feat: remove deprecated functions

feat: add as_something functions for convenience

.travis.yml

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ matrix:
   - os: linux
     language: cpp
     compiler: gcc
-    env: COMPILER="g++-5"
+    env: COMPILER="g++-5" CXX_STANDARD=11
     addons:
       apt:
         sources:
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ matrix:
   - os: linux
     language: cpp
     compiler: gcc
-    env: COMPILER="g++-6"
+    env: COMPILER="g++-6" CXX_STANDARD=11
     addons:
       apt:
         sources:
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ matrix:
   - os: linux
     language: cpp
     compiler: gcc
-    env: COMPILER="g++-7"
+    env: COMPILER="g++-7" CXX_STANDARD=11
     addons:
       apt:
         sources:
@@ -38,7 +38,18 @@ matrix:
   - os: linux
     language: cpp
     compiler: gcc
-    env: COMPILER="g++-8"
+    env: COMPILER="g++-8" CXX_STANDARD=11
+    addons:
+      apt:
+        sources:
+        - ubuntu-toolchain-r-test
+        packages:
+        - g++-8
+        - libboost-all-dev
+  - os: linux
+    language: cpp
+    compiler: gcc
+    env: COMPILER="g++-8" CXX_STANDARD=17
     addons:
       apt:
         sources:
@@ -49,7 +60,7 @@ matrix:
   - os: linux
     language: cpp
     compiler: clang
-    env: COMPILER="clang++-3.7"
+    env: COMPILER="clang++-3.7" CXX_STANDARD=11
     addons:
       apt:
         sources:
@@ -61,7 +72,7 @@ matrix:
   - os: linux
     language: cpp
     compiler: clang
-    env: COMPILER="clang++-4.0"
+    env: COMPILER="clang++-4.0" CXX_STANDARD=11
     addons:
       apt:
         sources:
@@ -73,7 +84,7 @@ matrix:
   - os: linux
     language: cpp
     compiler: clang
-    env: COMPILER="clang++-5.0"
+    env: COMPILER="clang++-5.0" CXX_STANDARD=11
     addons:
       apt:
         sources:
@@ -85,7 +96,7 @@ matrix:
   - os: linux
     language: cpp
     compiler: clang
-    env: COMPILER="clang++-6.0"
+    env: COMPILER="clang++-6.0" CXX_STANDARD=11
     addons:
       apt:
         sources:
@@ -97,7 +108,7 @@ matrix:
   - os: linux
     language: cpp
     compiler: clang
-    env: COMPILER="clang++-7"
+    env: COMPILER="clang++-7" CXX_STANDARD=11
     addons:
       apt:
         sources:
@@ -109,7 +120,7 @@ matrix:
   - os: linux
     language: cpp
     compiler: clang
-    env: COMPILER="clang++-8"
+    env: COMPILER="clang++-8" CXX_STANDARD=11
     addons:
       apt:
         sources:
@@ -118,14 +129,38 @@ matrix:
         packages:
         - clang-8
         - libboost-all-dev
+  - os: linux
+    language: cpp
+    compiler: clang
+    env: COMPILER="clang++-8" CXX_STANDARD=17
+    addons:
+      apt:
+        sources:
+        - ubuntu-toolchain-r-test
+        - llvm-toolchain-trusty-8
+        packages:
+        - clang-8
+        - g++-8
+        - libboost-all-dev
   - os: osx
     language: cpp
     compiler: clang
+    env: CXX_STANDARD=11
 
 script:
+- |
+  if [[ "${TRAVIS_OS_NAME}" == "linux" ]]; then
+    mkdir -p cmake
+    travis_retry wget "https://cmake.org/files/v3.11/cmake-3.11.2-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz"
+    tar xf cmake-3.11.2-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz -C cmake --strip-components=1
+    export PATH=${TRAVIS_BUILD_DIR}/cmake/bin:${PATH}
+  else
+    brew upgrade cmake
+  fi
+- cmake --version
 - mkdir build
 - cd build
 - git clone https://github.com/toml-lang/toml.git
-- cmake -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=$COMPILER ..
+- cmake -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=$COMPILER -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=$CXX_STANDARD ..
 - make
 - ctest --output-on-failure

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ project(toml11)
 
 include(CheckCXXCompilerFlag)
 if("${CMAKE_VERSION}" VERSION_GREATER 3.1)
-    set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 11)
+    set(CMAKE_CXX_EXTENSIONS OFF)
+    if(NOT DEFINED CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD)
+        set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 11)
+    endif()
     set(CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
 else()
     # Manually check for C++11 compiler flag.

README.md

@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ int main()
 - [Conversion between toml value and arbitrary types](#conversion-between-toml-value-and-arbitrary-types)
 - [Invalid UTF-8 Codepoints](#invalid-utf-8-codepoints)
 - [Formatting user-defined error messages](#formatting-user-defined-error-messages)
+- [Getting comments related to a value](#getting-comments)
 - [Serializing TOML data](#serializing-toml-data)
 - [Underlying types](#underlying-types)
 - [Running Tests](#running-tests)
@@ -187,6 +188,12 @@ See also [underlying types](#underlying-types).
 
 NOTE: To enable to get a reference, conversions between Float and Integer are not supported.
 
+After C++17, you can use `std::string_view` to get a string from a `toml::value`.
+
+```cpp
+const auto sv = toml::get<std::string_view>(tab.at("key"));
+```
+
 ### In the case of type error
 
 If you pass an invalid type to `toml::get`, `toml::type_error` will be thrown.
@@ -500,9 +507,9 @@ You can check what type of value does `toml::value` contains by `is_*` function.
 
 ```cpp
 toml::value v = /* ... */;
-if(v.is_integer() && toml::get<int>(v) == 42)
+if(v.is_integer())
 {
-    std::cout << "value is 42" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "value is an integer" << std::endl;
 }
 ```
 
@@ -546,6 +553,36 @@ toml::value v = /* ... */;
 if(v.is(toml::value_t::Boolean)) // ...
 ```
 
+## Casting value
+
+So far, `toml::get` is introduced, but if you don't need any type conversion,
+`as_*` is simpler to use.
+
+```cpp
+toml::value v = /* ... */;
+if(v.is_integer() && v.as_integer() == 42)
+{
+    std::cout << "value is 42" << std::endl;
+}
+```
+
+The complete list of the functions is below.
+
+```cpp
+const toml::value v(/*...*/);
+v.as_boolean();
+v.as_integer();
+v.as_float();
+v.as_string();
+v.as_offset_datetime();
+v.as_local_datetime();
+v.as_local_date();
+v.as_local_time();
+v.as_array();
+v.as_table();
+v.as_uninitialized();
+```
+
 ## Visiting a toml::value
 
 toml11 provides `toml::visit` to apply a function to `toml::value` in the
@@ -603,6 +640,27 @@ toml::value operator""_toml(const char* str, std::size_t len);
 Access to the operator can be gained with `using namespace toml::literals;`,
 `using namespace toml::toml_literals`, and `using namespace toml::literals::toml_literals`.
 
+Note that a key that is composed only of digits is allowed in TOML.
+And, unlike the file parser, toml-literal allows a bare value without a key.
+Thus it is difficult to distinguish arrays having integers and definitions of
+tables that are named as digits.
+Currently, literal `[1]` becomes a table named "1".
+To ensure a literal to be considered as an array with one element, you need to
+add a comma after the first element (like `[1,]`).
+
+```cpp
+"[1,2,3]"_toml;   // This is an array
+"[table]"_toml;   // This is a table that has an empty table named "table" inside.
+"[[1,2,3]]"_toml; // This is an array of arrays
+"[[table]]"_toml; // This is a table that has an array of tables inside.
+
+"[[1]]"_toml;     // This literal is ambiguous.
+                  // Currently, it becomes a table that has array of table "1".
+"1 = [{}]"_toml;  // This is a table that has an array of table named 1.
+"[[1,]]"_toml;    // This is an array of arrays.
+"[[1],]"_toml;    // ditto.
+```
+
 ## Conversion between toml value and arbitrary types
 
 You can also use `toml::get` and other related functions with the types you defined
@@ -810,6 +868,53 @@ you will get an error message like this.
    |       ~~ maximum number here
 ```
 
+## Getting comments
+
+Since toml11 keeps a file data until all the values are destructed, you can
+also extract a comment related to a value by calling `toml::value::comment()`.
+
+If there is a comment just after a value (within the same line), you can get
+the specific comment by `toml::value::comment_inline()`.
+
+If there are comments just before a value (without any newline between them),
+you can get the comments by `toml::value::comment_before()`.
+
+`toml::value::comment()` returns the results of both functions after
+concatenating them.
+
+```toml
+a = 42 # comment for a.
+
+# comment for b.
+# this is also a comment for b.
+b = "foo"
+
+c = [ # comment for c.
+    3.14, # this is not a comment for c, but for 3.14.
+] # this is also a comment for c.
+```
+
+```cpp
+// "# comment for a."
+const std::string com1 = toml::find(data, "a").comment();
+
+// "# comment for b."
+const std::string com2 = toml::find(data, "b").comment();
+
+// "# comment for c.\n# this is also a comment for c."
+const std::string com3 = toml::find(data, "c").comment();
+
+// "# this is not a comment for c, but for 3.14."
+const std::string com3 = toml::find<toml::array>(data, "c").front().comment();
+```
+
+Note that once a data in a value is modified, the related file region
+information would be deleted. Thus after modifying a data, you cannot find any
+comments.
+
+Also note that currently it does not support any way to set a comment to a value.
+And currently, serializer does not take comments into account.
+
 ## Serializing TOML data
 
 toml11 (after v2.1.0) enables you to serialize data into toml format.
@@ -961,11 +1066,13 @@ I appreciate the help of the contributors who introduced the great feature to th
 - Quentin Khan (@xaxousis)
   - Found & Fixed a bug around ODR
   - Improved error messages for invaild keys to show the location where the parser fails
+- Petr Beneš (@wbenny)
+  - Fixed warnings on MSVC
 
 ## Licensing terms
 
 This product is licensed under the terms of the [MIT License](LICENSE).
 
-- Copyright (c) 2017 Toru Niina
+- Copyright (c) 2017-2019 Toru Niina
 
 All rights reserved.

tests/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ set(TEST_NAMES
     test_parse_key
     test_parse_table_key
     test_literals
+    test_comments
     test_get
     test_get_related_func
     test_from_toml

tests/test_comments.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+#define BOOST_TEST_MODULE "test_comments"
+#ifdef UNITTEST_FRAMEWORK_LIBRARY_EXIST
+#include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>
+#else
+#define BOOST_TEST_NO_LIB
+#include <boost/test/included/unit_test.hpp>
+#endif
+
+#include <toml.hpp>
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_comment_before)
+{
+    using namespace toml::literals::toml_literals;
+    {
+        const toml::value v = u8R"(
+            # comment for a.
+            a = 42
+            # comment for b.
+            b = "baz"
+        )"_toml;
+
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "a").comment_before(), u8"# comment for a.");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "b").comment_before(), u8"# comment for b.");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "a").comment_inline(), "");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "b").comment_inline(), "");
+
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "a").comment(), u8"# comment for a.");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "b").comment(), u8"# comment for b.");
+    }
+
+    {
+        const toml::value v = u8R"(
+            # comment for a.
+            # another comment for a.
+            a = 42
+            # comment for b.
+            # also comment for b.
+            b = "baz"
+        )"_toml;
+
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "a").comment_before(), u8R"(# comment for a.
+# another comment for a.)");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "b").comment_before(), u8R"(# comment for b.
+# also comment for b.)");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "a").comment_inline(), u8"");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "b").comment_inline(), u8"");
+
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "a").comment(), u8R"(# comment for a.
+# another comment for a.)");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "b").comment(), u8R"(# comment for b.
+# also comment for b.)");
+    }
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_comment_inline)
+{
+    using namespace toml::literals::toml_literals;
+    {
+        const toml::value v = u8R"(
+            a = 42    # comment for a.
+            b = "baz" # comment for b.
+        )"_toml;
+
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "a").comment_before(), "");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "b").comment_before(), "");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "a").comment_inline(), u8"# comment for a.");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "b").comment_inline(), u8"# comment for b.");
+
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "a").comment(), u8"# comment for a.");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "b").comment(), u8"# comment for b.");
+    }
+    {
+        const toml::value v = u8R"(
+            a = [    # comment for a.
+                42,
+            ] # this also.
+            b = [ # comment for b.
+                "bar",
+            ]
+            c = [
+                3.14, # this is not a comment for c, but 3.14.
+            ] # comment for c.
+        )"_toml;
+
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "a").comment_before(), "");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "b").comment_before(), "");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "c").comment_before(), "");
+
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "a").comment_inline(), u8R"(# comment for a.
+# this also.)");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "b").comment_inline(), u8"# comment for b.");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "c").comment_inline(), u8"# comment for c.");
+
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "a").comment(),  u8R"(# comment for a.
+# this also.)");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "b").comment(), u8"# comment for b.");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "c").comment(), u8"# comment for c.");
+
+        const auto& c0 = toml::find<toml::array>(v, "c").at(0);
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(c0.comment(), u8"# this is not a comment for c, but 3.14.");
+    }
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_comment_both)
+{
+    using namespace toml::literals::toml_literals;
+    {
+        const toml::value v = u8R"(
+            # comment for a.
+            a = 42 # inline comment for a.
+            # comment for b.
+            b = "baz" # inline comment for b.
+        )"_toml;
+
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "a").comment_before(), "# comment for a.");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "b").comment_before(), "# comment for b.");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "a").comment_inline(), "# inline comment for a.");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "b").comment_inline(), "# inline comment for b.");
+
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "a").comment(), u8R"(# comment for a.
+# inline comment for a.)");
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(toml::find(v, "b").comment(), u8R"(# comment for b.
+# inline comment for b.)");
+    }
+}

tests/test_get.cpp

@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@
 #include <list>
 #include <deque>
 #include <array>
+#if __cplusplus >= 201703L
+#include <string_view>
+#endif
 
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_get_exact)
@@ -166,6 +169,17 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_get_string_type)
         toml::get<std::string>(v) += "bar";
         BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL("foobar", toml::get<std::string>(v));
     }
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 201703L
+    {
+        toml::value v("foo", toml::string_t::basic);
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL("foo", toml::get<std::string_view>(v));
+    }
+    {
+        toml::value v("foo", toml::string_t::literal);
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL("foo", toml::get<std::string_view>(v));
+    }
+#endif
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_get_toml_array)

tests/test_literals.cpp

@@ -33,6 +33,18 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_file_as_literal)
             b = "baz"
         )"_toml;
 
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(r, v);
+    }
+    {
+        const toml::value r{
+            {"table", toml::table{{"a", 42}, {"b", "baz"}}}
+        };
+        const toml::value v = u8R"(
+            [table]
+            a = 42
+            b = "baz"
+        )"_toml;
+
         BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(r, v);
     }
 }
@@ -91,6 +103,19 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_as_literal)
 
         BOOST_CHECK(v1.is_array());
         BOOST_CHECK((toml::get<std::vector<int>>(v1) == std::vector<int>{1,2,3}));
+
+        const toml::value v2 = u8R"([1,])"_toml;
+
+        BOOST_CHECK(v2.is_array());
+        BOOST_CHECK((toml::get<std::vector<int>>(v2) == std::vector<int>{1}));
+
+        const toml::value v3 = u8R"([[1,]])"_toml;
+        BOOST_CHECK(v3.is_array());
+        BOOST_CHECK((toml::get<std::vector<int>>(toml::get<toml::array>(v3).front()) == std::vector<int>{1}));
+
+        const toml::value v4 = u8R"([[1],])"_toml;
+        BOOST_CHECK(v4.is_array());
+        BOOST_CHECK((toml::get<std::vector<int>>(toml::get<toml::array>(v4).front()) == std::vector<int>{1}));
     }
     {
         const toml::value v1 = u8R"({a = 42})"_toml;

tests/test_value.cpp

@@ -9,6 +9,11 @@
 #include <map>
 #include <list>
 
+#if __cplusplus >= 201703L
+#include <string_view>
+#endif
+
+
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_boolean)
 {
     toml::value v1(true);
@@ -25,6 +30,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_boolean)
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Boolean>(), true);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.cast<toml::value_t::Boolean>(), false);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_boolean(), true);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.as_boolean(), false);
 
     v1 = false;
     v2 = true;
@@ -40,6 +47,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_boolean)
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Boolean>(), false);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.cast<toml::value_t::Boolean>(), true);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_boolean(), false);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.as_boolean(), true);
 
     toml::value v3(v1);
     toml::value v4(v2);
@@ -57,6 +66,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_boolean)
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.cast<toml::value_t::Boolean>(), false);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v4.cast<toml::value_t::Boolean>(), true);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.as_boolean(), false);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v4.as_boolean(), true);
 
     toml::value v5(std::move(v1));
     toml::value v6(std::move(v2));
@@ -72,6 +83,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_boolean)
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v5.cast<toml::value_t::Boolean>(), false);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v6.cast<toml::value_t::Boolean>(), true);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v5.as_boolean(), false);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v6.as_boolean(), true);
 
     v1 = 42;
     v2 = 3.14;
@@ -87,6 +100,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_boolean)
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(), 42);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.cast<toml::value_t::Float>(),   3.14);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_integer(),  42);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.as_float(), 3.14);
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_integer)
@@ -105,6 +120,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_integer)
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(), -42);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(),  42u);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_integer(), -42);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.as_integer(),  42u);
 
     v1 = 54;
     v2 = -54;
@@ -120,6 +137,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_integer)
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(),  54);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(), -54);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_integer(),  54);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.as_integer(), -54);
 
     toml::value v3(v1);
     toml::value v4(v2);
@@ -137,6 +156,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_integer)
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(),  54);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v4.cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(), -54);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.as_integer(),  54);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v4.as_integer(), -54);
 
     toml::value v5(std::move(v1));
     toml::value v6(std::move(v2));
@@ -152,6 +173,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_integer)
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v5.cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(),  54);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v6.cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(), -54);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v5.as_integer(),  54);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v6.as_integer(), -54);
 
     v1 = true;
     v2 = false;
@@ -167,6 +190,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_integer)
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Boolean>(), true);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.cast<toml::value_t::Boolean>(), false);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_boolean(), true);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.as_boolean(), false);
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_float)
@@ -183,8 +208,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_float)
     BOOST_CHECK(v1.is_float());
     BOOST_CHECK(v2.is_float());
 
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Float>(), 3.14);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL         (v1.cast<toml::value_t::Float>(), 3.14);
     BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE_FRACTION(v2.cast<toml::value_t::Float>(), 3.14, 1e-2);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL         (v1.as_float(), 3.14);
+    BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE_FRACTION(v2.as_float(), 3.14, 1e-2);
 
     v1 = 2.718f;
     v2 = 2.718;
@@ -199,7 +226,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_float)
     BOOST_CHECK(v2.is_float());
 
     BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE_FRACTION(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Float>(), 2.718, 1e-3);
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.cast<toml::value_t::Float>(), 2.718);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL         (v2.cast<toml::value_t::Float>(), 2.718);
+    BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE_FRACTION(v1.as_float(), 2.718, 1e-3);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL         (v2.as_float(), 2.718);
 
     toml::value v3(v1);
     toml::value v4(v2);
@@ -216,7 +245,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_float)
     BOOST_CHECK(v4.is_float());
 
     BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE_FRACTION(v3.cast<toml::value_t::Float>(), 2.718, 1e-3);
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v4.cast<toml::value_t::Float>(), 2.718);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL         (v4.cast<toml::value_t::Float>(), 2.718);
+    BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE_FRACTION(v3.as_float(), 2.718, 1e-3);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL         (v4.as_float(), 2.718);
 
     toml::value v5(std::move(v1));
     toml::value v6(std::move(v2));
@@ -231,7 +262,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_float)
     BOOST_CHECK(v6.is_float());
 
     BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE_FRACTION(v5.cast<toml::value_t::Float>(), 2.718, 1e-3);
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v6.cast<toml::value_t::Float>(), 2.718);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL         (v6.cast<toml::value_t::Float>(), 2.718);
+    BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE_FRACTION(v5.as_float(), 2.718, 1e-3);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL         (v6.as_float(), 2.718);
 
     v1 = true;
     v2 = false;
@@ -247,6 +280,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_float)
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Boolean>(), true);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.cast<toml::value_t::Boolean>(), false);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_boolean(), true);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.as_boolean(), false);
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_string)
@@ -271,6 +306,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_string)
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::String>(), "foo");
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.cast<toml::value_t::String>(), "foo");
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.cast<toml::value_t::String>(), "foo");
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_string(), "foo");
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.as_string(), "foo");
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.as_string(), "foo");
+
 
     v1 = "bar";
     v2 = "bar";
@@ -289,6 +328,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_string)
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::String>(), "bar");
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.cast<toml::value_t::String>(), "bar");
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.cast<toml::value_t::String>(), "bar");
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_string(), "bar");
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.as_string(), "bar");
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.as_string(), "bar");
+
 
     toml::value v4(v1);
     toml::value v5(v2);
@@ -313,6 +356,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_string)
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v4.cast<toml::value_t::String>(), "bar");
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v5.cast<toml::value_t::String>(), "bar");
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v6.cast<toml::value_t::String>(), "bar");
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v4.as_string(), "bar");
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v5.as_string(), "bar");
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v6.as_string(), "bar");
+
 
     v4.cast<toml::value_t::String>().str.at(2) = 'z';
     v5.cast<toml::value_t::String>().str.at(2) = 'z';
@@ -331,9 +378,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_string)
     BOOST_CHECK(v5.is_string());
     BOOST_CHECK(v6.is_string());
 
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v4.cast<toml::value_t::String>(), "baz");
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v4.as_string(), "baz");
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v5.cast<toml::value_t::String>(), "baz");
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v5.as_string(), "baz");
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v6.cast<toml::value_t::String>(), "baz");
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v6.as_string(), "baz");
 
     v1 = true;
     v2 = true;
@@ -355,6 +402,28 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_string)
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Boolean>(), true);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.cast<toml::value_t::Boolean>(), true);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.cast<toml::value_t::Boolean>(), true);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_boolean(), true);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.as_boolean(), true);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.as_boolean(), true);
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 201703L
+    std::string_view sv = "foo";
+
+    toml::value v7(sv);
+    toml::value v8(sv, toml::string_t::literal);
+
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v7.type(), toml::value_t::String);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v8.type(), toml::value_t::String);
+    BOOST_CHECK(v7.is(toml::value_t::String));
+    BOOST_CHECK(v8.is(toml::value_t::String));
+    BOOST_CHECK(v7.is<toml::String>());
+    BOOST_CHECK(v8.is<toml::String>());
+    BOOST_CHECK(v7.is_string());
+    BOOST_CHECK(v8.is_string());
+
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v7.cast<toml::value_t::String>(), "foo");
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v8.cast<toml::value_t::String>(), "foo");
+#endif
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_local_date)
@@ -368,6 +437,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_local_date)
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::LocalDate>(),
                       toml::local_date(2018, toml::month_t::Jan, 31));
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_local_date(),
+                      toml::local_date(2018, toml::month_t::Jan, 31));
 
     v1 = toml::local_date(2018, toml::month_t::Apr, 1);
 
@@ -378,6 +449,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_local_date)
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::LocalDate>(),
                       toml::local_date(2018, toml::month_t::Apr, 1));
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_local_date(),
+                      toml::local_date(2018, toml::month_t::Apr, 1));
 
     toml::value v2(v1);
     BOOST_CHECK(v2 == v1);
@@ -389,6 +462,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_local_date)
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.cast<toml::value_t::LocalDate>(),
                       toml::local_date(2018, toml::month_t::Apr, 1));
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.as_local_date(),
+                      toml::local_date(2018, toml::month_t::Apr, 1));
 
     v1 = true;
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.type(), toml::value_t::Boolean);
@@ -396,6 +471,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_local_date)
     BOOST_CHECK(v1.is<toml::Boolean>());
     BOOST_CHECK(v1.is_boolean());
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Boolean>(), true);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_boolean(), true);
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_local_time)
@@ -415,10 +491,18 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_local_time)
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::LocalTime>(),
                       toml::local_time(12, 30, 45));
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_local_time(),
+                      toml::local_time(12, 30, 45));
+
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.cast<toml::value_t::LocalTime>(),
                       toml::local_time(12, 30, 45));
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.as_local_time(),
+                      toml::local_time(12, 30, 45));
+
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::LocalTime>(),
                       v2.cast<toml::value_t::LocalTime>());
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_local_time(),
+                      v2.as_local_time());
 
     v1 = toml::local_time(1, 30, 0, /*ms*/ 100, /*us*/ 0);
 
@@ -428,6 +512,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_local_time)
     BOOST_CHECK(v1.is_local_time());
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::LocalTime>(),
                       toml::local_time(1, 30, 0, 100, 0));
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_local_time(),
+                      toml::local_time(1, 30, 0, 100, 0));
 
     toml::value v3(v1);
     BOOST_CHECK(v3 == v1);
@@ -439,6 +525,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_local_time)
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.cast<toml::value_t::LocalTime>(),
                       toml::local_time(1, 30, 0, 100, 0));
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.as_local_time(),
+                      toml::local_time(1, 30, 0, 100, 0));
 
     v1 = true;
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.type(), toml::value_t::Boolean);
@@ -446,6 +534,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_local_time)
     BOOST_CHECK(v1.is<toml::Boolean>());
     BOOST_CHECK(v1.is_boolean());
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Boolean>(), true);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_boolean(), true);
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_local_datetime)
@@ -464,6 +553,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_local_datetime)
                       toml::local_datetime(
                           toml::local_date(2018, toml::month_t::Jan, 31),
                           toml::local_time(12, 30, 45)));
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_local_datetime(),
+                      toml::local_datetime(
+                          toml::local_date(2018, toml::month_t::Jan, 31),
+                          toml::local_time(12, 30, 45)));
 
     v1 = toml::local_datetime(
                 toml::local_date(2018, toml::month_t::Apr, 1),
@@ -478,6 +571,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_local_datetime)
                       toml::local_datetime(
                           toml::local_date(2018, toml::month_t::Apr, 1),
                           toml::local_time(1, 15, 30)));
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_local_datetime(),
+                      toml::local_datetime(
+                          toml::local_date(2018, toml::month_t::Apr, 1),
+                          toml::local_time(1, 15, 30)));
 
     toml::value v2(v1);
     BOOST_CHECK(v2 == v1);
@@ -491,6 +588,11 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_local_datetime)
                       toml::local_datetime(
                           toml::local_date(2018, toml::month_t::Apr, 1),
                           toml::local_time(1, 15, 30)));
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.as_local_datetime(),
+                      toml::local_datetime(
+                          toml::local_date(2018, toml::month_t::Apr, 1),
+                          toml::local_time(1, 15, 30)));
+
 
     v1 = true;
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.type(), toml::value_t::Boolean);
@@ -498,6 +600,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_local_datetime)
     BOOST_CHECK(v1.is<toml::Boolean>());
     BOOST_CHECK(v1.is_boolean());
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Boolean>(), true);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_boolean(), true);
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_offset_datetime)
@@ -519,6 +622,12 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_offset_datetime)
                 toml::local_time(12, 30, 45),
                 toml::time_offset(9, 0)
                 ));
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_offset_datetime(),
+            toml::offset_datetime(
+                toml::local_date(2018, toml::month_t::Jan, 31),
+                toml::local_time(12, 30, 45),
+                toml::time_offset(9, 0)
+                ));
 
     v1 = toml::offset_datetime(
                 toml::local_date(2018, toml::month_t::Apr, 1),
@@ -535,6 +644,12 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_offset_datetime)
                 toml::local_date(2018, toml::month_t::Apr, 1),
                 toml::local_time(1, 15, 30),
                 toml::time_offset(9, 0)));
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_offset_datetime(),
+            toml::offset_datetime(
+                toml::local_date(2018, toml::month_t::Apr, 1),
+                toml::local_time(1, 15, 30),
+                toml::time_offset(9, 0)));
+
 
     toml::value v2(v1);
     BOOST_CHECK(v2 == v1);
@@ -549,12 +664,19 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_offset_datetime)
                 toml::local_date(2018, toml::month_t::Apr, 1),
                 toml::local_time(1, 15, 30),
                 toml::time_offset(9, 0)));
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.as_offset_datetime(),
+            toml::offset_datetime(
+                toml::local_date(2018, toml::month_t::Apr, 1),
+                toml::local_time(1, 15, 30),
+                toml::time_offset(9, 0)));
+
     v1 = true;
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.type(), toml::value_t::Boolean);
     BOOST_CHECK(v1.is(toml::value_t::Boolean));
     BOOST_CHECK(v1.is<toml::Boolean>());
     BOOST_CHECK(v1.is_boolean());
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Boolean>(), true);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_boolean(), true);
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_array)
@@ -578,6 +700,12 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_array)
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Array>().at(2).cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(), 3);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Array>().at(3).cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(), 4);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Array>().at(4).cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(), 5);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_array().at(0).as_integer(), 1);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_array().at(1).as_integer(), 2);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_array().at(2).as_integer(), 3);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_array().at(3).as_integer(), 4);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_array().at(4).as_integer(), 5);
+
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.cast<toml::value_t::Array>().at(0).cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(), 6);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.cast<toml::value_t::Array>().at(1).cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(), 7);
@@ -603,12 +731,24 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_array)
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Array>().at(2).cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(), 8);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Array>().at(3).cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(), 9);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Array>().at(4).cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(), 0);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_array().at(0).as_integer(), 6);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_array().at(1).as_integer(), 7);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_array().at(2).as_integer(), 8);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_array().at(3).as_integer(), 9);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_array().at(4).as_integer(), 0);
+
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.cast<toml::value_t::Array>().at(0).cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(), 1);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.cast<toml::value_t::Array>().at(1).cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(), 2);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.cast<toml::value_t::Array>().at(2).cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(), 3);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.cast<toml::value_t::Array>().at(3).cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(), 4);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.cast<toml::value_t::Array>().at(4).cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(), 5);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.as_array().at(0).as_integer(), 1);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.as_array().at(1).as_integer(), 2);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.as_array().at(2).as_integer(), 3);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.as_array().at(3).as_integer(), 4);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.as_array().at(4).as_integer(), 5);
+
 
     toml::value v3(v1);
     BOOST_CHECK(v3 == v1);
@@ -623,6 +763,12 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_array)
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.cast<toml::value_t::Array>().at(2).cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(), 8);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.cast<toml::value_t::Array>().at(3).cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(), 9);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.cast<toml::value_t::Array>().at(4).cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(), 0);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.as_array().at(0).as_integer(), 6);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.as_array().at(1).as_integer(), 7);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.as_array().at(2).as_integer(), 8);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.as_array().at(3).as_integer(), 9);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.as_array().at(4).as_integer(), 0);
+
 
     v1 = true;
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.type(), toml::value_t::Boolean);
@@ -630,6 +776,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_array)
     BOOST_CHECK(v1.is<toml::Boolean>());
     BOOST_CHECK(v1.is_boolean());
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Boolean>(), true);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_boolean(), true);
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_table)
@@ -644,6 +791,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_table)
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Table>().at("foo").cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(),    42);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Table>().at("bar").cast<toml::value_t::Float>(),      3.14);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Table>().at("baz").cast<toml::value_t::String>().str, "qux");
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_table().at("foo").as_integer(),    42);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_table().at("bar").as_float(),   3.14);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_table().at("baz").as_string().str, "qux");
+
 
     v1 = toml::table{{"foo", 2.71}, {"bar", 54}, {"baz", "quux"}};
 
@@ -655,6 +806,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_table)
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Table>().at("foo").cast<toml::value_t::Float>(),      2.71);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Table>().at("bar").cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(),    54);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Table>().at("baz").cast<toml::value_t::String>().str, "quux");
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_table().at("foo").as_float(),   2.71);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_table().at("bar").as_integer(),    54);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_table().at("baz").as_string().str, "quux");
+
 
     toml::value v3(v1);
     BOOST_CHECK(v3 == v1);
@@ -667,6 +822,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_table)
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.cast<toml::value_t::Table>().at("foo").cast<toml::value_t::Float>(),      2.71);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.cast<toml::value_t::Table>().at("bar").cast<toml::value_t::Integer>(),    54);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.cast<toml::value_t::Table>().at("baz").cast<toml::value_t::String>().str, "quux");
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.as_table().at("foo").as_float(),   2.71);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.as_table().at("bar").as_integer(),    54);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.as_table().at("baz").as_string().str, "quux");
+
 
     v1 = true;
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.type(), toml::value_t::Boolean);
@@ -674,6 +833,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_table)
     BOOST_CHECK(v1.is<toml::Boolean>());
     BOOST_CHECK(v1.is_boolean());
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.cast<toml::value_t::Boolean>(), true);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.as_boolean(), true);
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_value_empty)

toml/combinator.hpp

@@ -9,7 +9,10 @@
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <limits>
+#include <array>
 #include <iomanip>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cassert>
 #include <cctype>
 
 // they scans characters and returns region if it matches to the condition.
@@ -38,10 +41,12 @@ inline std::string show_char(const char c)
     }
     else
     {
-        std::ostringstream oss;
+        std::array<char, 5> buf;
-        oss << "0x" << std::hex << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(2)
+        buf.fill('\0');
-            << static_cast<int>(c);
+        const auto r = std::snprintf(
-        return oss.str();
+                buf.data(), buf.size(), "0x%02x", static_cast<int>(c) & 0xFF);
+        assert(r == buf.size() - 1);
+        return std::string(buf.data());
     }
 }
 
@@ -51,7 +56,8 @@ struct character
     static constexpr char target = C;
 
     template<typename Cont>
-    static result<region<Cont>, std::string> invoke(location<Cont>& loc)
+    static result<region<Cont>, std::string>
+    invoke(location<Cont>& loc, const bool msg = false)
     {
         static_assert(std::is_same<char, typename Cont::value_type>::value,
                       "internal error: container::value_type should be `char`.");
@@ -62,8 +68,12 @@ struct character
         const char c = *(loc.iter());
         if(c != target)
         {
-            return err(concat_to_string("expected '", show_char(target),
+            if(msg)
-                                        "' but got '", show_char(c), "'."));
+            {
+                return err(concat_to_string("expected '", show_char(target),
+                                            "' but got '", show_char(c), "'."));
+            }
+            return err("");
         }
         loc.advance(); // update location
 
@@ -86,7 +96,8 @@ struct in_range
     static constexpr char lower = Low;
 
     template<typename Cont>
-    static result<region<Cont>, std::string> invoke(location<Cont>& loc)
+    static result<region<Cont>, std::string>
+    invoke(location<Cont>& loc, const bool msg = false)
     {
         static_assert(std::is_same<char, typename Cont::value_type>::value,
                       "internal error: container::value_type should be `char`.");
@@ -97,9 +108,13 @@ struct in_range
         const char c = *(loc.iter());
         if(c < lower || upper < c)
         {
-            return err(concat_to_string("expected character in range "
+            if(msg)
-                "[", show_char(lower), ", ", show_char(upper), "] but got ",
+            {
-                "'", show_char(c), "'."));
+                return err(concat_to_string("expected character in range "
+                    "[", show_char(lower), ", ", show_char(upper), "] but got ",
+                    "'", show_char(c), "'."));
+            }
+            return err("");
         }
 
         loc.advance();
@@ -120,7 +135,8 @@ template<typename Combinator>
 struct exclude
 {
     template<typename Cont>
-    static result<region<Cont>, std::string> invoke(location<Cont>& loc)
+    static result<region<Cont>, std::string>
+    invoke(location<Cont>& loc, const bool msg = false)
     {
         static_assert(std::is_same<char, typename Cont::value_type>::value,
                       "internal error: container::value_type should be `char`.");
@@ -128,13 +144,16 @@ struct exclude
         if(loc.iter() == loc.end()) {return err("not sufficient characters");}
         auto first = loc.iter();
 
-        auto rslt = Combinator::invoke(loc);
+        auto rslt = Combinator::invoke(loc, msg);
         if(rslt.is_ok())
         {
             loc.reset(first);
-            return err(concat_to_string(
+            if(msg)
-                "invalid pattern (", Combinator::pattern(), ") appeared ",
+            {
-                rslt.unwrap().str()));
+                return err(concat_to_string("invalid pattern (",
+                    Combinator::pattern(), ") appeared ", rslt.unwrap().str()));
+            }
+            return err("");
         }
         loc.reset(std::next(first)); // XXX maybe loc.advance() is okay but...
         return ok(region<Cont>(loc, first, loc.iter()));
@@ -151,12 +170,13 @@ template<typename Combinator>
 struct maybe
 {
     template<typename Cont>
-    static result<region<Cont>, std::string> invoke(location<Cont>& loc)
+    static result<region<Cont>, std::string>
+    invoke(location<Cont>& loc, const bool msg = false)
     {
         static_assert(std::is_same<char, typename Cont::value_type>::value,
                       "internal error: container::value_type should be `char`.");
 
-        const auto rslt = Combinator::invoke(loc);
+        const auto rslt = Combinator::invoke(loc, msg);
         if(rslt.is_ok())
         {
             return rslt;
@@ -177,34 +197,36 @@ template<typename Head, typename ... Tail>
 struct sequence<Head, Tail...>
 {
     template<typename Cont>
-    static result<region<Cont>, std::string> invoke(location<Cont>& loc)
+    static result<region<Cont>, std::string>
+    invoke(location<Cont>& loc, const bool msg = false)
     {
         static_assert(std::is_same<char, typename Cont::value_type>::value,
                       "internal error: container::value_type should be `char`.");
 
         const auto first = loc.iter();
-        const auto rslt = Head::invoke(loc);
+        const auto rslt = Head::invoke(loc, msg);
         if(rslt.is_err())
         {
             loc.reset(first);
             return err(rslt.unwrap_err());
         }
-        return sequence<Tail...>::invoke(loc, std::move(rslt.unwrap()), first);
+        return sequence<Tail...>::invoke(loc, std::move(rslt.unwrap()), first, msg);
     }
 
     // called from the above function only, recursively.
     template<typename Cont, typename Iterator>
     static result<region<Cont>, std::string>
-    invoke(location<Cont>& loc, region<Cont> reg, Iterator first)
+    invoke(location<Cont>& loc, region<Cont> reg, Iterator first,
+           const bool msg = false)
     {
-        const auto rslt = Head::invoke(loc);
+        const auto rslt = Head::invoke(loc, msg);
         if(rslt.is_err())
         {
             loc.reset(first);
             return err(rslt.unwrap_err());
         }
         reg += rslt.unwrap(); // concat regions
-        return sequence<Tail...>::invoke(loc, std::move(reg), first);
+        return sequence<Tail...>::invoke(loc, std::move(reg), first, msg);
     }
 
     static std::string pattern()
@@ -219,9 +241,10 @@ struct sequence<Head>
     // would be called from sequence<T ...>::invoke only.
     template<typename Cont, typename Iterator>
     static result<region<Cont>, std::string>
-    invoke(location<Cont>& loc, region<Cont> reg, Iterator first)
+    invoke(location<Cont>& loc, region<Cont> reg, Iterator first,
+           const bool msg = false)
     {
-        const auto rslt = Head::invoke(loc);
+        const auto rslt = Head::invoke(loc, msg);
         if(rslt.is_err())
         {
             loc.reset(first);
@@ -240,14 +263,15 @@ template<typename Head, typename ... Tail>
 struct either<Head, Tail...>
 {
     template<typename Cont>
-    static result<region<Cont>, std::string> invoke(location<Cont>& loc)
+    static result<region<Cont>, std::string>
+    invoke(location<Cont>& loc, const bool msg = false)
     {
         static_assert(std::is_same<char, typename Cont::value_type>::value,
                       "internal error: container::value_type should be `char`.");
 
-        const auto rslt = Head::invoke(loc);
+        const auto rslt = Head::invoke(loc, msg);
         if(rslt.is_ok()) {return rslt;}
-        return either<Tail...>::invoke(loc);
+        return either<Tail...>::invoke(loc, msg);
     }
 
     static std::string pattern()
@@ -259,11 +283,12 @@ template<typename Head>
 struct either<Head>
 {
     template<typename Cont>
-    static result<region<Cont>, std::string> invoke(location<Cont>& loc)
+    static result<region<Cont>, std::string>
+    invoke(location<Cont>& loc, const bool msg = false)
     {
         static_assert(std::is_same<char, typename Cont::value_type>::value,
                       "internal error: container::value_type should be `char`.");
-        return Head::invoke(loc);
+        return Head::invoke(loc, msg);
     }
     static std::string pattern()
     {
@@ -282,13 +307,14 @@ template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 struct repeat<T, exactly<N>>
 {
     template<typename Cont>
-    static result<region<Cont>, std::string> invoke(location<Cont>& loc)
+    static result<region<Cont>, std::string>
+    invoke(location<Cont>& loc, const bool msg = false)
     {
         region<Cont> retval(loc);
         const auto first = loc.iter();
         for(std::size_t i=0; i<N; ++i)
         {
-            auto rslt = T::invoke(loc);
+            auto rslt = T::invoke(loc, msg);
             if(rslt.is_err())
             {
                 loc.reset(first);
@@ -308,14 +334,15 @@ template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 struct repeat<T, at_least<N>>
 {
     template<typename Cont>
-    static result<region<Cont>, std::string> invoke(location<Cont>& loc)
+    static result<region<Cont>, std::string>
+    invoke(location<Cont>& loc, const bool msg = false)
     {
         region<Cont> retval(loc);
 
         const auto first = loc.iter();
         for(std::size_t i=0; i<N; ++i)
         {
-            auto rslt = T::invoke(loc);
+            auto rslt = T::invoke(loc, msg);
             if(rslt.is_err())
             {
                 loc.reset(first);
@@ -325,7 +352,7 @@ struct repeat<T, at_least<N>>
         }
         while(true)
         {
-            auto rslt = T::invoke(loc);
+            auto rslt = T::invoke(loc, msg);
             if(rslt.is_err())
             {
                 return ok(std::move(retval));
@@ -343,12 +370,13 @@ template<typename T>
 struct repeat<T, unlimited>
 {
     template<typename Cont>
-    static result<region<Cont>, std::string> invoke(location<Cont>& loc)
+    static result<region<Cont>, std::string>
+    invoke(location<Cont>& loc, const bool msg = false)
     {
         region<Cont> retval(loc);
         while(true)
         {
-            auto rslt = T::invoke(loc);
+            auto rslt = T::invoke(loc, msg);
             if(rslt.is_err())
             {
                 return ok(std::move(retval));

toml/datetime.hpp

@@ -25,20 +25,22 @@ inline std::tm localtime_s(const std::time_t* src)
 {
     std::tm dst;
     const auto result = ::localtime_r(src, &dst);
-    if(!result)
+    if (!result) { throw std::runtime_error("localtime_r failed."); }
-    {
+    return dst;
-        throw std::runtime_error("localtime_r failed.");
+}
-    }
+#elif _MSC_VER
+inline std::tm localtime_s(const std::time_t* src)
+{
+    std::tm dst;
+    const auto result = ::localtime_s(&dst, src);
+    if (result) { throw std::runtime_error("localtime_s failed."); }
     return dst;
 }
 #else
-// XXX: On Windows, std::localtime is thread-safe because they uses thread-local
-// storage to store the instance of std::tm. On the other platforms, it may not
-// be thread-safe.
 inline std::tm localtime_s(const std::time_t* src)
 {
     const auto result = std::localtime(src);
-    if(!result) {throw std::runtime_error("localtime failed.");}
+    if (!result) { throw std::runtime_error("localtime failed."); }
     return *result;
 }
 #endif
@@ -360,12 +362,12 @@ struct local_datetime
         // can be used to get millisecond & microsecond information.
         const auto t_diff = tp -
             std::chrono::system_clock::from_time_t(std::mktime(&time));
-        this->time.millisecond = std::chrono::duration_cast<
+        this->time.millisecond = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(
-            std::chrono::milliseconds>(t_diff).count();
+          std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(t_diff).count());
-        this->time.microsecond = std::chrono::duration_cast<
+        this->time.microsecond = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(
-            std::chrono::microseconds>(t_diff).count();
+          std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(t_diff).count());
-        this->time.nanosecond = std::chrono::duration_cast<
+        this->time.nanosecond = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(
-            std::chrono::nanoseconds >(t_diff).count();
+          std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds >(t_diff).count());
     }
 
     explicit local_datetime(const std::time_t t)

toml/get.hpp

@@ -108,6 +108,18 @@ inline std::string get(value&& v)
     return std::move(v.cast<value_t::String>().str);
 }
 
+// ============================================================================
+// std::string_view
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 201703L
+template<typename T, typename std::enable_if<
+    std::is_same<T, std::string_view>::value, std::nullptr_t>::type = nullptr>
+inline std::string_view get(const value& v)
+{
+    return std::string_view(v.cast<value_t::String>().str);
+}
+#endif
+
 // ============================================================================
 // std::chrono::duration from toml::local_time.
 
@@ -546,67 +558,6 @@ T get_or(const toml::value& v, T&& opt)
     }
 }
 
-// ===========================================================================
-// get_or(table, key, fallback)
-//
-// DEPRECATED: use find_or instead.
-
-template<typename T>
-TOML11_MARK_AS_DEPRECATED("use toml::find_or(table, key, opt) instead.")
-auto get_or(const toml::table& tab, const toml::key& ky, T&& opt)
-    -> decltype(get_or(std::declval<value const&>(), std::forward<T>(opt)))
-{
-    if(tab.count(ky) == 0) {return opt;}
-    return ::toml::get_or(tab.at(ky), std::forward<T>(opt));
-}
-template<typename T>
-TOML11_MARK_AS_DEPRECATED("use toml::find_or(table, key, opt) instead.")
-auto get_or(toml::table& tab, const toml::key& ky, T&& opt)
-    -> decltype(get_or(std::declval<value&>(), std::forward<T>(opt)))
-{
-    if(tab.count(ky) == 0) {return opt;}
-    return ::toml::get_or(tab[ky], std::forward<T>(opt));
-}
-template<typename T>
-TOML11_MARK_AS_DEPRECATED("use toml::find_or(table, key, opt) instead.")
-auto get_or(toml::table&& tab, const toml::key& ky, T&& opt)
-    -> decltype(get_or(std::declval<value&&>(), std::forward<T>(opt)))
-{
-    if(tab.count(ky) == 0) {return opt;}
-    return ::toml::get_or(std::move(tab[ky]), std::forward<T>(opt));
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-TOML11_MARK_AS_DEPRECATED("use toml::find_or(value, key, opt) instead.")
-auto get_or(const toml::value& v, const toml::key& ky, T&& opt)
-    -> decltype(get_or(std::declval<value const&>(), std::forward<T>(opt)))
-{
-    if(!v.is_table()) {return opt;}
-    const auto& tab = toml::get<toml::table>(v);
-    if(tab.count(ky) == 0) {return opt;}
-    return ::toml::get_or(tab.at(ky), std::forward<T>(opt));
-}
-template<typename T>
-TOML11_MARK_AS_DEPRECATED("use toml::find_or(value, key, opt) instead.")
-auto get_or(toml::value& v, const toml::key& ky, T&& opt)
-    -> decltype(get_or(std::declval<value&>(), std::forward<T>(opt)))
-{
-    if(!v.is_table()) {return opt;}
-    auto& tab = toml::get<toml::table>(v);
-    if(tab.count(ky) == 0) {return opt;}
-    return ::toml::get_or(tab[ky], std::forward<T>(opt));
-}
-template<typename T>
-TOML11_MARK_AS_DEPRECATED("use toml::find_or(value, key, opt) instead.")
-auto get_or(toml::value&& v, const toml::key& ky, T&& opt)
-    -> decltype(get_or(std::declval<value&&>(), std::forward<T>(opt)))
-{
-    if(!v.is_table()) {return opt;}
-    auto tab = toml::get<toml::table>(std::move(v));
-    if(tab.count(ky) == 0) {return opt;}
-    return ::toml::get_or(std::move(tab[ky]), std::forward<T>(opt));
-}
-
 // ===========================================================================
 // find_or(value, key, fallback)
 

toml/literal.hpp

@@ -30,16 +30,52 @@ inline ::toml::value operator""_toml(const char* str, std::size_t len)
         ::toml::detail::lex_ws, ::toml::detail::at_least<1>>;
     skip_ws::invoke(loc);
 
-    // literal may be a bare value. try them first.
+    // to distinguish arrays and tables, first check it is a table or not.
-    if(auto data = ::toml::detail::parse_value(loc))
+    //
+    // "[1,2,3]"_toml;   // this is an array
+    // "[table]"_toml;   // a table that has an empty table named "table" inside.
+    // "[[1,2,3]]"_toml; // this is an array of arrays
+    // "[[table]]"_toml; // this is a table that has an array of tables inside.
+    //
+    // "[[1]]"_toml;     // this can be both... (currently it becomes a table)
+    // "1 = [{}]"_toml;  // this is a table that has an array of table named 1.
+    // "[[1,]]"_toml;    // this is an array of arrays.
+    // "[[1],]"_toml;    // this also.
+
+    const auto the_front = loc.iter();
+
+    const bool is_table_key = ::toml::detail::lex_std_table::invoke(loc);
+    loc.reset(the_front);
+
+    const bool is_aots_key  = ::toml::detail::lex_array_table::invoke(loc);
+    loc.reset(the_front);
+
+    // If it is neither a table-key or a array-of-table-key, it may be a value.
+    if(!is_table_key && !is_aots_key)
     {
-        return data.unwrap();
+        if(auto data = ::toml::detail::parse_value(loc))
+        {
+            return data.unwrap();
+        }
     }
 
-    // literal is a TOML file (i.e. multiline table).
+    // Note that still it can be a table, because the literal might be something
+    // like the following.
+    // ```cpp
+    // R"( // c++11 raw string literals
+    //   key = "value"
+    //   int = 42
+    // )"_toml;
+    // ```
+    // It is a valid toml file.
+    // It should be parsed as if we parse a file with this content.
+
     if(auto data = ::toml::detail::parse_toml_file(loc))
     {
         loc.reset(loc.begin()); // rollback to the top of the literal
+        // skip needless characters for error message
+        skip_line::invoke(loc); // skip the first several needless lines
+        skip_ws::invoke(loc);   // skip the first several needless whitespaces
         return ::toml::value(std::move(data.unwrap()),
                 ::toml::detail::region<std::vector<char>>(std::move(loc)));
     }

toml/parser.hpp

@@ -116,10 +116,28 @@ parse_integer(location<Container>& loc)
     const auto first = loc.iter();
     if(first != loc.end() && *first == '0')
     {
-        if(const auto bin = parse_binary_integer     (loc)) {return bin;}
+        const auto second = std::next(first);
-        if(const auto oct = parse_octal_integer      (loc)) {return oct;}
+        if(second == loc.end()) // the token is just zero.
-        if(const auto hex = parse_hexadecimal_integer(loc)) {return hex;}
+        {
-        // else, maybe just zero.
+            return ok(std::make_pair(0, region<Container>(loc, first, second)));
+        }
+
+        if(*second == 'b') {return parse_binary_integer     (loc);} // 0b1100
+        if(*second == 'o') {return parse_octal_integer      (loc);} // 0o775
+        if(*second == 'x') {return parse_hexadecimal_integer(loc);} // 0xC0FFEE
+
+        if(std::isdigit(*second))
+        {
+            return err(format_underline("[error] toml::parse_integer: "
+                "leading zero in an Integer is not allowed.",
+                {{std::addressof(loc), "leading zero"}}));
+        }
+        else if(std::isalpha(*second))
+        {
+             return err(format_underline("[error] toml::parse_integer: "
+                "unknown integer prefix appeared.",
+                {{std::addressof(loc), "none of 0x, 0o, 0b"}}));
+        }
     }
 
     if(const auto token = lex_dec_int::invoke(loc))
@@ -308,7 +326,7 @@ result<std::string, std::string> parse_escape_sequence(location<Container>& loc)
             {
                 return err(format_underline("[error] parse_escape_sequence: "
                            "invalid token found in UTF-8 codepoint uXXXX.",
-                           {{std::addressof(loc), token.unwrap_err()}}));
+                           {{std::addressof(loc), "here"}}));
             }
         }
         case 'U':
@@ -321,7 +339,7 @@ result<std::string, std::string> parse_escape_sequence(location<Container>& loc)
             {
                 return err(format_underline("[error] parse_escape_sequence: "
                            "invalid token found in UTF-8 codepoint Uxxxxxxxx",
-                           {{std::addressof(loc), token.unwrap_err()}}));
+                           {{std::addressof(loc), "here"}}));
             }
         }
     }
@@ -388,7 +406,9 @@ parse_ml_basic_string(location<Container>& loc)
     else
     {
         loc.reset(first);
-        return err(token.unwrap_err());
+        return err(format_underline("[error] toml::parse_ml_basic_string: "
+                   "the next token is not a multiline string",
+                   {{std::addressof(loc), "here"}}));
     }
 }
 
@@ -437,7 +457,9 @@ parse_basic_string(location<Container>& loc)
     else
     {
         loc.reset(first); // rollback
-        return err(token.unwrap_err());
+        return err(format_underline("[error] toml::parse_basic_string: "
+                   "the next token is not a string",
+                   {{std::addressof(loc), "here"}}));
     }
 }
 
@@ -476,7 +498,9 @@ parse_ml_literal_string(location<Container>& loc)
     else
     {
         loc.reset(first); // rollback
-        return err(token.unwrap_err());
+        return err(format_underline("[error] toml::parse_ml_literal_string: "
+                   "the next token is not a multiline literal string",
+                   {{std::addressof(loc), "here"}}));
     }
 }
 
@@ -513,7 +537,9 @@ parse_literal_string(location<Container>& loc)
     else
     {
         loc.reset(first); // rollback
-        return err(token.unwrap_err());
+        return err(format_underline("[error] toml::parse_literal_string: "
+                   "the next token is not a literal string",
+                   {{std::addressof(loc), "here"}}));
     }
 }
 
@@ -521,10 +547,30 @@ template<typename Container>
 result<std::pair<toml::string, region<Container>>, std::string>
 parse_string(location<Container>& loc)
 {
-    if(const auto rslt = parse_ml_basic_string(loc))   {return rslt;}
+    if(loc.iter() != loc.end() && *(loc.iter()) == '"')
-    if(const auto rslt = parse_ml_literal_string(loc)) {return rslt;}
+    {
-    if(const auto rslt = parse_basic_string(loc))      {return rslt;}
+        if(loc.iter() + 1 != loc.end() && *(loc.iter() + 1) == '"' &&
-    if(const auto rslt = parse_literal_string(loc))    {return rslt;}
+           loc.iter() + 2 != loc.end() && *(loc.iter() + 2) == '"')
+        {
+            return parse_ml_basic_string(loc);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return parse_basic_string(loc);
+        }
+    }
+    else if(loc.iter() != loc.end() && *(loc.iter()) == '\'')
+    {
+        if(loc.iter() + 1 != loc.end() && *(loc.iter() + 1) == '\'' &&
+           loc.iter() + 2 != loc.end() && *(loc.iter() + 2) == '\'')
+        {
+            return parse_ml_literal_string(loc);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return parse_literal_string(loc);
+        }
+    }
     return err(format_underline("[error] toml::parse_string: ",
                 {{std::addressof(loc), "the next token is not a string"}}));
 }
@@ -758,7 +804,7 @@ parse_offset_datetime(location<Container>& loc)
     {
         loc.reset(first);
         return err(format_underline("[error]: toml::parse_offset_datetime: ",
-            {{std::addressof(loc), "the next token is not a local_datetime"}}));
+            {{std::addressof(loc), "the next token is not a offset_datetime"}}));
     }
 }
 
@@ -1360,10 +1406,16 @@ parse_inline_table(location<Container>& loc)
                 return ok(std::make_pair(
                             retval, region<Container>(loc, first, loc.iter())));
             }
+            else if(*loc.iter() == '#' || *loc.iter() == '\r' || *loc.iter() == '\n')
+            {
+                throw syntax_error(format_underline("[error] "
+                    "toml::parse_inline_table: missing curly brace `}`",
+                    {{std::addressof(loc), "should be `}`"}}));
+            }
             else
             {
                 throw syntax_error(format_underline("[error] "
-                    "toml:::parse_inline_table: missing table separator `,` ",
+                    "toml::parse_inline_table: missing table separator `,` ",
                     {{std::addressof(loc), "should be `,`"}}));
             }
         }
@@ -1374,6 +1426,46 @@ parse_inline_table(location<Container>& loc)
             {{std::addressof(loc), "should be closed"}}));
 }
 
+template<typename Container>
+value_t guess_number_type(const location<Container>& l)
+{
+    location<Container> loc = l;
+
+    if(lex_offset_date_time::invoke(loc)) {return value_t::OffsetDatetime;}
+    loc.reset(l.iter());
+
+    if(lex_local_date_time::invoke(loc)) {return value_t::LocalDatetime;}
+    loc.reset(l.iter());
+
+    if(lex_local_date::invoke(loc)) {return value_t::LocalDate;}
+    loc.reset(l.iter());
+
+    if(lex_local_time::invoke(loc)) {return value_t::LocalTime;}
+    loc.reset(l.iter());
+
+    if(lex_float::invoke(loc)) {return value_t::Float;}
+    loc.reset(l.iter());
+
+    return value_t::Integer;
+}
+
+template<typename Container>
+value_t guess_value_type(const location<Container>& loc)
+{
+    switch(*loc.iter())
+    {
+        case '"' : {return value_t::String; }
+        case '\'': {return value_t::String; }
+        case 't' : {return value_t::Boolean;}
+        case 'f' : {return value_t::Boolean;}
+        case '[' : {return value_t::Array;  }
+        case '{' : {return value_t::Table;  }
+        case 'i' : {return value_t::Float;  } // inf.
+        case 'n' : {return value_t::Float;  } // nan.
+        default  : {return guess_number_type(loc);}
+    }
+}
+
 template<typename Container>
 result<value, std::string> parse_value(location<Container>& loc)
 {
@@ -1383,31 +1475,27 @@ result<value, std::string> parse_value(location<Container>& loc)
         return err(format_underline("[error] toml::parse_value: input is empty",
                    {{std::addressof(loc), ""}}));
     }
-    if(auto r = parse_string         (loc))
-    {return ok(value(std::move(r.unwrap().first), std::move(r.unwrap().second)));}
-    if(auto r = parse_array          (loc))
-    {return ok(value(std::move(r.unwrap().first), std::move(r.unwrap().second)));}
-    if(auto r = parse_inline_table   (loc))
-    {return ok(value(std::move(r.unwrap().first), std::move(r.unwrap().second)));}
-    if(auto r = parse_boolean        (loc))
-    {return ok(value(std::move(r.unwrap().first), std::move(r.unwrap().second)));}
-    if(auto r = parse_offset_datetime(loc))
-    {return ok(value(std::move(r.unwrap().first), std::move(r.unwrap().second)));}
-    if(auto r = parse_local_datetime (loc))
-    {return ok(value(std::move(r.unwrap().first), std::move(r.unwrap().second)));}
-    if(auto r = parse_local_date     (loc))
-    {return ok(value(std::move(r.unwrap().first), std::move(r.unwrap().second)));}
-    if(auto r = parse_local_time     (loc))
-    {return ok(value(std::move(r.unwrap().first), std::move(r.unwrap().second)));}
-    if(auto r = parse_floating       (loc))
-    {return ok(value(std::move(r.unwrap().first), std::move(r.unwrap().second)));}
-    if(auto r = parse_integer        (loc))
-    {return ok(value(std::move(r.unwrap().first), std::move(r.unwrap().second)));}
 
-    const auto msg = format_underline("[error] toml::parse_value: "
+    switch(guess_value_type(loc))
-            "unknown token appeared", {{std::addressof(loc), "unknown"}});
+    {
-    loc.reset(first);
+        case value_t::Boolean        : {return parse_boolean(loc);        }
-    return err(msg);
+        case value_t::Integer        : {return parse_integer(loc);        }
+        case value_t::Float          : {return parse_floating(loc);       }
+        case value_t::String         : {return parse_string(loc);         }
+        case value_t::OffsetDatetime : {return parse_offset_datetime(loc);}
+        case value_t::LocalDatetime  : {return parse_local_datetime(loc); }
+        case value_t::LocalDate      : {return parse_local_date(loc);     }
+        case value_t::LocalTime      : {return parse_local_time(loc);     }
+        case value_t::Array          : {return parse_array(loc);          }
+        case value_t::Table          : {return parse_inline_table(loc);   }
+        default:
+        {
+            const auto msg = format_underline("[error] toml::parse_value: "
+                    "unknown token appeared", {{std::addressof(loc), "unknown"}});
+            loc.reset(first);
+            return err(msg);
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 template<typename Container>
@@ -1463,7 +1551,8 @@ parse_table_key(location<Container>& loc)
     }
     else
     {
-        return err(token.unwrap_err());
+        return err(format_underline("[error] toml::parse_table_key: "
+            "not a valid table key", {{std::addressof(loc), "here"}}));
     }
 }
 
@@ -1471,7 +1560,7 @@ template<typename Container>
 result<std::pair<std::vector<key>, region<Container>>, std::string>
 parse_array_table_key(location<Container>& loc)
 {
-    if(auto token = lex_array_table::invoke(loc))
+    if(auto token = lex_array_table::invoke(loc, true))
     {
         location<std::string> inner_loc(loc.name(), token.unwrap().str());
 
@@ -1516,7 +1605,8 @@ parse_array_table_key(location<Container>& loc)
     }
     else
     {
-        return err(token.unwrap_err());
+        return err(format_underline("[error] toml::parse_array_table_key: "
+            "not a valid table key", {{std::addressof(loc), "here"}}));
     }
 }
 

toml/region.hpp

@@ -52,6 +52,14 @@ struct region_base
     virtual std::size_t before()   const noexcept {return 0;}
     // number of characters in the line after the region
     virtual std::size_t after()    const noexcept {return 0;}
+
+    virtual std::string comment_before() const {return "";} // just before
+    virtual std::string comment_inline() const {return "";} // in the same line
+    virtual std::string comment()        const {return "";} // concatenate
+    // ```toml
+    // # comment_before
+    // key = "value" # comment_inline
+    // ```
 };
 
 // location represents a position in a container, which contains a file content.
@@ -71,7 +79,7 @@ struct location final : public region_base
         "container should be randomly accessible");
 
     location(std::string name, Container cont)
-      : source_(std::make_shared<Container>(std::move(cont))), line_number_(0),
+      : source_(std::make_shared<Container>(std::move(cont))), line_number_(1),
         source_name_(std::move(name)), iter_(source_->cbegin())
     {}
     location(const location&) = default;
@@ -88,7 +96,7 @@ struct location final : public region_base
     const_iterator begin() const noexcept {return source_->cbegin();}
     const_iterator end()   const noexcept {return source_->cend();}
 
-    // XXX At first, `location::line_num()` is implemented using `std::count` to
+    // XXX `location::line_num()` used to be implemented using `std::count` to
     // count a number of '\n'. But with a long toml file (typically, 10k lines),
     // it becomes intolerably slow because each time it generates error messages,
     // it counts '\n' from thousands of characters. To workaround it, I decided
@@ -110,8 +118,8 @@ struct location final : public region_base
     }
     void reset(const_iterator rollback) noexcept
     {
-        // since c++11, std::distance works in both ways and returns a negative
+        // since c++11, std::distance works in both ways for random-access
-        // value if `first` is ahead from `last`.
+        // iterators and returns a negative value if `first > last`.
         if(0 <= std::distance(rollback, this->iter_)) // rollback < iter
         {
             this->line_number_ -= std::count(rollback, this->iter_, '\n');
@@ -280,6 +288,92 @@ struct region final : public region_base
 
     std::string name() const override {return source_name_;}
 
+    std::string comment_before() const override
+    {
+        auto iter = this->line_begin(); // points the first element
+        std::vector<std::pair<decltype(iter), decltype(iter)>> comments;
+        while(iter != this->begin())
+        {
+            iter = std::prev(iter);
+            using rev_iter = std::reverse_iterator<decltype(iter)>;
+            auto line_before = std::find(rev_iter(iter), rev_iter(this->begin()),
+                                         '\n').base();
+            // range [line_before, iter) represents the previous line
+
+            auto comment_found = std::find(line_before, iter, '#');
+            if(iter != comment_found && std::all_of(line_before, comment_found,
+                    [](const char c) noexcept -> bool {
+                        return c == ' ' || c == '\t';
+                    }))
+            {
+                // the line before this range contains only a comment.
+                comments.push_back(std::make_pair(comment_found, iter));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+            iter = line_before;
+        }
+
+        std::string com;
+        for(auto i = comments.crbegin(), e = comments.crend(); i!=e; ++i)
+        {
+            if(i != comments.crbegin()) {com += '\n';}
+            com += std::string(i->first, i->second);
+        }
+        return com;
+    }
+
+    std::string comment_inline() const override
+    {
+        if(this->contain_newline())
+        {
+            std::string com;
+            // check both the first and the last line.
+            const auto first_line_end =
+                std::find(this->line_begin(), this->last(), '\n');
+            const auto first_comment_found =
+                std::find(this->line_begin(), first_line_end, '#');
+
+            if(first_comment_found != first_line_end)
+            {
+                com += std::string(first_comment_found, first_line_end);
+            }
+
+            const auto last_comment_found =
+                std::find(this->last(), this->line_end(), '#');
+            if(last_comment_found != this->line_end())
+            {
+                if(!com.empty()){com += '\n';}
+                com += std::string(last_comment_found, this->line_end());
+            }
+            return com;
+        }
+        const auto comment_found =
+            std::find(this->line_begin(), this->line_end(), '#');
+        return std::string(comment_found, this->line_end());
+    }
+
+    std::string comment() const override
+    {
+        std::string com_bef = this->comment_before();
+        std::string com_inl = this->comment_inline();
+        if(!com_bef.empty() && !com_inl.empty())
+        {
+            com_bef += '\n';
+            return com_bef + com_inl;
+        }
+        else if(com_bef.empty())
+        {
+            return com_inl;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return com_bef;
+        }
+    }
+
   private:
 
     source_ptr     source_;
@@ -343,7 +437,8 @@ inline std::string format_underline(const std::string& message,
         {
             // invalid
             // ~~~~~~~
-            retval << make_string(reg->size(), '~');
+            const auto underline_len = std::min(reg->size(), reg->line().size());
+            retval << make_string(underline_len, '~');
         }
 
         retval << ' ';

toml/string.hpp

@@ -4,6 +4,11 @@
 #define TOML11_STRING_HPP
 #include <string>
 #include <cstdint>
+#if __cplusplus >= 201703L
+#if __has_include(<string_view>)
+#include <string_view>
+#endif
+#endif
 
 namespace toml
 {
@@ -40,6 +45,17 @@ struct string
     operator std::string const& () const& noexcept {return str;}
     operator std::string&&      () &&     noexcept {return std::move(str);}
 
+#if __cplusplus >= 201703L
+    explicit string(std::string_view s): kind(string_t::basic), str(s){}
+    string(std::string_view s, string_t k): kind(k), str(s){}
+
+    string& operator=(std::string_view s)
+    {kind = string_t::basic; str = s; return *this;}
+
+    explicit operator std::string_view() const noexcept
+    {return std::string_view(str);}
+#endif
+
     string_t    kind;
     std::string str;
 };

toml/types.hpp

@@ -7,6 +7,11 @@
 #include "traits.hpp"
 #include <vector>
 #include <unordered_map>
+#if __cplusplus >= 201703L
+#if __has_include(<string_view>)
+#include <string_view>
+#endif
+#endif
 
 namespace toml
 {
@@ -172,6 +177,9 @@ template<typename T>
 struct is_container : conjunction<
     negation<is_map<T>>,
     negation<std::is_same<T, std::string>>,
+#if __cplusplus >= 201703L
+    negation<std::is_same<T, std::string_view>>,
+#endif
     has_iterator<T>,
     has_value_type<T>
     >{};

toml/value.hpp

@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cstdint>
+#if __cplusplus >= 201703L
+#include <string_view>
+#endif
 
 namespace toml
 {
@@ -293,6 +296,29 @@ class value
         assigner(this->string_, toml::string(std::string(s), kind));
     }
 
+#if __cplusplus >= 201703L
+    value(std::string_view s)
+        : type_(value_t::String),
+          region_info_(std::make_shared<region_base>(region_base{}))
+    {
+        assigner(this->string_, toml::string(s));
+    }
+    value& operator=(std::string_view s)
+    {
+        this->cleanup();
+        this->type_ = value_t::String;
+        this->region_info_ = std::make_shared<region_base>(region_base{});
+        assigner(this->string_, toml::string(s));
+        return *this;
+    }
+    value(std::string_view s, string_t kind)
+        : type_(value_t::String),
+          region_info_(std::make_shared<region_base>(region_base{}))
+    {
+        assigner(this->string_, toml::string(s, kind));
+    }
+#endif
+
     // local date ===========================================================
 
     value(const local_date& ld)
@@ -572,6 +598,14 @@ class value
         return *this;
     }
 
+    // for internal use ------------------------------------------------------
+
+    template<typename T, typename Container, typename std::enable_if<
+        detail::is_exact_toml_type<T>::value, std::nullptr_t>::type = nullptr>
+    value(std::pair<T, detail::region<Container>> parse_result)
+        : value(std::move(parse_result.first), std::move(parse_result.second))
+    {}
+
     // type checking and casting ============================================
 
     template<typename T>
@@ -599,6 +633,41 @@ class value
     template<value_t T>
     typename detail::toml_default_type<T>::type&&      cast() &&;
 
+    boolean         const& as_boolean()         const {return this->cast<value_t::Boolean       >();}
+    integer         const& as_integer()         const {return this->cast<value_t::Integer       >();}
+    floating        const& as_float()           const {return this->cast<value_t::Float         >();}
+    string          const& as_string()          const {return this->cast<value_t::String        >();}
+    offset_datetime const& as_offset_datetime() const {return this->cast<value_t::OffsetDatetime>();}
+    local_datetime  const& as_local_datetime()  const {return this->cast<value_t::LocalDatetime >();}
+    local_date      const& as_local_date()      const {return this->cast<value_t::LocalDate     >();}
+    local_time      const& as_local_time()      const {return this->cast<value_t::LocalTime     >();}
+    array           const& as_array()           const {return this->cast<value_t::Array         >();}
+    table           const& as_table()           const {return this->cast<value_t::Table         >();}
+
+    boolean&          as_boolean()         {return this->cast<value_t::Boolean       >();}
+    integer&          as_integer()         {return this->cast<value_t::Integer       >();}
+    floating&         as_float()           {return this->cast<value_t::Float         >();}
+    string&           as_string()          {return this->cast<value_t::String        >();}
+    offset_datetime&  as_offset_datetime() {return this->cast<value_t::OffsetDatetime>();}
+    local_datetime&   as_local_datetime()  {return this->cast<value_t::LocalDatetime >();}
+    local_date&       as_local_date()      {return this->cast<value_t::LocalDate     >();}
+    local_time&       as_local_time()      {return this->cast<value_t::LocalTime     >();}
+    array&            as_array()           {return this->cast<value_t::Array         >();}
+    table&            as_table()           {return this->cast<value_t::Table         >();}
+
+    std::string comment() const
+    {
+        return this->region_info_->comment();
+    }
+    std::string comment_before() const
+    {
+        return this->region_info_->comment_before();
+    }
+    std::string comment_inline() const
+    {
+        return this->region_info_->comment_inline();
+    }
+
   private:
 
     void cleanup() noexcept