. **To verify changes to CPU**, use the ``nproc`` from a terminal.
+4. **To verify changes to CPU**, use the `nproc` from a terminal.
    This command displays the number of available cores, and should be equal to the
    number of cores you selected in your provider's interface.
 
-   .. code-block:: bash
+   ```bash
+   nproc --all
+   ```
 
-      nproc --all
+5. **To verify currently-available disk space**, use the `df` command in a terminal. This shows
-
+   how much disk space is available. The `-hT` argument allows us to have this printed in a human readable
-#. **To verify currently-available disk space**, use the ``df`` command in a terminal. This shows
-   how much disk space is available. The ``-hT`` argument allows us to have this printed in a human readable
    format, and condenses the output to show one storage volume. Note that currently you cannot
    change the disk space on a per-user basis.
 
-   .. code-block:: bash
+   ```bash
-
+   df -hT /home
-      df -hT /home
+   ```

docs/howto/admin/resource-estimation.md

@@ -1,86 +1,78 @@
-.. _howto/admin/resource-estimation:
+(howto-admin-resource-estimation)=
 
-===================================
+# Estimate Memory / CPU / Disk needed
-Estimate Memory / CPU / Disk needed
-===================================
 
 This page helps you estimate how much Memory / CPU / Disk the server you install
 The Littlest JupyterHub on should have. These are just guidelines to help
 with estimation - your actual needs will vary.
 
-Memory
+## Memory
-======
 
 Memory is usually the biggest determinant of server size in most JupyterHub
 installations. At minimum, your server must have at least **1GB** of RAM
 for TLJH to install.
 
-.. math::
+$$
+Recommended\, Memory =
+(Max\, concurrent\, users \times Max\, mem\, per\, user) + 128MB
+$$
 
-    Recommended\, Memory =
+The `128MB` is overhead for TLJH and related services. **Server Memory Recommended**
-    (Max\, concurrent\, users \times Max\, mem\, per\, user) + 128MB
-
-
-The ``128MB`` is overhead for TLJH and related services. **Server Memory Recommended**
 is the amount of Memory (RAM) the server you acquire should have - we recommend
 erring on the side of 'more Memory'. The other terms are explained below.
 
-Maximum concurrent users
+### Maximum concurrent users
-------------------------
 
 Even if your class has 100 students, most of them will not be using the JupyterHub
 actively at a single given moment. At 2am on a normal night, maybe you'll have 10 students
 using it. At 2am before a final, maybe you'll have 60 students using it. Maybe
 you'll have a lab session with all 100 of your students using it at the same time.
 
-The *maximum* number of users actively using the JupyterHub at any given time determines
+The _maximum_ number of users actively using the JupyterHub at any given time determines
 how much memory your server will need. You'll get better at estimating this number
 over time. We generally recommend between 40-60% of your total class size to start with.
 
-Maximum memory allowed per user
+### Maximum memory allowed per user
--------------------------------
 
 Depending on what kind of work your users are doing, they will use different amounts
 of memory. The easiest way to determine this is to run through a typical user
-workflow yourself, and measure how much memory is used. You can use :ref:`howto/admin/nbresuse`
+workflow yourself, and measure how much memory is used. You can use [](/howto/admin/nbresuse)
 to determine how much memory your user is using.
 
 A good rule of thumb is to take the maximum amount of memory you used during
 your session, and add 20-40% headroom for users to 'play around'. This is the
 maximum amount of memory that should be given to each user.
 
-If users use *more* than this alloted amount of memory, their notebook kernel will *restart*.
+If users use _more_ than this alloted amount of memory, their notebook kernel will _restart_.
 
-CPU
+## CPU
-===
 
 CPU estimation is more forgiving than Memory estimation. If there isn't
 enough CPU for your users, their computation becomes very slow - but does not
 stop, unlike with RAM.
 
-.. math::
+$$
+Recommended\, CPU = (Max\, concurrent\, users \times Max\, CPU\, usage\, per\, user) + 20\%
+$$
 
-    Recommended\, CPU = (Max\, concurrent\, users \times Max\, CPU\, usage\, per\, user) + 20\%
+The `20%` is overhead for TLJH and related services. This is around 20% of a
-
-The ``20%`` is overhead for TLJH and related services. This is around 20% of a
 single modern CPU. This, of course, is just an estimate. We recommend using
 the same process used to estimate Memory required for estimating CPU required.
 You cannot use jupyter-resource-usage for this, but you should carry out normal workflow and
 investigate the CPU usage on the machine.
 
-Disk space
+## Disk space
-==========
 
 Unlike Memory & CPU, disk space is predicated on **total** number of users,
 rather than **maximum concurrent** users.
 
-.. math::
+$$
+Recommended\, Disk\, Size = (Total\, users \times Max\, disk\, usage\, per\, user) + 2GB
+$$
 
-    Recommended\, Disk\, Size = (Total\, users \times Max\, disk\, usage\, per\, user) + 2GB
+## Resizing your server
 
-Resizing your server
+Many cloud providers let your dynamically resize your server if you need it
-====================
-
-Lots of cloud providers let your dynamically resize your server if you need it
 to be larger or smaller. Usually this requires a restart of the whole server -
 active users will be logged out, but otherwise usually nothing bad happens.
+See [](#howto-admin-resize) for provider-specific instructions on resizing.

docs/howto/admin/systemd.md

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+(howto-admin-systemd)=
+
+# Customizing `systemd` services
+
+By default, TLJH configures two `systemd` services to run JupyterHub and Traefik.
+
+These services come with a default set of settings, which are specified in
+[jupyterhub.service](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/blob/HEAD/tljh/systemd-units/jupyterhub.service) and
+[traefik.service](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/blob/HEAD/tljh/systemd-units/traefik.service).
+They look like the following:
+
+```bash
+[Unit]
+Requires=traefik.service
+After=traefik.service
+
+[Service]
+User=root
+Restart=always
+WorkingDirectory=/opt/tljh/state
+PrivateTmp=yes
+PrivateDevices=yes
+ProtectKernelTunables=yes
+ProtectKernelModules=yes
+Environment=TLJH_INSTALL_PREFIX=/opt/tljh
+ExecStart=/opt/tljh/hub/bin/python3 -m jupyterhub.app -f jupyterhub_config.py --upgrade-db
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
+```
+
+However in some cases, admins might want to have better control on these settings.
+
+For example when mounting shared volumes over the network using [Samba](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(software)>),
+these namespacing settings might be a bit too strict and prevent users from accessing the shared volumes.
+
+## Overriding settings with `override.conf`
+
+To override the `jupyterhub` settings, it is possible to provide a custom `/etc/systemd/system/jupyterhub.service.d/override.conf` file.
+
+Here is an example for the content of the file:
+
+```bash
+[Service]
+PrivateTmp=no
+PrivateDevices=no
+ProtectKernelTunables=no
+ProtectKernelModules=no
+```
+
+This example should be useful in the case of mounting volumes using Samba and sharing them with the JupyterHub users.
+You might also want to provide your own options, which are listed in the
+[systemd documentation](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.exec.html).
+
+Then make sure to reload the daemon and the `jupyterhub` service:
+
+```bash
+sudo systemctl daemon-reload
+sudo systemctl restart jupyterhub
+```
+
+Then check the status with:
+
+```bash
+sudo systemctl status jupyterhub
+```
+
+The output should look like the following:
+
+```{image} ../../images/admin/jupyterhub-systemd-status.png
+:alt: Checking the status of the JupyterHub systemd service
+```
+
+To override the `traefik` settings, create a new file under `/etc/systemd/system/traefik.service.d/override.conf`
+and follow the same steps.
+
+## References
+
+If you would like to learn more about the `systemd` security features, check out these references:
+
+- [List of systemd settings](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.exec.html)
+- [Mastering systemd: Securing and sandboxing applications and services](https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/mastering-systemd)

docs/howto/admin/systemd.rst

@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-.. _howto/admin/systemd:
-
-================================
-Customizing ``systemd`` services
-================================
-
-By default, TLJH configures two ``systemd`` services to run JupyterHub and Traefik.
-
-These services come with a default set of settings, which are specified in
-`jupyterhub.service <https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/blob/HEAD/tljh/systemd-units/jupyterhub.service>`_ and
-`traefik.service <https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/blob/HEAD/tljh/systemd-units/traefik.service>`_.
-They look like the following:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-  [Unit]
-  Requires=traefik.service
-  After=traefik.service
-
-  [Service]
-  User=root
-  Restart=always
-  WorkingDirectory=/opt/tljh/state
-  PrivateTmp=yes
-  PrivateDevices=yes
-  ProtectKernelTunables=yes
-  ProtectKernelModules=yes
-  Environment=TLJH_INSTALL_PREFIX=/opt/tljh
-  ExecStart=/opt/tljh/hub/bin/python3 -m jupyterhub.app -f jupyterhub_config.py --upgrade-db
-
-  [Install]
-  WantedBy=multi-user.target
-
-
-However in some cases, admins might want to have better control on these settings.
-
-For example when mounting shared volumes over the network using `Samba <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(software)>`_,
-these namespacing settings might be a bit too strict and prevent users from accessing the shared volumes.
-
-
-Overriding settings with ``override.conf``
-==========================================
-
-To override the ``jupyterhub`` settings, it is possible to provide a custom ``/etc/systemd/system/jupyterhub.service.d/override.conf`` file.
-
-Here is an example for the content of the file:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-    [Service]
-    PrivateTmp=no
-    PrivateDevices=no
-    ProtectKernelTunables=no
-    ProtectKernelModules=no
-
-This example should be useful in the case of mounting volumes using Samba and sharing them with the JupyterHub users.
-You might also want to provide your own options, which are listed in the
-`systemd documentation <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.exec.html>`_.
-
-Then make sure to reload the daemon and the ``jupyterhub`` service:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-    sudo systemctl daemon-reload
-    sudo systemctl restart jupyterhub
-
-Then check the status with:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-    sudo systemctl status jupyterhub
-
-The output should look like the following:
-
-.. image:: ../../images/admin/jupyterhub-systemd-status.png
-  :alt: Checking the status of the JupyterHub systemd service
-
-To override the ``traefik`` settings, create a new file under ``/etc/systemd/system/traefik.service.d/override.conf``
-and follow the same steps.
-
-
-References
-==========
-
-If you would like to learn more about the ``systemd`` security features, check out these references:
-
-- `List of systemd settings <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.exec.html>`_
-- `Mastering systemd: Securing and sandboxing applications and services <https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/mastering-systemd>`_

docs/howto/admin/upgrade-tljh.md

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+(howto-admin-upgrade-tljh)=
+
+# Upgrade TLJH
+
+A TLJH installation is supposed to be upgradable to get updates to JupyterHub
+itself and its dependencies in the [hub environment](hub-environment). For
+details on what is done during an upgrade, see
+[](topic-installer-upgrade-actions).
+
+## Step 1: Read the changelog
+
+Before making an upgrade, please read the [](changelog) to become aware about
+breaking changes. If there are breaking changes, you may need to update your
+configuration files or take other actions as well as part of the upgrade.
+
+Adjusting to the breaking changes isn't part of this documentation, please rely
+on the TLJH changelog and the changelogs of related projects linked to from the
+TLJH changelog.
+
+## Step 2: Consider making a backup
+
+Before making an upgrade, consider if you want to first make a backup in some
+way. While upgrades between TLJH versions are tested with automation, there are
+no guarantees.
+
+This project does't yet provide documentation on how to make backups, but if
+TLJH is installed on a virtual machine in a cloud, a good option is to try
+create a snapshot of the associated disk. If this isn't an option, you could
+consider making a backup of the files in `/opt/tljh` that contain most but not
+all things during an upgrade, or perhaps only the JupyterHub database with
+information about its users in `/opt/tljh/state` together with some other
+details.
+
+## Step 3: Make the upgrade
+
+To initialize the upgrade, do the following from a terminal on the machine where
+TLJH is installed.
+
+```shell
+# IMPORTANT: This should NOT be run from a JupyterHub started user server, but
+#            should only run from a standalone terminal session in the machine
+#            where TLJH has been installed.
+#
+curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
+  | sudo python3 - \
+    --version=latest
+```
+
+You can also upgrade to specific version by changing `--version=latest` to
+`--version=1.0.0` or similar. There is no need to specify admin users etc again.
+
+## Step 4: Verify function
+
+After having made an upgrade its always good to verify that the JupyterHub
+installation still works as expected. You may want to try logging out, logging
+in, and starting a new server for example.
+
+If you have issues consider the [](troubleshooting) documentation. If you need
+help you can ask questions in [Jupyter forum], and if you think there is a bug
+or documentation improvement that should be made you can open an issue or pull
+request in the [TLJH GitHub project].
+
+[jupyter forum]: https://discourse.jupyter.org/c/jupyterhub/tljh
+[tljh github project]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub

docs/howto/auth/awscognito.md

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+(howto-auth-awscognito)=
+
+# Authenticate using AWS Cognito
+
+```{warning}
+This documentation has not been updated recently, and a major version of
+OAuthenticator has been released since it was. Due to that, please only use this
+_as a complement_ to the official [OAuthenticator documentation].
+
+[OAuthenticator documentation]: https://oauthenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/provider-specific-setup/providers/generic.html#setup-for-aws-cognito
+
+Going onwards, the goal is to ensure we have good documentation in the
+OAuthenticator project and reference that instead of maintaining similar
+documentation in this project also.
+```
+
+The **AWS Cognito Authenticator** lets users log into your JupyterHub using
+cognito user pools. To do so, you'll first need to register and configure a
+cognito user pool and app, and then provide information about this
+application to your `tljh` configuration.
+
+## Create an AWS Cognito application
+
+1. Create a user pool [Getting Started with User Pool](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cognito/latest/developerguide/getting-started-with-cognito-user-pools.html).
+
+   When you have completed creating a user pool, app, and domain you should have the following settings available to you:
+
+   - **App client id**: From the App client page
+
+   - **App client secret** From the App client page
+
+   - **Callback URL** This should be the domain you are hosting you server on:
+
+     ```
+     http(s)://<my-tljh-ip-address>/hub/oauth_callback
+     ```
+
+   - **Signout URL**: This is the landing page for a user when they are not logged on:
+
+     ```
+     http(s)://<my-tljh-ip-address>
+     ```
+
+   - **Auth Domain** Create an auth domain e.g. \<my_jupyter_hub>:
+
+     ```
+     https://<<my_jupyter_hub>.auth.eu-west-1.amazoncognito.com
+     ```
+
+## Install and configure an AWS EC2 Instance with userdata
+
+By adding following script to the ec2 instance user data you should be
+able to configure the instance automatically, replace relevant placeholders:
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+##############################################
+# Ensure tljh is up to date
+##############################################
+curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
+  | sudo python3 - \
+    --admin insightadmin
+
+##############################################
+# Setup AWS Cognito OAuthenticator
+##############################################
+echo > /opt/tljh/config/jupyterhub_config.d/awscognito.py <<EOF
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.client_id = "[your app client ID]"
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.client_secret = "[your app client secret]"
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.oauth_callback_url = "https://[your-jupyterhub-host]/hub/oauth_callback"
+
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.authorize_url = "https://your-AWSCognito-domain/oauth2/authorize"
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.token_url = "https://your-AWSCognito-domain/oauth2/token"
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.userdata_url = "https://your-AWSCognito-domain/oauth2/userInfo"
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.logout_redirect_url = "https://your-AWSCognito-domain/oauth2/logout"
+
+# these are always the same
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.login_service = "AWS Cognito"
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.username_key = "username"
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.userdata_method = "POST"
+EOF
+
+tljh-config set auth.type oauthenticator.generic.GenericOAuthenticator
+
+tljh-config reload
+```
+
+## Manual configuration to use the AWS Cognito OAuthenticator
+
+AWS Cognito is configured as a generic OAuth provider.
+
+Using your preferred editor create the config file:
+
+```
+/opt/tljh/config/jupyterhub_config.d/awscognito.py
+```
+
+substituting the relevant variables:
+
+```python
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.client_id = "[your app ID]"
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.client_secret = "[your app Password]"
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.oauth_callback_url = "https://[your-jupyterhub-host]/hub/oauth_callback"
+
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.authorize_url = "https://your-AWSCognito-domain/oauth2/authorize"
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.token_url = "https://your-AWSCognito-domain/oauth2/token"
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.userdata_url = "https://your-AWSCognito-domain/oauth2/userInfo"
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.logout_redirect_url = "https://your-AWSCognito-domain/oauth2/logout"
+
+# these are always the same
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.login_service = "AWS Cognito"
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.username_key = "username"
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.userdata_method = "POST"
+```
+
+We'll use the `tljh-config` tool to configure your JupyterHub's authentication.
+For more information on `tljh-config`, see [](/topic/tljh-config).
+
+1. Tell your JupyterHub to use the GenericOAuthenticator for authentication:
+
+   ```
+   tljh-config set auth.type oauthenticator.generic.GenericOAuthenticator
+   ```
+
+2. Restart your JupyterHub so that new users see these changes:
+
+   ```
+   sudo tljh-config reload
+   ```
+
+## Confirm that the new authenticator works
+
+1. **Open an incognito window** in your browser (do not log out until you confirm
+   that the new authentication method works!)
+2. Go to your JupyterHub URL.
+3. You should see an AWS Cognito login button:
+4. You will likely have to create a new user (sign up) and then you should be directed to the
+   Jupyter interface used in this JupyterHub.
+5. **If this does not work** you can revert back to the default
+   JupyterHub authenticator by following the steps in [](/howto/auth/firstuse).
+
+## Optionally using custom claims for group mapping
+
+If you use AWS Cognito to federate with an OIDC provider and you want to
+authorize your users based on e.g. their department claim, you have to make sure
+that the custom claim is provided as array.
+
+If it is not provided as array, there is an easy fix. Just add these lines to
+your `awscognito.py`:
+
+```python
+def claim_groups_key_func(user_data_resp_json):
+    return [user_data_resp_json['custom:department']]
+
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.claim_groups_key = claim_groups_key_func
+c.GenericOAuthenticator.allowed_groups = ["AA BB CC", "AA BB DD"]
+```

docs/howto/auth/awscognito.rst

@@ -1,122 +0,0 @@
-.. _howto/auth/awscognito:
-
-==============================
-Authenticate using AWS Cognito
-==============================
-
-The **AWS Cognito Authenticator** lets users log into your JupyterHub using
-cognito user pools. To do so, you'll first need to register and configure a
-cognito user pool and app, and then provide information about this
-application to your ``tljh`` configuration.
-
-
-Create an AWS Cognito application
-=========================================
-
-#. Create a user pool `Getting Started with User Pool <https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cognito/latest/developerguide/getting-started-with-cognito-user-pools.html>`_.
-
-   When you have completed creating a user pool, app, and domain you should have the following settings available to you:
-
-   * **App client id**: From the App client page
-   * **App client secret** From the App client page
-   * **Callback URL** This should be the domain you are hosting you server on::
-
-         http(s)://<my-tljh-ip-address>/hub/oauth_callback
-
-   * **Signout URL**: This is the landing page for a user when they are not logged on::
-
-        http(s)://<my-tljh-ip-address>
-
-    * **Auth Domain** Create an auth domain e.g. <my_jupyter_hub>::
-
-        https://<<my_jupyter_hub>.auth.eu-west-1.amazoncognito.com
-
-
-Install and configure an AWS EC2 Instance with userdata
-=======================================================
-
-By adding following script to the ec2 instance user data you should be
-able to configure the instance automatically, replace relevant placeholders::
-
-        #!/bin/bash
-        ##############################################
-        # Ensure tljh is up to date
-        ##############################################
-        curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
-          | sudo python3 - \
-            --admin insightadmin
-
-        ##############################################
-        # Setup AWS Cognito OAuthenticator
-        ##############################################
-        echo > /opt/tljh/config/jupyterhub_config.d/awscognito.py <<EOF
-        c.GenericOAuthenticator.client_id = "[your app client ID]"
-        c.GenericOAuthenticator.client_secret = "[your app client secret]"
-        c.GenericOAuthenticator.oauth_callback_url = "https://[your-jupyterhub-host]/hub/oauth_callback"
-
-        c.GenericOAuthenticator.authorize_url = "https://your-AWSCognito-domain/oauth2/authorize"
-        c.GenericOAuthenticator.token_url = "https://your-AWSCognito-domain/oauth2/token"
-        c.GenericOAuthenticator.userdata_url = "https://your-AWSCognito-domain/oauth2/userInfo"
-        c.GenericOAuthenticator.logout_redirect_url = "https://your-AWSCognito-domain/oauth2/logout"
-
-        # these are always the same
-        c.GenericOAuthenticator.login_service = "AWS Cognito"
-        c.GenericOAuthenticator.username_key = "username"
-        c.GenericOAuthenticator.userdata_method = "POST"
-        EOF
-
-        tljh-config set auth.type oauthenticator.generic.GenericOAuthenticator
-
-        tljh-config reload
-
-Manual configuration to use the AWS Cognito OAuthenticator
-==========================================================
-
-AWS Cognito is configured as a generic OAuth provider.
-
-Using your preferred editor create the config file::
-
-    /opt/tljh/config/jupyterhub_config.d/awscognito.py
-
-substituting the relevant variables::
-
-    c.GenericOAuthenticator.client_id = "[your app ID]"
-    c.GenericOAuthenticator.client_secret = "[your app Password]"
-    c.GenericOAuthenticator.oauth_callback_url = "https://[your-jupyterhub-host]/hub/oauth_callback"
-
-    c.GenericOAuthenticator.authorize_url = "https://your-AWSCognito-domain/oauth2/authorize"
-    c.GenericOAuthenticator.token_url = "https://your-AWSCognito-domain/oauth2/token"
-    c.GenericOAuthenticator.userdata_url = "https://your-AWSCognito-domain/oauth2/userInfo"
-    c.GenericOAuthenticator.logout_redirect_url = "https://your-AWSCognito-domain/oauth2/logout"
-
-    # these are always the same
-    c.GenericOAuthenticator.login_service = "AWS Cognito"
-    c.GenericOAuthenticator.username_key = "username"
-    c.GenericOAuthenticator.userdata_method = "POST"
-
-We'll use the ``tljh-config`` tool to configure your JupyterHub's authentication.
-For more information on ``tljh-config``, see :ref:`topic/tljh-config`.
-
-#. Tell your JupyterHub to use the GenericOAuthenticator for authentication::
-
-     tljh-config set auth.type oauthenticator.generic.GenericOAuthenticator
-
-#. Restart your JupyterHub so that new users see these changes::
-
-     sudo tljh-config reload
-
-Confirm that the new authenticator works
-========================================
-
-#. **Open an incognito window** in your browser (do not log out until you confirm
-   that the new authentication method works!)
-
-#. Go to your JupyterHub URL.
-
-#. You should see an AWS Cognito login button:
-
-#. You will likely have to create a new user (sign up) and then you should be directed to the
-   Jupyter interface used in this JupyterHub.
-
-#. **If this does not work** you can revert back to the default
-   JupyterHub authenticator by following the steps in :ref:`howto/auth/firstuse`.

docs/howto/auth/dummy.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+(howto-auth-dummy)=
+
+# Authenticate _any_ user with a single shared password
+
+```{warning}
+The **Dummy Authenticator** lets _any_ user log in with the given password.
+This authenticator is **extremely insecure**, so do not use it if you can
+avoid it.
+```
+
+## Enabling the authenticator
+
+1. Always use DummyAuthenticator with a password. You can communicate this
+   password to all your users via an out of band mechanism (like writing on
+   a whiteboard). Once you have selected a password, configure TLJH to use
+   the password by executing the following from an admin console.
+
+   ```bash
+   sudo tljh-config set auth.DummyAuthenticator.password <password>
+   ```
+
+   Remember to replace `<password>` with the password you choose.
+
+2. Enable the authenticator and reload config to apply configuration:
+
+   ```bash
+   sudo tljh-config set auth.type dummy
+   ```
+
+   ```bash
+   sudo tljh-config reload
+   ```
+
+Users who are currently logged in will continue to be logged in. When they
+log out and try to log back in, they will be asked to provide a username and
+password.
+
+## Changing the password
+
+The password used by DummyAuthenticator can be changed with the following
+commands:
+
+```bash
+tljh-config set auth.DummyAuthenticator.password <new-password>
+```
+
+```bash
+tljh-config reload
+```

docs/howto/auth/dummy.rst

@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-.. _howto/auth/dummy:
-
-=====================================================
-Authenticate *any* user with a single shared password
-=====================================================
-
-The **Dummy Authenticator** lets *any* user log in with the given password.
-This authenticator is **extremely insecure**, so do not use it if you can
-avoid it.
-
-Enabling the authenticator
-==========================
-
-1. Always use DummyAuthenticator with a password. You can communicate this
-   password to all your users via an out of band mechanism (like writing on
-   a whiteboard). Once you have selected a password, configure TLJH to use
-   the password by executing the following from an admin console.
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      sudo tljh-config set auth.DummyAuthenticator.password <password>
-
-   Remember to replace ``<password>`` with the password you choose.
-
-2. Enable the authenticator and reload config to apply configuration:
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      sudo tljh-config set auth.type dummy
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      sudo tljh-config reload
-
-Users who are currently logged in will continue to be logged in. When they
-log out and try to log back in, they will be asked to provide a username and
-password.
-
-Changing the password
-=====================
-
-The password used by DummyAuthenticator can be changed with the following
-commands:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-   tljh-config set auth.DummyAuthenticator.password <new-password>
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-   tljh-config reload

docs/howto/auth/firstuse.md

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+(howto-auth-firstuse)=
+
+# Let users choose a password when they first log in
+
+```{warning}
+This documentation is not being updated regularly and may be out of date. Due to
+that, please only use this _as a complement_ to the official
+[FirstUseAuthenticator documentation].
+
+[FirstUseAuthenticator documentation]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/firstuseauthenticator#readme
+
+Going onwards, the goal is to ensure we have good documentation in the
+FirstUseAuthenticator project and reference that instead of maintaining similar
+documentation in this project also.
+```
+
+The **First Use Authenticator** lets users choose their own password.
+Upon their first log-in attempt, whatever password they use will be stored
+as their password for subsequent log in attempts. This is
+the default authenticator that ships with TLJH.
+
+## Enabling the authenticator
+
+:::{note}
+the FirstUseAuthenticator is enabled by default in TLJH.
+:::
+
+Enable the authenticator and reload config to apply the configuration:
+
+```bash
+sudo tljh-config set auth.type firstuseauthenticator.FirstUseAuthenticator
+sudo tljh-config reload
+```
+
+Users who are currently logged in will continue to be logged in. When they
+log out and try to log back in, they will be asked to provide a username and
+password.
+
+## Users changing their own password
+
+Users can change their password by first logging into their account and then visiting
+the url `<your_server_ip>/hub/auth/change-password`.
+
+## Allowing anyone to log in to your JupyterHub
+
+By default, you need to manually create user accounts before they will be able
+to log in to your JupyterHub. If you wish to allow **any** user to access
+the JupyterHub, run the following command.
+
+```bash
+tljh-config set auth.FirstUseAuthenticator.create_users true
+tljh-config reload
+```
+
+## Resetting user password
+
+The admin can reset user passwords by _deleting_ the user from the JupyterHub admin
+page. This logs the user out, but does **not** remove any of their data or
+home directories. The user can then set a new password by logging in again with
+their new password.
+
+1. As an admin user, open the **Control Panel** by clicking the control panel
+   button on the top right of your JupyterHub.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/control-panel-button.png
+   :alt: Control panel button in notebook, top right
+   ```
+
+2. In the control panel, open the **Admin** link in the top left.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/admin/admin-access-button.png
+   :alt: Admin button in control panel, top left
+   ```
+
+   This opens up the JupyterHub admin page, where you can add / delete users,
+   start / stop peoples' servers and see who is online.
+
+3. **Delete** the user whose password needs resetting. Remember this **does not**
+   delete their data or home directory.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/auth/firstuse/delete-user.png
+   :alt: Delete user button for each user
+   ```
+
+   If there is a confirmation dialog, confirm the deletion. This will also log the
+   user out if they were currently running.
+
+4. Re-create the user whose password needs resetting within that same dialog.
+
+5. Ask the user to log in again with their new password as usual. This will be their
+   new password going forward.

docs/howto/auth/firstuse.rst

@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-.. _howto/auth/firstuse:
-
-==================================================
-Let users choose a password when they first log in
-==================================================
-
-The **First Use Authenticator** lets users choose their own password.
-Upon their first log-in attempt, whatever password they use will be stored
-as their password for subsequent log in attempts. This is
-the default authenticator that ships with TLJH.
-
-Enabling the authenticator
-==========================
-
-.. note:: the FirstUseAuthenticator is enabled by default in TLJH.
-
-#. Enable the authenticator and reload config to apply the configuration:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-   sudo tljh-config set auth.type firstuseauthenticator.FirstUseAuthenticator
-   sudo tljh-config reload
-
-Users who are currently logged in will continue to be logged in. When they
-log out and try to log back in, they will be asked to provide a username and
-password.
-
-Users changing their own password
-=================================
-
-Users can change their password by first logging into their account and then visiting
-the url ``<your_server_ip>/hub/auth/change-password``.
-
-Allowing anyone to log in to your JupyterHub
-============================================
-
-By default, you need to manually create user accounts before they will be able
-to log in to your JupyterHub. If you wish to allow **any** user to access
-the JupyterHub, run the following command.
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-   tljh-config set auth.FirstUseAuthenticator.create_users true
-   tljh-config reload
-
-
-Resetting user password
-=======================
-
-The admin can reset user passwords by *deleting* the user from the JupyterHub admin
-page. This logs the user out, but does **not** remove any of their data or
-home directories. The user can then set a new password by logging in again with
-their new password.
-
-#. As an admin user, open the **Control Panel** by clicking the control panel
-   button on the top right of your JupyterHub.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/control-panel-button.png
-      :alt: Control panel button in notebook, top right
-
-#. In the control panel, open the **Admin** link in the top left.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/admin/admin-access-button.png
-      :alt: Admin button in control panel, top left
-
-   This opens up the JupyterHub admin page, where you can add / delete users,
-   start / stop peoples' servers and see who is online.
-
-#. **Delete** the user whose password needs resetting. Remember this **does not**
-   delete their data or home directory.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/auth/firstuse/delete-user.png
-      :alt: Delete user button for each user
-
-   If there is a confirmation dialog, confirm the deletion. This will also log the
-   user out if they were currently running.
-
-#. Re-create the user whose password needs resetting within that same dialog.
-
-#. Ask the user to log in again with their new password as usual. This will be their
-   new password going forward.

docs/howto/auth/github.md

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+(howto-auth-github)=
+
+# Authenticate using GitHub Usernames
+
+```{warning}
+This documentation has not been updated recently, and a major version of
+OAuthenticator has been released since it was. Due to that, please only use this
+_as a complement_ to the official [OAuthenticator documentation].
+
+[OAuthenticator documentation]: https://oauthenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/provider-specific-setup/providers/github.html
+
+Going onwards, the goal is to ensure we have good documentation in the
+OAuthenticator project and reference that instead of maintaining similar
+documentation in this project also.
+```
+
+The **GitHub Authenticator** lets users log into your JupyterHub using their
+GitHub user ID / password. To do so, you'll first need to register an
+application with GitHub, and then provide information about this
+application to your `tljh` configuration.
+
+:::{note}
+You'll need a GitHub account in order to complete these steps.
+:::
+
+## Step 1: Create a GitHub application
+
+1. Go to the [GitHub OAuth app creation page](https://github.com/settings/applications/new).
+
+   - **Application name**: Choose a descriptive application name (e.g. `tljh`)
+
+   - **Homepage URL**: Use the IP address or URL of your JupyterHub. e.g. `` http(s)://<my-tljh-url>` ``.
+
+   - **Application description**: Use any description that you like.
+
+   - **Authorization callback URL**: Insert text with the following form:
+
+     ```
+     http(s)://<my-tljh-ip-address>/hub/oauth_callback
+     ```
+
+   - When you're done filling in the page, it should look something like this:
+
+     ```{image} ../../images/auth/github/create_application.png
+     :alt: Create a GitHub OAuth application
+     ```
+
+2. Click "Register application". You'll be taken to a page with the registered application details.
+
+3. Copy the **Client ID** and **Client Secret** from the application details
+   page. You will use these later to configure your JupyterHub authenticator.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/auth/github/client_id_secret.png
+   :alt: Your client ID and secret
+   ```
+
+:::{important}
+If you are using a virtual machine from a cloud provider and
+**stop the VM**, then when you re-start the VM, the provider will likely assign a **new public
+IP address** to it. In this case, **you must update your GitHub application information**
+with the new IP address.
+:::
+
+## Configure your JupyterHub to use the GitHub Oauthenticator
+
+We'll use the `tljh-config` tool to configure your JupyterHub's authentication.
+For more information on `tljh-config`, see [](/topic/tljh-config).
+
+1. Log in as an administrator account to your JupyterHub.
+
+2. Open a terminal window.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/notebook/new-terminal-button.png
+   :alt: New terminal button.
+   ```
+
+3. Configure the GitHub OAuthenticator to use your client ID, client secret and callback URL with the following commands:
+
+   ```
+   sudo tljh-config set auth.GitHubOAuthenticator.client_id '<my-tljh-client-id>'
+   ```
+
+   ```
+   sudo tljh-config set auth.GitHubOAuthenticator.client_secret '<my-tljh-client-secret>'
+   ```
+
+   ```
+   sudo tljh-config set auth.GitHubOAuthenticator.oauth_callback_url 'http(s)://<my-tljh-ip-address>/hub/oauth_callback'
+   ```
+
+4. Tell your JupyterHub to _use_ the GitHub OAuthenticator for authentication:
+
+   ```
+   sudo tljh-config set auth.type oauthenticator.github.GitHubOAuthenticator
+   ```
+
+5. Restart your JupyterHub so that new users see these changes:
+
+   ```
+   sudo tljh-config reload
+   ```
+
+## Confirm that the new authenticator works
+
+1. **Open an incognito window** in your browser (do not log out until you confirm
+   that the new authentication method works!)
+
+2. Go to your JupyterHub URL.
+
+3. You should see a GitHub login button like below:
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/auth/github/login_button.png
+   :alt: The GitHub authenticator login button.
+   ```
+
+4. After you log in with your GitHub credentials, you should be directed to the
+   Jupyter interface used in this JupyterHub.
+
+5. **If this does not work** you can revert back to the default
+   JupyterHub authenticator by following the steps in [](/howto/auth/firstuse).

docs/howto/auth/github.rst

@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-.. _howto/auth/github:
-
-===================================
-Authenticate using GitHub Usernames
-===================================
-
-The **GitHub Authenticator** lets users log into your JupyterHub using their
-GitHub user ID / password. To do so, you'll first need to register an
-application with GitHub, and then provide information about this
-application to your ``tljh`` configuration.
-
-.. note::
-
-   You'll need a GitHub account in order to complete these steps.
-
-Step 1: Create a GitHub application
-===================================
-
-#. Go to the `GitHub OAuth app creation page <https://github.com/settings/applications/new>`_.
-
-   * **Application name**: Choose a descriptive application name (e.g. ``tljh``)
-   * **Homepage URL**: Use the IP address or URL of your JupyterHub. e.g. ``http(s)://<my-tljh-url>```.
-   * **Application description**: Use any description that you like.
-   * **Authorization callback URL**: Insert text with the following form::
-
-          http(s)://<my-tljh-ip-address>/hub/oauth_callback
-
-   * When you're done filling in the page, it should look something like this:
-
-      .. image:: ../../images/auth/github/create_application.png
-         :alt: Create a GitHub OAuth application
-#. Click "Register application". You'll be taken to a page with the registered application details.
-#. Copy the **Client ID** and **Client Secret** from the application details
-   page. You will use these later to configure your JupyterHub authenticator.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/auth/github/client_id_secret.png
-     :alt: Your client ID and secret
-
-.. important::
-
-   If you are using a virtual machine from a cloud provider and
-   **stop the VM**, then when you re-start the VM, the provider will likely assign a **new public
-   IP address** to it. In this case, **you must update your GitHub application information**
-   with the new IP address.
-
-Configure your JupyterHub to use the GitHub Oauthenticator
-==========================================================
-
-We'll use the ``tljh-config`` tool to configure your JupyterHub's authentication.
-For more information on ``tljh-config``, see :ref:`topic/tljh-config`.
-
-#. Log in as an administrator account to your JupyterHub.
-#. Open a terminal window.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/notebook/new-terminal-button.png
-      :alt: New terminal button.
-
-#. Configure the GitHub OAuthenticator to use your client ID, client secret and callback URL with the following commands::
-
-     sudo tljh-config set auth.GitHubOAuthenticator.client_id '<my-tljh-client-id>'
-
-   ::
-
-     sudo tljh-config set auth.GitHubOAuthenticator.client_secret '<my-tljh-client-secret>'
-   
-   ::
-
-     sudo tljh-config set auth.GitHubOAuthenticator.oauth_callback_url 'http(s)://<my-tljh-ip-address>/hub/oauth_callback'
-
-#. Tell your JupyterHub to *use* the GitHub OAuthenticator for authentication::
-
-     sudo tljh-config set auth.type oauthenticator.github.GitHubOAuthenticator
-
-#. Restart your JupyterHub so that new users see these changes::
-
-     sudo tljh-config reload
-
-Confirm that the new authenticator works
-========================================
-
-#. **Open an incognito window** in your browser (do not log out until you confirm
-   that the new authentication method works!)
-#. Go to your JupyterHub URL.
-#. You should see a GitHub login button like below:
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/auth/github/login_button.png
-      :alt: The GitHub authenticator login button.
-
-#. After you log in with your GitHub credentials, you should be directed to the
-   Jupyter interface used in this JupyterHub.
-
-#. **If this does not work** you can revert back to the default
-   JupyterHub authenticator by following the steps in :ref:`howto/auth/firstuse`.

docs/howto/auth/google.md

@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+(howto-auth-google)=
+
+# Authenticate using Google
+
+```{warning}
+This documentation has not been updated recently, and a major version of
+OAuthenticator has been released since it was. Due to that, please only use this
+_as a complement_ to the official [OAuthenticator documentation].
+
+[OAuthenticator documentation]: https://oauthenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/provider-specific-setup/providers/google.html
+
+Going onwards, the goal is to ensure we have good documentation in the
+OAuthenticator project and reference that instead of maintaining similar
+documentation in this project also.
+```
+
+The **Google OAuthenticator** lets users log into your JupyterHub using their
+Google user ID / password. To do so, you'll first need to register an
+application with Google, and then provide information about this
+application to your `tljh` configuration.
+See [Google's documentation](https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/OAuth2)
+on how to create OAUth 2.0 client credentials.
+
+:::{note}
+You'll need a Google account in order to complete these steps.
+:::
+
+## Step 1: Create a Google project
+
+Go to [Google Developers Console](https://console.developers.google.com)
+and create a new project:
+
+```{image} ../../images/auth/google/create_new_project.png
+:alt: Create a Google project
+```
+
+## Step 2: Set up a Google OAuth client ID and secret
+
+1. After creating and selecting the project:
+
+- Go to the credentials menu:
+
+  ```{image} ../../images/auth/google/credentials_button.png
+  :alt: Credentials menu
+  ```
+
+- Click "Create credentials" and from the dropdown menu select **"OAuth client ID"**:
+
+  ```{image} ../../images/auth/google/create_credentials.png
+  :alt: Generate credentials
+  ```
+
+- You will have to fill a form with:
+
+  - **Application type**: Choose _Web application_
+
+  - **Name**: A descriptive name for your OAuth client ID (e.g. `tljh-client`)
+
+  - **Authorized JavaScript origins**: Use the IP address or URL of your JupyterHub. e.g. `http(s)://<my-tljh-url>`.
+
+  - **Authorized redirect URIs**: Insert text with the following form:
+
+    ```
+    http(s)://<my-tljh-ip-address>/hub/oauth_callback
+    ```
+
+  - When you're done filling in the page, it should look something like this (ideally without the red warnings):
+
+    ```{image} ../../images/auth/google/create_oauth_client_id.png
+    :alt: Create a Google OAuth client ID
+    ```
+
+2. Click "Create". You'll be taken to a page with the registered application details.
+
+3. Copy the **Client ID** and **Client Secret** from the application details
+   page. You will use these later to configure your JupyterHub authenticator.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/auth/google/client_id_secret.png
+   :alt: Your client ID and secret
+   ```
+
+:::{important}
+If you are using a virtual machine from a cloud provider and
+**stop the VM**, then when you re-start the VM, the provider will likely assign a **new public
+IP address** to it. In this case, **you must update your Google application information**
+with the new IP address.
+:::
+
+## Step 3: Configure your JupyterHub to use the Google OAuthenticator
+
+### Configuration with `tljh-config`
+
+In this section we'll use the `tljh-config` tool to configure your JupyterHub's authentication.
+For more information on `tljh-config`, see [](/topic/tljh-config).
+
+:::{important}
+By default, the following allows _anyone_ with a Google account to login.
+You can set specific allowed users and admins using [](#tljh-set-user-lists).
+:::
+
+1. Log in as an administrator account to your JupyterHub.
+
+2. Open a terminal window.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/notebook/new-terminal-button.png
+   :alt: New terminal button.
+   ```
+
+3. Configure the Google OAuthenticator to use your client ID, client secret and callback URL with the following commands:
+
+   ```
+   sudo tljh-config set auth.GoogleOAuthenticator.client_id '<my-tljh-client-id>'
+   ```
+
+   ```
+   sudo tljh-config set auth.GoogleOAuthenticator.client_secret '<my-tljh-client-secret>'
+   ```
+
+   ```
+   sudo tljh-config set auth.GoogleOAuthenticator.oauth_callback_url 'http(s)://<my-tljh-ip-address>/hub/oauth_callback'
+   ```
+
+4. Tell your JupyterHub to _use_ the Google OAuthenticator for authentication:
+
+   ```
+   sudo tljh-config set auth.type oauthenticator.google.GoogleOAuthenticator
+   ```
+
+5. Restart your JupyterHub so that new users see these changes:
+
+   ```
+   sudo tljh-config reload
+   ```
+
+### Advanced Configuration with Google Groups
+
+Administrative and regular users of your TLJH can also be easily managed with Google Groups.
+This requires a service account and a Workspace admin account that can be impersonated by the
+service account to read groups in your domain. You may need to contact your Google Workspace
+administrator for help performing these steps.
+
+1. [Create a service account](https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/service-accounts-create).
+
+1. [Create a service account key](https://developers.google.com/workspace/guides/create-credentials#create_credentials_for_a_service_account). Keep this key in a safe space, you will need to add it to your instance later.
+
+1. Setup [domain-wide delegation](https://developers.google.com/workspace/guides/create-credentials#optional_set_up_domain-wide_delegation_for_a_service_account) for the service account that includes the following scopes:
+   ```
+   https://www.googleapis.com/auth/admin.directory.user.readonly
+   https://www.googleapis.com/auth/admin.directory.group.readonly
+   ```
+1. Add the service account key to your instance and ensure it is _not_ readable by non-admin users of the hub.
+   :::{important}
+   The service account key is a secret. Anyone for whom you configure admin privileges on your TLJH instance will be able to access it.
+   :::
+
+1. Log in as an administrator account to your JupyterHub.
+
+1. Open a terminal window.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/notebook/new-terminal-button.png
+   :alt: New terminal button.
+   ```
+
+1. Install the extra requirements within the hub environment.
+
+   ```
+   source /opt/tljh/hub/bin/activate
+   pip3 install oauthenticator[googlegroups]
+   deactivate
+   ```
+
+1. Create a configuration directory `jupyterhub_config.d` within `/opt/tljh/config/`.
+   Any `.py` files within this directory will be sourced for configuration.
+
+   ```
+   sudo mkdir /opt/tljh/config/jupyterhub_config.d
+   ```
+
+1. Configure your hub for Google Groups-based authentication by adding the following to a `.py` file within `/opt/tljh/config/jupyterhub_config.d`.
+
+   ```python
+   from oauthenticator.google import GoogleOAuthenticator
+   c.JupyterHub.authenticator_class = GoogleOAuthenticator
+
+   c.GoogleOAuthenticator.google_service_account_keys = {'<my-domain.com>': '</path/to/your/service_account_key.json>'}
+   c.GoogleOAuthenticator.gsuite_administrator = {'<my-domain.com>': '<my-gsuite-admin>'}
+   c.GoogleOAuthenticator.allowed_google_groups = {'<my-domain.com>': ['example-group', 'another-example-group']}
+   c.GoogleOAuthenticator.admin_google_groups = {'<my-domain.com>': ['example-admin-group', 'another-example-admin-group']}
+   c.GoogleOAuthenticator.client_id = '<my-tljh-client-id>'
+   c.GoogleOAuthenticator.client_secret = '<my-tljh-client-secret>'
+   c.GoogleOAuthenticator.hosted_domain = '<my-domain.com>'
+   c.GoogleOAuthenticator.login_service = '<my-login-service>'
+   c.GoogleOAuthenticator.oauth_callback_url = 'http(s)://<my-tljh-ip-address>/hub/oauth_callback'
+   ```
+
+   See the [Google OAuthenticator documentation](https://oauthenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/api/gen/oauthenticator.google.html)
+   for more information on these and other configuration options.
+
+1. Reload your configuration for the changes to take effect:
+   ```
+   sudo tljh-config reload
+   ```
+
+## Step 4: Confirm that the new authenticator works
+
+1. **Open an incognito window** in your browser (do not log out until you confirm
+   that the new authentication method works!)
+
+2. Go to your JupyterHub URL.
+
+3. You should see a Google login button like below:
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/auth/google/login_button.png
+   :alt: The Google authenticator login button.
+   ```
+
+4. After you log in with your Google credentials, you should be directed to the
+   Jupyter interface used in this JupyterHub.
+
+5. **If this does not work** you can revert back to the default
+   JupyterHub authenticator by following the steps in [](/howto/auth/firstuse).

docs/howto/auth/google.rst

@@ -1,119 +0,0 @@
-.. _howto/auth/google:
-
-=========================
-Authenticate using Google
-=========================
-
-The **Google Authenticator** lets users log into your JupyterHub using their
-Google user ID / password. To do so, you'll first need to register an
-application with Google, and then provide information about this
-application to your ``tljh`` configuration.
-See `Google's documentation <https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/OAuth2>`_
-on how to create OAUth 2.0 client credentials.
-
-
-.. note::
-
-   You'll need a Google account in order to complete these steps.
-
-Step 1: Create a Google project
-===============================
-
-Go to `Google Developers Console <https://console.developers.google.com>`_
-and create a new project:
-
-  .. image:: ../../images/auth/google/create_new_project.png
-      :alt: Create a Google project
-
-
-Step 2: Set up a Google OAuth client ID and secret
-==================================================
-
-1. After creating and selecting the project:
-
-  * Go to the credentials menu:
-
-  .. image:: ../../images/auth/google/credentials_button.png
-      :alt: Credentials menu
-
-  * Click "Create credentials" and from the dropdown menu select **"OAuth client ID"**:
-
-  .. image:: ../../images/auth/google/create_credentials.png
-      :alt: Generate credentials
-
-  * You will have to fill a form with:
-     * **Application type**: Choose *Web application*
-     * **Name**: A descriptive name for your OAuth client ID (e.g. ``tljh-client``)
-     * **Authorized JavaScript origins**: Use the IP address or URL of your JupyterHub. e.g. ``http(s)://<my-tljh-url>``.
-     * **Authorized redirect URIs**: Insert text with the following form::
-
-          http(s)://<my-tljh-ip-address>/hub/oauth_callback
-
-     * When you're done filling in the page, it should look something like this (ideally without the red warnings):
-
-      .. image:: ../../images/auth/google/create_oauth_client_id.png
-         :alt: Create a Google OAuth client ID
-
-
-2. Click "Create". You'll be taken to a page with the registered application details.
-3. Copy the **Client ID** and **Client Secret** from the application details
-   page. You will use these later to configure your JupyterHub authenticator.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/auth/google/client_id_secret.png
-      :alt: Your client ID and secret
-
-.. important::
-
-   If you are using a virtual machine from a cloud provider and
-   **stop the VM**, then when you re-start the VM, the provider will likely assign a **new public
-   IP address** to it. In this case, **you must update your Google application information**
-   with the new IP address.
-
-Configure your JupyterHub to use the Google Oauthenticator
-==========================================================
-
-We'll use the ``tljh-config`` tool to configure your JupyterHub's authentication.
-For more information on ``tljh-config``, see :ref:`topic/tljh-config`.
-
-#. Log in as an administrator account to your JupyterHub.
-#. Open a terminal window.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/notebook/new-terminal-button.png
-      :alt: New terminal button.
-
-#. Configure the Google OAuthenticator to use your client ID, client secret and callback URL with the following commands::
-
-     sudo tljh-config set auth.GoogleOAuthenticator.client_id '<my-tljh-client-id>'
-
-   ::
-
-     sudo tljh-config set auth.GoogleOAuthenticator.client_secret '<my-tljh-client-secret>'
-   
-   ::
-
-     sudo tljh-config set auth.GoogleOAuthenticator.oauth_callback_url 'http(s)://<my-tljh-ip-address>/hub/oauth_callback'
-
-#. Tell your JupyterHub to *use* the Google OAuthenticator for authentication::
-
-     sudo tljh-config set auth.type oauthenticator.google.GoogleOAuthenticator
-
-#. Restart your JupyterHub so that new users see these changes::
-
-     sudo tljh-config reload
-
-Confirm that the new authenticator works
-========================================
-
-#. **Open an incognito window** in your browser (do not log out until you confirm
-   that the new authentication method works!)
-#. Go to your JupyterHub URL.
-#. You should see a Google login button like below:
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/auth/google/login_button.png
-      :alt: The Google authenticator login button.
-
-#. After you log in with your Google credentials, you should be directed to the
-   Jupyter interface used in this JupyterHub.
-
-#. **If this does not work** you can revert back to the default
-   JupyterHub authenticator by following the steps in :ref:`howto/auth/firstuse`.

docs/howto/auth/nativeauth.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+(howto-auth-nativeauth)=
+
+# Let users sign up with a username and password
+
+```{warning}
+This documentation is not being updated regularly and may be out of date. Due to
+that, please only use this _as a complement_ to the official
+[NativeAuthenticator documentation].
+
+[NativeAuthenticator documentation]: https://native-authenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
+
+Going onwards, the goal is to ensure we have good documentation in the
+NativeAuthenticator project and reference that instead of maintaining similar
+documentation in this project also.
+```
+
+The **Native Authenticator** lets users signup for creating a new username
+and password.
+When they signup, they won't be able to login until they are authorized by an
+admin. Users that are characterized as admin have to signup as well, but they
+will be authorized automatically.
+
+## Enabling the authenticator
+
+Enable the authenticator and reload config to apply the configuration:
+
+```bash
+sudo tljh-config set auth.type nativeauthenticator.NativeAuthenticator
+sudo tljh-config reload
+```
+
+## Allowing all users to be authorized after signup
+
+By default, all users created on signup don't have authorization to login.
+If you wish to allow **any** user to access
+the JupyterHub just after the signup, run the following command:
+
+```bash
+tljh-config set auth.NativeAuthenticator.open_signup true
+tljh-config reload
+```
+
+## Optional features
+
+More optional features are available on the `authenticator documentation <https://native-authenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`

docs/howto/auth/nativeauth.rst

@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-.. _howto/auth/nativeauth:
-
-==============================================
-Let users sign up with a username and password
-==============================================
-
-The **Native Authenticator** lets users signup for creating a new username 
-and password.
-When they signup, they won't be able to login until they are authorized by an 
-admin. Users that are characterized as admin have to signup as well, but they  
-will be authorized automatically.
-
-
-Enabling the authenticator
-==========================
-
-Enable the authenticator and reload config to apply the configuration:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-   sudo tljh-config set auth.type nativeauthenticator.NativeAuthenticator
-   sudo tljh-config reload
-
-
-Allowing all users to be authorized after signup
-================================================
-
-By default, all users created on signup don't have authorization to login. 
-If you wish to allow **any** user to access
-the JupyterHub just after the signup, run the following command:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-   tljh-config set auth.NativeAuthenticator.open_signup true
-   tljh-config reload
-
-Optional features
-=================
-
-More optional features are available on the `authenticator documentation <https://native-authenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>` 

docs/howto/content/add-data.md

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+(howto-content-add-data)=
+
+# Adding data to the JupyterHub
+
+This section covers how to add data to your JupyterHub either from the internet
+or from your own machine. To learn how to **share data** that is already
+on your JupyterHub, see [](/howto/content/share-data).
+
+:::{note}
+When you add data using the methods on this page, you will **only add it
+to your user directory**. This is not a place that is accessible to others.
+For information on sharing this data with users on the JupyterHub, see
+[](/howto/content/share-data).
+:::
+
+## Adding data from your local machine
+
+The easiest way to add data to your JupyterHub is to use the "Upload" user
+interface. To do so, follow these steps:
+
+1. First, navigate to the Jupyter Notebook interface home page. You can do this
+   by going to the URL `<my-hub-url>/user/<my-username>/tree`.
+
+2. Click the "Upload" button to open the file chooser window.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/content/upload-button.png
+   :alt: The upload button in Jupyter.
+   ```
+
+3. Choose the file you wish to upload. You may select multiple files if you
+   wish.
+
+4. Click "Upload" for each file that you wish to upload.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/content/file-upload-buttons.png
+   :alt: Multiple file upload buttons.
+   ```
+
+5. Wait for the progress bar to finish for each file. These files will now
+   be on your JupyterHub, your home user's home directory.
+
+To learn how to **share** this data with new users on the JupyterHub,
+see [](/howto/content/share-data).
+
+## Downloading data from the command line
+
+If the data of interest is on the internet, you may also use code in order
+to download it to your JupyterHub. There are several ways of doing this, so
+we'll cover the simplest approach using the unix tool `wget`.
+
+1. Log in to your JupyterHub and open a terminal window.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/notebook/new-terminal-button.png
+   :alt: New terminal button.
+   ```
+
+2. Use `wget` to download the file to your current directory in the terminal.
+
+   ```bash
+   wget <MY-FILE-URL>
+   ```
+
+### Example: Downloading the [gapminder](https://www.gapminder.org/) dataset.
+
+In this example we'll download the [gapminder](https://www.gapminder.org/)
+dataset, which contains information about country GDP and live expectancy over
+time. You can download it from your browser [at this link](https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/files/python-novice-gapminder-data.zip).
+
+1. Log in to your JupyterHub and open a terminal window.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/notebook/new-terminal-button.png
+   :alt: New terminal button.
+   ```
+
+2. Use `wget` to download the gapminder dataset to your current directory in
+   the terminal.
+
+   ```bash
+   wget https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/files/python-novice-gapminder-data.zip
+   ```
+
+3. This is a **zip** file, so we'll need to download a unix tool called "unzip"
+   in order to unzip it.
+
+   ```bash
+   sudo apt install unzip
+   ```
+
+4. Finally, unzip the file:
+
+   ```bash
+   unzip python-novice-gapminder-data.zip
+   ```
+
+5. Confirm that your data was unzipped. It could be in a folder called `data/`.
+
+To learn how to **share** this data with new users on the JupyterHub,
+see [](/howto/content/share-data).
+
+% TODO: Downloading data with the "download" module in Python? https://github.com/choldgraf/download

docs/howto/content/add-data.rst

@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
-.. _howto/content/add-data:
-
-=============================
-Adding data to the JupyterHub
-=============================
-
-This section covers how to add data to your JupyterHub either from the internet
-or from your own machine. To learn how to **share data** that is already
-on your JupyterHub, see :ref:`howto/content/share-data`.
-
-.. note::
-
-   When you add data using the methods on this page, you will **only add it
-   to your user directory**. This is not a place that is accessible to others.
-   For information on sharing this data with users on the JupyterHub, see
-   :ref:`howto/content/share-data`.
-
-Adding data from your local machine
-===================================
-
-The easiest way to add data to your JupyterHub is to use the "Upload" user
-interface. To do so, follow these steps:
-
-#. First, navigate to the Jupyter Notebook interface home page. You can do this
-   by going to the URL ``<my-hub-url>/user/<my-username>/tree``.
-#. Click the "Upload" button to open the file chooser window.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/content/upload-button.png
-      :alt: The upload button in Jupyter.
-#. Choose the file you wish to upload. You may select multiple files if you
-   wish.
-#. Click "Upload" for each file that you wish to upload.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/content/file-upload-buttons.png
-      :alt: Multiple file upload buttons.
-#. Wait for the progress bar to finish for each file. These files will now
-   be on your JupyterHub, your home user's home directory.
-
-To learn how to **share** this data with new users on the JupyterHub,
-see :ref:`howto/content/share-data`.
-
-Downloading data from the command line
-======================================
-
-If the data of interest is on the internet, you may also use code in order
-to download it to your JupyterHub. There are several ways of doing this, so
-we'll cover the simplest approach using the unix tool ``wget``.
-
-#. Log in to your JupyterHub and open a terminal window.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/notebook/new-terminal-button.png
-      :alt: New terminal button.
-
-#. Use ``wget`` to download the file to your current directory in the terminal.
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      wget <MY-FILE-URL>
-
-Example: Downloading the `gapminder <https://www.gapminder.org/>`_ dataset.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-In this example we'll download the `gapminder <https://www.gapminder.org/>`_
-dataset, which contains information about country GDP and live expectancy over
-time. You can download it from your browser `at this link <https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/files/python-novice-gapminder-data.zip>`_.
-
-#. Log in to your JupyterHub and open a terminal window.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/notebook/new-terminal-button.png
-      :alt: New terminal button.
-
-#. Use ``wget`` to download the gapminder dataset to your current directory in
-   the terminal.
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      wget https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/files/python-novice-gapminder-data.zip
-
-#. This is a **zip** file, so we'll need to download a unix tool called "unzip"
-   in order to unzip it.
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      sudo apt install unzip
-
-#. Finally, unzip the file:
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      unzip python-novice-gapminder-data.zip
-
-#. Confirm that your data was unzipped. It could be in a folder called ``data/``.
-
-To learn how to **share** this data with new users on the JupyterHub,
-see :ref:`howto/content/share-data`.
-
-.. TODO: Downloading data with the "download" module in Python? https://github.com/choldgraf/download

docs/howto/content/nbgitpuller.md

@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
-.. _howto/content/nbgitpuller:
+(howto-content-nbgitpuller)=
 
-================================================
+# Distributing materials to users with nbgitpuller
-Distributing materials to users with nbgitpuller
-================================================
 
-Goal
+## Goal
-====
 
 A very common need when using JupyterHub is to easily
 distribute study materials / lab notebooks to students.
@@ -29,38 +26,34 @@ This tutorial will walk you through the process of creating a magic
 nbgitpuller link that users of your JupyterHub can click to fetch the latest
 version of materials from a git repo.
 
-Pre-requisites
+## Pre-requisites
-==============
 
 1. A JupyterHub set up with The Littlest JupyterHub
 2. A git repository containing materials to distribute
 
-Step 1: Generate nbgitpuller link
+## Step 1: Generate nbgitpuller link
-=================================
 
-The quickest way to generate a link is to use `nbgitpuller.link
+The quickest way to generate a link is to use [nbgitpuller.link](https://jupyterhub.github.io/nbgitpuller/link.html), but other options exist as described in the
-<https://jupyterhub.github.io/nbgitpuller/link.html>`_, but other options exist as described in the
+[nbgitpuller project's documentation](https://jupyterhub.github.io/nbgitpuller/use.html).
-`nbgitpuller project's documentation
-<https://jupyterhub.github.io/nbgitpuller/use.html>`_.
 
-Step 2: Users click on the nbgitpuller link
+## Step 2: Users click on the nbgitpuller link
-===========================================
 
-#. Send the link to your users in some way - email, slack, post a
+1. Send the link to your users in some way - email, slack, post a
-   shortened version (with `bit.ly <https://bit.ly>`_ maybe) on the wall, or
+   shortened version (with [bit.ly](https://bit.ly) maybe) on the wall, or
-   put it on your syllabus page (like `UC Berkeley's data8 does <http://data8.org/sp18/>`_).
+   put it on your syllabus page (like [UC Berkeley's data8 does](http://data8.org/sp18/)).
    Whatever works for you :)
 
-#. When users click the link, they will be asked to log in to the hub
+2. When users click the link, they will be asked to log in to the hub
    if they have not already.
 
-#. Users will see a progress bar as the git repository is fetched & any
+3. Users will see a progress bar as the git repository is fetched & any
    automatic merging required is performed.
 
-   .. image:: ../../images/nbgitpuller/pull-progress.png
+   ```{image} ../../images/nbgitpuller/pull-progress.png
-      :alt: Progress bar with git repository being pulled
+   :alt: Progress bar with git repository being pulled
+   ```
 
-#. Users will now be redirected to the notebook specified in the URL!
+4. Users will now be redirected to the notebook specified in the URL!
 
 This workflow lets users land directly in the notebook you specified
 without having to understand much about git or the JupyterHub interface.

docs/howto/content/share-data.md

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+(howto-content-share-data)=
+
+# Share data with your users
+
+There are a few options for sharing data with your users, this page covers
+a few useful patterns.
+
+## Option 1: Distributing data with `nbgitpuller`
+
+For small datasets, the simplest way to share data with your users is via
+`nbgitpuller` links. In this case, users click on your link and the dataset
+contained in the link's target repository is downloaded to the user's home
+directory. Note that a copy of the dataset will be made for each user.
+
+For information on creating and sharing `nbgitpuller` links, see
+[](/howto/content/nbgitpuller).
+
+## Option 2: Create a read-only shared folder for data
+
+If your data is large or you don't want copies of it to exist, you can create
+a read-only shared folder that users have access to. To do this, follow these
+steps:
+
+1. **Log** in to your JupyterHub as an **administrator user**.
+
+2. **Create a terminal session** with your JupyterHub interface.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/notebook/new-terminal-button.png
+   :alt: New terminal button.
+   ```
+
+3. **Create a folder** where your data will live. We recommend placing shared
+   data in `/srv`. The following command creates two folders (`/srv/data` and
+   `/srv/data/my_shared_data_folder`).
+
+   ```bash
+   sudo mkdir -p /srv/data/my_shared_data_folder
+   ```
+
+4. **Download the data** into this folder. See [](/howto/content/add-data) for
+   details on how to do this.
+
+5. All users now have read access to the data in this folder.
+
+### Add a link to the shared folder in the user home directory
+
+Optionally, you may also **create a symbolic link to the shared data folder**
+that you created above in each **new user's** home directory.
+
+To do this, you can use the server's **user skeleton directory** (`/etc/skel`).
+Anything that is placed in this directory will also
+show up in a new user's home directory.
+
+To create a link to the shared folder in the user skeleton directory,
+follow these steps:
+
+1. `cd` into the skeleton directory:
+
+   ```bash
+   cd /etc/skel
+   ```
+
+2. **Create a symbolic link** to the data folder
+
+   ```bash
+   sudo ln -s /srv/data/my_shared_data_folder my_shared_data_folder
+   ```
+
+3. **Confirm that this worked** by logging in as a new user. You can do this
+   by opening a new "incognito" browser window and accessing your JupyterHub.
+   After you log in as a **new user**, the folder should appear in your new
+   user home directory.
+
+From now on, when a new user account is created, their home directory will
+have this symbolic link (and any other files in `/etc/skel`) in their home
+directory. This will have **no effect on the directories of existing
+users**.
+
+## Option 3: Create a directory for users to share Notebooks and other files
+
+You may want a place for users to share files with each other rather than
+only having administrators share files with users (Option 2). In this
+configuration, any user can put files into `/srv/scratch` that other users
+can read. However, only the user that created the file can edit the file.
+
+One way for users to share or "publish" Notebooks in a JupyterHub environment
+is to create a shared directory. Any user can create files in the directory,
+but only the creator may edit that file afterwards.
+
+For instance, in a Hub with three users, User A develops a Notebook in their
+`/home` directory. When it is ready to share, User A copies it to the
+`shared` directory. At that time, User B and User C can see User A's
+Notebook and run it themselves (or view it in a Dashboard layout
+such as `voila` or `panel` if that is running in the Hub), but User B
+and User C cannot edit the Notebook. Only User A can make changes.
+
+1. **Log** in to your JupyterHub as an **administrator user**.
+
+2. **Create a terminal session** with your JupyterHub interface.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/notebook/new-terminal-button.png
+   :alt: New terminal button.
+   ```
+
+3. **Create a folder** where your data will live. We recommend placing shared
+   data in `/srv`. The following command creates a directory `/srv/scratch`
+
+   ```bash
+   sudo mkdir -p /srv/scratch
+   ```
+
+4. **Change group ownership** of the new folder
+
+   ```bash
+   sudo chown  root:jupyterhub-users /srv/scratch
+   ```
+
+5. **Change default permissions to use group**. The default permissions for new
+   sub-directories uses the global umask (`drwxr-sr-x`), the `chmod g+s` tells
+   new files to use the default permissions for the group `jupyterhub-users`
+   (`rw-r--r--`)
+
+   ```bash
+   sudo chmod 777 /srv/scratch
+   sudo chmod g+s /srv/scratch
+   ```
+
+6. **Create a symbolic link** to the scratch folder in users home directories
+
+   ```bash
+   sudo ln -s /srv/scratch /etc/skel/scratch
+   ```
+
+:::{note}
+The TLJH Plugin at <https://github.com/kafonek/tljh-shared-directory> installs `voila` and sets up the directories as specified above.
+Include `--plugin git+https://github.com/kafonek/tljh-shared-directory` in your deployment startup script to install it.
+:::

docs/howto/content/share-data.rst

@@ -1,139 +0,0 @@
-.. _howto/content/share-data:
-
-==========================
-Share data with your users
-==========================
-
-There are a few options for sharing data with your users, this page covers
-a few useful patterns.  
-
-Option 1: Distributing data with `nbgitpuller`
-==============================================
-
-For small datasets, the simplest way to share data with your users is via
-``nbgitpuller`` links. In this case, users click on your link and the dataset
-contained in the link's target repository is downloaded to the user's home
-directory. Note that a copy of the dataset will be made for each user.
-
-For information on creating and sharing ``nbgitpuller`` links, see
-:ref:`howto/content/nbgitpuller`.
-
-Option 2: Create a read-only shared folder for data
-===================================================
-
-If your data is large or you don't want copies of it to exist, you can create
-a read-only shared folder that users have access to. To do this, follow these
-steps:
-
-#. **Log** in to your JupyterHub as an **administrator user**.
-
-#. **Create a terminal session** with your JupyterHub interface.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/notebook/new-terminal-button.png
-      :alt: New terminal button.
-#. **Create a folder** where your data will live. We recommend placing shared
-   data in ``/srv``. The following command creates two folders (``/srv/data`` and
-   ``/srv/data/my_shared_data_folder``).
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      sudo mkdir -p /srv/data/my_shared_data_folder
-
-#. **Download the data** into this folder. See :ref:`howto/content/add-data` for
-   details on how to do this.
-
-#. All users now have read access to the data in this folder.
-
-Add a link to the shared folder in the user home directory
-----------------------------------------------------------
-
-Optionally, you may also **create a symbolic link to the shared data folder**
-that you created above in each **new user's** home directory.
-
-To do this, you can use the server's **user skeleton directory** (``/etc/skel``).
-Anything that is placed in this directory will also
-show up in a new user's home directory.
-
-To create a link to the shared folder in the user skeleton directory,
-follow these steps:
-
-#. ``cd`` into the skeleton directory:
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      cd /etc/skel
-
-#. **Create a symbolic link** to the data folder
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      sudo ln -s /srv/data/my_shared_data_folder my_shared_data_folder
-
-#. **Confirm that this worked** by logging in as a new user. You can do this
-   by opening a new "incognito" browser window and accessing your JupyterHub.
-   After you log in as a **new user**, the folder should appear in your new
-   user home directory.
-
-From now on, when a new user account is created, their home directory will
-have this symbolic link (and any other files in ``/etc/skel``) in their home
-directory. This will have **no effect on the directories of existing
-users**.
-
-Option 3: Create a directory for users to share Notebooks and other files
-=========================================================================
-
-You may want a place for users to share files with each other rather than 
-only having administrators share files with users (Option 2).  In this 
-configuration, any user can put files into ``/srv/scratch`` that other users
-can read. However, only the user that created the file can edit the file.
-
-One way for users to share or "publish" Notebooks in a JupyterHub environment
-is to create a shared directory. Any user can create files in the directory,
-but only the creator may edit that file afterwards.
-
-For instance, in a Hub with three users, User A develops a Notebook in their
-``/home`` directory. When it is ready to share, User A copies it to the
-`shared` directory. At that time, User B and User C can see User A's
-Notebook and run it themselves (or view it in a Dashboard layout
-such as ``voila`` or ``panel`` if that is running in the Hub), but User B
-and User C cannot edit the Notebook. Only User A can make changes.
-
-#. **Log** in to your JupyterHub as an **administrator user**.
-
-#. **Create a terminal session** with your JupyterHub interface.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/notebook/new-terminal-button.png
-      :alt: New terminal button.
-
-#. **Create a folder** where your data will live. We recommend placing shared
-   data in ``/srv``.  The following command creates a directory ``/srv/scratch``
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      sudo mkdir -p /srv/scratch
-
-#. **Change group ownership** of the new folder
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      sudo chown  root:jupyterhub-users /srv/scratch
-
-#. **Change default permissions to use group**.  The default permissions for new
-   sub-directories uses the global umask (``drwxr-sr-x``), the ``chmod g+s`` tells
-   new files to use the default permissions for the group ``jupyterhub-users``
-   (``rw-r--r--``)
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      sudo chmod 777 /srv/scratch
-      sudo chmod g+s /srv/scratch
-
-#. **Create a symbolic link** to the scratch folder in users home directories
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      sudo ln -s /srv/scratch /etc/skel/scratch
-
-.. note::
-   The TLJH Plugin at https://github.com/kafonek/tljh-shared-directory installs ``voila`` and sets up the directories as specified above.
-   Include ``--plugin git+https://github.com/kafonek/tljh-shared-directory`` in your deployment startup script to install it.

docs/howto/env/notebook-interfaces.rst

@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-.. _howto/env/notebook_interfaces:
-
-=======================================
-Change default User Interface for users
-=======================================
-
-By default, logging into TLJH puts you in the classic Jupyter Notebook interface
-we all know and love. However, there are at least two other popular notebook
-interfaces you can use:
-
-1. `JupyterLab <http://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/>`_
-2. `nteract <https://nteract.io/>`_
-
-Both these interfaces are also shipped with tljh by default. You can try them
-temporarily, or set them to be the default interface whenever you login.
-
-Trying an alternate interface temporarily
-=========================================
-
-When you log in & start your server, by default the URL in your browser
-will be something like ``/user/<username>/tree``. The ``/tree`` is what tells
-the notebook server to give you the classic notebook interface.
-
-* **For the JupyterLab interface**: change ``/tree`` to ``/lab``.
-* **For the nteract interface**: change ``/tree`` to ``/nteract``
-
-You can play around with them and see what fits your use cases best.
-
-Changing the default user interface
-===================================
-
-You can change the default interface users get when they log in by modifying
-``config.yaml`` as an admin user.
-
-#. To launch **JupyterLab** when users log in, run the following in an admin console:
-
-   .. code-block:: yaml
-
-      sudo tljh-config set user_environment.default_app jupyterlab
-
-#. Alternatively, to launch **nteract** when users log in, run the following in the admin console:
-
-   .. code-block:: yaml
-
-      sudo tljh-config set user_environment.default_app nteract
-
-#. Apply the changes by restarting JupyterHub. This should not disrupt current users.
-
-   .. code-block:: yaml
-
-      sudo tljh-config reload hub
-
-   If this causes problems, check the :ref:`troubleshoot_logs_jupyterhub` for clues
-   on what went wrong.
-
-Users might have to restart their servers from control panel to get the new interface.

docs/howto/env/server-resources.rst

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-.. _howto/env/server-resources:
-
-======================================
-Configure resources available to users
-======================================
-
-To configure the resources that are available to your users (such as RAM, CPU
-and Disk Space), see the section :ref:`tljh-set-user-limits`. For information
-on **resizing** the environment available to users *after* you've created your
-JupyterHub, see :ref:`howto/admin/resize`.

docs/howto/env/user-environment.rst

@@ -1,209 +0,0 @@
-.. _howto/env/user_environment:
-
-==================================
-Install conda, pip or apt packages
-==================================
-
-:abbr:`TLJH (The Littlest JupyterHub)` starts all users in the same `conda <https://conda.io/docs/>`_
-environment. Packages / libraries installed in this environment are available
-to all users on the JupyterHub. Users with :ref:`admin rights <howto/admin/admin-users>` can install packages
-easily.
-
-.. _howto/env/user_environment_pip:
-
-Installing pip packages
-=======================
-
-`pip <https://pypi.org/project/pip/>`_ is the recommended tool for installing packages
-in Python from the `Python Packaging Index (PyPI) <https://pypi.org/>`_. PyPI has
-almost 145,000 packages in it right now, so a lot of what you need is going to be there!
-
-1. Log in as an admin user and open a Terminal in your Jupyter Notebook.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/notebook/new-terminal-button.png
-      :alt: New Terminal button under New menu
-
-   If you already have a terminal open as an admin user, that should work too!
-
-2. Install a package!
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      sudo -E pip install numpy
-
-   This installs the ``numpy`` library from PyPI and makes it available
-   to all users.
-
-   .. note::
-
-      If you get an error message like ``sudo: pip: command not found``,
-      make sure you are not missing the ``-E`` parameter after ``sudo``.
-
-.. _howto/env/user_environment_conda:
-
-Installing conda packages
-=========================
-
-Conda lets you install new languages (such as new versions of python, node, R, etc)
-as well as packages in those languages. For lots of scientific software, installing
-with conda is often simpler & easier than installing with pip - especially if it
-links to C / Fortran code.
-
-We recommend installing packages from `conda-forge <https://conda-forge.org/>`_,
-a community maintained repository of  conda packages.
-
-1. Log in as an admin user and open a Terminal in your Jupyter Notebook.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/notebook/new-terminal-button.png
-      :alt: New Terminal button under New menu
-
-   If you already have a terminal open as an admin user, that should work too!
-
-2. Install a package!
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      sudo -E conda install -c conda-forge gdal
-
-   This installs the ``gdal`` library from ``conda-forge`` and makes it available
-   to all users. ``gdal`` is much harder to install with pip.
-
-   .. note::
-
-      If you get an error message like ``sudo: conda: command not found``,
-      make sure you are not missing the ``-E`` parameter after ``sudo``.
-
-.. _howto/env/user_environment_apt:
-
-Installing apt packages
-=======================
-
-`apt <https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/serverguide/apt.html.en>`_ is the official package
-manager for the `Ubuntu Linux distribution <https://www.ubuntu.com/>`_. You can install
-utilities (such as ``vim``, ``sl``, ``htop``, etc), servers (``postgres``, ``mysql``, ``nginx``, etc)
-and a lot more languages than present in ``conda`` (``haskell``, ``prolog``, ``INTERCAL``).
-Some third party software (such as `RStudio <https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download/>`_)
-is distributed as ``.deb`` files, which are the files ``apt`` uses to install software.
-
-You can search for packages with `Ubuntu Package search <https://packages.ubuntu.com/>`_ -
-make sure to look in the version of Ubuntu you are using!
-
-1. Log in as an admin user and open a Terminal in your Jupyter Notebook.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/notebook/new-terminal-button.png
-      :alt: New Terminal button under New menu
-
-   If you already have a terminal open as an admin user, that should work too!
-
-2. Update list of packages available. This makes sure you get the latest version of
-   the packages possible from the repositories.
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      sudo apt update
-
-3. Install the packages you want.
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      sudo apt install mysql-server git
-
-   This installs (and starts) a ``MySQL <https://www.mysql.com/>`` database server
-   and ``git``.
-
-
-User environment location
-=========================
-
-The user environment is a conda environment set up in ``/opt/tljh/user``, with
-a Python3 kernel as the default. It is readable by all users, but writeable only
-by users who have root access. This makes it possible for JupyterHub admins (who have
-root access with ``sudo``) to install software in the user environment easily.
-
-Accessing user environment outside JupyterHub
-=============================================
-
-We add ``/opt/tljh/user/bin`` to the ``$PATH`` environment variable for all JupyterHub
-users, so everything installed in the user environment is available to them automatically.
-If you are using ``ssh`` to access your server instead, you can get access to the same
-environment with:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-   export PATH=/opt/tljh/user/bin:${PATH}
-
-Whenever you run any command now, the user environment will be searched first before
-your system environment is. So if you run ``python3 <somefile>``, it'll use the ``python3``
-installed in the user environment (``/opt/tljh/user/bin/python3``) rather than the ``python3``
-installed in your system environment (``/usr/bin/python3``). This is usually what you want!
-
-To make this change 'stick', you can add the line to the end of the ``.bashrc`` file in
-your home directory.
-
-When using ``sudo``, the ``PATH`` environment variable is usually reset, for security
-reasons. This leads to error messages like:
-
-.. code-block:: console
-
-   $ sudo conda install -c conda-forge gdal
-   sudo: conda: command not found
-
-The most common & portable way to fix this when using ``ssh`` is:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-   sudo PATH=${PATH} conda install -c conda-forge gdal
-
-
-Upgrade to a newer Python version
-=================================
-
-All new TLJH installs use miniconda 4.7.10, which comes with a Python 3.7
-environment for the users. The previously TLJH installs came with miniconda 4.5.4,
-which meant a Python 3.6 environment.
-
-To upgrade the Python version of the user environment, one can:
-
-*  **Start fresh on a machine that doesn't have TLJH already installed.**
-
-   See the :ref:`installation guide <install/installing>` section about how to install TLJH.
-
-*  **Upgrade Python manually.**
-
-   Because upgrading Python for existing installs can break packages alaredy installed
-   under the old Python, upgrading your current TLJH installation, will NOT upgrade
-   the Python version of the user environment, but you may do so manually.
-
-   **Steps:**
-
-   1. Activate the user environment, if using ssh.
-      If the terminal was started with JupyterHub, this step can be skipped:
-
-      .. code-block:: bash
-
-         source /opt/tljh/user/bin/activate
-
-   2. Get the list of currently installed pip packages (so you can later install them under the
-      new Python):
-
-      .. code-block:: bash
-
-         pip freeze > pip_pkgs.txt
-
-   3. Update all conda installed packages in the environment:
-
-      .. code-block:: bash
-
-         sudo PATH=${PATH} conda update --all
-
-   4. Update Python version:
-
-      .. code-block:: bash
-
-         sudo PATH=${PATH} conda install python=3.7
-
-   5. Install the pip packages previously saved:
-
-      .. code-block:: bash
-
-         pip install -r pip_pkgs.txt

docs/howto/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# How-To Guides
+
+How-To guides answer the question 'How do I...?' for a lot of topics.
+
+## Content and data
+
+```{toctree}
+:caption: Content and data
+:titlesonly: true
+
+content/nbgitpuller
+content/add-data
+content/share-data
+```
+
+## The user environment
+
+```{toctree}
+:caption: The user environment
+:titlesonly: true
+
+user-env/user-environment
+user-env/notebook-interfaces
+user-env/server-resources
+user-env/override-lab-settings
+```
+
+## Authentication
+
+We have a special set of How-To Guides on using various forms of authentication
+with your JupyterHub. For more information on Authentication, see
+[](/topic/authenticator-configuration)
+
+```{toctree}
+:caption: Authentication
+:titlesonly: true
+
+auth/dummy
+auth/github
+auth/google
+auth/awscognito
+auth/firstuse
+auth/nativeauth
+```
+
+## Administration and security
+
+```{toctree}
+:caption: Administration and security
+:titlesonly: true
+
+admin/admin-users
+admin/resource-estimation
+admin/resize
+admin/nbresuse
+admin/https
+admin/enable-extensions
+admin/systemd
+admin/upgrade-tljh
+```
+
+## Cloud provider configuration
+
+```{toctree}
+:caption: Cloud provider configuration
+:titlesonly: true
+
+providers/digitalocean
+providers/azure
+providers/google
+```

docs/howto/index.rst

@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-How-To Guides
-=============
-
-How-To guides answer the question 'How do I...?' for a lot of topics.
-
-Content and data
-----------------
-
-.. toctree::
-   :titlesonly:
-   :caption: Content and data
-
-   content/nbgitpuller
-   content/add-data
-   content/share-data
-
-The user environment
---------------------
-
-.. toctree::
-   :titlesonly:
-   :caption: The user environment
-
-   env/user-environment
-   env/notebook-interfaces
-   env/server-resources
-
-Authentication
---------------
-
-We have a special set of How-To Guides on using various forms of authentication
-with your JupyterHub. For more information on Authentication, see
-:ref:`topic/authenticator-configuration`
-
-.. toctree::
-   :titlesonly:
-
-   auth/dummy
-   auth/github
-   auth/google
-   auth/awscognito
-   auth/firstuse
-   auth/nativeauth
-
-Administration and security
----------------------------
-
-.. toctree::
-   :titlesonly:
-   :caption: Administration and security
-
-   admin/admin-users
-   admin/resource-estimation
-   admin/resize
-   admin/nbresuse
-   admin/https
-   admin/enable-extensions
-   admin/systemd
-
-Cloud provider configuration
-----------------------------
-
-.. toctree::
-   :titlesonly:
-   :caption: Cloud provider configuration
-
-   providers/digitalocean
-   providers/azure

docs/howto/providers/azure.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+(howto-providers-azure)=
+
+# Perform common Microsoft Azure configuration tasks
+
+This page lists various common tasks you can perform on your
+[Microsoft Azure virtual machine](https://azure.microsoft.com/services/virtual-machines/?WT.mc_id=TLJH-github-taallard).
+
+(howto-providers-azure-resize)=
+
+## Deleting or stopping your virtual machine
+
+After you have finished using your TLJH you might wanto to either Stop or completely delete the Virtual Machine to avoid incurring in subsequent costs.
+
+The difference between these two approaches is that **Stop** will keep the VM resources (e.g. storage and network) but will effectively stop any compute / runtime activities.
+
+If you choose to delete the VM then all the resources associated with it will be wiped out.
+
+To do either of this:
+
+- Go to "Virtual Machines" on the left hand panel
+
+- Click on your machine name
+
+- Click on "Stop" to stop the machine temporarily, or "Delete" to delete it permanently.
+
+  ```{image} ../../images/providers/azure/delete-vm.png
+  :alt: Delete vm
+  ```
+
+:::{note}
+It is important to mention that even if you stop the machine you will still be charged for the use of the data disk.
+:::
+
+If you no longer need any of your resources you can delete the entire resource group.
+
+- Go to "Reosurce groups" on the left hand panel
+- Click on your resource group
+- Click on "Delete resource group" you will then be asked to confirm the operation. This operation will take between 5 and 10 minutes.

docs/howto/providers/azure.rst

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-.. _howto/providers/azure:
-
-==================================================
-Perform common Microsoft Azure configuration tasks
-==================================================
-
-This page lists various common tasks you can perform on your
-`Microsoft Azure virtual machine <https://azure.microsoft.com/services/virtual-machines/?WT.mc_id=TLJH-github-taallard>`_.
-
-.. _howto/providers/azure/resize:
-
-Deleting or stopping your virtual machine
-===========================================
-
-After you have finished using your TLJH you might wanto to either Stop or completely delete the Virtual Machine to avoid incurring in subsequent costs. 
-
-The difference between these two approaches is that **Stop** will keep the VM resources (e.g. storage and network) but will effectively stop any compute / runtime activities. 
-
-If you choose to delete the VM then all the resources associated with it will be wiped out.
-
-To do either of this:
-
-* Go to "Virtual Machines" on the left hand panel
-* Click on your machine name
-* Click on "Stop" to stop the machine temporarily, or "Delete" to delete it permanently.
-
-    .. image:: ../../images/providers/azure/delete-vm.png
-        :alt: Delete vm
-
-.. note:: It is important to mention that even if you stop the machine you will still be charged for the use of the data disk.
-
-If you no longer need any of your resources you can delete the entire resource group.
-
-* Go to "Reosurce groups" on the left hand panel
-* Click on your resource group
-* Click on "Delete resource group" you will then be asked to confirm the operation.  This operation will take between 5 and 10 minutes.

docs/howto/providers/digitalocean.md

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+(howto-providers-digitalocean)=
+
+# Perform common Digital Ocean configuration tasks
+
+This page lists various common tasks you can perform on your
+Digital Ocean virtual machine.
+
+(howto-providers-digitalocean-resize)=
+
+## Resizing your droplet
+
+As you use your JupyterHub, you may find that you need more memory,
+disk space, or CPUs. Digital Ocean servers can be resized in the
+"Resize Droplet" panel. These instructions take you through the process.
+
+1. First, click on the name of your newly-created
+   Droplet to enter its configuration page.
+
+2. Next, **turn off your Droplet**. This allows DigitalOcean to make
+   modifications to your VM. This will shut down your JupyterHub (temporarily).
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/providers/digitalocean/power-off.png
+   :alt: Power off your Droplet
+   :width: 200px
+   ```
+
+3. Once your Droplet has been turned off, click "Resize",
+   which will take you to a menu with options to resize your VM.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/providers/digitalocean/resize-droplet.png
+   :alt: Resize panel of digital ocean
+   ```
+
+4. Decide what kinds of resources you'd like to resize, then click on a new VM
+   type in the list below. Finally, click "Resize". This may take a few moments!
+
+5. Once your Droplet is resized, **turn your Droplet back on**. This makes your JupyterHub
+   available to the world once again. This will take a few moments to complete.
+
+Now that you've resized your Droplet, you may want to change the resources available
+to your users. Further information on making more resources available to
+users and verifying resource availability can be found in [](/howto/admin/resize).

docs/howto/providers/digitalocean.rst

@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-.. _howto/providers/digitalocean:
-
-================================================
-Perform common Digital Ocean configuration tasks
-================================================
-
-This page lists various common tasks you can perform on your
-Digital Ocean virtual machine.
-
-.. _howto/providers/digitalocean/resize:
-
-Resizing your droplet
-=====================
-
-As you use your JupyterHub, you may find that you need more memory, 
-disk space, or CPUs. Digital Ocean servers can be resized in the 
-"Resize Droplet" panel. These instructions take you through the process.
-
-#. First, click on the name of your newly-created
-   Droplet to enter its configuration page.
-
-#. Next, **turn off your Droplet**. This allows DigitalOcean to make
-   modifications to your VM. This will shut down your JupyterHub (temporarily).
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/providers/digitalocean/power-off.png
-      :alt: Power off your Droplet
-      :width: 200px
-
-#. Once your Droplet has been turned off, click "Resize",
-   which will take you to a menu with options to resize your VM.
-
-   .. image:: ../../images/providers/digitalocean/resize-droplet.png
-      :alt: Resize panel of digital ocean
-
-#. Decide what kinds of resources you'd like to resize, then click on a new VM
-   type in the list below. Finally, click "Resize". This may take a few moments!
-
-#. Once your Droplet is resized, **turn your Droplet back on**. This makes your JupyterHub
-   available to the world once again. This will take a few moments to complete.
-
-Now that you've resized your Droplet, you may want to change the resources available
-to your users. Further information on making more resources available to
-users and verifying resource availability can be found in :ref:`howto/admin/resize`. 

docs/howto/providers/google.md

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+(howto-providers-google)=
+
+# Perform common Google Cloud configuration tasks
+
+This page lists various common tasks you can perform on your
+Google Cloud virtual machine.
+
+(howto-providers-google-resize-disk)=
+
+## Increasing your boot disk size
+
+Boot disks contain the operating system and boot loader for your TLJH instance. If you followed
+the [Google Cloud TLJH installation instructions](#install-google) then you created a virtual machine
+with one disk: a boot disk that will _also_ be used to hold user data in your hub. For various reasons
+you may need to change your boot disk size.
+
+Google Cloud Compute Engine supports _increasing_ (but not _decreasing_) the size of existing disks.
+If you selected a boot disk with a supported version of **Ubuntu** or **Debian** as the operating
+system, then your boot disk can be resized easily from the console with these steps.
+
+:::{note}
+Google Cloud resizes the root partition and file system for _boot_ disks with _public_ images
+(such as the TLJH supported **Ubuntu** and **Debian** images) automatically after your increase
+the size of your disk. If you have any other _non-boot_ disks attached to your instance, you
+will need to perform extra steps yourself after resizing your disk. For more information on
+this and other aspects of resizing persistent disks, see
+[Google's documentation](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/disks/resize-persistent-disk).
+:::
+
+1. Go to [Google Cloud Console -> Compute Engine -> VM instances](https://console.cloud.google.com/compute/instances) and select your TLJH instance.
+
+1. Scroll down until you find your boot disk and select it.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/providers/google/boot-disk-resize.png
+   :alt: Boot disk with Ubuntu jammy image
+   ```
+
+1. Select **Edit** in the top menu. This may require selecting the kebab menu (the 3 vertical dots).
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/providers/google/boot-disk-edit-button.png
+   :alt: Disk edit button
+   ```
+
+1. Update the **Size** property and save the changes at the bottom of the page.
+
+   ```{image} ../../images/providers/google/boot-disk-resize-properties.png
+   :alt: Boot disk size property
+   ```
+
+1. Reboot the VM instance by logging into your TLJH, opening the terminal, and running `sudo reboot`.
+   You will lose your connection to the instance while it restarts. Once it comes back up, your disk
+   will reflect your changes. You can verify that the automatic resize of your root partition and
+   file system took place by running `df -h` in the terminal, which will show the size of the disk
+   mounted on `/`:
+   ```bash
+   $ df -h
+   Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
+   /dev/root        25G  6.9G   18G  28% /
+   tmpfs           2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /dev/shm
+   tmpfs           785M  956K  784M   1% /run
+   tmpfs           5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock
+   /dev/sda15      105M  6.1M   99M   6% /boot/efi
+   ```

docs/howto/user-env/notebook-interfaces.md

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+(howto/user-env/notebook-interfaces)=
+
+# Change default user interface
+
+By default a user starting a server will see the JupyterLab interface. This can
+be changed with TLJH config `user_environment.default_app` or with the
+JupyterHub config
+{external:py:attr}`jupyterhub.spawner.Spawner.default_url` directly.
+
+The TLJH config supports the options `jupyterlab` and `classic`, which
+translates to a `Spawner.default_url` config of `/lab` and `/tree`.
+
+Both these interfaces are also shipped with TLJH by default. You can try them
+temporarily, or set them to be the default interface whenever you login.
+
+## Trying an alternate interface temporarily
+
+When you log in and start your server, by default the URL in your browser will
+be something like `/user/<username>/lab`. The `/lab` is what tells the jupyter
+server to give you the JupyterLab user interface.
+
+As an example, you can update the URL to not end with `/lab`, but instead end
+with `/tree` to temporarily switch to the classic interface.
+
+## Changing the default user interface using TLJH config
+
+You can change the default url, and therefore the interface users get when they
+log in by modifying TLJH config as an admin user.
+
+1.  To launch the classic notebook interface when users log in, run the
+    following in the admin console:
+
+    ```bash
+    sudo tljh-config set user_environment.default_app classic
+    ```
+
+1.  To launch JupyterLab when users log in, run the following in an admin
+    console:
+
+    ```bash
+    sudo tljh-config set user_environment.default_app jupyterlab
+    ```
+
+1.  Apply the changes by restarting JupyterHub. This should not disrupt
+    current users.
+
+    ```bash
+    sudo tljh-config reload hub
+    ```
+
+    If this causes problems, check the [logs](#troubleshoot-logs-jupyterhub) for
+    clues on what went wrong.
+
+Users might have to restart their servers from control panel to get the
+new interface.

docs/howto/user-env/override-lab-settings.md

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+(topic-override-lab-settings)=
+
+# Setting New Default JupyterLab Settings
+
+If you or other users of your hub tend to use JupyterLab as your default notebook app,
+then you may want to override some of the default settings for the users of your hub.
+You can do this by creating a file `/opt/tljh/user/share/jupyter/lab/settings/overrides.json`
+with the necessary settings.
+
+This how-to guide will go through the necessary steps to set new defaults
+for all users of your `TLJH` by example: setting the default theme to **JupyterLab Dark**.
+
+## Step 1: Change your Personal Settings
+
+The easiest way to set new default settings for all users starts with
+configuring your own settings preferences to what you would like everyone else to have.
+
+1. Make sure you are in the [JupyterLab notebook interface](#howto/user-env/notebook-interfaces),
+   which will look something like `http(s)://<YOUR-HUB-IP>/user/<YOUR_USERNAME/lab`.
+
+1. Go to **Settings** in the menu bar and select **Theme -> JupyterLab Dark**.
+
+## Step 2: Determine your Personal Settings Configuration
+
+To set **JupyterLab Dark** as the default theme for all users, we will need to create
+a `json` formatted file with the setting override. Now that you have changed your
+personal setting, you can use the **JSON Settings Editor** to get the relevant
+setting snippet to add to the `overrides.json` file later.
+
+1. Go to **Settings -> Advanced Settings Editor** then select **JSON Settings Editor** on the right.
+
+1. Scroll down and select **Theme**. You should see the `json` formatted configuration:
+
+   ```json
+   {
+     // Theme
+     // @jupyterlab/apputils-extension:themes
+     // Theme manager settings.
+     // *************************************
+
+     // Theme CSS Overrides
+     // Override theme CSS variables by setting key-value pairs here
+     "overrides": {
+       "code-font-family": null,
+       "code-font-size": null,
+       "content-font-family": null,
+       "content-font-size1": null,
+       "ui-font-family": null,
+       "ui-font-size1": null
+     },
+
+     // Selected Theme
+     // Application-level visual styling theme
+     "theme": "JupyterLab Dark",
+
+     // Scrollbar Theming
+     // Enable/disable styling of the application scrollbars
+     "theme-scrollbars": false
+   }
+   ```
+
+1. Determine the setting that you want to change. In this example it's the `theme`
+   setting of `@jupyterlab/apputils-extension:theme` as can be seen above.
+
+1. Build your `json` snippet. In this case, our snippet should look like this:
+
+   ```json
+   {
+     "@jupyterlab/apputils-extension:themes": {
+       "theme": "JupyterLab Dark"
+     }
+   }
+   ```
+
+   We only want to change the **Selected Theme**, so we don't need to include
+   the other theme-related settings for CSS and the scrollbar.
+
+   :::{note}
+   To apply overrides for more than one setting, separate each setting by commas. For example,
+   if you _also_ wanted to change the interval at which the notebook autosaves your content, you can use
+
+   ```json
+   {
+     "@jupyterlab/apputils-extension:themes": {
+       "theme": "JupyterLab Dark"
+     },
+
+     "@jupyterlab/docmanager-extension:plugin": {
+       "autosaveInterval": 30
+     }
+   }
+   ```
+
+   :::
+
+## Step 3: Apply the Overrides to the Hub
+
+Once you have your setting snippet created, you can add it to the `overrides.json` file
+so that it gets applied to all users.
+
+1. First, create the settings directory if it doesn't already exist:
+
+   ```bash
+   sudo mkdir -p /opt/tljh/user/share/jupyter/lab/settings
+   ```
+
+1. Use `nano` to create and add content to the `overrides.json` file:
+
+   ```bash
+   sudo nano /opt/tljh/user/share/jupyter/lab/settings/overrides.json
+   ```
+
+1. Copy and paste your snippet into the file and save.
+
+1. Reload your configuration:
+   ```bash
+   sudo tljh-config reload
+   ```
+
+The new default settings should now be set for all users in your `TLJH` using the
+JupyterLab notebook interface.

docs/howto/user-env/server-resources.md

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+(howto/user-env/server-resources)=
+
+# Configure resources available to users
+
+To configure the resources that are available to your users (such as
+RAM, CPU and Disk Space), see the section [](#tljh-set-user-limits).
+For information on **resizing** the environment available to users _after_ you\'ve created
+your JupyterHub, see [](#howto-admin-resize).

docs/howto/user-env/user-environment.md

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+(howto/user-env/user-environment)=
+
+# Install conda, pip or apt packages
+
+`TLJH (The Littlest JupyterHub)`{.interpreted-text role="abbr"} starts
+all users in the same [conda](https://conda.io/docs/) environment.
+Packages / libraries installed in this environment are available to all
+users on the JupyterHub. Users with [admin rights](#howto-admin-admin-users)
+can install packages easily.
+
+(howto/user-env/user-environment-pip)=
+
+## Installing pip packages
+
+[pip](https://pypi.org/project/pip/) is the recommended tool for
+installing packages in Python from the [Python Packaging Index
+(PyPI)](https://pypi.org/). PyPI has almost 145,000 packages in it right
+now, so a lot of what you need is going to be there!
+
+1.  Log in as an admin user and open a Terminal in your Jupyter
+    Notebook.
+
+    ![New Terminal button under New menu](../../images/notebook/new-terminal-button.png)
+
+    If you already have a terminal open as an admin user, that should
+    work too!
+
+2.  Install a package!
+
+    ```bash
+    sudo -E pip install numpy
+    ```
+
+    This installs the `numpy` library from PyPI and makes it available
+    to all users.
+
+    :::{note}
+    If you get an error message like `sudo: pip: command not found`,
+    make sure you are not missing the `-E` parameter after `sudo`.
+    :::
+
+(howto/user-env/user-environment-conda)=
+
+## Installing conda packages
+
+Conda lets you install new languages (such as new versions of python,
+node, R, etc) as well as packages in those languages. For lots of
+scientific software, installing with conda is often simpler & easier
+than installing with pip - especially if it links to C / Fortran code.
+
+We recommend installing packages from
+[conda-forge](https://conda-forge.org/), a community maintained
+repository of conda packages.
+
+1.  Log in as an admin user and open a Terminal in your Jupyter
+    Notebook.
+
+    ![New Terminal button under New menu](../../images/notebook/new-terminal-button.png)
+
+    If you already have a terminal open as an admin user, that should
+    work too!
+
+2.  Install a package!
+
+    ```bash
+    sudo -E conda install -c conda-forge gdal
+    ```
+
+    This installs the `gdal` library from `conda-forge` and makes it
+    available to all users. `gdal` is much harder to install with pip.
+
+    :::{note}
+    If you get an error message like `sudo: conda: command not found`,
+    make sure you are not missing the `-E` parameter after `sudo`.
+    :::
+
+(howto/user-env/user-environment-apt)=
+
+## Installing apt packages
+
+[apt](https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/serverguide/apt.html.en) is the
+official package manager for the [Ubuntu Linux
+distribution](https://www.ubuntu.com/). You can install utilities (such
+as `vim`, `sl`, `htop`, etc), servers (`postgres`, `mysql`, `nginx`,
+etc) and a lot more languages than present in `conda` (`haskell`,
+`prolog`, `INTERCAL`). Some third party software (such as
+[RStudio](https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download/)) is
+distributed as `.deb` files, which are the files `apt` uses to install
+software.
+
+You can search for packages with [Ubuntu Package
+search](https://packages.ubuntu.com/) - make sure to look in the version
+of Ubuntu you are using!
+
+1.  Log in as an admin user and open a Terminal in your Jupyter
+    Notebook.
+
+    ![New Terminal button under New menu](../../images/notebook/new-terminal-button.png)
+
+    If you already have a terminal open as an admin user, that should
+    work too!
+
+2.  Update list of packages available. This makes sure you get the
+    latest version of the packages possible from the repositories.
+
+    ```bash
+    sudo apt update
+    ```
+
+3.  Install the packages you want.
+
+    ```bash
+    sudo apt install mysql-server git
+    ```
+
+    This installs (and starts) a [MySQL](https://www.mysql.com/)
+    database server and `git`.
+
+## User environment location
+
+The user environment is a conda environment set up in `/opt/tljh/user`,
+with a `python3` kernel as the default. It is readable by all users, but
+writeable only by users who have root access. This makes it possible for
+JupyterHub admins (who have root access with `sudo`) to install software
+in the user environment easily.
+
+## Accessing user environment outside JupyterHub
+
+We add `/opt/tljh/user/bin` to the `$PATH` environment variable for all
+JupyterHub users, so everything installed in the user environment is
+available to them automatically. If you are using `ssh` to access your
+server instead, you can get access to the same environment with:
+
+```bash
+export PATH=/opt/tljh/user/bin:${PATH}
+```
+
+Whenever you run any command now, the user environment will be searched
+first before your system environment is. So if you run
+`python3 <somefile>`, it\'ll use the `python3` installed in the user
+environment (`/opt/tljh/user/bin/python3`) rather than the `python3`
+installed in your system environment (`/usr/bin/python3`). This is
+usually what you want!
+
+To make this change \'stick\', you can add the line to the end of the
+`.bashrc` file in your home directory.
+
+When using `sudo`, the `$PATH` environment variable is usually reset, for
+security reasons. This leads to error messages like:
+
+```bash
+sudo conda install -c conda-forge gdal
+sudo: conda: command not found
+```
+
+The most common & portable way to fix this when using `ssh` is:
+
+```bash
+sudo PATH=${PATH} conda install -c conda-forge gdal
+```
+
+## Upgrade to a newer Python version
+
+All new TLJH installs use miniconda 4.7.10, which comes with a Python
+3.7 environment for the users. The previously TLJH installs came with
+miniconda 4.5.4, which meant a Python 3.6 environment.
+
+To upgrade the Python version of the user environment, one can:
+
+- **Start fresh on a machine that doesn\'t have TLJH already
+  installed.**
+
+  See the [](#install-installing) section about how to install TLJH.
+
+- **Upgrade Python manually.**
+
+  Because upgrading Python for existing installs can break packages
+  already installed under the old Python, upgrading your current TLJH
+  installation, will NOT upgrade the Python version of the user
+  environment, but you may do so manually.
+
+  **Steps:**
+
+  1.  Activate the user environment, if using ssh. If the terminal was
+      started with JupyterHub, this step can be skipped:
+
+      ```bash
+      source /opt/tljh/user/bin/activate
+      ```
+
+  2.  Get the list of currently installed pip packages (so you can
+      later install them under the new Python):
+
+      ```bash
+      pip freeze > pip_pkgs.txt
+      ```
+
+  3.  Update all conda installed packages in the environment:
+
+      ```bash
+      sudo PATH=${PATH} conda update --all
+      ```
+
+  4.  Update Python version:
+
+      ```bash
+      sudo PATH=${PATH} conda install python=3.7
+      ```
+
+  5.  Install the pip packages previously saved:
+
+      ```bash
+      pip install -r pip_pkgs.txt
+      ```

docs/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# The Littlest JupyterHub
+
+A simple [JupyterHub](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub) distribution for
+a small (0-100) number of users on a single server. We recommend reading
+[](/topic/whentouse) to determine if this is the right tool for you.
+
+## Development Status
+
+This project is currently in **beta** state. Folks have been using installations
+of TLJH for more than a year now to great success. While we try hard not to, we
+might still make breaking changes that have no clear upgrade pathway.
+
+## Installation
+
+The Littlest JupyterHub (TLJH) can run on any server that is running **Debian 11** or **Ubuntu 20.04** or **22.04** on an amd64 or arm64 CPU architecture.
+We aim to support 'stable' and Long-Term Support (LTS) versions.
+Newer versions are likely to work with little or no adjustment, but these are not officially supported or tested.
+Earlier versions of Ubuntu and Debian are not supported, nor are other Linux distributions.
+We have a bunch of tutorials to get you started.
+
+- Tutorials to create a new server from scratch on a cloud provider & run TLJH
+  on it. These are **recommended** if you do not have much experience setting up
+  servers.
+
+  ```{toctree}
+  :maxdepth: 2
+  :titlesonly: true
+
+  install/index
+  ```
+
+Once you are ready to run your server for real,
+it's a good idea to proceed directly to {doc}`howto/admin/https`.
+
+## How-To Guides
+
+How-To guides answer the question 'How do I...?' for a lot of topics.
+
+```{toctree}
+:maxdepth: 2
+
+howto/index
+```
+
+## Topic Guides
+
+Topic guides provide in-depth explanations of specific topics.
+
+```{toctree}
+:maxdepth: 2
+:titlesonly: true
+
+topic/index
+```
+
+## Reference
+
+The reference documentation is meant to provide narrowly scoped technical
+descriptions that other documentation can link to for details.
+
+```{toctree}
+:maxdepth: 2
+:titlesonly: true
+
+reference/index
+```
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+In time, all systems have issues that need to be debugged. Troubleshooting
+guides help you find what is broken & hopefully fix it.
+
+```{toctree}
+:maxdepth: 2
+:titlesonly: true
+
+troubleshooting/index
+```
+
+## Contributing
+
+We want you to contribute to TLJH in the ways that are most useful
+and exciting to you. This section contains documentation helpful
+to people contributing in various ways.
+
+```{toctree}
+:maxdepth: 2
+:titlesonly: true
+
+contributing/index
+```

docs/index.rst

@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-=======================
-The Littlest JupyterHub
-=======================
-
-A simple `JupyterHub <https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub>`_ distribution for
-a small (0-100) number of users on a single server. We recommend reading
-:ref:`topic/whentouse` to determine if this is the right tool for you.
-
-
-Development Status
-==================
-
-This project is currently in **beta** state. Folks have been using installations
-of TLJH for more than a year now to great success. While we try hard not to, we
-might still make breaking changes that have no clear upgrade pathway.
-
-Installation
-============
-
-The Littlest JupyterHub (TLJH) can run on any server that is running **Ubuntu 18.04** or **Ubuntu 20.04** on a amd64 or arm64 CPU architecture. Earlier versions of Ubuntu are not supported.
-We have a bunch of tutorials to get you started.
-
-- Tutorials to create a new server from scratch on a cloud provider & run TLJH
-  on it. These are **recommended** if you do not have much experience setting up
-  servers.
-
-  .. toctree::
-     :titlesonly:
-     :maxdepth: 2
-
-     install/index
-
-Once you are ready to run your server for real,
-it's a good idea to proceed directly to :doc:`howto/admin/https`.
-
-How-To Guides
-=============
-
-How-To guides answer the question 'How do I...?' for a lot of topics.
-
-.. toctree::
-   :maxdepth: 2
-
-   howto/index
-
-Topic Guides
-============
-
-Topic guides provide in-depth explanations of specific topics.
-
-.. toctree::
-   :titlesonly:
-   :maxdepth: 2
-
-   topic/index
-
-
-Troubleshooting
-===============
-
-In time, all systems have issues that need to be debugged. Troubleshooting
-guides help you find what is broken & hopefully fix it.
-
-.. toctree::
-   :titlesonly:
-   :maxdepth: 2
-
-   troubleshooting/index
-
-Contributing
-============
-
-We want you to contribute to TLJH in the ways that are most useful
-and exciting to you. This section contains documentation helpful
-to people contributing in various ways.
-
-.. toctree::
-   :titlesonly:
-   :maxdepth: 2
-
-   contributing/index

docs/install/add-packages.md

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+The **User Environment** is a conda environment that is shared by all users
+in the JupyterHub. Libraries installed in this environment are immediately
+available to all users. Admin users can install packages in this environment
+with `sudo -E`.
+
+1. Log in as an admin user and open a Terminal in your Jupyter Notebook.
+
+   ```{image} ../images/notebook/new-terminal-button.png
+   :alt: New Terminal button under New menu
+   ```
+
+2. Install [gdal](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/gdal) from [conda-forge](https://conda-forge.org/).
+
+   ```bash
+   sudo -E conda install -c conda-forge gdal
+   ```
+
+   The `sudo -E` is very important!
+
+3. Install [there](https://pypi.org/project/there) with `pip`
+
+   ```bash
+   sudo -E pip install there
+   ```
+
+The packages `gdal` and `there` are now available to all users in JupyterHub.
+If a user already had a python notebook running, they have to restart their notebook's
+kernel to make the new libraries available.
+
+See [](#howto/user-env/user-environment) for more information.

docs/install/add-users.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+Most administration & configuration of the JupyterHub can be done from the
+web UI directly. Let's add a few users who can log in!
+
+1. Open the **Control Panel** by clicking the control panel button on the top
+   right of your JupyterHub.
+
+   ```{image} ../images/control-panel-button.png
+   :alt: Control panel button in notebook, top right
+   ```
+
+2. In the control panel, open the **Admin** link in the top left.
+
+   ```{image} ../images/admin/admin-access-button.png
+   :alt: Admin button in control panel, top left
+   ```
+
+   This opens up the JupyterHub admin page, where you can add / delete users,
+   start / stop peoples' servers and see who is online.
+
+3. Click the **Add Users** button.
+
+   ```{image} ../images/admin/add-users-button.png
+   :alt: Add Users button in the admin page
+   ```
+
+   A **Add Users** dialog box opens up.
+
+4. Type the names of users you want to add to this JupyterHub in the dialog box,
+   one per line.
+
+   ```{image} ../images/admin/add-users-dialog.png
+   :alt: Adding users with add users dialog
+   ```
+
+   You can tick the **Admin** checkbox if you want to give admin rights to all
+   these users too.
+
+5. Click the **Add Users** button in the dialog box. Your users are now added
+   to the JupyterHub! When they log in for the first time, they can set their
+   password - and use it to log in again in the future.
+
+Congratulations, you now have a multi user JupyterHub that you can add arbitrary
+users to!

docs/install/add_packages.txt

@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-The **User Environment** is a conda environment that is shared by all users
-in the JupyterHub. Libraries installed in this environment are immediately
-available to all users. Admin users can install packages in this environment
-with ``sudo -E``.
-
-#. Log in as an admin user and open a Terminal in your Jupyter Notebook.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/notebook/new-terminal-button.png
-      :alt: New Terminal button under New menu
-
-#. Install `gdal <https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/gdal>`_ from `conda-forge <https://conda-forge.org/>`_.
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      sudo -E conda install -c conda-forge gdal
-
-   The ``sudo -E`` is very important!
-
-#. Install `there <https://pypi.org/project/there>`_ with ``pip``
-
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      sudo -E pip install there
-
-The packages ``gdal`` and ``there`` are now available to all users in JupyterHub.
-If a user already had a python notebook running, they have to restart their notebook's
-kernel to make the new libraries available.
-
-See :ref:`howto/env/user_environment` for more information.

docs/install/add_users.txt

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-Most administration & configuration of the JupyterHub can be done from the
-web UI directly. Let's add a few users who can log in!
-
-#. Open the **Control Panel** by clicking the control panel button on the top
-   right of your JupyterHub.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/control-panel-button.png
-      :alt: Control panel button in notebook, top right
-
-#. In the control panel, open the **Admin** link in the top left.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/admin/admin-access-button.png
-      :alt: Admin button in control panel, top left
-
-   This opens up the JupyterHub admin page, where you can add / delete users,
-   start / stop peoples' servers and see who is online.
-
-#. Click the **Add Users** button.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/admin/add-users-button.png
-      :alt: Add Users button in the admin page
-
-   A **Add Users** dialog box opens up.
-
-#. Type the names of users you want to add to this JupyterHub in the dialog box,
-   one per line.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/admin/add-users-dialog.png
-      :alt: Adding users with add users dialog
-
-   You can tick the **Admin** checkbox if you want to give admin rights to all
-   these users too.
-
-#. Click the **Add Users** button in the dialog box. Your users are now added
-   to the JupyterHub! When they log in for the first time, they can set their
-   password - and use it to log in again in the future.
-
-Congratulations, you now have a multi user JupyterHub that you can add arbitrary
-users to!

docs/install/amazon.md

@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+(install-amazon)=
+
+# Installing on Amazon Web Services
+
+## Goal
+
+To have a JupyterHub with admin users and a user environment with conda / pip packages.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+1. An Amazon Web Services account.
+
+   If asked to choose a default region, choose the one closest to the majority
+   of your users.
+
+## Step 1: Installing The Littlest JupyterHub
+
+Let's create the server on which we can run JupyterHub.
+
+1.  Go to [Amazon Web Services](https://aws.amazon.com/) and click the gold
+    button 'Sign In to the Console' in the upper right. Log in with your Amazon Web
+    Services account.
+
+    If you need to adjust your region from your default, there is a drop-down
+    menu between your name and the **Support** menu on the far right of the dark
+    navigation bar across the top of the window. Adjust the region to match the
+    closest one to the majority of your users.
+
+2.  On the screen listing all the available services, pick **EC2** under **Compute**
+    on the left side at the top of the first column.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/amazon/compute_services.png
+    :alt: Select EC2
+    ```
+
+    This will take you to the **EC2 Management Console**.
+
+3.  From the navigation menu listing on the far left side of the **EC2 Management
+    Console**, choose **Instances** under the light gray **INSTANCES** sub-heading.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/amazon/instances_from_console.png
+    :alt: Select Instances from console
+    ```
+
+4.  In the main window of the **EC2 Management Console**, towards the top left,
+    click on the bright blue **Launch Instance** button.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/amazon/launch_instance_button.png
+    :alt: Click launch instance
+    ```
+
+    This will start the 'launch instance wizard' process. This lets you customize
+    the kind of server you want, the resources it will have and its name.
+
+5.  On the page **Step 1: Choose an Amazon Machine Image (AMI)** you are going
+    to pick the base image your remote server will have. The view will
+    default to the 'Quick-start' tab selected and just a few down the page, select
+    **Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS (HVM), SSD Volume Type - ami-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX**,
+    leaving `64-bit (x86)` toggled.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/amazon/select_ubuntu_18.png
+    :alt: Click Ubuntu server 22.04
+    ```
+
+    The `ami` alpha-numeric at the end references the specific Amazon machine
+    image, ignore this as Amazon updates them routinely. The
+    **Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS (HVM)** is the important part.
+
+6.  After selecting the AMI, you'll be at **Step 2: Choose an Instance Type**.
+
+    There will be a long listing of the types and numbers of CPUs that Amazon
+    offers. Select the one you want and then select the button
+    `Next: Configure Instance Details` in the lower right corner.
+
+    Check out our guide on How To [](/howto/admin/resource-estimation) to help pick
+    how much Memory / CPU your server needs.
+    We recommend you use a server with at least 2GB of RAM, such as a **t3.small**.
+    However, if you need to minimise costs you can use a server with **1GB** RAM such as a **t2.micro**, but performance will be limited.
+
+    You may wish to consult the listing [here](https://www.ec2instances.info/)
+    because it shows cost per hour. The **On Demand** price is the pertinent cost.
+
+    `GPU graphics` and `GPU compute` products are also available around half way down the page
+
+7.  Under **Step 3: Configure Instance Details**, scroll to the bottom of the page
+    and toggle the arrow next to **Advanced Details**. Scroll down to 'User data'. Copy
+    the text below, and paste it into the **User data** text box. Replace
+    `<admin-user-name>` with the name of the first **admin user** for this
+    JupyterHub. This admin user can log in after the JupyterHub is set up, and
+    configure it. **Remember to add your username**!
+
+    ```bash
+    #!/bin/bash
+    curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
+      | sudo python3 - \
+        --admin <admin-user-name>
+    ```
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/amazon/script_in_user_data.png
+    :alt: Install JupyterHub with the script in the User data textbox
+    ```
+
+    :::{note}
+    See [](/topic/installer-actions) for a detailed description and
+    [](/topic/customizing-installer) for other options that can be used.
+    :::
+
+8.  Under **Step 4: Add Storage**, you can change the **size** and **type of your
+    disk by adjusting the value in \*\*Size (GiB)** and selecting **Volume Type**.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/amazon/change_size_type.png
+    :alt: Selecting disk size and type
+    ```
+
+    Check out [](/howto/admin/resource-estimation) to help pick
+    how much Disk space your server needs.
+
+    Hover over the encircled `i` next to **Volume Type** for an explanation of
+    each. Leaving the default as is is fine. `General Purpose SSD (gp2)` is
+    recommended for most workloads. With `Provisioned IOPS SSD (io1)` being the
+    highest-performance SSD volume. Magnetic (standard) is a previous generation
+    volume and not suited for a hub for multi-users.
+
+    When finished, click **Next: Add Tags** in the bottom right corner.
+
+9.  Under **Step 5: Add Tags**, click **Add Tag** and enter **Name** under the
+    **Key** field. In the **Value** field in the **Name** row, give your new
+    server a memorable name that identifies what purpose this JupyterHub will be
+    used for.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/amazon/name_hub.png
+    :alt: Use tags to name the hub.
+    ```
+
+10. Under **Step 6: Configure Security Group**, you'll set the firewall rules
+    that control the traffic for your instance. Specifically you'll want to add
+    rules to allow both **HTTP Traffic** and **HTTPS Traffic**. For
+    advanced troubleshooting, it will be helpful to set rules so you can use
+    SSH to connect (port 22).
+
+    If you have never used your Amazon account before, you'll have to select
+    **Create a new security group**. You should give it a disitnguishing name
+    under **Security group name**
+    such as `ssh_web` for future reference. If you have, one from before you can
+    select it and adjust it to have the rules you need, if you prefer.
+
+    The rules will default to include `SSH`. Leave that there, and then click on
+    the **Add Rule** button. Under **Type** for the new rule, change the field
+    to **HTTP**. The other boxes will get filled in appropritely. Again, click on
+    the **Add Rule** button. This time under **Type** for the new rule, change
+    the field to **HTTPS**.
+
+    The warning is there to remind you this opens things up to some degree but
+    this is necessary in order to let your users connect. However, this warning
+    is a good reminder that you should monitor your server to insure it is
+    available for users who may need it.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/amazon/set_security_groups.png
+    :alt: Allow HTTP & HTTPS traffic to your server
+    ```
+
+11. When the security rules are set, click on the blue button in the bottom
+    right **Review and Launch**. This will give you a chance to review things
+    because very soon you'll be launching and start paying for any resources you
+    use.
+
+    Note that you'll see two HTTP listings and two HTTPS listings under
+    **Security Groups** even though you only made one for each. This is normal &
+    necessary to match both IPv4 & IPv6 types of IP addresses.
+
+    When you are happy, press the blue **Launch** button in the bottom right
+    corner to nearly conclude your journey through the instance launch wizard.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/amazon/finally_launch.png
+    :alt: Launch your server
+    ```
+
+12. In the dialog box that pops up as the last step before launching is
+    triggered, you need to choose what to do about an identifying key pair and
+    acknowledge your choice in order to proceed. If you already have a key pair you
+    can select to associate it with this instance, otherwise you need to
+    **Create a new key pair**. Choosing to `Proceed without a key pair` is not
+    recommended as you'll have no way to access your server via SSH if anything
+    goes wrong with the Jupyterhub and have no way to recover files via download.
+
+    Download and keep the key pair file unless you are associating one you already
+    have.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/amazon/create_key_pair.png
+    :alt: Associate key pair
+    ```
+
+13. With the key pair associated, click the **Launch instances** button to
+    start creating the server that'll run TLJH.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/amazon/launch_now.png
+    :alt: Trigger actual launch
+    ```
+
+14. Following the launch initiation, you'll be taken to a **Launch Status**
+    notification screen. You can see more information about the details if you
+    click on the alphanumeric link to the launching instance following the text,
+    "`The following instance launches have been initiated:`".
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/amazon/launch_status_screen.png
+    :alt: Launch status notice
+    ```
+
+15. That link will take you back to the **EC2 Management Console** with settings
+    that will limit the view in the console to just that instance. (Delete the
+    filter in the search bar if you want to see any other instances you may
+    have.) At first the server will be starting up, and then when the
+    **Instance state** is green the server is running.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/amazon/running_server.png
+    :alt: Server is running.
+    ```
+
+    If you already have instances running in your account, the screen will look
+    different if you disable that filter. But you want to pay attention to the
+    row with the name of the server you made.
+
+16. In a few seconds your server will be created, and you can see the
+    **Public IP** used to access it in the panel at the bottom of the console.
+    If it isn't displayed, click on the row for that instance in the console. It
+    will look like a pattern similar to **12.30.230.127**.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/amazon/public_ip.png
+    :alt: public IP
+    ```
+
+17. The Littlest JupyterHub is now installing in the background on your new
+    server. It takes around 10 minutes for this installation to complete.
+
+18. Check if the installation is complete by copying the **Public IP**
+    of your server, and trying to access it from within a browser. If it has been
+    10 minutes, paste the public IP into the URL bar of your browser and hit
+    return to try to connect.
+
+    Accessing the JupyterHub will fail until the installation is complete,
+    so be patient. The next step below this one shows the login window you are
+    expecting to see when trying the URL and things work.
+    While waiting until the appropriate time to try, another way to check if
+    things are churning away, is to open the **System Log**. To do this, go to
+    the **EC2 Management Console** & highlight the instance by clicking on that
+    row and then right-click **Monitor and troubleshoot** > **Get system log**.
+
+19. When the Jupyterhub creation process finishes and the hub is ready to show
+    the login, the **System Log** should look similar to the image below. Scroll to
+    the bottom of your output from the previous step.
+    Note the line **Starting TLJH installer**, you may also see **Started jupyterhub.service**
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/amazon/completed_system_log.png
+    :alt: Completed system log
+    ```
+
+20. When the installation is complete, it should give you a JupyterHub login page.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/first-login.png
+    :alt: JupyterHub log-in page
+    ```
+
+21. Login using the **admin user name** you used in step 7, and a password. Use a
+    strong password & note it down somewhere, since this will be the password for
+    the admin user account from now on.
+
+22. Congratulations, you have a running working JupyterHub!
+
+## Step 2: Adding more users
+
+```{include} add-users.md
+
+```
+
+## Step 3: Install conda / pip packages for all users
+
+```{include} add-packages.md
+
+```

docs/install/amazon.rst

@@ -1,269 +0,0 @@
-.. _install/amazon:
-
-=================================
-Installing on Amazon Web Services
-=================================
-
-Goal
-====
-
-To have a JupyterHub with admin users and a user environment with conda / pip packages.
-
-Prerequisites
-=============
-
-#. An Amazon Web Services account.
-
-   If asked to choose a default region, choose the one closest to the majority
-   of your users.
-
-Step 1: Installing The Littlest JupyterHub
-==========================================
-
-Let's create the server on which we can run JupyterHub.
-
-#. Go to `Amazon Web Services <https://aws.amazon.com/>`_ and click the gold
-   button 'Sign In to the Console' in the upper right. Log in with your Amazon Web
-   Services account.
-
-   If you need to adjust your region from your default, there is a drop-down
-   menu between your name and the **Support** menu on the far right of the dark
-   navigation bar across the top of the window. Adjust the region to match the
-   closest one to the majority of your users.
-
-#. On the screen listing all the available services, pick **EC2** under **Compute**
-   on the left side at the top of the first column.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/amazon/compute_services.png
-      :alt: Select EC2
-
-   This will take you to the **EC2 Management Console**.
-
-#. From the navigation menu listing on the far left side of the **EC2 Management
-   Console**, choose **Instances** under the light gray **INSTANCES** sub-heading.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/amazon/instances_from_console.png
-      :alt: Select Instances from console
-
-#. In the main window of the **EC2 Management Console**, towards the top left,
-   click on the bright blue **Launch Instance** button.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/amazon/launch_instance_button.png
-      :alt: Click launch instance
-
-   This will start the 'launch instance wizard' process.  This lets you customize
-   the kind of server you want, the resources it will have and its name.
-
-
-#. On the page **Step 1: Choose an Amazon Machine Image (AMI)** you are going
-   to pick the base image your remote server will have. The view will
-   default to the 'Quick-start' tab selected and just a few down the page, select
-   **Ubuntu Server 18.04 LTS (HVM), SSD Volume Type - ami-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX**,
-   leaving `64-bit (x86)` toggled.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/amazon/select_ubuntu_18.png
-      :alt: Click Ubuntu server 18.04
-
-   The `ami` alpha-numeric at the end references the specific Amazon machine
-   image, ignore this as Amazon updates them routinely. The
-   **Ubuntu Server 18.04 LTS (HVM)** is the important part.
-
-
-#. After selecting the AMI, you'll be at **Step 2: Choose an Instance Type**.
-
-   There will be a long listing of the types and numbers of CPUs that Amazon
-   offers. Select the one you want and then select the button
-   `Next: Configure Instance Details` in the lower right corner.
-
-   Check out our guide on How To :ref:`howto/admin/resource-estimation` to help pick
-   how much Memory / CPU your server needs.
-   We recommend you use a server with at least 2GB of RAM, such as a **t3.small**.
-   However, if you need to minimise costs you can use a server with **1GB** RAM such as a **t2.micro**, but performance will be limited.
-
-   You may wish to consult the listing `here <https://www.ec2instances.info/>`_
-   because it shows cost per hour. The **On Demand** price is the pertinent cost.
-
-   ``GPU graphics`` and ``GPU compute`` products are also available around half way down the page
-
-#. Under **Step 3: Configure Instance Details**, scroll to the bottom of the page
-   and toggle the arrow next to **Advanced Details**. Scroll down to 'User data'. Copy
-   the text below, and paste it into the **User data** text box. Replace
-   ``<admin-user-name>`` with the name of the first **admin user** for this
-   JupyterHub. This admin user can log in after the JupyterHub is set up, and
-   configure it. **Remember to add your username**!
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-       #!/bin/bash
-       curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
-         | sudo python3 - \
-           --admin <admin-user-name>
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/amazon/script_in_user_data.png
-      :alt: Install JupyterHub with the script in the User data textbox
-
-   .. note::
-
-      See :ref:`topic/installer-actions` for a detailed description and
-      :ref:`topic/customizing-installer` for other options that can be used.
-
-#. Under **Step 4: Add Storage**, you can change the **size** and **type of your
-   disk by adjusting the value in **Size (GiB)** and selecting **Volume Type**.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/amazon/change_size_type.png
-      :alt: Selecting disk size and type
-
-   Check out :ref:`howto/admin/resource-estimation` to help pick
-   how much Disk space your server needs.
-
-   Hover over the encircled `i` next to **Volume Type** for an explanation of
-   each. Leaving the default as is is fine. `General Purpose SSD (gp2)` is
-   recommended for most workloads. With  `Provisioned IOPS SSD (io1)` being the
-   highest-performance SSD volume. Magnetic (standard) is a previous generation
-   volume and not suited for a hub for multi-users.
-
-   When finished, click **Next: Add Tags** in the bottom right corner.
-
-#. Under **Step 5: Add Tags**, click **Add Tag** and enter **Name** under the
-   **Key** field. In the **Value** field in the **Name** row, give your new
-   server a memorable name that identifies what purpose this JupyterHub will be
-   used for.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/amazon/name_hub.png
-      :alt: Use tags to name the hub.
-
-#. Under **Step 6: Configure Security Group**, you'll set the firewall rules
-   that control the traffic for your instance. Specifically you'll want to add
-   rules to allow both **HTTP Traffic** and **HTTPS Traffic**. For
-   advanced troubleshooting, it will be helpful to set rules so you can use
-   SSH to connect (port 22).
-
-   If you have never used your Amazon account before, you'll have to select
-   **Create a new security group**. You should give it a disitnguishing name
-   under **Security group name**
-   such as `ssh_web` for future reference. If you have, one from before you can
-   select it and adjust it to have the rules you need, if you prefer.
-
-   The rules will default to include `SSH`. Leave that there, and then click on
-   the **Add Rule** button. Under **Type** for the new rule, change the field
-   to **HTTP**. The other boxes will get filled in appropritely. Again, click on
-   the **Add Rule** button. This time under **Type** for the new rule, change
-   the field to **HTTPS**.
-
-   The warning is there to remind you this opens things up to some degree but
-   this is necessary in order to let your users connect. However, this warning
-   is a good reminder that you should monitor your server to insure it is
-   available for users who may need it.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/amazon/set_security_groups.png
-      :alt: Allow HTTP & HTTPS traffic to your server
-
-#. When the security rules are set, click on the blue button in the bottom
-   right **Review and Launch**. This will give you a chance to review things
-   because very soon you'll be launching and start paying for any resources you
-   use.
-
-   Note that you'll see two HTTP listings and two HTTPS listings under
-   **Security Groups** even though you only made one for each. This is normal &
-   necessary to match both IPv4 & IPv6 types of IP addresses.
-
-   When you are happy, press the blue **Launch** button in the bottom right
-   corner to nearly conclude your journey through the instance launch wizard.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/amazon/finally_launch.png
-      :alt: Launch your server
-
-#. In the dialog box that pops up as the last step before launching is
-   triggered, you need to choose what to do about an identifying key pair and
-   acknowledge your choice in order to proceed. If you already have a key pair you
-   can select to associate it with this instance, otherwise you need to
-   **Create a new key pair**. Choosing to `Proceed without a key pair` is not
-   recommended as you'll have no way to access your server via SSH if anything
-   goes wrong with the Jupyterhub and have no way to recover files via download.
-
-   Download and keep the key pair file unless you are associating one you already
-   have.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/amazon/create_key_pair.png
-      :alt: Associate key pair
-
-#. With the key pair associated, click the **Launch instances** button to
-   start creating the server that'll run TLJH.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/amazon/launch_now.png
-      :alt: Trigger actual launch
-
-
-#. Following the launch initiation, you'll be taken to a **Launch Status**
-   notification screen. You can see more information about the details if you
-   click on the alphanumeric link to the launching instance following the text,
-   "`The following instance launches have been initiated:`".
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/amazon/launch_status_screen.png
-      :alt: Launch status notice
-
-#. That link will take you back to the **EC2 Management Console** with settings
-   that will limit the view in the console to just that instance. (Delete the
-   filter in the search bar if you want to see any other instances you may
-   have.) At first the server will be starting up, and then when the
-   **Instance state** is green the server is running.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/amazon/running_server.png
-      :alt: Server is running.
-
-   If you already have instances running in your account, the screen will look
-   different if you disable that filter. But you want to pay attention to the
-   row with the name of the server you made.
-
-#. In a few seconds your server will be created, and you can see the
-   **Public IP** used to access it in the panel at the bottom of the console.
-   If it isn't displayed, click on the row for that instance in the console. It
-   will look like a pattern similar to **12.30.230.127**.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/amazon/public_ip.png
-      :alt: public IP
-
-#. The Littlest JupyterHub is now installing in the background on your new
-   server. It takes around 10 minutes for this installation to complete.
-
-#. Check if the installation is complete by copying the **Public IP**
-   of your server, and trying to access it from within a browser. If it has been
-   10 minutes, paste the public IP into the URL bar of your browser and hit
-   return to try to connect.
-
-   Accessing the JupyterHub will fail until the installation is complete,
-   so be patient.  The next step below this one shows the login window you are
-   expecting to see when trying the URL and things work.
-   While waiting until the appropriate time to try, another way to check if
-   things are churning away, is to open the **System Log**. To do this, go to
-   the **EC2 Management Console** & highlight the instance by clicking on that
-   row and then right-click **Monitor and troubleshoot** > **Get system log**.
-
-#. When the Jupyterhub creation process finishes and the hub is ready to show
-   the login, the **System Log** should look similar to the image below. Scroll to
-   the bottom of your output from the previous step.
-   Note the line **Starting TLJH installer**, you may also see **Started jupyterhub.service**
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/amazon/completed_system_log.png
-      :alt: Completed system log
-
-#. When the installation is complete, it should give you a JupyterHub login page.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/first-login.png
-      :alt: JupyterHub log-in page
-
-#. Login using the **admin user name** you used in step 7, and a password. Use a
-   strong password & note it down somewhere, since this will be the password for
-   the admin user account from now on.
-
-#. Congratulations, you have a running working JupyterHub!
-
-Step 2: Adding more users
-==========================
-
-.. include:: add_users.txt
-
-Step 3: Install conda / pip packages for all users
-==================================================
-
-.. include:: add_packages.txt

docs/install/azure.md

@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+(install-azure)=
+
+# Installing on Azure
+
+## Goal
+
+By the end of this tutorial, you should have a JupyterHub with some admin
+users and a user environment with packages you want to be installed running on
+[Microsoft Azure](https://azure.microsoft.com).
+
+This tutorial leads you step-by-step for you to manually deploy your own JupyterHub on Azure cloud.
+
+:::{note}
+✨ The `Deploy to Azure button` project allows you to deploy your own JupyterHub with minimal manual configuration steps. The deploy to Azure button allows you to have a vanilla configuration in just one-click and by assigning some variables.
+
+Check it out at [https://github.com/trallard/TLJH-azure-button](https://github.com/trallard/TLJH-azure-button).
+:::
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- A Microsoft Azure account.
+- To get started you can get a free account which includes 150 dollars worth of Azure credits ([get a free account here](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/free//?wt.mc_id=TLJH-github-taallard))
+
+These instructions cover how to set up a Virtual Machine
+on Microsoft Azure. For subsequent information about creating
+your JupyterHub and configuring it, see [The Littlest JupyterHub guide](https://the-littlest-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/).
+
+## Step 1: Installing The Littlest JupyterHub
+
+We start by creating the Virtual Machine in which we can run TLJH (The Littlest JupyterHub).
+
+1.  Go to [Azure portal](https://portal.azure.com/) and login with your Azure account.
+
+2.  Expand the left-hand panel by clicking on the ">>" button on the top left corner of your dashboard. Find the Virtual Machines tab and click on it.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/azure/azure-vms.png
+    :alt: Virtual machines on Azure portal
+    ```
+
+3.  Click **+ add** to create a new Virtual Machine
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/azure/add-vm.png
+    :alt: Add a new virtual machine
+    ```
+
+4.  Select **Create VM from Marketplace** in the next screen.
+    A new screen with all the options for Virtual Machines in Azure will displayed.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/azure/create-vm.png
+    :alt: Create VM from the marketplace
+    ```
+
+5.  **Choose an Ubuntu server for your VM**:
+
+    - Click `Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS.`
+
+    - Make sure `Resource Manager` is selected in the next screen and click **Create**
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/azure/ubuntu-vm.png
+    :alt: Ubuntu VM
+    ```
+
+6.  Customise the Virtual Machine basics:
+
+    - **Subscription**. Choose the "Free Trial" if this is what you're using. Otherwise, choose a different plan. This is the billing account that will be charged.
+    - **Resource group**. Resource groups let you keep your Azure tools/resources together in an availability region (e.g. WestEurope). If you already have one you'd like to use it select that resource.
+
+    :::{note}
+    If you have never created a Resource Group, click on **Create new**
+    :::
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/azure/new-rg.png
+    :alt: Create a new resource group
+    ```
+
+    - **Name**. Use a descriptive name for your virtual machine (note that you cannot use spaces or special characters).
+    - **Region**. Choose a location near where you expect your users to be located.
+    - **Availability options**. Choose "No infrastructure redundancy required".
+    - **Image**. Make sure "Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS" is selected (from the previous step).
+    - **Authentication type**. Change authentication type to "password".
+    - **Username**. Choose a memorable username, this will be your "root" user, and you'll need it later on.
+    - **Password**. Type in a password, this will be used later for admin access so make sure it is something memorable.
+
+      ```{image} ../images/providers/azure/password-vm.png
+      :alt: Add password to VM
+      ```
+
+    - **Login with Azure Active Directory**. Choose "Off" (usually the default)
+    - **Inbound port rules**. Leave the defaults for now, and we will update these later on in the Network configuration step.
+
+7.  Before clicking on "Next" we need to select the RAM size for the image.
+
+    - For this we need to make sure we have enough RAM to accommodate your users. For example, if each user needs 2GB of RAM, and you have 10 total users, you need at least 20GB of RAM on the machine. It's also good to have a few GB of "buffer" RAM beyond what you think you'll need.
+
+    - Click on **Change size** (see image below)
+
+      ```{image} ../images/providers/azure/size-vm.png
+      :alt: Choose vm size
+      ```
+
+      :::{note}
+      For more information about estimating memory, CPU and disk needs check [The memory section in the TLJH documentation](https://tljh.jupyter.org/en/latest/howto/admin/resource-estimation.html)
+      :::
+
+    - Select a suitable image (to check available images and prices in your region [click on this link](https://azuremarketplace.microsoft.com/en-gb/marketplace/apps/Canonical.UbuntuServer?tab=PlansAndPrice/?wt.mc_id=TLJH-github-taallard)).
+
+8.  Disks (Storage):
+
+    - **Disk options**: select the OS disk type there are options for SDD and HDD. **SSD persistent disk** gives you a faster but more expensive disk than HDD.
+
+    - **Data disk**. Click on create and attach a new disk. Select an appropriate type and size and click ok.
+    - Click "Next".
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/azure/create-disk.png
+    :alt: Create and attach disk
+    ```
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/azure/disk-vm.png
+    :alt: Choose a disk size
+    ```
+
+9.  Networking
+
+    - **Virtual network**. Leave the default values selected.
+    - **Subnet**. Leave the default values selected.
+    - **Public IP address**.Leave the default values selected. This will make your server accessible from a browser.
+    - **Network Security Group**. Choose "Basic"
+    - **Public inbound ports**. Check **HTTP**, **HTTPS**, and **SSH**.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/azure/networking-vm.png
+    :alt: Choose networking ports
+    ```
+
+10. Management
+
+    - Monitoring
+
+      - **Boot diagnostics**. Choose "On".
+      - **OS guest diagnostics**. Choose "Off".
+      - **Diagnostics storage account**. Leave as the default.
+
+    - Auto-Shutdown
+      - **Enable auto-shutdown**. Choose "Off".
+    - Backup
+      - **Backup**. Choose "Off".
+      - System assigned managed identity. Select "Off".
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/azure/backup-vm.png
+    :alt: Choose VM Backup
+    ```
+
+11. Advanced settings
+
+    - **Extensions**. Make sure there are no extensions listed
+    - **Cloud init**. We are going to use this section to install TLJH directly into our Virtual Machine.
+
+      Copy the code snippet below:
+
+      ```bash
+      #!/bin/bash
+      curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
+        | sudo python3 - \
+          --admin <admin-user-name>
+      ```
+
+      where the `admin-user-name` is the root username you chose for your Virtual Machine.
+
+      ```{image} ../images/providers/azure/cloudinit-vm.png
+      :alt: Install TLJH
+      ```
+
+      :::{note}
+      See [](/topic/installer-actions) if you want to understand exactly what the installer is doing.
+      [](/topic/customizing-installer) documents other options that can be passed to the installer.
+      :::
+
+12. Check the summary and confirm the creation of your Virtual Machine.
+
+13. Check that the creation of your Virtual Machine worked.
+
+    - Wait for the virtual machine to be created. This might take about 5-10 minutes.
+
+    - After completion, you should see a similar screen to the one below:
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/azure/deployed-vm.png
+    :alt: Deployed VM
+    ```
+
+14. Note that the Littlest JupyterHub should be installing in the background on your new server.
+    It takes around 5-10 minutes for this installation to complete.
+
+15. Click on the **Go to resource button**
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/azure/goto-vm.png
+    :alt: Go to VM
+    ```
+
+16. Check if the installation is completed by **copying** the **Public IP address** of your virtual machine, and trying to access it with a browser.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/azure/ip-vm.png
+    :alt: Public IP address
+    ```
+
+    Note that accessing the JupyterHub will fail until the installation is complete, so be patient.
+
+17. When the installation is complete, it should give you a JupyterHub login page.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/first-login.png
+    :alt: JupyterHub log-in page
+    ```
+
+18. Login using the **admin user name** you used in step 6, and a password. Use a strong password & note it down somewhere, since this will be the password for the admin user account from now on.
+
+19. Congratulations, you have a running working JupyterHub! 🎉
+
+## Step 2: Adding more users
+
+```{include} add-users.md
+
+```
+
+## Step 3: Install conda / pip packages for all users
+
+```{include} add-packages.md
+
+```

docs/install/azure.rst

@@ -1,192 +0,0 @@
-.. _install/azure:
-
-====================
-Installing on Azure
-====================
-
-Goal
-====
-
-By the end of this tutorial, you should have a JupyterHub with some admin
-users and a user environment with packages you want to be installed running on
-`Microsoft Azure <https://azure.microsoft.com>`_.
-
-This tutorial leads you step-by-step for you to manually deploy your own JupyterHub on Azure cloud.
-
-.. note:: ✨ The ``Deploy to Azure button`` project allows you  to deploy your own JupyterHub with minimal manual configuration steps. The deploy to Azure button allows you  to have a vanilla configuration in just one-click and by assigning some variables. 
-    
-    Check it out at `https://github.com/trallard/TLJH-azure-button <https://github.com/trallard/TLJH-azure-button>`_.
-
-Prerequisites
-==============
-
-* A Microsoft Azure account. 
-
-* To get started you can get a free account which  includes 150 dollars worth of Azure credits (`get a free account here <https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/free//?wt.mc_id=TLJH-github-taallard>`_) 
-
-These instructions cover how to set up a Virtual Machine
-on Microsoft Azure. For subsequent information about creating
-your JupyterHub and configuring it, see `The Littlest JupyterHub guide <https://the-littlest-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_.
-
-
-Step 1: Installing The Littlest JupyterHub
-==========================================
-
-We start by creating the Virtual Machine in which we can run TLJH (The Littlest JupyterHub).
-
-#. Go to `Azure portal <https://portal.azure.com/>`_  and login with your Azure account.
-#. Expand the left-hand panel by clicking on the ">>" button on the top left corner of your dashboard. Find the Virtual Machines tab and click on it.
-
-.. image:: ../images/providers/azure/azure-vms.png
-    :alt: Virtual machines on Azure portal
-
-#. Click **+ add** to create a new Virtual Machine
-
-    .. image:: ../images/providers/azure/add-vm.png
-        :alt: Add a new virtual machine
-
-#. Select **Create VM from Marketplace** in the next screen.
-A new screen with all the options for Virtual Machines in Azure will displayed.
-
-    .. image:: ../images/providers/azure/create-vm.png
-        :alt: Create VM from the marketplace
-
-#. **Choose an Ubuntu server for your VM**: 
-    * Click `Ubuntu Server 18.04 LTS.`
-    * Make sure `Resource Manager` is selected in the next screen and click **Create**
-
-    .. image:: ../images/providers/azure/ubuntu-vm.png
-        :alt: Ubuntu VM
-
-#. Customise the Virtual Machine basics:
-    * **Subscription**. Choose the "Free Trial" if this is what you're using. Otherwise, choose a different plan. This is the billing account that will be charged.
-    * **Resource group**. Resource groups let you keep your Azure tools/resources together in an availability region (e.g. WestEurope). If you already have one you'd like to use it select that resource.
-
-    .. note:: If you have never created a Resource Group, click  on **Create new**
-
-    .. image:: ../images/providers/azure/new-rg.png
-            :alt: Create a new resource group
-
-    * **Name**. Use a descriptive name for your virtual machine (note that you cannot use spaces or special characters).
-    * **Region**. Choose a location near where you expect your users to be located.
-    * **Availability options**. Choose "No infrastructure redundancy required".
-    * **Image**. Make sure "Ubuntu Server 18.04 LTS" is selected (from the previous step).
-    * **Authentication type**. Change authentication type to "password".
-    * **Username**. Choose a memorable username, this will be your "root" user, and you'll need it later on.
-    * **Password**. Type in a password, this will be used later for admin access so make sure it is something memorable.
-
-    .. image:: ../images/providers/azure/password-vm.png
-            :alt: Add password to VM
-
-    * **Login with Azure Active Directory**. Choose "Off" (usually the default)
-    * **Inbound port rules**. Leave the defaults for now, and we will update these later on in the Network configuration step.
-
-#. Before clicking on "Next" we need to select the RAM size for the image.
-    * For this we need to make sure we have enough RAM to accommodate your users. For example, if each user needs 2GB of RAM, and you have 10 total users, you need at least 20GB of RAM on the machine. It's also good to have a few GB of "buffer" RAM beyond what you think you'll need.
-    * Click on **Change size** (see image below) 
-
-    .. image:: ../images/providers/azure/size-vm.png
-            :alt: Choose vm size 
-
-    .. note:: For more information about estimating memory, CPU and disk needs check `The memory section in the TLJH documentation <https://tljh.jupyter.org/en/latest/howto/admin/resource-estimation.html>`_ 
-
-    * Select a suitable image (to check available images and prices in your region `click on this link <https://azuremarketplace.microsoft.com/en-gb/marketplace/apps/Canonical.UbuntuServer?tab=PlansAndPrice/?wt.mc_id=TLJH-github-taallard>`_).    
-    
-#. Disks (Storage):
-    * **Disk options**: select the OS disk type there are options for SDD and HDD. **SSD persistent disk** gives you a faster but more expensive disk than HDD. 
-    * **Data disk**. Click on create and attach a new disk. Select an appropriate type and size and click ok.
-    * Click "Next".
-
-    .. image:: ../images/providers/azure/create-disk.png
-            :alt: Create and attach disk
-
-    .. image:: ../images/providers/azure/disk-vm.png
-            :alt: Choose a disk size
-
-#. Networking
-    * **Virtual network**. Leave the default values selected.
-    * **Subnet**. Leave the default values selected.
-    * **Public IP address**.Leave the default values selected. This will make your server accessible from a browser.
-    * **Network Security Group**. Choose "Basic"
-    * **Public inbound ports**. Check **HTTP**, **HTTPS**, and **SSH**.
-
-    .. image:: ../images/providers/azure/networking-vm.png
-            :alt: Choose networking ports 
-
-#. Management
-    * Monitoring
-        * **Boot diagnostics**. Choose "On".
-        * **OS guest diagnostics**. Choose "Off".
-        * **Diagnostics storage account**. Leave as the default.
-    * Auto-Shutdown
-        * **Enable auto-shutdown**. Choose "Off".
-    * Backup
-        * **Backup**. Choose "Off".
-    * System assigned managed identity Select "Off"
-
-    .. image:: ../images/providers/azure/backup-vm.png
-                :alt: Choose VM Backup
-
-#. Advanced settings
-    * **Extensions**. Make sure there are no extensions listed
-    * **Cloud init**. We are going to use this section to install TLJH directly into our Virtual Machine. 
-      Copy the code snippet below:
-
-      .. code:: bash
-
-         #!/bin/bash
-         curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
-           | sudo python3 - \
-             --admin <admin-user-name>
-
-      where the ``username`` is the root username you chose for your Virtual Machine.
-
-      .. image:: ../images/providers/azure/cloudinit-vm.png
-                 :alt: Install TLJH
-
-    .. note::
-
-        See :ref:`topic/installer-actions` if you want to understand exactly what the installer is doing.
-        :ref:`topic/customizing-installer` documents other options that can be passed to the installer.
-
-#. Check the summary and confirm the creation of your Virtual Machine.
-
-#. Check that the creation of your Virtual Machine worked.
-    * Wait for the virtual machine to be created. This might take about 5-10 minutes.
-    * After completion, you should see a similar screen to the one below:
-
-    .. image:: ../images/providers/azure/deployed-vm.png
-        :alt: Deployed VM
-
-#. Note that the Littlest JupyterHub should be installing in the background on your new server.
-    It takes around 5-10 minutes for this installation to complete.
-
-#. Click on the **Go to resource button**
-    .. image:: ../images/providers/azure/goto-vm.png
-        :alt: Go to VM
-
-#. Check if the installation is completed by **copying** the **Public IP address** of your virtual machine, and trying to access it with a browser. 
-
-    .. image:: ../images/providers/azure/ip-vm.png
-        :alt: Public IP address
-
-    Note that accessing the JupyterHub will fail until the installation is complete, so be patient.
-
-#. When the installation is complete, it should give you a JupyterHub login page.
-
-    .. image:: ../images/first-login.png
-        :alt: JupyterHub log-in page
-
-#. Login using the **admin user name** you used in step 6, and a password. Use a strong password & note it down somewhere, since this will be the password for the admin user account from now on.
-
-#. Congratulations, you have a running working JupyterHub! 🎉
-
-Step 2: Adding more users
-==========================
-
-.. include:: add_users.txt
-
-Step 3: Install conda / pip packages for all users
-==================================================
-
-.. include:: add_packages.txt

docs/install/custom-server.md

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+(install-custom)=
+
+# Installing on your own server
+
+Follow this guide if your cloud provider doesn't have a direct tutorial, or
+you are setting this up on a bare metal server.
+
+:::{warning}
+Do **not** install TLJH directly on your laptop or personal computer!
+It will most likely open up exploitable security holes when run directly
+on your personal computer.
+:::
+
+:::{note}
+Running TLJH _inside_ a docker container is not supported, since we depend
+on systemd. If you want to run TLJH locally for development, see
+[](/contributing/dev-setup).
+:::
+
+## Goal
+
+By the end of this tutorial, you should have a JupyterHub with some admin
+users and a user environment with packages you want installed running on
+a server you have access to.
+
+## Pre-requisites
+
+1. Some familiarity with the command line.
+2. A server running Ubuntu 20.04+ where you have root access (Ubuntu 22.04 LTS recommended).
+3. At least **1GB** of RAM on your server.
+4. Ability to `ssh` into the server & run commands from the prompt.
+5. An **IP address** where the server can be reached from the browsers of your target audience.
+
+If you run into issues, look at the specific [troubleshooting guide](/troubleshooting/providers/custom)
+for custom server installations.
+
+## Step 1: Installing The Littlest JupyterHub
+
+1. Using a terminal program, SSH into your server. This should give you a prompt where you can
+   type commands.
+
+2. Make sure you have `python3`, `python3-dev`, `curl` and `git` installed.
+
+   ```
+   sudo apt install python3 python3-dev git curl
+   ```
+
+3. Copy the text below, and paste it into the terminal. Replace
+   `<admin-user-name>` with the name of the first **admin user** for this
+   JupyterHub. Choose any name you like (don't forget to remove the brackets!).
+   This admin user can log in after the JupyterHub is set up, and
+   can configure it to their needs. **Remember to add your username**!
+
+   ```bash
+   curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py | sudo -E python3 - --admin <admin-user-name>
+   ```
+
+   :::{note}
+   See [](/topic/installer-actions) if you want to understand exactly what the installer is doing.
+   [](/topic/customizing-installer) documents other options that can be passed to the installer.
+   :::
+
+4. Press `Enter` to start the installation process. This will take 5-10 minutes,
+   and will say `Done!` when the installation process is complete.
+
+5. Copy the **Public IP** of your server, and try accessing `http://<public-ip>` from
+   your browser. If everything went well, this should give you a JupyterHub login page.
+
+   ```{image} ../images/first-login.png
+   :alt: JupyterHub log-in page
+   ```
+
+6. Login using the **admin user name** you used in step 3. You can choose any
+   password that you wish. Use a
+   strong password & note it down somewhere, since this will be the password for
+   the admin user account from now on.
+
+7. Congratulations, you have a running working JupyterHub!
+
+## Step 2: Adding more users
+
+```{include} add-users.md
+
+```
+
+## Step 3: Install conda / pip packages for all users
+
+```{include} add-packages.md
+
+```
+
+## Step 4: Setup HTTPS
+
+Once you are ready to run your server for real, and have a domain, it's a good
+idea to proceed directly to [](/howto/admin/https).

docs/install/custom-server.rst

@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-.. _install/custom:
-
-=============================
-Installing on your own server
-=============================
-
-
-Follow this guide if your cloud provider doesn't have a direct tutorial, or
-you are setting this up on a bare metal server.
-
-.. warning::
-
-   Do **not** install TLJH directly on your laptop or personal computer!
-   It will most likely open up exploitable security holes when run directly
-   on your personal computer.
-
-.. note::
-
-   Running TLJH *inside* a docker container is not supported, since we depend
-   on systemd. If you want to run TLJH locally for development, see
-   :ref:`contributing/dev-setup`.
-
-Goal
-====
-
-By the end of this tutorial, you should have a JupyterHub with some admin
-users and a user environment with packages you want installed running on
-a server you have access to.
-
-Pre-requisites
-==============
-
-#. Some familiarity with the command line.
-#. A server running Ubuntu 18.04 where you have root access.
-#. At least **1GB** of RAM on your server.
-#. Ability to ``ssh`` into the server & run commands from the prompt.
-#. An **IP address** where the server can be reached from the browsers of your target audience.
-
-If you run into issues, look at the specific :ref:`troubleshooting guide <troubleshooting/providers/custom>`
-for custom server installations.
-
-Step 1: Installing The Littlest JupyterHub
-==========================================
-
-#. Using a terminal program, SSH into your server. This should give you a prompt where you can
-   type commands.
-
-#. Make sure you have ``python3``, ``python3-dev``, ``curl`` and ``git`` installed.
-
-   .. code::
-
-      sudo apt install python3 python3-dev git curl
-
-#. Copy the text below, and paste it into the terminal. Replace
-   ``<admin-user-name>`` with the name of the first **admin user** for this
-   JupyterHub. Choose any name you like (don't forget to remove the brackets!).
-   This admin user can log in after the JupyterHub is set up, and
-   can configure it to their needs. **Remember to add your username**!
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py | sudo -E python3 - --admin <admin-user-name>
-
-   .. note::
-
-      See :ref:`topic/installer-actions` if you want to understand exactly what the installer is doing.
-      :ref:`topic/customizing-installer` documents other options that can be passed to the installer.
-
-#. Press ``Enter`` to start the installation process. This will take 5-10 minutes,
-   and will say ``Done!`` when the installation process is complete.
-
-#. Copy the **Public IP** of your server, and try accessing ``http://<public-ip>`` from
-   your browser. If everything went well, this should give you a JupyterHub login page.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/first-login.png
-      :alt: JupyterHub log-in page
-
-#. Login using the **admin user name** you used in step 3. You can choose any
-   password that you wish. Use a
-   strong password & note it down somewhere, since this will be the password for
-   the admin user account from now on.
-
-#. Congratulations, you have a running working JupyterHub!
-
-Step 2: Adding more users
-==========================
-
-.. include:: add_users.txt
-
-Step 3: Install conda / pip packages for all users
-==================================================
-
-.. include:: add_packages.txt
-
-Step 4: Setup HTTPS
-===================
-
-Once you are ready to run your server for real, and have a domain, it's a good
-idea to proceed directly to :ref:`howto/admin/https`.

docs/install/digitalocean.md

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+(insatll-digitalocean)=
+
+# Installing on Digital Ocean
+
+## Goal
+
+By the end of this tutorial, you should have a JupyterHub with some admin
+users and a user environment with packages you want installed running on
+[DigitalOcean](https://digitalocean.com).
+
+## Pre-requisites
+
+1. A DigitalOcean account with a payment method attached.
+
+## Step 1: Installing The Littlest JupyterHub
+
+Let's create the server on which we can run JupyterHub.
+
+1.  Log in to [DigitalOcean](https://digitalocean.com). You might need to
+    attach a credit card or other payment method to your account before you
+    can proceed with the tutorial.
+
+2.  Click the **Create** button on the top right, and select **Droplets** from
+    the dropdown menu. DigitalOcean calls servers **droplets**.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/digitalocean/create-menu.png
+    :alt: Dropdown menu on clicking 'create' in top right corner
+    ```
+
+    This takes you to a page titled **Create Droplets** that lets you configure
+    your server.
+
+3.  Under **Choose an image**, select **22.04 x64** under **Ubuntu**.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/digitalocean/select-image.png
+    :alt: Select 22.04 x64 image under Ubuntu
+    ```
+
+4.  Under **Choose a size**, select the size of the server you want. The default
+    (4GB RAM, 2CPUs, 24 USD / month) is not a bad start. You can resize your server
+    later if you need.
+
+    Check out our guide on How To [](/howto/admin/resource-estimation) to help pick
+    how much Memory, CPU & disk space your server needs.
+
+5.  Open the **Advanced Options**, and check the box for **Add Initialization scripts**.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/digitalocean/additional-options.png
+    :alt: Turn on User Data in advanced options
+    ```
+
+    This opens up a textbox where you can enter a script that will be run
+    when the server is created. We will use this to set up The Littlest JupyterHub
+    on this server.
+
+6.  Copy the text below, and paste it into the user data text box. Replace
+    `<admin-user-name>` with the name of the first **admin user** for this
+    JupyterHub. This admin user can log in after the JupyterHub is set up, and
+    can configure it to their needs. **Remember to add your username**!
+
+    ```bash
+    #!/bin/bash
+    curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
+      | sudo python3 - \
+        --admin <admin-user-name>
+    ```
+
+    :::{note}
+    See [](/topic/installer-actions) if you want to understand exactly what the installer is doing.
+    [](/topic/customizing-installer) documents other options that can be passed to the installer.
+    :::
+
+7.  Under the **Finalize and create** section, enter a `hostname` that descriptively
+    identifies this server for you.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/digitalocean/hostname.png
+    :alt: Select suitable hostname for your server
+    ```
+
+8.  Click the **Create** button! You will be taken to a different screen,
+    where you can see progress of your server being created.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/digitalocean/server-create-wait.png
+    :alt: Server being created
+    ```
+
+9.  In a few seconds your server will be created, and you can see the **public IP**
+    used to access it.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/digitalocean/server-create-done.png
+    :alt: Server finished creating, public IP available
+    ```
+
+10. The Littlest JupyterHub is now installing in the background on your new server.
+    It takes around 5-10 minutes for this installation to complete.
+
+11. Check if the installation is complete by copying the **public ip**
+    of your server, and trying to access it with a browser. This will fail until
+    the installation is complete, so be patient.
+
+12. When the installation is complete, it should give you a JupyterHub login page.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/first-login.png
+    :alt: JupyterHub log-in page
+    ```
+
+13. Login using the **admin user name** you used in step 6, and a password. Use a
+    strong password & note it down somewhere, since this will be the password for
+    the admin user account from now on.
+
+14. Congratulations, you have a running working JupyterHub!
+
+## Step 2: Adding more users
+
+```{include} add-users.md
+
+```
+
+## Step 3: Install conda / pip packages for all users
+
+```{include} add-packages.md
+
+```

docs/install/digitalocean.rst

@@ -1,119 +0,0 @@
-.. _insatll/digitalocean:
-
-===========================
-Installing on Digital Ocean
-===========================
-
-Goal
-====
-
-By the end of this tutorial, you should have a JupyterHub with some admin
-users and a user environment with packages you want installed running on
-`DigitalOcean <https://digitalocean.com>`_.
-
-Pre-requisites
-==============
-
-#. A DigitalOcean account with a payment method attached.
-
-Step 1: Installing The Littlest JupyterHub
-==========================================
-
-Let's create the server on which we can run JupyterHub.
-
-#. Log in to `DigitalOcean <https://digitalocean.com>`_. You might need to
-   attach a credit card or other payment method to your account before you
-   can proceed with the tutorial.
-
-#. Click the **Create** button on the top right, and select **Droplets** from
-   the dropdown menu. DigitalOcean calls servers **droplets**.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/digitalocean/create-menu.png
-      :alt: Dropdown menu on clicking 'create' in top right corner
-
-   This takes you to a page titled **Create Droplets** that lets you configure
-   your server.
-
-#. Under **Choose an image**, select **18.04 x64** under **Ubuntu**.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/digitalocean/select-image.png
-      :alt: Select 18.04 x64 image under Ubuntu
-
-#. Under **Choose a size**, select the size of the server you want. The default
-   (4GB RAM, 2CPUs, 20 USD / month) is not a bad start. You can resize your server
-   later if you need.
-
-   Check out our guide on How To :ref:`howto/admin/resource-estimation` to help pick
-   how much Memory, CPU & disk space your server needs.
-
-#. Scroll down to **Select additional options**, and select **User data**.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/digitalocean/additional-options.png
-      :alt: Turn on User Data in additional options
-
-   This opens up a textbox where you can enter a script that will be run
-   when the server is created. We will use this to set up The Littlest JupyterHub
-   on this server.
-
-#. Copy the text below, and paste it into the user data text box. Replace
-   ``<admin-user-name>`` with the name of the first **admin user** for this
-   JupyterHub. This admin user can log in after the JupyterHub is set up, and
-   can configure it to their needs. **Remember to add your username**!
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      #!/bin/bash
-      curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
-        | sudo python3 - \
-          --admin <admin-user-name>
-
-   .. note::
-
-      See :ref:`topic/installer-actions` if you want to understand exactly what the installer is doing.
-      :ref:`topic/customizing-installer` documents other options that can be passed to the installer.
-
-#. Under the **Finalize and create** section, enter a ``hostname`` that descriptively
-   identifies this server for you.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/digitalocean/hostname.png
-      :alt: Select suitable hostname for your server
-
-#. Click the **Create** button! You will be taken to a different screen,
-   where you can see progress of your server being created.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/digitalocean/server-create-wait.png
-      :alt: Server being created
-
-#. In a few seconds your server will be created, and you can see the **public IP**
-   used to access it.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/digitalocean/server-create-done.png
-      :alt: Server finished creating, public IP available
-
-#. The Littlest JupyterHub is now installing in the background on your new server.
-   It takes around 5-10 minutes for this installation to complete.
-
-#. Check if the installation is complete by copying the **public ip**
-   of your server, and trying to access it with a browser. This will fail until
-   the installation is complete, so be patient.
-
-#. When the installation is complete, it should give you a JupyterHub login page.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/first-login.png
-      :alt: JupyterHub log-in page
-
-#. Login using the **admin user name** you used in step 6, and a password. Use a
-   strong password & note it down somewhere, since this will be the password for
-   the admin user account from now on.
-
-#. Congratulations, you have a running working JupyterHub!
-
-Step 2: Adding more users
-==========================
-
-.. include:: add_users.txt
-
-Step 3: Install conda / pip packages for all users
-==================================================
-
-.. include:: add_packages.txt

docs/install/google.md

@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+(install-google)=
+
+# Installing on Google Cloud
+
+## Goal
+
+By the end of this tutorial, you should have a JupyterHub with some admin
+users and a user environment with packages you want installed running on
+[Google Cloud](https://cloud.google.com/).
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+1. A Google Cloud account. You might use the free credits for trying it out!
+
+## Step 1: Installing The Littlest JupyterHub
+
+Let's create the server on which we can run JupyterHub.
+
+1.  Log in to [Google Cloud Console](https://console.cloud.google.com) with
+    your Google Account.
+
+2.  Open the navigation menu by clicking the button with three lines on the top
+    left corner of the page.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/google/left-menu-button.png
+    :alt: Button to open the menu
+    ```
+
+    This opens a menu with all the cloud products Google Cloud offers.
+
+3.  Under **Compute Engine**, select **VM Instances**.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/google/vm-instances-menu.png
+    :alt: Navigation Menu -> Compute Engine -> VM Instances
+    ```
+
+4.  If you are using Google Cloud for the first time, you might have to
+    enable billing. Google will present a screen asking you to enable billing
+    to proceed. Click the **Enable Billing** button and follow any prompts
+    that appear.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/google/enable-billing.png
+    :alt: Enable billing if needed.
+    ```
+
+    It might take a few minutes for your account to be set up.
+
+5.  Once Compute Engine is ready, click the **Create** button to start
+    creating the server that'll run TLJH.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/google/create-vm-first.png
+    :alt: Create VM page when using it for the first time.
+    ```
+
+    If you already have VMs running in your project, the screen will look
+    different. But you can find the **Create** button still!
+
+6.  This shows you a page titled **Create an instance**. This lets you customize
+    the kind of server you want, the resources it will have & what it'll be called.
+
+7.  Under **Name**, give it a memorable name that identifies what purpose this
+    JupyterHub will be used for.
+
+8.  **Region** specifies the physical location where this server will be hosted.
+    Generally, pick something close to where most of your users are. Note that
+    it might increase the cost of your server in some cases!
+
+9.  For **Zone**, pick any of the options. Leaving the default as is is fine.
+
+10. Under **Machine** type, select the amount of CPU / RAM / GPU you want for your
+    server. You need at least **1GB** of RAM.
+
+    You can select a preset combination in the default **basic view**.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/google/machine-type-basic.png
+    :alt: Select a preset VM type
+    ```
+
+    If you want to add **GPUs**, you should click the **Customize** button &
+    use the **Advanced View**. You need to request [a quota increase](https://cloud.google.com/compute/quotas#gpus)
+    before you can use GPUs.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/google/machine-type-advanced.png
+    :alt: Select a customized VM size
+    ```
+
+    Check out our guide on How To [](/howto/admin/resource-estimation) to help pick
+    how much Memory / CPU your server needs.
+
+11. Under **Boot Disk**, click the **Change** button. This lets us change the
+    operating system and the size of your disk.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/google/boot-disk-button.png
+    :alt: Changing Boot Disk & disk size
+    ```
+
+    This should open a **Boot disk** popup.
+
+12. Select **Ubuntu 22.04 LTS** from the list of operating system images.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/google/boot-disk-ubuntu.png
+    :alt: Selecting Ubuntu 22.04 for OS
+    ```
+
+13. You can also change the **type** and **size** of your disk at the bottom
+    of this popup.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/google/boot-disk-size.png
+    :alt: Selecting Boot disk type & size
+    ```
+
+    **Standard persistent disk** type gives you a slower but cheaper disk, similar
+    to a hard drive. **SSD persistent disk** gives you a faster but more expensive
+    disk, similar to an SSD.
+
+    Check out our guide on How To [](/howto/admin/resource-estimation) to help pick
+    how much Disk space your server needs.
+
+14. Click the **Select** button to dismiss the Boot disk popup and go back to the
+    Create an instance screen.
+
+15. Under **Identity and API access**, select **No service account** for the
+    **Service account** field. This prevents your JupyterHub users from automatically
+    accessing other cloud services, increasing security.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/google/no-service-account.png
+    :alt: Disable service accounts for the server
+    ```
+
+16. Under **Firewall**, check both **Allow HTTP Traffic** and **Allow HTTPS Traffic**
+    checkboxes.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/google/firewall.png
+    :alt: Allow HTTP & HTTPS traffic to your server
+    ```
+
+17. Click the **Management, disks, networking, SSH keys** link to expand more
+    options.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/google/management-button.png
+    :alt: Expand management options by clicking link.
+    ```
+
+    This displays a lot of advanced options, but we'll be only using one of them.
+
+18. Copy the text below, and paste it into the **Startup script** text box. Replace
+    `<admin-user-name>` with the name of the first **admin user** for this
+    JupyterHub. This admin user can log in after the JupyterHub is set up, and
+    can configure it to their needs. **Remember to add your username**!
+
+    ```bash
+    #!/bin/bash
+    curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
+      | sudo python3 - \
+        --admin <admin-user-name>
+    ```
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/google/startup-script.png
+    :alt: Install JupyterHub with the Startup script textbox
+    ```
+
+    :::{note}
+    See [](/topic/installer-actions) if you want to understand exactly what the installer is doing.
+    [](/topic/customizing-installer) documents other options that can be passed to the installer.
+    :::
+
+19. Click the **Create** button at the bottom to start your server!
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/google/create-vm-button.png
+    :alt: Launch an Instance / Advanced Options dialog box
+    ```
+
+20. We'll be sent to the **VM instances** page, where we can see that our server
+    is being created.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/google/vm-creating.png
+    :alt: Spinner with vm creating
+    ```
+
+21. In a few seconds your server will be created, and you can see the **External IP**
+    used to access it.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/google/vm-created.png
+    :alt: VM created, external IP available
+    ```
+
+22. The Littlest JupyterHub is now installing in the background on your new server.
+    It takes around 5-10 minutes for this installation to complete.
+
+23. Check if the installation is complete by **copying** the **External IP**
+    of your server, and trying to access it with a browser. Do **not click** on the
+    IP - this will open the link with HTTPS, and will not work.
+
+    Accessing the JupyterHub will also fail until the installation is complete,
+    so be patient.
+
+24. When the installation is complete, it should give you a JupyterHub login page.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/first-login.png
+    :alt: JupyterHub log-in page
+    ```
+
+25. Login using the **admin user name** you used in step 6, and a password. Use a
+    strong password & note it down somewhere, since this will be the password for
+    the admin user account from now on.
+
+26. Congratulations, you have a running working JupyterHub!
+
+## Step 2: Adding more users
+
+```{include} add-users.md
+
+```
+
+## Step 3: Install conda / pip packages for all users
+
+```{include} add-packages.md
+
+```

docs/install/google.rst

@@ -1,205 +0,0 @@
-.. _install/google:
-
-==========================
-Installing on Google Cloud
-==========================
-
-Goal
-====
-
-By the end of this tutorial, you should have a JupyterHub with some admin
-users and a user environment with packages you want installed running on
-`Google Cloud <https://cloud.google.com/>`_.
-
-Prerequisites
-=============
-
-#. A Google Cloud account. You might use the free credits for trying it out!
-
-Step 1: Installing The Littlest JupyterHub
-==========================================
-
-Let's create the server on which we can run JupyterHub.
-
-#. Log in to `Google Cloud Console <https://console.cloud.google.com>`_ with
-   your Google Account.
-
-#. Open the navigation menu by clicking the button with three lines on the top
-   left corner of the page.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/google/left-menu-button.png
-      :alt: Button to open the menu
-
-   This opens a menu with all the cloud products Google Cloud offers.
-
-#. Under **Compute Engine**, select **VM Instances**.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/google/vm-instances-menu.png
-      :alt: Navigation Menu -> Compute Engine -> VM Instances
-
-#. If you are using Google Cloud for the first time, you might have to
-   enable billing. Google will present a screen asking you to enable billing
-   to proceed. Click the **Enable Billing** button and follow any prompts
-   that appear.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/google/enable-billing.png
-      :alt: Enable billing if needed.
-
-   It might take a few minutes for your account to be set up.
-
-#. Once Compute Engine is ready, click the **Create** button to start
-   creating the server that'll run TLJH.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/google/create-vm-first.png
-      :alt: Create VM page when using it for the first time.
-
-   If you already have VMs running in your project, the screen will look
-   different. But you can find the **Create** button still!
-
-#. This shows you a page titled **Create an instance**. This lets you customize
-   the kind of server you want, the resources it will have & what it'll be called.
-
-#. Under **Name**, give it a memorable name that identifies what purpose this
-   JupyterHub will be used for.
-
-#. **Region** specifies the physical location where this server will be hosted.
-   Generally, pick something close to where most of your users are. Note that
-   it might increase the cost of your server in some cases!
-
-#. For **Zone**, pick any of the options. Leaving the default as is is fine.
-
-#. Under **Machine** type, select the amount of CPU / RAM / GPU you want for your
-   server. You need at least **1GB** of RAM.
-
-   You can select a preset combination in the default **basic view**.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/google/machine-type-basic.png
-      :alt: Select a preset VM type
-
-   If you want to add **GPUs**, you should click the **Customize** button &
-   use the **Advanced View**. You need to request `a quota increase <https://cloud.google.com/compute/quotas#gpus>`_
-   before you can use GPUs.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/google/machine-type-advanced.png
-      :alt: Select a customized VM size
-
-   Check out our guide on How To :ref:`howto/admin/resource-estimation` to help pick
-   how much Memory / CPU your server needs.
-
-#. Under **Boot Disk**, click the **Change** button. This lets us change the
-   operating system and the size of your disk.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/google/boot-disk-button.png
-      :alt: Changing Boot Disk & disk size
-
-   This should open a **Boot disk** popup.
-
-#. Select **Ubuntu 18.04 LTS** from the list of operating system images.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/google/boot-disk-ubuntu.png
-      :alt: Selecting Ubuntu 18.04 for OS
-
-#. You can also change the **type** and **size** of your disk at the bottom
-   of this popup.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/google/boot-disk-size.png
-      :alt: Selecting Boot disk type & size
-
-   **Standard persistent disk** type gives you a slower but cheaper disk, similar
-   to a hard drive. **SSD persistent disk** gives you a faster but more expensive
-   disk, similar to an SSD.
-
-   Check out our guide on How To :ref:`howto/admin/resource-estimation` to help pick
-   how much Disk space your server needs.
-
-#. Click the **Select** button to dismiss the Boot disk popup and go back to the
-   Create an instance screen.
-
-#. Under **Identity and API access**, select **No service account** for the
-   **Service account** field. This prevents your JupyterHub users from automatically
-   accessing other cloud services, increasing security.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/google/no-service-account.png
-      :alt: Disable service accounts for the server
-
-#. Under **Firewall**, check both **Allow HTTP Traffic** and **Allow HTTPS Traffic**
-   checkboxes.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/google/firewall.png
-      :alt: Allow HTTP & HTTPS traffic to your server
-
-#. Click the **Management, disks, networking, SSH keys** link to expand more
-   options.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/google/management-button.png
-      :alt: Expand management options by clicking link.
-
-   This displays a lot of advanced options, but we'll be only using one of them.
-
-#. Copy the text below, and paste it into the **Startup script** text box. Replace
-   ``<admin-user-name>`` with the name of the first **admin user** for this
-   JupyterHub. This admin user can log in after the JupyterHub is set up, and
-   can configure it to their needs. **Remember to add your username**!
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-       #!/bin/bash
-       curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
-         | sudo python3 - \
-           --admin <admin-user-name>
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/google/startup-script.png
-      :alt: Install JupyterHub with the Startup script textbox
-
-   .. note::
-
-      See :ref:`topic/installer-actions` if you want to understand exactly what the installer is doing.
-      :ref:`topic/customizing-installer` documents other options that can be passed to the installer.
-
-#. Click the **Create** button at the bottom to start your server!
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/google/create-vm-button.png
-      :alt: Launch an Instance / Advanced Options dialog box
-
-#. We'll be sent to the **VM instances** page, where we can see that our server
-   is being created.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/google/vm-creating.png
-      :alt: Spinner with vm creating
-
-#. In a few seconds your server will be created, and you can see the **External IP**
-   used to access it.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/google/vm-created.png
-      :alt: VM created, external IP available
-
-#. The Littlest JupyterHub is now installing in the background on your new server.
-   It takes around 5-10 minutes for this installation to complete.
-
-#. Check if the installation is complete by **copying** the **External IP**
-   of your server, and trying to access it with a browser. Do **not click** on the
-   IP - this will open the link with HTTPS, and will not work.
-
-   Accessing the JupyterHub will also fail until the installation is complete,
-   so be patient.
-
-#. When the installation is complete, it should give you a JupyterHub login page.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/first-login.png
-      :alt: JupyterHub log-in page
-
-#. Login using the **admin user name** you used in step 6, and a password. Use a
-   strong password & note it down somewhere, since this will be the password for
-   the admin user account from now on.
-
-#. Congratulations, you have a running working JupyterHub!
-
-Step 2: Adding more users
-==========================
-
-.. include:: add_users.txt
-
-Step 3: Install conda / pip packages for all users
-==================================================
-
-.. include:: add_packages.txt

docs/install/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+(install-installing)=
+
+# Installing
+
+The Littlest JupyterHub (TLJH) can run on any server that is running **Debian 11** or **Ubuntu 20.04** or **22.04** on a amd64 or arm64 CPU architecture.
+Earlier versions of Ubuntu and Debian are not supported, nor are other Linux distributions.
+We have a bunch of tutorials to get you started.
+
+Tutorials to create a new server from scratch on a cloud provider & run TLJH
+on it. These are **recommended** if you do not have much experience setting up
+servers.
+
+```{toctree}
+:titlesonly: true
+
+digitalocean
+ovh
+jetstream
+google
+amazon
+azure
+custom-server
+```

docs/install/index.rst

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-.. _install/installing:
-
-==========
-Installing
-==========
-
-The Littlest JupyterHub (TLJH) can run on any server that is running at least
-**Ubuntu 18.04**. Earlier versions of Ubuntu are not supported.
-We have a bunch of tutorials to get you started.
-
-Tutorials to create a new server from scratch on a cloud provider & run TLJH
-on it. These are **recommended** if you do not have much experience setting up
-servers.
-
-  .. toctree::
-     :titlesonly:
-
-     digitalocean
-     ovh
-     jetstream
-     google
-     amazon
-     azure
-     custom-server

docs/install/jetstream.md

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+(install-jetstream)=
+
+# Installing on Jetstream
+
+## Goal
+
+By the end of this tutorial, you should have a JupyterHub with some admin
+users and a user environment with packages you want installed running on
+[Jetstream](https://jetstream-cloud.org/).
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+1. A Jetstream account with an XSEDE allocation; for more information,
+   see the [Jetstream Allocations help page](http://wiki.jetstream-cloud.org/Jetstream+Allocations).
+
+## Step 1: Installing The Littlest JupyterHub
+
+Let's create the server on which we can run JupyterHub.
+
+1.  Log in to [the Jetstream portal](https://use.jetstream-cloud.org/). You need an allocation
+    to launch instances.
+
+2.  Select the **Launch New Instance** option to get going.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/jetstream/launch-instance-first-button.png
+    :alt: Launch new instance button with description.
+    ```
+
+    This takes you to a page with a list of base images you can choose for your
+    server.
+
+3.  Under **Image Search**, search for **Ubuntu 22.04**, and select the
+    **Ubuntu 22.04 Devel and Docker** image.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/jetstream/select-image.png
+    :alt: Select Ubuntu 22.04 x64 image from image list
+    ```
+
+4.  Once selected, you will see more information about this image. Click the
+    **Launch** button on the top right.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/jetstream/launch-instance-second-button.png
+    :alt: Launch selected image with Launch button on top right
+    ```
+
+5.  A dialog titled **Launch an Instance / Basic Options** pops up, with various
+    options for configuring your instance.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/jetstream/launch-instance-dialog.png
+    :alt: Launch an Instance / Basic Options dialog box
+    ```
+
+    1. Give your server a descriptive **Instance Name**.
+
+    2. Select an appropriate **Instance Size**. We suggest m1.medium or larger.
+       Make sure your instance has at least **1GB** of RAM.
+
+       Check out our guide on How To [](/howto/admin/resource-estimation) to help pick
+       how much Memory, CPU & disk space your server needs.
+
+    3. If you have multiple allocations, make sure you are 'charging' this server
+       to the correct allocation.
+
+6.  Click the **Advanced Options** link in the bottom left of the popup. This
+    lets us configure what the server should do when it starts up. We will use
+    this to install The Littlest JupyterHub.
+
+    A dialog titled **Launch an Instance / Advanced Options** should pop up.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/jetstream/add-deployment-script-dialog.png
+    :alt: Dialog box allowing you to add a new script.
+    ```
+
+7.  Click the **Create New Script** button. This will open up another dialog
+    box!
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/jetstream/create-script-dialog.png
+    :alt: Launch an Instance / Advanced Options dialog box
+    ```
+
+8.  Under **Input Type**, select **Raw Text**. This should make a text box titled
+    **Raw Text** visible on the right side of the dialog box.
+    Copy the text below, and paste it into the **Raw Text** text box. Replace
+    `<admin-user-name>` with the name of the first **admin user** for this
+    JupyterHub. This admin user can log in after the JupyterHub is set up, and
+    can configure it to their needs. **Remember to add your username**!
+
+    ```bash
+    #!/bin/bash
+    curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
+      | sudo python3 - \
+        --admin <admin-user-name>
+    ```
+
+    :::{note}
+    See [](/topic/installer-actions) if you want to understand exactly what the installer is doing.
+    [](/topic/customizing-installer) documents other options that can be passed to the installer.
+    :::
+
+9.  Under **Execution Strategy Type**, select **Run script on first boot**.
+
+10. Under **Deployment Type**, select **Wait for script to complete**.
+
+11. Click the **Save and Add Script** button on the bottom right. This should hide
+    the dialog box.
+
+12. Click the **Continue to Launch** button on the bottom right. This should put you
+    back in the **Launch an Instance / Basic Options** dialog box again.
+
+13. Click the **Launch Instance** button on the bottom right. This should turn it
+    into a spinner, and your server is getting created!
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/jetstream/launching-spinner.png
+    :alt: Launch button turns into a spinner
+    ```
+
+14. You'll now be shown a dashboard with all your servers and their states. The
+    server you just launched will progress through various stages of set up,
+    and you can see the progress here.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/jetstream/deployment-in-progress.png
+    :alt: Instances dashboard showing deployment in progress.
+    ```
+
+15. It will take about ten minutes for your server to come up. The status will
+    say **Active** and the progress bar will be a solid green. At this point,
+    your JupyterHub is ready for use!
+
+16. Copy the **IP Address** of your server, and try accessing it from a web
+    browser. It should give you a JupyterHub login page.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/first-login.png
+    :alt: JupyterHub log-in page
+    ```
+
+17. Login using the **admin user name** you used in step 8, and a password. Use a
+    strong password & note it down somewhere, since this will be the password for
+    the admin user account from now on.
+
+18. Congratulations, you have a running working JupyterHub!
+
+## Step 2: Adding more users
+
+```{include} add-users.md
+
+```
+
+## Step 3: Install conda / pip packages for all users
+
+```{include} add-packages.md
+
+```

docs/install/jetstream.rst

@@ -1,145 +0,0 @@
-.. _install/jetstream:
-
-=======================
-Installing on Jetstream
-=======================
-
-Goal
-====
-
-By the end of this tutorial, you should have a JupyterHub with some admin
-users and a user environment with packages you want installed running on
-`Jetstream <https://jetstream-cloud.org/>`_.
-
-Prerequisites
-=============
-
-#. A Jetstream account with an XSEDE allocation; for more information,
-   see the `Jetstream Allocations help page <http://wiki.jetstream-cloud.org/Jetstream+Allocations>`_.
-
-Step 1: Installing The Littlest JupyterHub
-==========================================
-
-Let's create the server on which we can run JupyterHub.
-
-#. Log in to `the Jetstream portal <https://use.jetstream-cloud.org/>`_. You need an allocation
-   to launch instances.
-
-#. Select the **Launch New Instance** option to get going.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/jetstream/launch-instance-first-button.png
-      :alt: Launch new instance button with description.
-
-   This takes you to a page with a list of base images you can choose for your
-   server.
-
-#. Under **Image Search**, search for **Ubuntu 18.04**, and select the
-   **Ubuntu 18.04 Devel and Docker** image.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/jetstream/select-image.png
-      :alt: Select Ubuntu 18.04 x64 image from image list
-
-#. Once selected, you will see more information about this image. Click the
-   **Launch** button on the top right.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/jetstream/launch-instance-second-button.png
-      :alt: Launch selected image with Launch button on top right
-
-#. A dialog titled **Launch an Instance / Basic Options** pops up, with various
-   options for configuring your instance.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/jetstream/launch-instance-dialog.png
-      :alt: Launch an Instance / Basic Options dialog box
-
-   #. Give your server a descriptive **Instance Name**.
-   #. Select an appropriate **Instance Size**. We suggest m1.medium or larger.
-      Make sure your instance has at least **1GB** of RAM.
-
-      Check out our guide on How To :ref:`howto/admin/resource-estimation` to help pick
-      how much Memory, CPU & disk space your server needs.
-
-   #. If you have multiple allocations, make sure you are 'charging' this server
-      to the correct allocation.
-
-#. Click the **Advanced Options** link in the bottom left of the popup. This
-   lets us configure what the server should do when it starts up. We will use
-   this to install The Littlest JupyterHub.
-
-   A dialog titled **Launch an Instance / Advanced Options** should pop up.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/jetstream/add-deployment-script-dialog.png
-      :alt: Dialog box allowing you to add a new script.
-
-#. Click the **Create New Script** button. This will open up another dialog
-   box!
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/jetstream/create-script-dialog.png
-      :alt: Launch an Instance / Advanced Options dialog box
-
-#. Under **Input Type**, select **Raw Text**. This should make a text box titled
-   **Raw Text** visible on the right side of the dialog box.
-   Copy the text below, and paste it into the **Raw Text** text box. Replace
-   ``<admin-user-name>`` with the name of the first **admin user** for this
-   JupyterHub. This admin user can log in after the JupyterHub is set up, and
-   can configure it to their needs. **Remember to add your username**!
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      #!/bin/bash
-      curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
-        | sudo python3 - \
-          --admin <admin-user-name>
-
-   .. note::
-
-      See :ref:`topic/installer-actions` if you want to understand exactly what the installer is doing.
-      :ref:`topic/customizing-installer` documents other options that can be passed to the installer.
-
-#. Under **Execution Strategy Type**, select **Run script on first boot**.
-
-#. Under **Deployment Type**, select **Wait for script to complete**.
-
-#. Click the **Save and Add Script** button on the bottom right. This should hide
-   the dialog box.
-
-#. Click the **Continue to Launch** button on the bottom right. This should put you
-   back in the **Launch an Instance / Basic Options** dialog box again.
-
-#. Click the **Launch Instance** button on the bottom right. This should turn it
-   into a spinner, and your server is getting created!
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/jetstream/launching-spinner.png
-      :alt: Launch button turns into a spinner
-
-#. You'll now be shown a dashboard with all your servers and their states. The
-   server you just launched will progress through various stages of set up,
-   and you can see the progress here.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/jetstream/deployment-in-progress.png
-      :alt: Instances dashboard showing deployment in progress.
-
-#. It will take about ten minutes for your server to come up. The status will
-   say **Active** and the progress bar will be a solid green. At this point,
-   your JupyterHub is ready for use!
-
-#. Copy the **IP Address** of your server, and try accessing it from a web
-   browser. It should give you a JupyterHub login page.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/first-login.png
-      :alt: JupyterHub log-in page
-
-#. Login using the **admin user name** you used in step 8, and a password. Use a
-   strong password & note it down somewhere, since this will be the password for
-   the admin user account from now on.
-
-#. Congratulations, you have a running working JupyterHub!
-
-Step 2: Adding more users
-==========================
-
-.. include:: add_users.txt
-
-Step 3: Install conda / pip packages for all users
-==================================================
-
-.. include:: add_packages.txt

docs/install/ovh.md

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+(install-ovh)=
+
+# Installing on OVH
+
+## Goal
+
+By the end of this tutorial, you should have a JupyterHub with some admin
+users and a user environment with packages you want installed running on
+[OVH](https://www.ovh.com).
+
+## Pre-requisites
+
+1. An OVH account.
+
+## Step 1: Installing The Littlest JupyterHub
+
+Let's create the server on which we can run JupyterHub.
+
+1.  Log in to the [OVH Control Panel](https://www.ovh.com/auth/).
+
+2.  Click the **Public Cloud** button in the navigation bar.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/ovh/public-cloud.png
+    :alt: Public Cloud entry in the navigation bar
+    ```
+
+3.  If you don't have an OVH Stack, you can create one by clicking on the following button:
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/ovh/create-ovh-stack.png
+    :alt: Button to create an OVH stack
+    ```
+
+4.  Select a name for the project:
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/ovh/project-name.png
+    :alt: Select a name for the project
+    ```
+
+5.  If you don't have a payment method yet, select one and click on "Create my project":
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/ovh/payment.png
+    :alt: Select a payment method
+    ```
+
+6.  Using the **Public Cloud interface**, click on **Create an instance**:
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/ovh/create-instance.png
+    :alt: Create a new instance
+    ```
+
+7.  **Select a model** for the instance. A good start is the **S1-4** model under **Shared resources** which comes with 4GB RAM, 1 vCores and 20GB SSD.
+
+8.  **Select a region**.
+
+9.  Select **Ubuntu 22.04** as the image:
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/ovh/distribution.png
+    :alt: Select Ubuntu 22.04 as the image
+    ```
+
+10. OVH requires setting an SSH key to be able to connect to the instance.
+    You can create a new SSH by following
+    [these instructions](https://help.github.com/en/enterprise/2.16/user/articles/generating-a-new-ssh-key-and-adding-it-to-the-ssh-agent).
+    Be sure to copy the content of the `~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub` file, which corresponds to the **public part** of the SSH key.
+
+11. Select **Configure your instance**, and select a name for the instance.
+    Under **Post-installation script**, copy the text below and paste it in the text box.
+    Replace `<admin-user-name>` with the name of the first **admin user** for this
+    JupyterHub. This admin user can log in after the JupyterHub is set up, and
+    can configure it to their needs. **Remember to add your username**!
+
+    ```bash
+    #!/bin/bash
+    curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
+      | sudo python3 - \
+        --admin <admin-user-name>
+    ```
+
+    :::{note}
+    See [](/topic/installer-actions) if you want to understand exactly what the installer is doing.
+    [](/topic/customizing-installer) documents other options that can be passed to the installer.
+    :::
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/ovh/configuration.png
+    :alt: Add post-installation script
+    ```
+
+12. Select a billing period: monthly or hourly.
+
+13. Click the **Create an instance** button! You will be taken to a different screen,
+    where you can see progress of your server being created.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/ovh/create-instance.png
+    :alt: Select suitable hostname for your server
+    ```
+
+14. In a few seconds your server will be created, and you can see the **public IP**
+    used to access it.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/providers/ovh/public-ip.png
+    :alt: Server finished creating, public IP available
+    ```
+
+15. The Littlest JupyterHub is now installing in the background on your new server.
+    It takes around 5-10 minutes for this installation to complete.
+
+16. Check if the installation is complete by copying the **public ip**
+    of your server, and trying to access it with a browser. This will fail until
+    the installation is complete, so be patient.
+
+17. When the installation is complete, it should give you a JupyterHub login page.
+
+    ```{image} ../images/first-login.png
+    :alt: JupyterHub log-in page
+    ```
+
+18. Login using the **admin user name** you used in step 6, and a password. Use a
+    strong password & note it down somewhere, since this will be the password for
+    the admin user account from now on.
+
+19. Congratulations, you have a running working JupyterHub!
+
+## Step 2: Adding more users
+
+```{include} add-users.md
+
+```
+
+## Step 3: Install conda / pip packages for all users
+
+```{include} add-packages.md
+
+```

docs/install/ovh.rst

@@ -1,127 +0,0 @@
-.. _install/ovh:
-
-=================
-Installing on OVH
-=================
-
-Goal
-====
-
-By the end of this tutorial, you should have a JupyterHub with some admin
-users and a user environment with packages you want installed running on
-`OVH <https://www.ovh.com>`_.
-
-Pre-requisites
-==============
-
-#. An OVH account.
-
-Step 1: Installing The Littlest JupyterHub
-==========================================
-
-Let's create the server on which we can run JupyterHub.
-
-#. Log in to the `OVH Control Panel <https://www.ovh.com/auth/>`_.
-
-#. Click the **Public Cloud** button in the navigation bar.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/ovh/public-cloud.png
-      :alt: Public Cloud entry in the navigation bar
-
-#. If you don't have an OVH Stack, you can create one by clicking on the following button:
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/ovh/create-ovh-stack.png
-      :alt: Button to create an OVH stack
-      
-#. Select a name for the project:
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/ovh/project-name.png
-      :alt: Select a name for the project
-
-#. If you don't have a payment method yet, select one and click on "Create my project":
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/ovh/payment.png
-      :alt: Select a payment method
-
-#. Using the **Public Cloud interface**, click on **Create an instance**:
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/ovh/create-instance.png
-      :alt: Create a new instance
-      
-#. **Select a model** for the instance. A good start is the **S1-4** model under **Shared resources** which comes with 4GB RAM, 1 vCores and 20GB SSD.
-      
-#. **Select a region**.
-
-#. Select **Ubuntu 18.04** as the image:
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/ovh/distribution.png
-      :alt: Select Ubuntu 18.04 as the image
-
-#. OVH requires setting an SSH key to be able to connect to the instance.
-   You can create a new SSH by following
-   `these instructions <https://help.github.com/en/enterprise/2.16/user/articles/generating-a-new-ssh-key-and-adding-it-to-the-ssh-agent>`_.
-   Be sure to copy the content of the ``~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub`` file, which corresponds to the **public part** of the SSH key.
-
-#. Select **Configure your instance**, and select a name for the instance.
-   Under **Post-installation script**, copy the text below and paste it in the text box.
-   Replace ``<admin-user-name>`` with the name of the first **admin user** for this
-   JupyterHub. This admin user can log in after the JupyterHub is set up, and
-   can configure it to their needs. **Remember to add your username**!
-
-   .. code-block:: bash
-
-      #!/bin/bash
-      curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
-        | sudo python3 - \
-          --admin <admin-user-name>
-
-   .. note::
-
-      See :ref:`topic/installer-actions` if you want to understand exactly what the installer is doing.
-      :ref:`topic/customizing-installer` documents other options that can be passed to the installer.
-
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/ovh/configuration.png
-      :alt: Add post-installation script
-
-#. Select a billing period: monthly or hourly.
-
-#. Click the **Create an instance** button! You will be taken to a different screen,
-   where you can see progress of your server being created.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/ovh/create-instance.png
-      :alt: Select suitable hostname for your server
-
-#. In a few seconds your server will be created, and you can see the **public IP**
-   used to access it.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/providers/ovh/public-ip.png
-      :alt: Server finished creating, public IP available
-
-#. The Littlest JupyterHub is now installing in the background on your new server.
-   It takes around 5-10 minutes for this installation to complete.
-
-#. Check if the installation is complete by copying the **public ip**
-   of your server, and trying to access it with a browser. This will fail until
-   the installation is complete, so be patient.
-
-#. When the installation is complete, it should give you a JupyterHub login page.
-
-   .. image:: ../images/first-login.png
-      :alt: JupyterHub log-in page
-
-#. Login using the **admin user name** you used in step 6, and a password. Use a
-   strong password & note it down somewhere, since this will be the password for
-   the admin user account from now on.
-
-#. Congratulations, you have a running working JupyterHub!
-
-Step 2: Adding more users
-==========================
-
-.. include:: add_users.txt
-
-Step 3: Install conda / pip packages for all users
-==================================================
-
-.. include:: add_packages.txt

docs/reference/changelog.md

@@ -1,8 +1,159 @@
-# 0.2.0 - 2023-02-27
+(changelog)=
+
+# Changelog
+
+## 1.0
+
+### 1.0.0 - 2023-08-11
+
+This release bundles with the latest available software from the JupyterHub
+ecosystem.
+
+The TLJH project now has tests to verify upgrades of installations between
+releases and procedures with automation to make releases. Going onwards, TLJH
+installations of version 0.2.0 and later are meant to be easy to upgrade.
+
+For instructions on how to make an upgrade, see [](howto-admin-upgrade-tljh).
+
+#### Breaking changes
+
+- JupyterHub 1.\* has been upgraded to >=4.0.2,<5
+  - This upgrade requires user servers to be restarted if they were running
+    during the upgrade.
+  - Refer to the [JupyterHub changelog] for details where you pay attention to
+    the entries for JupyterHub version 2.0.0, 3.0.0, and 4.0.0.
+- Several JupyterHub Authenticators has been upgraded a major version, inspect
+  the changelog for the authenticator class your installation makes use of. For
+  links to the changelogs, see the section below.
+- The configured JupyterHub Proxy class `traefik-proxy` and the `traefik` server
+  controlled by JupyterHub via the proxy class has been upgraded to a new major
+  version, but no breaking change are expected to be noticed for users of this
+  distribution.
+- The configured JupyterHub Spawner class `jupyterhub-systemdspawner` has been
+  upgraded to a new major version, but no breaking change are expected to be
+  noticed for users of this distribution.
+- User servers now launch into `/lab` by default, to revert this a JupyterHub
+  admin user can do `sudo tljh-config set user_environment.default_app classic`
+  or set the JupyterHub config `c.Spawner.default_url` directly.
+
+[jupyterhub changelog]: https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/stable/changelog.html
+
+#### Notable dependencies updated
+
+A TLJH installation provides a Python environment where the software for
+JupyterHub itself runs - _the hub environment_, and a Python environment where the
+software of users runs - _the user environment_.
+
+If you are installing TLJH for the first time, the user environment will be
+setup initially with Python 3.10 and some other packages described in
+[tljh/requirements-user-env-extras.txt].
+
+If you are upgrading to this version of TLJH, the bare minimum is changed in the
+user environment. The hub environment's dependencies are on the other hand
+always upgraded to the latest version within the specified version range defined
+in [tljh/requirements-hub-env.txt] and seen below.
+
+[tljh/requirements-user-env-extras.txt]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/blob/1.0.0/tljh/requirements-user-env-extras.txt
+[tljh/requirements-hub-env.txt]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/blob/1.0.0/tljh/requirements-hub-env.txt
+
+The changes in the respective environments between TLJH version 0.2.0 and 1.0.0
+are summarized below.
+
+| Dependency changes in the _hub environment_                                    | Version in 0.2.0 | Version in 1.0.0 | Changelog link                                                                           | Note                                                 |
+| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ---------------- | ---------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- |
+| [jupyterhub](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub)                         | 1.\*             | >=4.0.2,<5       | [Changelog](https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference/changelog.html)        | Running in the `jupyterhub` systemd service          |
+| [traefik](https://github.com/traefik/traefik)                                  | 1.7.33           | 2.10.1           | [Changelog](https://github.com/traefik/traefik/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md)                 | Running in the `traefik` systemd service             |
+| [traefik-proxy](https://github.com/jupyterhub/traefik-proxy)                   | 0.3.\*           | >=1.1.0,<2       | [Changelog](https://jupyterhub-traefik-proxy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/changelog.html)    | Run by jupyterhub, controls `traefik`                |
+| [systemdspawner](https://github.com/jupyterhub/systemdspawner)                 | 0.16.\*          | >=1.0.1,<2       | [Changelog](https://github.com/jupyterhub/systemdspawner/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md)       | Run by jupyterhub, controls user servers via systemd |
+| [jupyterhub-idle-culler](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub-idle-culler) | 1.\*             | >=1.2.1,<2       | [Changelog](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub-idle-culler/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md) | Run by jupyterhub, stops inactivate servers etc.     |
+| [firstuseauthenticator](https://github.com/jupyterhub/firstuseauthenticator)   | 1.\*             | >=1.0.0,<2       | [Changelog](https://oauthenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/changelog.html)    | An optional way to authenticate users                |
+| [tmpauthenticator](https://github.com/jupyterhub/tmpauthenticator)             | 0.6.\*           | >=1.0.0,<2       | [Changelog](https://github.com/jupyterhub/tmpauthenticator/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md)       | An optional way to authenticate users                |
+| [nativeauthenticator](https://github.com/jupyterhub/nativeauthenticator)       | 1.\*             | >=1.2.0,<2       | [Changelog](https://github.com/jupyterhub/nativeauthenticator/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md)    | An optional way to authenticate users                |
+| [oauthenticator](https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator)                 | 14.\*            | >=16.0.4,<17     | [Changelog](https://oauthenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/changelog.html)    | An optional way to authenticate users                |
+| [ldapauthenticator](https://github.com/jupyterhub/ldapauthenticator)           | 1.\*             | >=1.3.2,<2       | [Changelog](https://github.com/jupyterhub/ldapauthenticator/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md)      | An optional way to authenticate users                |
+| [pip](https://github.com/pypa/pip)                                             | 21.3.\*          | >=23.1.2         | [Changelog](https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/news/)                                         | -                                                    |
+
+| Dependency changes in the _user environment_             | Version in 0.2.0 | Version in 1.0.0 | Changelog link                                                                    | Note                     |
+| -------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------- | ---------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------ |
+| [jupyterhub](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub)   | 1.\*             | >=4.0.2,<5       | [Changelog](https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference/changelog.html) | Always upgraded.         |
+| [pip](https://github.com/pypa/pip)                       | \*               | >=23.1.2         | [Changelog](https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/news/)                                  | Only upgraded if needed. |
+| [conda](https://docs.conda.io/projects/conda/en/stable/) | 0.16.0           | >=0.16.0         | [Changelog](https://docs.conda.io/projects/conda/en/stable/release-notes.html)    | Only upgraded if needed. |
+| [mamba](https://mamba.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)         | 4.10.3           | >=4.10.0         | [Changelog](https://github.com/mamba-org/mamba/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md)            | Only upgraded if needed. |
+
+#### New features added
+
+- Add http[s].address config to control where traefik listens [#905](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/905) ([@nsurleraux-railnova](https://github.com/nsurleraux-railnova), [@minrk](https://github.com/minrk))
+- Add support for debian >=10 to bootstrap.py [#800](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/800) ([@jochym](https://github.com/jochym), [@minrk](https://github.com/minrk), [@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@manics](https://github.com/manics), [@yuvipanda](https://github.com/yuvipanda))
+
+#### Enhancements made
+
+- added `remove_named_servers` setting for jupyterhub-idle-culler [#881](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/881) ([@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio))
+- Traefik v2, TraefikProxy v1 [#861](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/861) ([@minrk](https://github.com/minrk), [@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@MridulS](https://github.com/MridulS))
+
+#### Maintenance and upkeep improvements
+
+- Update Notebook, JupyterLab, Jupyter Resource Usage [#928](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/928) ([@jtpio](https://github.com/jtpio), [@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio))
+- Launch into `/lab` by default by changing TLJH config's default value [#775](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/775) ([@raybellwaves](https://github.com/raybellwaves), [@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@GeorgianaElena](https://github.com/GeorgianaElena), [@minrk](https://github.com/minrk), [@manics](https://github.com/manics))
+- breaking: update oauthenticator from 15.1.0 to >=16.0.2,<17, make tljh auth docs link out [#924](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/924) ([@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@manics](https://github.com/manics), [@minrk](https://github.com/minrk))
+- test refactor: add comment about python/conda/mamba [#921](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/921) ([@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio))
+- --force-reinstall old conda to ensure it's working before we try to install conda packages [#920](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/920) ([@minrk](https://github.com/minrk), [@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio))
+- test refactor: put bootstrap tests in an isolated job, save ~3 min in each of the integration test jobs [#919](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/919) ([@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@minrk](https://github.com/minrk))
+- maint: refactor tests, fix upgrade tests (now correctly failing) [#916](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/916) ([@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@minrk](https://github.com/minrk))
+- Update systemdspawner from version 0.17.\* to >=1.0.1,<2 [#915](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/915) ([@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@minrk](https://github.com/minrk), [@manics](https://github.com/manics))
+- Fix recently introduced failure to upper bound systemdspawner [#914](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/914) ([@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@minrk](https://github.com/minrk))
+- Stop bundling jupyterhub-configurator which has been disabled by default [#912](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/912) ([@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@GeorgianaElena](https://github.com/GeorgianaElena), [@yuvipanda](https://github.com/yuvipanda))
+- Update nativeauthenticator, tmpauthenticator, and jupyterhub-configurator [#900](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/900) ([@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@minrk](https://github.com/minrk))
+- ensure hub env is on $PATH in jupyterhub service [#895](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/895) ([@minrk](https://github.com/minrk), [@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@manics](https://github.com/manics))
+- pre-commit: add isort and autoflake [#893](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/893) ([@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@minrk](https://github.com/minrk))
+- Upgrade pip in hub env from 21.3 to to 23.1 when bootstrap script runs [#892](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/892) ([@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@minrk](https://github.com/minrk))
+- pre-commit.ci configured to update pre-commit hooks on a monthly basis [#891](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/891) ([@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio))
+- Only upgrade jupyterhub in user env when upgrading tljh, ensure pip>=23.1.2 in user env [#890](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/890) ([@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@manics](https://github.com/manics), [@minrk](https://github.com/minrk))
+- add integration test for hub version [#886](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/886) ([@minrk](https://github.com/minrk), [@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio))
+- update: jupyterhub 4 [#880](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/880) ([@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@minrk](https://github.com/minrk))
+- maint: add upgrade test from main branch, latest release, and 0.2.0 [#876](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/876) ([@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@minrk](https://github.com/minrk))
+- dependabot: monthly updates of github actions [#871](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/871) ([@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio))
+- maint: remove deprecated nteract-on-jupyter [#869](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/869) ([@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@yuvipanda](https://github.com/yuvipanda))
+- avoid registering duplicate log handlers [#862](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/862) ([@minrk](https://github.com/minrk), [@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio))
+- bump version to 1.0.0.dev0 [#859](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/859) ([@minrk](https://github.com/minrk), [@manics](https://github.com/manics))
+- Update base user environment to mambaforge 23.1.0-1 (Python 3.10) [#858](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/858) ([@minrk](https://github.com/minrk), [@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@manics](https://github.com/manics))
+- require ubuntu 20.04, test on debian 11, require Python 3.8 [#856](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/856) ([@minrk](https://github.com/minrk), [@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@manics](https://github.com/manics))
+- update: jupyterhub 3, oauthenticator 15, systemdspawner 0.17 (user env: ipywidgets 8) [#842](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/842) ([@yuvipanda](https://github.com/yuvipanda), [@manics](https://github.com/manics), [@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@minrk](https://github.com/minrk))
+- Release 0.2.0 (JupyterHub 1.\*) [#838](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/838) ([@manics](https://github.com/manics), [@minrk](https://github.com/minrk))
+
+#### Documentation improvements
+
+- docs: add docs about environments and upgrades [#932](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/932) ([@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@minrk](https://github.com/minrk))
+- Add `JupyterLab` setting overrides docs [#922](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/922) ([@jrdnbradford](https://github.com/jrdnbradford), [@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio))
+- Quote `pwd` to prevent error if dir has spaces [#917](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/917) ([@jrdnbradford](https://github.com/jrdnbradford), [@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio))
+- Google Cloud troubleshooting and configuration updates [#906](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/906) ([@jrdnbradford](https://github.com/jrdnbradford), [@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio))
+- Add user env doc files [#902](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/902) ([@jrdnbradford](https://github.com/jrdnbradford), [@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio))
+- Update Google auth docs [#898](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/898) ([@jrdnbradford](https://github.com/jrdnbradford), [@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio))
+- docs: disable navigation with arrow keys [#896](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/896) ([@MridulS](https://github.com/MridulS), [@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio))
+- docs(awscognito): add custom claims example [#887](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/887) ([@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio))
+- Docs: Update DigitalOcean install instructions with new screenshot for "user data" [#883](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/883) ([@audiodude](https://github.com/audiodude), [@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio))
+- Typo : username -> admin-user-name [#879](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/879) ([@Rom1deTroyes](https://github.com/Rom1deTroyes), [@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio))
+- docs: fix readme badge for tests [#878](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/878) ([@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio))
+- docs: fix remaining issues following rst to myst transition [#870](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/870) ([@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio))
+- docs: transition from rst to myst markdown using rst2myst [#863](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/863) ([@minrk](https://github.com/minrk), [@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio), [@jrdnbradford](https://github.com/jrdnbradford))
+- Typo in user-environment.rst [#849](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/849) ([@jawiv](https://github.com/jawiv), [@minrk](https://github.com/minrk))
+- Recommend Ubuntu 22.04 in docs [#843](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/843) ([@adonm](https://github.com/adonm), [@consideRatio](https://github.com/consideRatio))
+
+#### Contributors to this release
+
+The following people contributed discussions, new ideas, code and documentation contributions, and review.
+See [our definition of contributors](https://github-activity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#how-does-this-tool-define-contributions-in-the-reports).
+
+([GitHub contributors page for this release](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/graphs/contributors?from=2023-02-27&to=2023-08-11&type=c))
+
+@adonm ([activity](https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Ajupyterhub%2Fthe-littlest-jupyterhub+involves%3Aadonm+updated%3A2023-02-27..2023-08-11&type=Issues)) | @audiodude ([activity](https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Ajupyterhub%2Fthe-littlest-jupyterhub+involves%3Aaudiodude+updated%3A2023-02-27..2023-08-11&type=Issues)) | @choldgraf ([activity](https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Ajupyterhub%2Fthe-littlest-jupyterhub+involves%3Acholdgraf+updated%3A2023-02-27..2023-08-11&type=Issues)) | @consideRatio ([activity](https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Ajupyterhub%2Fthe-littlest-jupyterhub+involves%3AconsideRatio+updated%3A2023-02-27..2023-08-11&type=Issues)) | @eingemaischt ([activity](https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Ajupyterhub%2Fthe-littlest-jupyterhub+involves%3Aeingemaischt+updated%3A2023-02-27..2023-08-11&type=Issues)) | @GeorgianaElena ([activity](https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Ajupyterhub%2Fthe-littlest-jupyterhub+involves%3AGeorgianaElena+updated%3A2023-02-27..2023-08-11&type=Issues)) | @Hannnsen ([activity](https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Ajupyterhub%2Fthe-littlest-jupyterhub+involves%3AHannnsen+updated%3A2023-02-27..2023-08-11&type=Issues)) | @jawiv ([activity](https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Ajupyterhub%2Fthe-littlest-jupyterhub+involves%3Ajawiv+updated%3A2023-02-27..2023-08-11&type=Issues)) | @jochym ([activity](https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Ajupyterhub%2Fthe-littlest-jupyterhub+involves%3Ajochym+updated%3A2023-02-27..2023-08-11&type=Issues)) | @jrdnbradford ([activity](https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Ajupyterhub%2Fthe-littlest-jupyterhub+involves%3Ajrdnbradford+updated%3A2023-02-27..2023-08-11&type=Issues)) | @jtpio ([activity](https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Ajupyterhub%2Fthe-littlest-jupyterhub+involves%3Ajtpio+updated%3A2023-02-27..2023-08-11&type=Issues)) | @kevmk04 ([activity](https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Ajupyterhub%2Fthe-littlest-jupyterhub+involves%3Akevmk04+updated%3A2023-02-27..2023-08-11&type=Issues)) | @manics ([activity](https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Ajupyterhub%2Fthe-littlest-jupyterhub+involves%3Amanics+updated%3A2023-02-27..2023-08-11&type=Issues)) | @minrk ([activity](https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Ajupyterhub%2Fthe-littlest-jupyterhub+involves%3Aminrk+updated%3A2023-02-27..2023-08-11&type=Issues)) | @MridulS ([activity](https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Ajupyterhub%2Fthe-littlest-jupyterhub+involves%3AMridulS+updated%3A2023-02-27..2023-08-11&type=Issues)) | @nsurleraux-railnova ([activity](https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Ajupyterhub%2Fthe-littlest-jupyterhub+involves%3Ansurleraux-railnova+updated%3A2023-02-27..2023-08-11&type=Issues)) | @raybellwaves ([activity](https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Ajupyterhub%2Fthe-littlest-jupyterhub+involves%3Araybellwaves+updated%3A2023-02-27..2023-08-11&type=Issues)) | @Rom1deTroyes ([activity](https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Ajupyterhub%2Fthe-littlest-jupyterhub+involves%3ARom1deTroyes+updated%3A2023-02-27..2023-08-11&type=Issues)) | @wjcapehart ([activity](https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Ajupyterhub%2Fthe-littlest-jupyterhub+involves%3Awjcapehart+updated%3A2023-02-27..2023-08-11&type=Issues)) | @yuvipanda ([activity](https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Ajupyterhub%2Fthe-littlest-jupyterhub+involves%3Ayuvipanda+updated%3A2023-02-27..2023-08-11&type=Issues))
+
+## 0.2.0
+
+### 0.2.0 - 2023-02-27
 
 ([full changelog](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/compare/4a74ad17a1a19f6378efe12a01ba634ed90f1e03...0.2.0))
 
-## Merged PRs
+#### Merged PRs
 
 - Fix broken CI [#851](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/851) ([@pnasrat](https://github.com/pnasrat))
 - Ensure SQLAlchemy 1.x used for hub [#848](https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/pull/848) ([@pnasrat](https://github.com/pnasrat))

docs/reference/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# Reference
+
+The reference documentation is meant to provide narrowly scoped technical
+descriptions that other documentation can link to for details.
+
+```{toctree}
+:titlesonly: true
+
+changelog
+```

docs/requirements.txt

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+myst-parser>=0.19
 pydata-sphinx-theme
 # Sphix 6.0.0 breaks pydata-sphinx-theme
 # See pydata/pydata-sphinx-theme#1094

docs/topic/authenticator-configuration.md

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+(topic-authenticator-configuration)=
+
+# Configuring JupyterHub authenticators
+
+Any [JupyterHub authenticator](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/wiki/Authenticators)
+can be used with TLJH. A number of them ship by default with TLJH:
+
+1. [OAuthenticator](https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator) - Google, GitHub, CILogon,
+   GitLab, Globus, Mediawiki, auth0, generic OpenID connect (for KeyCloak, etc) and other
+   OAuth based authentication methods.
+2. [LDAPAuthenticator](https://github.com/jupyterhub/ldapauthenticator) - LDAP & Active Directory.
+3. [DummyAuthenticator](https://github.com/yuvipanda/jupyterhub-dummy-authenticator) - Any username,
+   one shared password. A [how-to guide on using DummyAuthenticator](howto-auth-dummy) is also
+   available.
+4. [FirstUseAuthenticator](https://github.com/yuvipanda/jupyterhub-firstuseauthenticator) - Users set
+   their password when they log in for the first time. Default authenticator used in TLJH.
+5. [TmpAuthenticator](https://github.com/jupyterhub/tmpauthenticator) - Opens the JupyterHub to the
+   world, makes a new user every time someone logs in.
+6. [NativeAuthenticator](https://native-authenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) - Allow users to signup, add password security verification and block users after failed attempts oflogin.
+
+We try to have specific how-to guides & tutorials for common authenticators. Since we can not cover
+everything, this guide shows you how to use any authenticator you want with JupyterHub by following
+the authenticator's documentation.
+
+## Setting authenticator properties
+
+JupyterHub authenticators are customized by setting _traitlet properties_. In the authenticator's
+documentation, you will find these are usually represented as:
+
+```python
+c.<AuthenticatorName>.<property-name> = <some-value>
+```
+
+You can set these with `tljh-config` with:
+
+```bash
+sudo tljh-config set auth.<AuthenticatorName>.<property-name> <some-value>
+```
+
+### Example
+
+[LDAPAuthenticator's documentation](https://github.com/jupyterhub/ldapauthenticator#required-configuration)
+lists the various configuration options you can set for LDAPAuthenticator.
+When the documentation asks you to set `LDAPAuthenticator.server_address`
+to some value, you can do that with the following command:
+
+```bash
+sudo tljh-config set auth.LDAPAuthenticator.server_address 'my-ldap-server'
+```
+
+Most authenticators require you set multiple configuration options before you can
+enable them. Read the authenticator's documentation carefully for more information.
+
+## Enabling the authenticator
+
+Once you have configured the authenticator as you want, you should then
+enable it. Usually, the documentation for the authenticator would ask you to add
+something like the following to your `jupyterhub_config.py` to enable it:
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.authenticator_class = 'fully-qualified-authenticator-name'
+```
+
+You can accomplish the same with `tljh-config`:
+
+```bash
+sudo tljh-config set auth.type <fully-qualified-authenticator-name>
+```
+
+Once enabled, you need to reload JupyterHub for the config to take effect.
+
+```bash
+sudo tljh-config reload
+```
+
+Try logging in a separate incognito window to check if your configuration works. This
+lets you preserve your terminal in case there were errors. If there are
+errors, [](/troubleshooting/logs) should help you debug them.
+
+### Example
+
+From the [documentation](https://github.com/jupyterhub/ldapauthenticator#usage) for
+LDAPAuthenticator, we see that the fully qualified name is `ldapauthenticator.LDAPAuthenticator`.
+Assuming you have already configured it, the following commands enable LDAPAuthenticator.
+
+```bash
+sudo tljh-config set auth.type ldapauthenticator.LDAPAuthenticator
+sudo tljh-config reload
+```

docs/topic/authenticator-configuration.rst

@@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
-.. _topic/authenticator-configuration:
-
-=====================================
-Configuring JupyterHub authenticators
-=====================================
-
-Any `JupyterHub authenticator <https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/wiki/Authenticators>`_
-can be used with TLJH. A number of them ship by default with TLJH:
-
-#. `OAuthenticator <https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator>`_ - Google, GitHub, CILogon,
-   GitLab, Globus, Mediawiki, auth0, generic OpenID connect (for KeyCloak, etc) and other
-   OAuth based authentication methods.
-#. `LDAPAuthenticator <https://github.com/jupyterhub/ldapauthenticator>`_ - LDAP & Active Directory.
-#. `DummyAuthenticator <https://github.com/yuvipanda/jupyterhub-dummy-authenticator>`_ - Any username,
-   one shared password. A :ref:`how-to guide on using DummyAuthenticator <howto/auth/dummy>` is also
-   available.
-#. `FirstUseAuthenticator <https://github.com/yuvipanda/jupyterhub-firstuseauthenticator>`_ - Users set
-   their password when they log in for the first time. Default authenticator used in TLJH.
-#. `TmpAuthenticator <https://github.com/jupyterhub/tmpauthenticator>`_ - Opens the JupyterHub to the
-   world, makes a new user every time someone logs in.
-#. `NativeAuthenticator <https://native-authenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_ - Allow users to signup, add password security verification and block users after failed attempts oflogin. 
-
-We try to have specific how-to guides & tutorials for common authenticators. Since we can not cover
-everything, this guide shows you how to use any authenticator you want with JupyterHub by following
-the authenticator's documentation.
-
-Setting authenticator properties
-================================
-
-JupyterHub authenticators are customized by setting *traitlet properties*. In the authenticator's
-documentation, you will find these are usually represented as:
-
-.. code-block:: python
-
-   c.<AuthenticatorName>.<property-name> = <some-value>
-
-You can set these with ``tljh-config`` with:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-   sudo tljh-config set auth.<AuthenticatorName>.<property-name> <some-value>
-
-Example
--------
-
-`LDAPAuthenticator's documentation <https://github.com/jupyterhub/ldapauthenticator#required-configuration>`_
-lists the various configuration options you can set for LDAPAuthenticator.
-When the documentation asks you to set ``LDAPAuthenticator.server_address``
-to some value, you can do that with the following command:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-   sudo tljh-config set auth.LDAPAuthenticator.server_address 'my-ldap-server'
-
-Most authenticators require you set multiple configuration options before you can
-enable them. Read the authenticator's documentation carefully for more information.
-
-Enabling the authenticator
-==========================
-
-Once you have configured the authenticator as you want, you should then
-enable it. Usually, the documentation for the authenticator would ask you to add
-something like the following to your ``jupyterhub_config.py`` to enable it:
-
-.. code-block:: python
-
-   c.JupyterHub.authenticator_class = 'fully-qualified-authenticator-name'
-
-You can accomplish the same with ``tljh-config``:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-   sudo tljh-config set auth.type <fully-qualified-authenticator-name>
-
-Once enabled, you need to reload JupyterHub for the config to take effect.
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-   sudo tljh-config reload
-
-Try logging in a separate incognito window to check if your configuration works. This
-lets you preserve your terminal in case there were errors. If there are
-errors, :ref:`troubleshooting/logs` should help you debug them.
-
-Example
--------
-
-From the `documentation <https://github.com/jupyterhub/ldapauthenticator#usage>`_ for
-LDAPAuthenticator, we see that the fully qualified name is ``ldapauthenticator.LDAPAuthenticator``.
-Assuming you have already configured it, the following commands enable LDAPAuthenticator.
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-   sudo tljh-config set auth.type ldapauthenticator.LDAPAuthenticator
-   sudo tljh-config reload

docs/topic/customizing-installer.md

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+(topic-customizing-installer)=
+
+# Customizing the Installer
+
+The installer can be customized with commandline parameters. The default installer
+is executed as:
+
+```bash
+curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
+ | sudo python3 - \
+   <parameters>
+```
+
+This page documents the various options you can pass as commandline parameters to the installer.
+
+(topic-customizing-installer-admin)=
+
+## Serving a temporary "TLJH is building" page
+
+`--show-progress-page` serves a temporary "TLJH is building" progress page while TLJH is building.
+
+```{image} ../images/tljh-is-building-page.gif
+:alt: Temporary progress page while TLJH is building
+```
+
+- The page will be accessible at `http://<tljh-public-ip>/index.html` in your browser.
+  When TLJH installation is complete, the progress page page will stop and you will be able
+  to access TLJH as usually at `http://<tljh-public-ip>`.
+- From the progress page, you will also be able to access the installation logs, by clicking the
+  **Logs** button or by going directly to `http://<tljh-public-ip>/logs` in your browser.
+  To update the logs, refresh the page.
+
+:::{note}
+The `http://<tljh-public-ip>/index.html` page refreshes itself automatically every 30s.
+When JupyterHub starts, a JupyterHub 404 HTTP error message (_Jupyter has lots of moons, but this is not one..._)
+will be shown instead of the progress page. This means JupyterHub was started succesfully and you can access it
+either by clicking the `Control Panel` button or by going to `http://<tljh-public-ip>/` directly.
+:::
+
+For example, to enable the progress page and add the first _admin_ user, you would run:
+
+```bash
+curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
+| sudo python3 - \
+ --admin admin --show-progress-page
+```
+
+## Adding admin users
+
+`--admin <username>:<password>` adds user `<username>` to JupyterHub as an admin user
+and sets its password to be `<password>`.
+Although it is not recommended, it is possible to only set the admin username at this point
+and set the admin password after the installation.
+
+Also, the `--admin` flag can be repeated multiple times. For example, to add `admin-user1`
+and `admin-user2` as admins when installing, depending if you would like to set their passwords
+during install you would:
+
+- set `admin-user1` with password `password-user1` and `admin-user2` with `password-user2` using:
+
+```bash
+curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
+ | sudo python3 - \
+   --admin admin-user1:password-user1 --admin admin-user2:password-user2
+```
+
+- set `admin-user1` and `admin-user2` to be admins, without any passwords at this stage, using:
+
+```bash
+curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
+ | sudo python3 - \
+   --admin admin-user1 --admin admin-user2
+```
+
+- set `admin-user1` with password `password-user1` and `admin-user2` with no password at this stage using:
+
+```bash
+curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
+ | sudo python3 - \
+   --admin admin-user1:password-user1 --admin admin-user2
+```
+
+## Installing python packages in the user environment
+
+`--user-requirements-txt-url <url-to-requirements.txt>` installs packages specified
+in the `requirements.txt` located at the given URL into the user environment at install
+time. This is very useful when you want to set up a hub with a particular user environment
+in one go.
+
+For example, to install the latest requirements to run UC Berkeley's data8 course
+in your new hub, you would run:
+
+```bash
+curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
+ | sudo python3 - \
+   --user-requirements-txt-url https://raw.githubusercontent.com/data-8/materials-sp18/HEAD/requirements.txt
+```
+
+The URL **must** point to a working requirements.txt. If there are any errors, the installation
+will fail.
+
+:::{note}
+When pointing to a file on GitHub, make sure to use the 'Raw' version. It should point to
+`raw.githubusercontent.com`, not `github.com`.
+:::
+
+## Installing TLJH plugins
+
+The Littlest JupyterHub can install additional _plugins_ that provide additional
+features. They are most commonly used to install a particular _stack_ - such as
+the [PANGEO Stack](https://github.com/yuvipanda/tljh-pangeo) for earth sciences
+research, a stack for a particular class, etc. You can find more information about
+writing plugins and a list of existing plugins at [](/contributing/plugins).
+
+`--plugin <plugin-to-install>` installs and activates a plugin. You can pass it
+however many times you want. Since plugins are distributed as python packages,
+`<plugin-to-install>` can be anything that can be passed to `pip install` -
+`plugin-name-on-pypi==<version>` and `git+https://github.com/user/repo@tag`
+are the most popular ones. Specifying a version or tag is highly recommended.
+
+For example, to install the PANGEO Plugin version 0.1 (if version 0.1 existed)
+in your new TLJH install, you would use:
+
+```bash
+curl -L https://tljh.jupyter.org/bootstrap.py \
+ | sudo python3 - \
+   --plugin git+https://github.com/yuvipanda/tljh-pangeo@v0.1
+```
+
+Multiple plugins can be installed at once with: `--plugin <first-plugin-to-install> <second-plugin-to-install>`.
+
+:::{note}
+Plugins are extremely powerful and can do a large number of arbitrary things.
+Only install plugins you trust.
+:::